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6. 4 110 7 120 7.1 120 7.2 123 7.3 134 7.4 136 7.5 136 7.6 139 7.7 141 8 AutoCAD 142 8.1 AutoCAD 142 8.2 144 8.3 147 8.4 164 8.5 170 8.6 173 8.7 177 8.8 180 8.9 190 8.10 AutoCAD 192 9 199 9.1 199 9.2 208 9.3 211 9.4 213 9.5 Auto CAD 217 10 219 10.1 219 10.2 219 10.3 222 10.4 228 10.5 233 10.6 235 10.7 AutoCAD 238 11 242 2 11.1 242 11.2 243 11. 3 244 11. 4 245 11. 5 251 11. 6 Auto CAD 257

2 259 12.1 259 12.2 263 13 265 13.1 265 13.2 265 13.3 267 13.4 267 13.5 268 271 3

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1 1.1,,,,, GBGB/ T 1468914691-1993 GB/ T 17450-1998, 1.1.1 ( GB/ T 14689-1993 ) 1.,,,, 1-1 1-1 : mm A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 BL 8411 189 594841 420594 297420 220297 e 20 10 c 10 5 25, 2.,,,, 1-1( a) ( b), a c e 1-1, A4, A3 3., ( GB/ T 10609.1-1989 ),,, 1-1( a ) ( b ),,,,,,, 1-1 ( c), (), 1-2 3

-1 1.1.2 ( GB/ T 14690-1993 ), ( 1 1 ), 1 1, 1-2 ( ),, 4

1-2 1-2 (n ) 1 1 2 1 (2.5 1) (4 1) 5 1 10 n 1 210 n 1 ( 2.510 n 1 ) (410 n 1) 510 n 1 ( 1 1.5 ) 1 2 ( 1 2.5 ) (1 3 ) (1 4 ) 1 5 ( 1 6 ) 1 10 n ( 1 1.510 n ) 1 210 n (1 2.510 n ) ( 1 310 n ) (1 410 n ) 1 510 n (1 610 n ) 1.1.3 1.,,, :, ( h ), mm, : 1.8, 2.5, 3.5, 5, 7, 10, 14, 20, h 3.5mm, h/ 2: 1-3 2. 1-3,,, 75A 5

B :, ;,, 1-4 1-4 1.1.4 ( GB/ T 17450-1998 GB/ T 4457.4-2002 ) 1., 1-3 d, 0.52mm, :0.13 0.18 0.25 0.35 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.4 2.0 1/ 2 1-5 2. (1 ), (2 ),, 1mm (3 ), 25mm (4 ), (5 ), ;,, 6 (6 ), (7 )( ), 0.7mm

1-6 1-3 d d/ 2 d/ 2, d/ 2 d/ 2, d/ 2, d/ 2 1-5 1-6 7

.2,,,, :,,,,,, ( GB/ T 4458.4-1984) 1.2.1 (1 ), (2 ),, (3 ) ( ), mm,,, (4 ),, 1.2.2, 1-7 1.,,, 2mm 1-7 2.,, 10 mm, 710mm,,, 8

1. :, 1-8 1-8 b, 4,, h, 4.,, ;,,,, 1-9( a), 1-10 (a), 30, 1-10 ( b), 1-9 ( b),, 1-9 (a) 1-9 1-10 9

.2.3 1.,, 1-11 1-11, R,,, 1-12 2., S RS 1-13 1-12 1-13 3.,,, 1-14( a) ( b), ;,, 1-14 (c) ( d) 10

1-14 4.,, ;,, 1-15 1-15 1.3,,, 1.3.1 1. 1-16 OF G, G AG, H, A H, 2. 1-17,, 3.n n= 7,, 1-18 A M ; A A M, A M N ; N2 N4 N6 G F E, A BCDEFG 1.3.2 1., B C D; B C D () () 1-19 (a ), R tabc, AC A B, 1 n, 11

-16 1-17 1-18 = tan= BCAB = 1 n, A B 1 6, (1-19 ( b) ) : A B, AB 6 1-19 ; B BC A B, BC ; A C, 1 6 2. D H, = DH(1-20 (a) ), 1-20 1 n, 1 4, ( 1-20 ( b) ) : AB, A B 4 ; B M N AB, B M = B N 1/ 2 ; A M A N, 1 4 12

1-20 1.3.3,,,, 1-4, R 1-4 K 1 K 2 O O K 1 K 2 O K 1 K 2 13

O K K 2 O K 1 K 2 1.4 1.4.1,,, 1. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ),,,,,, 2. (1 ) (2 ),,, (3 ),,, (4 ) (5 ), 3.,,,,, : (1 ) (2 ) 14

1 3 ),, (4 ), (5 ) (6 ),, (7 ),, 1.4.2,,,,,,,, : H B B,, 1.,,,,,, 1-21( a) ;, 1-21( b) ;,, 1-21( c),,, 1-21 2.,,,,, 1-23( a),,,,, 1-22 ( b) 1-22 3., 1-23( a),,,, 1-23 ( b) 15

a) ( b) 1-23 16

2 2.1 2.1.1,, : S, S, S A S B S C ; P, ; A S A P a, a A P 2-1, abc A BC P,, 2.1.2 1. S ASBSC S,,, 2-1, 2-2 2-1 2-2 17

. P,,,, 2-3 2-3 P,, 2-3 (a) P,, 2-3 ( b) A P, a A P,, 2-4 2-5 2-4 2-5 18

2.2 2.2.1 2-6, A P, P a A P A a P a, A a A,,, 2-7, V ( ) H( ), OX,, 2-6 2-7 1. 2-8 (a), A V H A aaa, V H A ( V ) a ( H ) a a a A VH A a a V H, ax, a a x OX aax OX a a x aax, A a a x a, a a, : V, H OX 90, V, 2-8 ( b ), aa H, aax,, 2-8( c) OX, 2-8 19

. (1 ), 2-8( c), aox (2 ),, : a a x = A a aax = Aa :, H OX 90,, a a V H, A 3. 2-9( a), BC H V, D OX B b, b OX ; C c, c OX ; D d d 2-9 ( b) 2-9 2.2.2,,,,, 2-10,, H V ( W ), W V OZ, W H OYW O, 2-10 1. 2-10, A V H W AaA aa a, a a, A VHW, a A A a V W, az ; AaaH W, ay a a z OZ a a z OZ, a a za a z, Aa az a ; aay OY a a y O Y, aay a a y, Aaay a 20, a a a, : V, H

2 OX 0, W OZ 90, V, W, a a z OZ, 2-10 ( b ),, 2-10 ( c) O Y, H O Y H W OY W, OY H = OYW, Oay H = OayW aax 2. (1 ), : aox aoz (2 ), : Aa= = a a z, A a= a a x = a a yw 3., Aa= a az = aay H, OX OYOZ, O,, : XA = a a z = aay = A a, Y A = aax = a a z = A a, ZA = a a x = a a y = Aa 4. 2-1 2-11( a), A a a, a A : a ( xa, za ), a ( ya, za ) a( xa, ya ), xa ya za,,, 2-11 ( b), aax a yw 45a0 = a a z = ya, 45, : a, a0 ay H a a a, a 2-11 5. (1 ) 2-12 (a), B V C H D W, : 1) ; 2) (2 ) 2-12 ( b), E OX F OZ G OY, : 1) ; 2) 6. (1 ), ( ) ( ) ( ),, 2-13, B( XB, Y B, Z B ), : X = XA - XB > 0, A B ;Y = Y A - Y B < 0, A B ;Z = ZA - ZB > 0, A 21

-12 2-13 B, A B (2 ),, 2-14 (a), AB V, V,, 2-14 A, B, Y A > Y B,, A B,, 2-14( a)( b ) 2-14 22 :,

2.3,,,, 2-15,,, A B H V W,, 2-15 (a) 2-15,, 2-16 A B ab; CD, cd ; E F, e f ;,,, ab = A B cos 2-16 2.3.1, H, V, W 2-1 2-1 : 1., 2., 2.3.2, H, V, W 2-2 23

-1 (1) ab (2) a b OX, a b OY (1) c d (2) cdox, c doz (1) e f (2) e f OZ, e foyh 2-2 (1) a( b) (2) a b OX, a b OYW, 24

2 1) c ( d ) (2) cdox, c doz, (1) e ( f ) (2) e foz, e f OY H, 2-2 : 1. 2., 2.3. 3 1.,,, A B, 2-17,,,, 2. 2-17 (a), A B a b ab A B H 2-17 A B H A Bba AB 0, AB0 ab, AB0 B, A B0 B = 90 A B0 = ab, AB ; B B0 = ZB - ZA, A B B A Z 25

Z B A baz Z B - ZA, 2-17 ( b) ; A B, AB0 ( ab) A B H, A B0 B, 2-17 ( c), ab, bbab, bb B A Z Z B - Z A = Z, Bb, a B AB, bab A B 2-17 (c) A B 2-2 CD c d C c( 2-18 (a) ), CD H = 30, CD cd 2-18 CD 2-18, d d0 = ZD - ZC, = 30,, 2-18 ( b), cox, d d0, d d0 = ZD - ZC, dd c0, d c0 d d0 90- = 90-30= 60, c d0 c0, c0 d0 c0 d = 30, c0 d0 cd 2-18 (c), c, c0 d0, d d0 ( d d ) d d1, cd cd1 CD 2.3.4 1., 2-19, AB C, C c A B ab, C cab a b, C c A B a b 2-19 26

2 2. -19 D d a b, d ab, A B, 2-19, C A B 2 3, (), a ab 0, ab0 5, B0 b, 2 C0 B0 b, ab c c, a b c, c c C 2-3 AB K, K AB (2-20( a) ) 2-20 : K k A B a b, K AB, 2-20( b ) : a k k b ak,, K AB, 2-20(c) kb 2.3.5 ( ) 1., 2-21( a), A B CDAB A Bba CDdc,,, P ab cd a bc d a bc d, 2-21 ( b) 2-21 27

, 2-4 AB CD (2-22 (a) ) 2-22,, ab cd, A B CD :,, 2-21 ( b ),, 2-22( b ),, ;, 2.,,,,, 2-23, ab cd k, a b c d k, kox;, a b c d k, k kozk kk, K, A BCD, K 2-23 2-5 2-24( a), AB, V H : 2-24 ( b), a bc d OZ, 28 : 2-24 ( c), a k 1 k 1 b ak kb,

2-24 3. ( ),,,,, 2-24 ( b ) ;,, 2-22 ( b) ;,, 2-6 2-25, 2-25 2-25, A B CD H V V a bc da B ( 1, 1) CD (2,2 )12, V H, ab 1 cd 2 Y2,,, 1, ( 1 ), Z3 > Z4, 3 ; 4, 4, ( 4) 2.3.6 > Y1,,, (),,,, - 2-26 (a) A BBC A BBb, A BBbcC abab, abbbcc,, ab BbcC, abbc 2-26 ( b), A B, a box, ab, abbc,, :,, ( ),, 29

-26 2-27 2-27 2-7 ABC BD b d, BD AC, (2-28 (a) ) 2-28 BD A C, a cox, A C,, : bdac 2-28 ( b ), bdac, B b b, b ba bc, 30

2.4 2.4.1, 1.,, 2-29 (1 ), 2-29 (a) ; (2 ), 2-29 ( b) ; (3 ), 2-29 (c) ; (4 ), 2-29 ( d) ; (5 ), 2-29 ( e), 2-29 2-29,, 2., P H, 2-30 p H ; V, 2-30 pv ; W, 2-30 pw pv p H OX p X, pv pw OZ p Z, ; p H p W OY p Y,, py H py W, 2-30 ( b ) 2-30 31

. 2.4.2 V, H, W 2-3 1. (1 );, (2 ), 2. (1 ), (2 ),, 2-3 ( H ) ( ) (W) ( 1), (1), (1 ), ( 2) (2 ) (2) 32

2.4.3,, H, V, W 2-4 1. (1 ); (2 ) 2. (1 ); (2 ),, 2-4 ( H ) ( ) (W) ( 1) (1 ) (1 ) ( 2), (2 ), (2 ), OY W OX,, O X,,,, OZ OY W OZ 33

.4.4,, 2-31,, ; 2-31 2-32 2.4.5 1. : 2-32, M AB C CD, M ABC N A BC A E, N AB C 2. : ;, 2-33, K L A BC A B K B C L, K L A BC ; K M ABC A B K, ABC AC, K M A BC 2-33 2-34,,,, 2-34 D FG;, 2-34 E M N 34

2.,,,, V, ; H, ; W, ;, ; 2-35( a) ( b),, 2-35 (c), A BC, BG E F, H W 2-35 2-8 A BC K, K A 15mm A 10 mm(2-36 ( a) ) 2-36 A 15mm, A BC ; A 10mm, A BC ; k, k k k, k k, 2-36 ( b) 2-9 ABCD AB, A BCD ( 2-37 (a) ) A B H, ab OX ; A B CD, E, e ee, c d e; ee b OX, AB a b, a b ;, 2-37 ( b) 2.4.6 1., : ;,, 2-38, ;, AB 35

-37 A BCD, OX ;, CD, OY 2-38 2.,,,,,,, ;,,, 2-39 2-39 (a), V, a b, a b AB ; 36

2 cd,, ab, a b 2-39 ( b) 2.5 2.5.1, 2-40 ( a) M N A BCD, 2-40 ( b ) M NK L, K L A BCD, M N AB- CD, k lm n k lmn 2-40,,, 2-41 : m na b c, M N A BC 2-41 -10 2-42 (a)m N A BC A a AD, ad mn; AB C AD a d ; a dm n, M N ABC, 2-42 ( b ) 2.5.2,, 2-43 ( a) P Q, P A B BC Q DEE F 2-43 ( b), : a be f abe f, b cd e bcde,,,, 2-44, : k ( m ) l ( n )a b c, 37

-42 2-43 2-11 2-45 (a)ab CD E FG H E FG H EG eg e g, ABCD A K, A K akeg, a k, a ke g, 2-44 2-45 2.5.3, K, 2-46, ;,,,, M N, 2-47, ;,,, 38

2 2-46 2-47 1.,,, 2-48 (a) A BC M N,, k, 2-48 ( b) 2-48 K M N,, k, k mn,, kn A BC, n k, ; mk, m k, 2., 2-49 (a) M N A BC, M N, km ( n ), 2-49 ( b) 2-49 39

K A BC, k, k mn, A BC? H : A BM N H 2 3 ; A B M N, 2 3, 23, A B 2, M N (3 ), (3 ) k,, k nk, 3., 2-50 ( a) E FG H A BC,, k l,, K L, 2-50 K AB, L B C, k l, k l, k l k l K L, 2-50( b), AB C EFG H,,, ; h g,, 2-50 ( c) 4.,,, 2-51 (a), DEF A BC, V, M N,, m n M N, mn OX,, m n mn M N, 2-51( b ) M N, DE F A BC, ;, CA B DE F,, 2-51 ( b) 2.5.4 1.,,, 2-52 (a): DE P, P A BC K L, K L DE, M, M DE A BC 2-52( b) (c) : P P H de ; A BC kl, k l k l ; d ek l m, m 40

2-51 m m de m, mm DE ABC M 2-52 (c) ( d) LT U V : L T, bc l, de t, tm U V, d eu, a cv, d m 2-52 : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ), 2.,,, :,, 2-53 (a) A BC DEFG 2-53 ( b), DE P, DE ABC M ( m, m ) ; FG Q, FG ABC N ( n, n) ; M N ( m n, mn) : u ( v ), l( t), 2-53 ( c),, 41

, 2-53 2.6,,,,, 2-54 2-54 2-54,,, 1.:,,,,,, 2-55, A B 2.:,,,, 2-56, ; 2.6.1 42

2-55 2-56 1. 2-57 (a), V/ H A a V1, V, V 1 H, V1/ H, O1 X1, V a, H a, V1 a 1, V/ H OX V1 O1 X1 H, V 1 H, aa 1 O1 X1, a 1 ax 1 = A a = a a X, : 2-57 ( a), ( b),,, H, V, 2-58 (a), H1 H, H1 V, V/ H1, O1 X1 b b b1 O1 X1, bx1 ; bx1 b bbx, b1 ; 2-58( b ) 2., 2-59, A V 1/ H, H2, V1/ H2, O2 X2, V1 H2, H2 a2 V1 a 1 O2 X2 ; a2 ax2, H a O1 X1 aax1 ; 2-59( b )A H1, V 2, : V/ H1 V2/ H1, H1 V 2 43

-58 V/ H 1 2-59 2.6.2,, 1., 2-55, V1, V1 H, V 1 H O1 X1, O1 X1 A B ab, H/ V1 2-60, O1 X1 ab, a 2-60 44

2 O X1, O1 X1 ax 1, ax1 ax 1 a 1 = a a X, a 1, A B b 1 ab O1 H X1, A B, a 1 b 1 A B, a 1 b 1 O1 X1 A B, H1 H, O1 X1, H1 2. V 2-61 (a), A B, A B, A B V, H1 H, V/ H1, O1 X1 a b : O1 a1 ax1 = aax, b1 a1 X1 a b ; a a1 O1 X1 ax1, 2-61 ( b), 2-61 3.,, 2-62 ( a), ( V 1/ H ), ( V1/ H2 : O1 X1 ab, AB V1 a 1 b 1 ; ) 2-62 ( b ) O2 X2 a 1 b 1, AB H2 a2 b2, a2 b2 2-62 2-12 A B CD, (2-63 (a) ), 2-63 ( a), CD H2, 45

-63, AB a2 b2,, 2-63 ( b) : (1 )CD V1, A B (2 )CD, H2, AB (3 ), c2 d2 a2 b2 m2 n2, M N H2 n2 n2 n 1, a 1 b 1 n 1, n 1 n 1 m 1 O2 X2 m 1, m 1 n 1 V1 V/ H mn m n, 2.6.3, 1.,,, 2-64 (a ), A BC 2-64, V1 V, V1 A BC BD, V 1 A BC, H, V1/ H 2-64( b), BD, O1 X1 bd; a b c, O1 X1, Z, V1 a 1 b 1 c 1, A BC ; O1 X1 AB C H 46

2, H1 V 2. V H1 H, V/ H1 A BC, A BC,,, 2-65, A BC, a b ch1 V/ H1, : H, a b c, O1 X1, O1 X1 a b c ; O1 X1, Y, a1 b1 c1 ; a1 b1 c1, a1 b1 c1 A BC 2-65 3.,,, 2-66, A BCD V1/ H V1, AB CD, H2 O2 X2 a 1 b 1 c 1 d 1, V1/ H2, a2 b2 c2 d2,, 2-66 2-66 2.6.4,,, 2-542 -63 47

-13A BD CBD, (2-67( a) ) 2-67 A BD CBD BD,,, 2-67( c), BD, 2-67 ( b) O1 X1, b d, BD V/ H1, ; O2 X2 b1 d1, BD V 2/ H1, a 2 b 2 ( d 2 ) c 2 b 2 ( d 2 ) ; (c 2 b 2 a 2 ) ABD CBD 2-14 M A BC L, M, 2-68( a) M AB C L P, A BC V1,, P, L;, M Z, P M m 1,, m 2-68 ( b) 2-68 M 2.6.5,,,,,,,, 48

2. 2-69 (a), M OO, M OO, (), M R 2-69 ( b ), o, m 1 o, o m ; m1 OX 2-70( a), M OO, M OO 2-70 ( b), o, m1 o om ; m 1 OX 2-69 2-70 2. 2-71 A B OO, AB,,, : o, a b o, a b, a1 b1 = ab ;, a a 1 OX b 1 OX, a1 a 1 b1 b 1 a 1 b 1, ( a 1 a1 ) ( b 1 b1 ) 2-71 2-15 A B (2-72( a) ),, OX ;, A B, A( 2-72 ( b) ( c) ) 2-72 ( b), A, ab ab1, AB, a b 1 ba B 2-72 (c), A B, 2-16 A B (2-73( a) ), A B1, ab1 OX; a b 1,,, OX, 2-73( b ), a2 b1, 49

-72 2-73 AB1 A2 B1 3. A BC,,, 2-17 A BC (2-74( a) ),,, A BC,, OX AB C, B, A BC BD, bd1 OX, a 1 bc 1, a 1 bc 1 OX, 2-74 ( b ) 2-18 A1 BC1 (2-75 (a) ), A1 BC1,, OX,, C1 c1 b2 a2, c1 b2 a2 C1 B A1, 2-75 ( b), c 1 b 2 a 2, c 1 b 2 a 2 OX, 2-19M A BC (2-76 (a) ), A BC, M B,, M A BC ( m 1, m1 ) a1 bc1 a 1 b c 1, A1 BC1, a 1 b c 1, 2-76 ( b)m 1 m 1 n 1, m 1 n 1 a 1 b c 1, N( n 1 n1 ), m1 n1 OX, m 1 n 1 M AB C 50

2-74 2-75 2-76 51

,, ;,, 3.1,,,,,,, 3.1.1, ( ) ; ; 1. (3-1 (a) ), 3-1 :,, ( ) H,,, 52 : 3-1 ( b) (1 ) ( ) ; (2 )V W,, V,, 2. 3-1 A B V a b, HW (3-2 (a) ) : A B V, A B

3-2, A B H ( ), A B : 3-2 ( b) (1 ), A B H a, b; (2 ) A W a, b, a b a b 3.1.2,,,, 1. (3-3 (a) ), : A BC, ( ), S A C, ;, S A SC, S B, S, S, : 3-3 ( b) (1 )AB C () ; (2 ) S s s ; (3 ) S ASBSC,,, s a s b, s c, s cs a, 3-3 53

. 3-2 S AB C VH DE E F ( 3-4 ( a) ),, : de e f, DEEF S AB SB C EF S BSC, D S A B : 3-4 ( b) 3-4 (1 )W ; (2 ) E F S BC VW, fe f (3 ) DE H ed, ab m, mm, E M D d d, e d e d, 3-5 54

3,,,, 3-5 2,, 3.2,,, 3-6,,,,,, 3-6 3.2.1 1. :, ( 3-7 (a) ) 2. : 3-7 ( b), : 3-7 (1 )V W () ; 55

; 2 ) VW,, H, (3 )a 1 b 1, ; (4 ) c 1 d d 1, ( 3-7 (c) ) 3., 3-3 A B a ( b) (3-8( a) ), 3-8 : a ba, B, a b, a b : 3-8 ( b) (1 ) a b a b, (2 ) A B a b, a, ( b ) 3-4 3-9 (a), A E, V :, A E, A E VW H A E H,, ae :, ;,,,,,, : 3-9 ( b) (1 )AE () ; (2 ) AE A ( aaa ) C( c c c ) ( ) E ( e ), ; (3 ) a eb D b d, b b d d ;,,, 45 56

3-9 (4 )a b c d e,, abc, cde 3.2.2 1. : ( 3-10 ), 2. : 3-11 (1 ) V W () ; (2 ) VW,, H, ; (3 ) S( s s ) ; (4 ) s a s b s c s d(3-11( b) ) 3., 3-5 K k ( 3-12 (a ) ), K :,, K H W, 3-10, K, (3-12( b) ) : 3-12( c) (1 )V s k, a ; (2 )S A sa, k, k ; (3 ) k, K, ( k ), K ( ), (3-12( b) ) : 3-12( d ) (1 ) K ( ), k,, 57

-11 ; (2 )( ) ; (3 )K k, k ; 3-12 (4 ) k, ( k ) 3-6 AE V ( 3-13 (a) ), : AE,,, A D, DE ( 3-13 ( b ) ) : 3-13( c) 58

3-13 (1 )A E H W a e a e, ; (2 ) D d,, d, d ; (3 ) BC b c, bb c, ; (4 ),,, d e 3.2.3 1. : 2. : 3-14( a) ( b),, 3-14, A,,,,,, B C, 3. 59

-7 A B ab(3-15 (a) ), 3-15 : A B, ( 3-15 ( b) )A, B,,,,,, : (1 ) 3-15( c)a,,, a a A, a, ( a ) (2 ) B,,, b bb,, ( b ), b (3-16), 60 3-16

3.3,,,, ;, ( 3-17),, R,, R S (3-17 ( h) ) 3-17 3.4,,,,,,,,, ;, ( ),, 3.4.1,, 3-8 3-18, : S,,, 61

-18 ; ; : 3-18( b) (1 ) S A, S B S C S D ; (2 )H, A BBCCDDA (3 ), S A S, S A, AB CD (4 )S ASBSC SD E F GH,, 3.4.2,,,,,, 1. 3-19,,, 3-19 62 3-9 3-20( a), :, (

3-20 4 )( ), : 3-20( b) (1 ) L =D( D ) ; (2 )n ( n = 12 ), n, AB C, 3-20 ( b) ; (3 ),, A B C; (4 ), 3-20 (c) 2.,, ( 3-21 ), L, =D/ L( D ) 3-21,,,,,, 3-22 3-10 3-23 (a), :, ( ), : 3-23( b) 63

-22 3-23 (1 ) ( 2) 3-23( b ), n ( n = 8 ), n, a a b b c c (3 ), A B C (4 ), ( 3-23) 64

4,,,,, 4-1, 4-1 4.1,, ( 4-1 ( a) ( b ) ) : 1.,, ; 2.,, : 1., ; 2.,,,, 65

.1.1,,, ( ),, 4-1 VH (4-2( a) ), W : 4-2 ( b),,, ( ), : 4-2 (c) (1 )( ) (2 ), A B CD E, (3 )( 4-2( d ) ), 4-2 66

4-2 4-3 ( a), : P Q ( 4-3 ( b) )P,, ; Q,,,,,,,, P Q 4-3 : (1 )P,,, ( 4-3( c) ) ; (2 )Q,,, ( 4-3( d ) ) ; (3 )PQ,3 4, 34, (4 ) ( 4-3( e) ) 4-3 ( 4-4( a) ) : P Q R, (4-4 ( b ) ),,, : (1 )P ( 1 2 3 4 5 ), ( 4-4 (c) ) 67

-4 (2 )Q ( 6 7 ), 6 7 6 7 ( 4-4( d) ) (3 )R, (8 ), 8 (4-4( e) ) (4 ), (4-4 ( f) ), 4-4 ( g ),,, 68

4.1.2, (, ), (),,,,, : 1. (1 ), ; (2 ) ( ), ( ) ; (3 ) ( ), ( ) ; (4 ),, 2. (1 ), ( ), ; (2 ), ; (3 )( ), ; (4 ),, :, 4-1 4-1 69

-4 ( 4-5( a) ), 4-5 : 4-5 ( b),,, ( ) V,,, : (1 ) 4-5 (c), P Q R (), A B C D E F GH,, E M F N GB H (2 ) 4-5 ( d), () 4-5 4-6 (a),, : 4-6 ( b) ( d),,, : (1 ) 4-6 ( d), VW (1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 )( 4 4 ),,,, ( ) (2 )H W ( 5 ) ( 6 6 )( 7 ) ( 8 8 ),,, 70

4-6 4-6 ( 4-7( a) ), : 5, ( 4-7 ( b ) (c) ),,,, : 5,, 4-7(d) (e) (),, 4-2 4-2 = 90 <= 90 = 0 < 71

-7 4-7 ( 4-8( a) ), : 4-8 ( b),,, ( ),, 4-8 72 : (1 ) 4-8 (c) H A ( a) B( b ), ( ),

4 a b 2 ) C(c), c (3 ) D( d) E( e), d e (4 ),, ( 4-8( d ) ) 4-8 ( 4-9( a) ), : 4-9 (a) ( b), P Q RT 4-9 73

V, V,,, : (1 )P ( ) 12 1 2 (4-9 (c) ) ; (2 ) Q ( ) 23 2 3 (4-9 ( d) ) ; (3 ) R ( ) 354 3 5 4 (4-9 (e) ) ; (4 ) T () (4-9 (f) ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ),,, 6 7 8 ( ), 8 (9 )( 10 ), 9 10 9 10, ; (5 ) HW ( 4-9( g) ),,, (, ) 4-9 ( 4-10 (a) ), :,,,,,,, : (1 ) 4-10( b),,, ; 4-10 74

4 2 ) 4-10( c),,, ; (3 ),, ( 4-10 (c) ) : 4-10 (4-11( a) ), : 4-11( b),,,,, ( ), : 4-11( c) (1 )( ), 1 4, 2 3, ; (2 )( ) 4, ; (3 )( ), 4-11 4.2,, ( 4-12), 75

1. : ( 4-12 ) 4-12 2.:, 3.:,, (4-12(a) );, (4-12( b) (c) ) ;, (4-12( d) (e) (f) ) 4.2.1 4-12 ( b) ( c), ( ) ( ),,, 4-11 (4-13( a) ), : 4-13( b),,,, H, V, () ( ), ( ) : (1 ) 4-13( a), 12,, (2 ) 4-13( c), (1 ), (3,3 ), (4 ) ( ), (5, 5 ) (6,6 ) ( 7, 7 ),, 3 5, 5 1 (3 ), (2 ) (4 )( 4-13 ( d) ) 4-13 (e) ( f),,,,,, 76

4-13 4.2.2,,,, : (1 ), (2 ), (3 ),, ( ), (4 ),, :, (5 ),, 1.,,,, 4-12 (4-14( a) ), 77

-14 : 4-14( a) ( b),,,, : (1 ) 4-14 ( c), : ( 1 1 ), ( 2 ), ( 3 3 ), (4 ), 1 2 3 4 (2 )( 5 ) ( 6 ), 5 6 (3 ), :, : (1 ), ( 4-15( a) ) 4-15 78

4 2 ), (4-15( b) ) (3 ), 4-15 (c) ( d),,, 4-13 (4-16( a) ) : 4-16( b),,,, 4-16 79

( 4-16( c) ) :, (1 ) 4-16( c), ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ), 1 2 3 4 (2 ) 4-16( d), (5 ) (6 ), 5 6 (3 ) 4-16( e),,, ( ) :,, (),,, ( ) 4-16 ( f), ( ),,, () 4-14 4-17 (a), () 4-17 : 4-17 ( b ),,,,, ( ) : (1 ) 4-17 (c), : (1 ) ( 2 ) 80

4 3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) ( 7 ) ( 8) (9 ) ( 10 ),,, 45 (2 ) 4-17( d ),, ( 11) ( 12), 11 11 12 12 (3 ),, ( ) 4-17 (c), ( ) 2.,,,, 15,, ( ) (4-18) 4-18, : (1 )( ) ; (2 ), : (1 ),,, (2 ) (3 ), 4-15 (4-19( a) ), : 4-19( b),, 4-3 4-3 V H V H 81

V H V H 4-3,, 4-19 : (1 ) : 4-19 ( c), P1,, ( 1 1 ) ( 2 ) P2,, ( 3 ) ( 4 ) (2 ) : P3 P4,, ( 5 5 ) (6 ) 82 (3 ),, 314, 324

4 4 ) ( 4-19 ( d) ),,,, 4-19( e) 4-16 (4-20( a) ), VH : 4-20( b),,, 4-20,, 4-4 4-4 V H W V H W 83

: -3, (1 ) : 4-20 (c), P1, ( 1 1 ), (2 2 )P2, (3 3 )( 4 4 ),,, () (2 ) :,, (3 )4-20( d ),, : 4-20 (e) ( f), ( ),, ( ) 3. (1 ), (4-21( a) ) (2 ), (4-21( b) ) (3 ),, ( 4-22( a) ( b) ) 4-21 4-22 (4 ), (), ( ),, 4-234 -24,,, (4-23 ( b ) 4-24 ( b ) (c) ), 4.2.3,,, :,,,, ( ),, 84

4-23 4-24 4-17 4-25 (a), 85

4-25( b ),,, A1 B1, ; C A1 A2, A1 A2 C, ; ()C,, D1 D2 D3,, D1 D2, ( ) 4-25 (c) 4-25 4.3,,,, 4-26, 4-27,, 86

4-26 4-27 87

5.1,,,,, 5-1 5.1.1 5-2 5-1,,,,,,,,, 5-1 5-2,,, (),, 5-3 5.1.2, OX Y Z, K, K P, OXOYOZ O1 5-3 X1 O1 Y1 O1 Z1, K K1,,, X1 O1 Y1, Y1 O1 Z1 X1 O1 Z1 OXOYOZ A B C, A1 B1 C1, : 88 O1 A1/ OA = p X ; O1 B1/ OB = q Y ;

5-3 O1 C1/ OC = r Z 5-3( b) 5.1.3,, : 1., ;,, 2.,,, 5.1.4 : 1. : 2. :, ( ): 1.( ), ( ), 2.( ), ( ), 3.( ), ( ),,, 5.2 5.2.1,,,, p q r 1,, p = q = r0.82, XOY = XOZ = YOZ = 120, 5-4 ( a), Z, X Y 30, 30, 5-4 ( b) 89

-4, GB/ T14692-93, p = q = r = 15-5,, 1/ 0.821.22, 5-5,,, 5.2.2,, (),,,,,,, ;, 5-1 ( 5-6( a) ), : 1),, 5-6( b) 2), X1 O1 Y1 11 3), 5-6 ( d) 21 31 41 51 61, 5-7 ( c) 4) Z1,, ( ), 5-6 (e) 90 5),, 5-6( f) ( g)

5-6 5-2 5-7 (a),,, 5-7( b)( g ) 5-7 91

.2.3 1.,,,, 5-8 (1 ), Z, Z ; (2 ), Y, Y ; (3 ), X, X ;,, (1), X Y, A BCD, 5-9( a) (2 ),, 5-8, abcd, 1 2 3 4, 5-9( b ) (3 ) a c, 5-9 b d, c11, m, a31, n, a c m n m41 n21 (4 )a c, c11 a31, 11 21 31 41, 5-9( c)m n,, 11 41 21 31,, 5-9 ( d) 5-3 5-10,,, : (1 ) OZ, XOY, 5-11 (a) (2 ),, 5-11( b) (3 ) h1, h,,, 5-11( c) Z1 (4 ) o1 X1 b, Y1 1 2, 1 2 ( d) 3 4 34,, 5-11 (5 ),, 5-11( e) 5-4 5-12 5-10 92

5-11 5-12 (1 ),,, 5-12 (2 ) 5-13( a)( h ) 5-13 93

-13 5.3 5.3.1,,, 90, 1, 5-14 (a), xoz p, X1 O1 Z1 = 90, X p z r 1,, 0.5, 1355-14( b ), O1 Y1 O1 X1 O1 Z1 135 XOZ P,,, 5-15 94

5-14 5-15 5.3.2, X1 O1 Z1, X1 O1 Z1,, 5-16 5-16 X1 O1 Y1 Y1 O1 Z1,,,,,,,,,,, 5-5 5-17( a), 95

1 ), 5-17, X OZ, 5-17( a) (2 ) 5-17 5-17 5.4 1.,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,, 96

5,,, 3.,, 97

6. 1,, (), 6. 1. 1,, ( ) (),, 6-1 6-1 6. 1. 2, 6-1,,,, 98 6-1

6 6-2, 1 2, 1 () ( ), 2 ()() 6-2 6-2,,,,,,,, 6. 1. 3, 1.,,, 6-3 ( b ) ; ( ),, 6-3 (c) 6-3 ( d) ( e) ( f) 2.,, 6-4 3.,, 6-5,,, 6. 1. 4,,,, 99

-3 6-4 100

6 ( a) ( b) (c) 6-5 6-6, 1 2 (, ) 3,, 1 2 6-6 101

,,,,, ;,,, 6. 2 6. 2. 1,,,,, 6-7 (a) 6-7 ( b ),,,, :, ;, ;,, :,, (a) ( b) 6-7 :,, ;,,,, 6. 2. 2 6-8 (a), 102

6 a) ( b) 6-8 1.,, 6-8 ( b ), ;, ;,,,,, 2., : (1 ),,,, (2 ), (3 ),,,,,,, 6-8 ( a),, 6-8( a), 3.,,,,, 4.,,, 6-9( a) : 5., 6-9 ( b ) ( c) ( d ) ( e ) (1 ), ( ) (2 ),, (3 ) 6.,, : ( 1 ) ; ( 2 ) 103

-9 ; ( 3 ) ; ( 4 ),,, 6. 2. 3 6-1 6-10 (a) 104

6 a) (b ) 6-10 1. 6-10( b ), 1 2, 2 1, ; 3, 2 ; 4, 3, 3 2.,,,, OX, (3 ), 6-10 (a) 6-8,, 6-116-126-13 6-11 105

-12 6-13 6. 2. 4,,,,, 6-14 (a) ; R1 > R2,, R1, 6-14( b) 106

6 a) ( b) 6-14 6. 3 6. 3. 1,,, ( 1), 6-15( a) ( b) ( c) ; ( 2 ),, 6-16 (a) 6-16 ( b) 6-16 (c) 6-16 ( d) ( a) ( b) (c) 6-15 6. 3. 2,,, 6-17( a) ;,, 6-17( b ),,, 6-17 (c) 107

-16 6. 3. 3 1. : ( ),,, : ( 1) ; ( 2), ; (3 ), ; ( 4),,,, 2. : (1 ) (2 ) 108

6-17 (3 ) 3. : (1 ),, (2 ),, (3 ) (4 ), (5 ),, (6 ) 109

,,,,,, 6-2 6-18 (a) [] : ( 1) 6-8 (2 ) 6-18 (a),,, ( 3) 6-18 ( b), 3 46 35 2x5 R5 11 16 5 ; 2 3; 3 8 18 R8 9 (4 ) 1 ;, 1 2 ; ; 1, 3 1, ; ; 1, (5 ) 6-18, 46 16 18 (6 ) 6-18( b ), 12,,, ( 10 ) 6-18 6. 4 6. 4. 1 1.,, 6-19 ;, 6-20,,, 2.,, 110

6 (a) ( b) (c) 6-19 (a) ( b) 6-20,,,,, 6-21,, 6-21,,,,,, 6-22,, 3. : ( 1) () ; ( 2) ; ( 3), ( ), (), ( ), 111

-22,, 4.,,,,,,,,,, 6. 4. 2 1.,, ;,,, ;, : (1 ),,, 6-23, 6-24,,,, 6-23 (2 ),,,,,, 112

6-24, 6-25,,, 6-25, (3 ),,, ;, 6-26,,, (6 ),, 6-27 2.,,, 113

-26, 6-27 (1 ),,, 6-28 6-28 114

6 2 ),,,, 6-29 6-29 (3 ),,,,,,, 6-30 6-30 6. 4. 3,, : 1.,,,,,,,,,,, 6-3 6-31, 6-32 6-35, (1 ), 115

,,,, 6-32 6-31, 6-32, (2 ), 6-33,,,, 1, 2 L,, 2 3, 4 3 6-33, 116, (3 ),

6-34, 1 2, 1 2, 2 3,, 2 4,, 6-34, (4 ), 6-35, 2, 2 ; 1, ; 2 3, 3, 2 3,,, 2 4, 4 6-35 2.,,,,, 6-4 6-36, 6-37 6-39 (1 ), 6-37,,,,, 117

-36 6-37, (2 ),,,,,,, 6-38 1,, 1 2,, 2,, ; 2, 1, 3,,, ;,,, ; 3, (3 ), 6-38, 1 2, 1 2, ; 1 2, ; 1 2,,,,,,,,,, 2 3, : 3 2 118

6 3 2 6-38 6-39 (4 ),,,, 119

7.1,,,, 7.1.1,,,,,,, 7-1,, 7-1 7-2, : (1 ),, ; ; (2 ),,, 7-2 ; 7-2 7.1.2 120

7-2 7-3 ( ) ;, 7-3, : (1 ),,,, (2 ),,,, 7.1.3,,,, 7-4 : (1 ), 7-4 A :, 7-4 (2 ),,, 7-4 (3 ) ;, 7-4 A 121

- 4 7.1.4, 7-5( a),,,, 7-5 : (1 ), 7-5,, V, H V,,, ;,,, (2 ),, 7-5 ( b ), : (3 ),, ; (90 ), 7-5 (c) ( d), 122

7 4 ),,,,, 7.2,, 7-6 ( b),,, 7.2.1 1.,,,, 7-6 (c) 7-6( a) 7-6 2., : (1 ), ( ),,, 7-6 ( a), (2 ), ;,,, 7-6(c) (3 ),, 7-1,,, 45, 7-7 ;,,,, 7-8 123

-7 7-8 : ( 1), ( 2), ( 3) 3. 124,,

7 1 ), 5,,, 7-6( ) (2 ) (3 ) ;, 7-6( ), : (1 ),,, 7-8 (2 ),,, 7-9 ( ) 4. (1 ),,,, 7-6 ( ) (2 ),,,, 7-8 (3 ), ;, 7-2 125

.2.2 1. (1 ), 7-9( ), 7-9 126 (2 ),,,

7 3 ) 7-9 ( ),, 2. (1 ),,,,, 7-10 7-10,, ;,, 7-11 ( ) : 7-11 127

2 ),,, 7-10 ( ),,, 7-12, :,,, 7-12 ( 7.5.1) (3 ) 7-11( ),,,,,,, 7-12 3. (1 ),,, 7-13 7-13 (2 ), :,, 7-147-15,,, 7-16 128

7-14,, 7-13 7-15 7-16 (3 ),,, (4 ),,,,, 7-17 ( ), 7-17 ( ),, 7-17( ),, 4. (1 ) 7-18,,,,, (2 ),, 129

-17 7-18 (3 ),, 7-18 :,,, 7-18( ),, 7-18 ( ),, 7-18 ( ) 5. (1 ) 7-19,,,, 130,

7-19 (2 ),,, (3 ),, 7-19 -,,, 7-21( ),, 7-20 7-20 (4 ), 7-21 ( ),, 7-21( ) 6. (1 ), 7-22,,,, (2 ),, (3 ), 131

-21 7-22, 7-22 -,,, 7-24 (4 ),, 7-23,,, 7-24 7. (1 ),, (, ),, 7-25 7-26 (2 ),, 7-25 7-26 -,, 8.,, 7-26,,, 7-27 -, - 132

7 7-23 7-24 7-25 ( ) 7-26 ( ),, :, ;, 7-27 133

.3 7.3.1,,,, 7-28( ) :,,, 7-28 ( ), 7-28 7.3.2, 1. (1 ),,,, 7-29( )7-30 -,,, 7-32 7-29,, 7-32 7-337-34 (2 ), 7-28 ( ) 7-30 134

7, ), 7-29 ( ), ( ),, 7-31 7-30 7-31, 7-29 ( ) - -, ;, 7-32 7-32 7-33 7-34, (3 ),,,, 7-29 ( ) -,, 7-29( )- 7-30 -, 7-29 ( )7-337-34 ( ),, 7-29 ( ) ( )7-337-34, 7-31 2., 7-35 (1 ),,, 7-35 ( ) (2 ), 7-35 7-35 135

.4,,,,,, 7-36 7-36, 7-36 : ;,,, 7.5,, ( ),, / 16675.1-1996 7.5.1 1.,,, ;,,, 7-37 2.,,,, 7-38 ( ) 7-39 7.5.2 1. (1 ), 7-40 (2 ), ( ), 7-41 2. (1 ),, 136

7-37 7-38 7-39 7-40, 7-42 (2 )( ),,,, 7-43 ( ) ( ),,,, 7-43 ( ) 3.,, 7-44 4. (),, 137

- 41 7-42 7-43 7-44,, 7-45 7-45 7.5.3 1., 7-46 2.,, 7-477- 48, 138

7., 7-48 7-46 7-47 7-48 4., 45,, 7-49 7-49 45 7.5.4,, 7-50 7-50 7.6,,,,,,,,,,, :, 7-51 ( ), 7-51( )7-51( )7-51( )7-51 ( ), 1., ;, ;, ; 139

-51,,,, 2.,, 7-51 ( ) 7-51 ( ), 7-51 ( ), ; 7-51 ( ),,,,, 7-51( ) 7-51 ( ),,, (, ),,,, ;,,,, ;,,,, 7-51( ),,,,,, 140

7,,,, 3.,,, 7.7,,,, : 7-52,, 1.,,,,, 7-53 ( ) 2.,, 7-53 ( ) 90, 7-53( ) 7-52 7-53 3., :, 4.,, 7-54,, 7-55 7-54 7-55 141

,, 2002, ( ), 8.1 2002, 2002-2002 ( 8-1 ) 8-1 2002, 2002 8-2 2002, 8.1.1, - 2002 8.1.2, 142

8-2 2002 2002 26 2002, 8.1.3, : [ ],, < >,,, 2002 : ; ; 8.1.4, 2002,,, 8.1.5,,,, 8.1.6, 143

0,0 ),, 8.2,,, 8.2.1 1. : : : : [( )/ ( ) ] < 0.0000,0.0000 > : < 420.0000,297.0000 > : 3 ( )/ ( ) () :, ( ) :, 2., : < 1.0000 > : ( ) 8.2.2 2002,, 8-8,, 1.,,,, 2. : : :, 8-3 2002,, 0 144

8-3, 0 :, : :,, : :, 0 :,,,,, :, ; :, :,,,, ;, :,, 8-4, :,, 8-5,,,,, 8-6 :, 8-7, 3., 8-8, 145

-4 8-5 8-6 8-7 8-8 : :,, :, 8-3 :, 8-8, 146 :, :, :,

8,,,,,, 8.3 2002,,, 8.3.1,,, (1 ) ( ),, (2 ), (3 ) (4 ), 8.3.2 (1 ),,, 8, 6, 5, : 8, 6, 5 8-9 0, ( < ), 15, 30, : 15 < 30 8-10 (2 ), @, ( 4, 5), 12, 8, : @12,8 8-11 8-9 8-10 8-11 147

.3.3 8-12, 8-12 1. : : : : : 8.1 : :250,250 [ ( ) ] : 100, 100 [ ( ) ] : 250, 100 [ ( )/ ( ) ] : 8-13 : ( ) ( ) 2. : : 8-13 8-14 : 148

8 :, (1 ) 8.2 : [ ( 3 )/ (2 )/ ( ) ] : 200, 190 [ ( ) ] : 25 8-14 1 (2 )3 : [ ( 3 )/ (2 )/ ( ) ] : 3 : ( ) ( ) : ( ) ( ) : ( ) ( 8-14 2 (3 ) : [ ( 3 )/ (2 )/ ( ) ] : : ( 2 ) : ( 1 ) < > :25 8-14 3 3. : : : : 11, : 8.3 : : [ ( ) ] : : 150, 150 [ ( )/ ( ) ] : 80, 220 :80, 80, 8-15 8.4 : : [ ( ) ] : 400, 150 ( ) [ ( )/ ( ) ] : : 330, 150 [ ( )/ ( ) ] : ( )330, 80 8-16, 8.5 149

-15 8-16 : : [ ( ) ] : 200, 110 [ ( )/ ( ) ] : : 110, 200 [ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : : 90 8-17, - 90, 8-18 8-17 8-18 4. : : : : : 8.6 : [ ( )/ ( ) ] : 100, 100 : 145,55 [ ( ) ] : 50 8-19 8.7 : [ ( )/ ( ) ] : [( ) ] : 100, 100 150

8 145,55 [ ( ) ] : 50 [ ( ) ] : 0 [ ( )/ ( ) ] : 180 8-20 8-19 8-20 5. : : : : :, 3 1024 () 8.8 ( 250, 100) ( 230, 180), : < > :8 [( ) ] : : ( )250,100 : ( )230, 180 8-21 ( 230, 180 ), : (250,100 ), 8-22 8.9 ( 200, 150), 100, : < > : 6 [( ) ] : 200,150 8-21 8-22 151

( )/ ( ) ] < > : : 100 8-23 8.10 (200, 150 ), 100, : < > : 6 [( ) ] : 200,150 [ ( )/ ( ) ] < > : : 100 8-24 8-23 8-24 6. : : : : : : [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : ( ) 0,0 [ ( ) ] : ( ) 50,30 : :, :, :, 7. : : : : : : [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : ( ) : ( ) : 152

8 ( ) : ( ) : ( ) : () ( ) : ( ) : 8. : : : : :, (1 ), 8-25, (2 ), : 8.11 8-26 8-25 8-26 : : : ( ) [( ) ] : 5 8-26 (3 ) : 8.12 : : : ( ) [( ) ] : 35 8-26 9. 153

: : :,, : : _ : ( ) 0.0000 (, ) [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : : : : : : : :, < > < >, ( ), : [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : : :, :, :, : :, :, 8.138-27 8-27 : : ( 8.26 ) 0.0000 154

8 ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : () [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : < 0.000 > 5 < 5.000 > [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : ( ) [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : () [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : () [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : () [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : < > :5 < > : 2.5 [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : ( ) [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : 10. : : : : : ( ), : [ ( ) ] : :, (1 ) [ ( ) ] : () : ( ) [ ( )/ ( ) ] < > :, : : ( ) : ( ),, : :, : : ( ), 155

,,,, -,,,, (2 ) [ ( ) ] :, ; [ ],,, 11.,, 1. : ; ; 8.14 (1 ) 8-28, (2 ) : 8-29, 8-28 8-29, 8.28, (3 ), 8-30 ;, 8-28 ;, 8-28,, 2., 8-31 ; ; ; ; 156

8 8-30 8-31 3.,,,,,, 8-32, (,),,, 8-32 8.3.4,, 1., ( ),,,,,,,,,, 8-33 2002,,,,,, (1 ) 8-1 2002, 8-33 157

-1, 0 90 180 270 : (2 ),,,,,, +, 8-33 8.15 8-34,, : : ( ) : (, :, ) [ ( ) ] : ( ) : ( ) [ ( ) ] : () 158

8 ) [ ( ) ] : 8-35 8-34 8-35 :,, -, 8.16 8-36, : [ ( 3 )/ (2 )/ ( ) ] : 3 : ( ) () : ( ) () : ( ) () 8-37 8-36 8-37 2.,, ( ), : (, 9 ) [( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] < > : : () :, () :, :, - : 159

> : ( ) < > : ( ) :, : < > : ( ) < > : ( ), : : [ ( )/ ( ) ] < > : [( ) ] < 10.0000 > : : :,, : : [ ( )/ ( ) ] < > : ; 9,, 3. :, : (, 7 ) ( ) [( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] < > : : :, : / : : :, < > : ( ) < > : ( ),,,,,,,, 4. :, 160 : (, 8 ) / < > : / : 8, 5.,

8, : (1 ) :,,, 8-38 10 90 60 45 30 22.5 18 15 105 9,,,,, :, : :, :,, (2 ) 8-39 8-38 8-39, :, :,,, 8.17, 8-40 : 1.8-39 161

- 40 2. : : (,, 8-41 ) 3., 4.,, 8-42 8-41 8-42, 8.18 8-43,, 50, 8-43 : 1., 8-38 162

8., 8-39 3., : : 4.: :,,,,,,,,, 8-44 5., : : 50, 6.: :,,, 100, 8-45 8-46 8-44 8-45 8-46 7.: :, 80, 8-47 8.: :, 100, 9.: 163

- 47 :, 8.4,,, 8.4.1 12, 8-48 1, 2, : 1. :, 2. : 3.: 8.4.2,, : ;, 1. ( ),, ( ),,,?: / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / (1 ) [ ] : () (2 ) [ ] : (3 ) [ ] : (), (4 ) [ ] : ( ),, 164

8-48 (5 ) [ ] : (6 ) [ ] : (7 ) [ ] : ( ) (8 ) [ ] : () (9 ) [ ] : (10) [ ] : : (11) [ ] : : (12) [ ] :, (13) [ ] : (14) [ ] : (15) [ ] : : (16) [ ] : : 2. ( ), : :, : [ ( ) ] [ ] 165

, 8-49 8-49 (1 ) [ ( ) ] : ( ) (2 ) [ ] :, (3 ) [ ( ) ] : (4 ) [ ] :, * (5 ) [ ] : (6 ) [ ] : (7 ) [ ] : 3. (1 ),,,,, 8-50 (2 ),, : 166

8 (3 ) :, 8.4.3-50 1. ( ) 2. ( ),, : : 1 ( ) : (, ), [ ( ) ] : (1 ) [ ] :,, (2 ) [ ( ) ] :,,, 3. ( ), : : 1 ( ) : (, ) :: ( )? [( )/ ( ) ] < > : ( ) 4. ( ), : [ ( ) ] < 1.0000 > : < > : ( ) : ( ) < > : ( ) 5. ( ),, 8-518-52 (1 ) [ ] : [ ] : [ ] : [ ] : 0, [ ] :,, 167

] :,, [ ] :,, 8-51 8-52 (2 ) [ ] : [] :, [ ] :, [ ] : [ ] : [ ] :, [] : 168 6. ( ), : : 1 : ( ) (, ) : < > : 7. ( ), : : 1 : : ( ) (, ) ( ) [ ( ) ] : [ ( ) ] :, 8. ( ), : : 1 : : [ ( ) ] : ( ) (, ) ( ) ( ) [ ( ) ] : 9. ( ),,,

8, 10. ( ),, : [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : (1 ) [ ( ) ] :,, (2 ) [ ( ) ] : (3 ) [ ( ) ] : (4 ) [ ( ) ] : 11. ( ), ;, ;,, : =,=... : 1 : 1, 2 : ( ) ( ) ( ),,[ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : ( ),,[ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : ( ) (1 ) [ ( ) ] : (2 ) [ ( ) ] :, 12. ( ), ;, ;,, 13. ( ),,, ;,, : : [ ( ) ] : (, ) ( ) (1 ) [ ( ) ] :, 14. ( ),, : () 1 = 10.0000, 2 = 5.0000 [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : : (,, ) (1 ) [ ( ) ] :, 169

2 ) [ ( ) ] : (3 ) [ ( ) ] : (4 ) [ ( ) ] : [ ( )/ ( ) ] (5 ) [ ( ) ] : [ ( )/ ( ) ] 15. ( ),, : : =, = 10.0000 [ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : : (,, ) (1 ) [ ( ) ] : 16. ( ),, 8.5,,, 8.5.1 1. ( ),, : : ( ) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ] : (1 ) [ ] :,,, (2 ) [ ] :, (3 ) [ ] : 2. ( ), : : ( ) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ] : (1 ) [ ] : (2 ) [ ] : (3 ) [ ] : (4 ) [ ] : (5 ) [ ] : (6 ) [ ] : ( ) 170

8 7 ) [ ] : (8 ) [ ] : (9 ) [ ] : (10) [ ] :, 8.5.2,,, : : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] :, 8-53 1.[ ] : (1 ) [ ] : (2 ) [ ] : (3 ) [ ] : 8-53 2.[ ] : (1 ) [ ] :,, - (2 ) [ ] :,, (3 ) [ ] : 8.5.3 1. ( ) : ; : : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] : ; 2. ( ), : 171

: : [ ( ) ] [( ) ] [( ) ] : ;, 8.5.4 1. ( ), : : : [( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] < > : (1 ) [ ( ) ] :, (2 ) [ ( ) ] :, (3 ) [ ( ) ] :, 2. ( ) : : : [( ) / ( ) ] < > : (1 ) [ ( ) ] : (2 ) [ ( ) ] :, 3. ( ) : : : [( ) / ( ) ] < > : (1 ) [ ( ) ] : 1, + (2 ) [ ( ) ] : 0, 4. ( ) : : : [( ) / ( ) ] : (1 ) [ ( ) ] :,, (2 ) [ ( ) ] :,, 8.6 8.6.1 172

8. ( ) : : ( ) ;( ) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] : ( ), 8-54 8-54 (1 ) [ ( ) ] : 8-54,, [ ( ) ] : / ^ #,,, # / [ ( ) ] :,, [ ],, (2 ) [ ( ) ] : 8-55, : [ ( ) ] : ( - ) [ ( ) ] : ; [ ( ) ] :, 8-55 [ ( ) ] : () 173

3 ) [ ( ) ] : ( ) 8-56 8-56 [ ] : ( ), ; ( ) [ ] : ( ) (): 1. 66, 1, 3: 0.0833 ( 0.25 ) 1. 3333 (4 ) (4 ) [ / ( / ) ] : 8-57, 8-57 / [ ( ) ] :, [( ) ] :, [( ) ] : [ ( ) ] : (5 ) [ () ] :, 2. ( ),, : : ( ) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] :,, ; ;, ;,, ; : 174

8 :5.000 [ ( )/ ( ) ] : ( ),: [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : ( 1) [ ( ) ] :,, (2 ) [ ( ) ] :,,,, (3 ) [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] :,, (4 ) : ; 8.6.2 1. ( ),,, : : ( ) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] :,, 8-58 (1 ) [ ( ) ] :,, (2 ) [ ] : [( ) ] : ( ), [ ( ) ] :,,, [ ( ) ] : 0.0,, [( ) ] :, (3 ) [ ] :, [ ( ) ] : [ ( ) ] : [ ( ) ] :, [ ( ) ] : 1.0 1.0 [ ( ) ] : - 85 85, [ ],, [ ] 2., 175

-58 % %,, % % % % / 8% % 8 % % % % 45 45 % % 100% % 100 % % % 80% % % 80% % % % %100 8.6.3 1. ( ) : : ( ) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] :,,, ;, 2. ( ), ( ) 3. ( ), : : ( ) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] :,, 176 4. ( ) : : ( ) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] :,,

8.7 ( ),, 8.7.1 ( ),,,,, : : ( ) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] :, 8-59 8-59 1.[ ] : 8-59, : (1 ) [ ( ) ] : [] :.., [ ] : [] :, - (2 ) [ ( ) ] :, (3 ) [ ] : 177

4 ) [ ( ) ] :, (5 ) [ ( ) ] : ( ) (6 ) [ ( ) ] :, (7 ) [ ( ) ] :, (8 ) [ ( ) ] :, (9 ) [( ) ] : 2.[ ] : 8-60, 8-60 (1 ) [ ] :, : [ ] :,,,,, 8-61( ),, ; 8-61( ) [ ] :,, 8-61( ) [ ] :, 8-61( ) (2 ) [ ( ) ] : (3 ) [ ( ) ] :,, 178

8 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 8-61,,,,, [ ] : [ ] :, [ ] :,,, (4 ) [ ] : [ ] : [] :,, 3.[ ] :,,, 4.[ ] : 5.[ ] : 6.[] :, 7.[ ] : 8.[ ] :,, 90, 9.[ ] : : (1 ) [ ] : (2 ) [ ] : 8.7.2 1. ( ) : : 179

[ ( ) ] [ ] [ ( ) ] :, 2. ( ), ( ) 8.8 8.8.1 1., 8-62 (1 ) :, 8-62( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (2 ):, 8-62( ) (3 ):, 8-62( ) (4 ) : ( ), () 8-62( ) (5 ) : 8-62( ) ( ) 2. 2002 (1 ) 11, (2 ) 2002 2002,,, ( ), 3. 2002 8-63, 8.8.2,,, : 1., 8-64 (1 ) [ ] : (2 ) [ ] : (3 ) [ ] : 180

8-62 8-63 (4 ) [ ] :, 8-65 181

- 64 [ ] : [ ] :, [ ] : 8-65 [ ] :, 8-66, (5 ) [ ] :, (6 ) [ ] :, (7 ) [ ] :, 2. 8-66, (1 ) [ ] : [] : [ ] : [ ] : ; ; ; 182 [ ] : (2 ) [ ] : 8-67 [ ] :

8-66 8-67 [ ] : 183

[ ] : (3 ) [ ] : 8-68 8-68 [ ] :,, [ ] : ( ) [ ] : [ ] : (4 ) [ ] :, 8-69 [ ] :, 2,, [ ] : (5 ) [ ] : 8-70 [ ] : [ ] : [ ] : (6 ) [ ] : 8-71 [ ] : ; ; ; ; ; [ ] : 184 8.8.3

8-69 8-70 1. ( ),,, : < > : 185

-71 : [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : (1 ) [ ( ) ] :, (2 ) [ ( ) ] : (3 ) [ ( ) ] : (4 ) [ ( ) ] : (5 ) [ ( ) ] : (6 ) [ ( ) ] :, 2. ( ), 3. ( ), : : [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : (1 ) [ ( ) ] : (2 ) [ ( ) ] : 4. ( ),,, : : [ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : 186

8. ( ),,, 6. ( ),, 0, : < > : : [ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : 7. ( ), : [ ( )/ ( ) ] < > : [ ( )/ ( ) ] < > : [ ( )/ ( ) ] < > : : (,, ) (1 ) [ ( ) ] : (2 ) [ ( ) ] :, 8. ( ),, 9. ( ) 8-72 8-73 8-74 8-72 (1 ) [ ] :,, 8-72 (2 ) [ ] : 8-73 (3 ) [ ] :, 187

-73 8-74 8-74 10. ( ),,, 11. ( ) 12. ( ), : [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] < > : (1 ) [ ( ) ] : (2 ) [ ( ) ] : (3 ) [ ( ) ] : (4 ) [ ( ) ] : 13. ( ),, : [( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : (1 ) [ ( ) ] : (2 ) [ ( ) ] : (3 ) [ ( ) ] : 188

8 4 ) [ ( ) ] : (5 ) [ ( ) ] : 14. ( ),, : [ ( ) ] :,,, 15. ( - ),,, : [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/?] < > : _ (1 ) [ ( ) ] : (2 ) [ ( ) ] : (3 ) [ ( ) ] :, (4 ) [ ( ) ] :, (5 ) [ ( )/?] :, 16. ( ),,,,,,, 17. ( ), : (1 ),, (2 ),, (3 ),, 18. ( ) 19. ( ), ( ) 8.9 8.9.1,, 1. (1 ) ( ) 189

: : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] :,, 8-75 : 8-75 [ ] : [] : [ ] : [] : [ ] : [ ] : [ ] :, (2 ) ( ) : : : 2.,, : (1 )( 2) (3 ) (, )(4 ) (5 ) ( 6) (7 ) ( 8) (9 ) 8.9.2,,,,,, : : : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] :, : 1.[( ) ] : 2.[( ) ] :, 3.[ ] : (1 ) [ ] :, 190

8 2 ) [ ] :,,,,,, [ ] :,, [ ] :, [ ] : ( ), (3 ) [ ] : / (4 ) [ ] : (5 ) [ ] : 4.[ ] :, (1 ) [ ] : (2 ) [ ] :, (3 ) [ ] : [ / ] :, ;, [ ] : [ ] : [ ] : [ ] :, (4 ) [ ] : (5 ) [ ] : (6 ) [ ] : 8.9.3, : : : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] :,,, 8.10,,,,,, 8.10.1 : 1., - 191

),, 8-76( ),, 2., 8-76( ), ; ; 3., :, ( ),, 8-76( ),,, 8-76 8.11.2 1. 8-77 8-77 ; 8-77 ; : : ( ) : [ ( ) ] 8-77 : 2. (1 ) ( ), 192

8 ( ) : [ ( ) ] ( ) : (2 ) ( ), 8-78 8-78 : : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ][ ( ) ] : (3 ) ( ), 8-79 : ( ) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ][ ( ) ] : 3. (1 ) ( ), (), 8-80 : : : [ ( ) ][ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] : 8-79 8-80 (2 ) ( ), 8-81 : : : [ ( ) ][ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] : 193

-81 (3 ) ( ),, 8-82 : : : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] : ( 4) ( ) 8-82, ;,, ; : : ( ) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ][ ( ) ] : (5 ) ( ), 8-83 : 8-83 : ( ) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ][ ( ) ] : (6 ) ( ),,, 194

8-84 : 8-84 : ( ) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] : 4. (1 ) ( ),, : : ( ) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ][ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] :, : [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : [ ( ) ] :,,,, [ ( ) ] : [ ( ) ] : [ ( ) ] (2 ) ( ),,, -, -, - (3 ) ( ), :? ;? ;?, -, -, -,, 8.10.3 1. 8-85, 20, ; 2. (1 ) [ ( ) ][ ( 3) ] [( ) ] 195

-85 (2 ) [ ( ) ] [( ) ] [ ] 90 (3 ) : [ ( ) ] [( ) ] [ ( ) ] 20 1: [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] 1 (4 ) [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] 16 0 (5 ) : 1 : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] 8-86 (6 ) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] 3 2 : [ ( ) ] [][ ] 5 : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] 5-16 0 : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] 3-2 (7 ) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ][ ( ) ] : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] 12 : [ ( ) ] [ ][ ]5 : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] 5-20 0 : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] 2-1 ( 6) ( 7), 8-87 ( 8) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] 4 @ 7, 0 8-86 @0,7 @ - 7, 0 : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] 196

8-87 20 0 : [ ( ) ] [ (3 ) ] [ ( ) ] 3 : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] 8-85 8.10.4 1. (1 ) : [ ( ) ] [( ) ] [ ] 90 (2 ) :,,, [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] 2. (1 ) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] 1 () (2 ) : () () ( ) (3 ) : () ( ( 4) [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ] [ ( ) ] [ ( 3) ] [( ) ] 8-88 3. 8-88 ( 1): [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ], (2 ): [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] 197

. (1 ) : [ ( ) ][ ( ) ] * - (2 ): 0 (3 ): (4 ): - * (5 ) :* - 5.,,, 8-89 8-89 198

9,,,, ;,,, 9.1 9.1.1,,, 9-1 (a) ( b ),,, 9-2 ( a) ;, 9-2 ( b), 9-1 9-2 :, 9-2( a) ( b) ;, 9-2 (c) ;, 9-2 ( d) 9.1.2 1.,,,, 2., : dd, 9-3 : d1 D1 : d2 D2, 9-3, 9-3 199

. n, 9-3 (c) ( d), n ; 9-3 4. p s p s : s = np9-3( d ), s 2 : s = 2 p 5.,, 9-4,,,, ;, ;, 9-4 9.1.3,, 200

9. 9-5,, ; ; ;, ; 3/ 4 ; 9-5 (), 0.85 2. 9-6, : ; ; ;, 120, ;, ; 3/ 4 ; 9-6,, 9-6( c) 3., :,, 9-7 : ; 9-7 201

.1.4,,, 9-8 9-8 1. M,,, : ; :, ;, 60, 9-8( a) 2., 30, 9-8 ( c), Tr : ( p ) ; :, LH ; 3., 30, 3, 9-8 ( d), B : ( p ) ; : 4.,,, G Rp Rc R, 55, 9-8( b) : :,,, A B, : G 1/ 2A-LH, 1/ 2, A 5. (1 ): M20-5g6g-S, 5g, 6 g, 20 mm, L( ) N( ) S( ), ( N ),,, ( N ) 202

9 (2 ), 9-1 9-1, 20mm, : 6g M, 20mm, : 7 H ( 1.5mm), 1/ 2 G, A, R c R p R, 1 1 2, R p R T r, 40mm,, 14mm, 7mm, ( LH ) : 7 H S, 32mm,, 6mm, 9.1.5, 9-9, 1.,, 9-2 :, 203

-9 ;, 2.,,,, 9-10( a) ( b) (c) 9-10, 9-119-12 9.1.6,, (1.1 d),,, 1.,,, : (1 ) ; (2 ),, ; 204

9-11 9-12 (3 ),,, 9-13 ( 9-13 (a) ) 9-13,, ;,,, 9-13 ( b ) 9-13( c) 2. L L : L 1 + 2 + h + m + a 1 2 ; m h, (, 205

9-10; a, a(0.20.3) d L,, L, L L 3. 9.1.7,, 1. 9-14 (a) ( b ) (c), ( 1.1d ), ( ) ;,,,,,, 9-14 ( b) 9-12 9-14 (1 ),, ;,, ;, 120,, 45 ;, (2 ) L L : L + L1 ; L1 L (3 ) :, 9.1.8, L,, L,,, 9-15( a) 1. (1 ) L,, ;,,, L, 206

9-15, 2 d, 9-11 L : L=+ h+ m + a L,, LL (2 ) bm bm, : :, bm = d( GB/ T 897-88) ;, bm = 1.25 d( GB/ T898-88 ) 1.5 d ( GB/ T 899-88 ) ;, bm = 2 d( GB/ T 900-88 ) bm + 0.5 d, 0.5 d, 9-11 (3 ), 2. 9-15 :, ;,, 9-15 (a), 9-15( b) 9.1.9,,, 9-16 9-16 207

.2,,, : 1., 9-17( a) 2., 9-17( b) 3., 9-17( c) 9-17,,,, 9.2.1 1. 9-18 9-18 208 (1 ), d ;

9 df (2 ),,, d (3 ) p s,, p,, s,, e, s= e = p/ 2, p = s + e (4 ) hha hf, h, h, hf h = h+ hf (5 ) m z, = zp = d, d = ( p/ )z m = p/ ; d = mz,,,,,,,,,,, 9-2 9-2 (GB1357-87) 1 1.25 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 16 20 25 32 40 50 1.75 2.25 2.75 (3.25) 3.5 ( 3.75) 4.5 5.5 (6.5) 7 9 ( 11) 14 18 22 28 36 45 (6 ) P ( ) ( P ), (7 )i n1 ( r/ min) n2 ( r/ min),, n1/ n2 : i = n1/ n2 = z2/ z1 (8 ),, = ( d1 + d2 )/ 2 = m( z1 + z2 )/ 2 2.,,, 9-3 9-3 d d = m( z + 2) d f d f = m( z - 2.5) d d = mz p P =m e e =m/ 2 h h = m h g h g = 1.25 m = ( d 1 + d 2 )/ 2 = m( z 1 + z 2 )/ 2 209

. (1 ) 9-19, GB4459.2-84, ; ; ( ), 9-19 (a),,,,, 9-19( b),, 9-19( c) ( d ) 9-19 (2 ), 9-20, :,, 9-20 (a),, 9-20 ( b) ;,,,,,, 9-20(a),,,, 9-20(c) ( d) (e) 9-20 9.2.2,,,,, 9-21 210

9-21 m z : h= m, hf = 1.2 m, h = 2.2 m; d = m z, d= m( z + 2cos ), df = m( z - 2.4cos ), 9-22 9-22 9.3,, 9.3.1 1.,,, 9-23,, ;,, ;, ;, 2. : ; 211

; 9.3.2-23,,,,,,,, 9-4 9-4 60000 GB/ T 276-1994 30000 GB/ T 297-1994 50000 GB/ T 301-1995 212

9,,,,, 9.4 9.4.1,, 9-24 9-24 1., 9-5 9-5 b = 12mm, h = 8mm,L = 30mm : 1230 GB/ T 1096-1979 b = 6mm, d = 25mm : 625 GB/ T 1099-1979 b = 16mm, h = 10mm, L = 100mm : 16100 GB/ T 1565-1979 213

.,,, 9-25 (a) ( b ), 9-26 (a) ( b),,,,,,, 9-25( c), 9-26( c) 9-25 9-26 214

9 b, t, t1, 9.4.2, 9-27,,, 9-27 1., 9-6,, ; (), 9-6 d = 12mm, m6, l = 30mm : GB/ T 119.1 12 m630 d = 10mm, l = 70mm : GB/ T 117 A1070 d = 5mm, l = 50mm : GB/ T 91 550 2.,,,,, 9-28 9.4.3, 215

-28, ( 9-29 ( a) ( b) ( c) ) ( 9-29 ( d ) ) 9-29 1. ( 9-30) d D D1, D1 = D - 2 d D2, D2 = ( D + D1 )/ 2 = D - d = D1 + d n2, n,, n1 t, H0 L, 2., 9-30 : (1 ), (2 ) 4, 12,, 216

9-30 (3 );,, (4 ),,, 9-31( a) ;, 2mm,, 9-31 ( b), 9-31 (c) 9-31 9.5 Auto CAD 9-32 (a) 20 25, 1.1 d AutoCAD : ) Command: copy Select objects: ( ) Specify base point of displacement or [ Multiple] : (,, 9-32( b ) ; Command: copy Select objects: ( ) 217

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;,, 10.2.1,,, : 1. ; 2. 10-2, ;,,,,, 10-2 10.2.2 1.,,,,, 10-3( a),,, C, 10-3 ( b) 2.,, 10-4 (a),,,, ( ),, 10-4 (c),, 10-4 ( b ) 10.2.3 1. ( ), 10-5 A 220

10 0-3 10-4 10-5 2. 10-6( a),,,, 10-6( b ) 10-6 221

. 10-1,,, 10-1 10.3,, : 1. 2. 3. 10.3.1 1.,,,,,,,,,,, 2., Ra l( ), y( ) Ra 10-2 222

10 10-2 Ra l, ln Ra (m) l ( mm) l n ( l n = 5 l) ( mm) 0.0080.02 0.08 0.4 > 0.020.1 0.25 1.25 > 0.10.2 0.8 4.0 > 2.010.0 2.5 12.5 > 10.080.0 8.0 40.0, R z()ry( ) 3. (1 ) 10-8 10-8 10-3 10-3,,,, Ra 3.2m, Ra 3.2m, Ra 3.2m, Ra 3.2m, 1.6m (2 ) 10-9,,,, 1.4,,, 10-10,,, 10-11 ( a) ;,,, 10-11( b ) (), 10-12 (a), 223

0-9 10-10 (),, 10-12 ( b), ( ), 10-12( c) 10-11 224 10-12 ( )

10 0.3.2 1. 1),,,,,,, 2),,,,,,, 10-13 (a) 400.010, :,,, 10-13 40 :, 40.010; 39.990 10-13, ( ) : : = - = -, ES EI, es ei 10-13 ES = 40.010-40 = + 0.010, EI = 39.990-40 = - 0.010 = (40.010) - (39.990) = 0.020 : = ( 0.010) - ( - 0.010 ) = 0.020, () :,, 10-13 ( a), 10-13 ( b ),,,,, 10-13 ( b) :,,,,, 20 IT01 IT0 IT1 IT18IT, IT01,, IT18,,, :, 10-14 28,, ah, jzc AH, JZC 225

0-14 :,60H8 : 60 f 7 : 3),, :,, :, ( ), 10-15 (a), :, ( ), 10-15 ( b ), :,, 10-15 (c),, : 226

10 0-15 :,,,,, 10-16( a),, > 0,H :,,,,, 10-16( b ),,,h 10-16 2. 1),,,,,, H8/ h7 10-4 227

10-4 IT5 IT6( ) IT7( ) IT8 IT9 IT10IT12,, 2) : 10-17 (a) 10-17 a), 10-17 ( b) b), 10-18 c), 10-19 10-18, 10-19, 10.4 10.4.1,,, ;, ;,,, : ( ), :,, 228

10,,, :,, 10.4.2,,, 1., (1 ) 10-20, 10-20,,, ;,,, 10-20,, (2 ),, 10-20 Ra6.3 ( ), (), 229

3 ) ;,,, ;, 14 0-0.01 1 11 0 0.0 11,, 2., (1 ),,, (2 ), 10-21, 20 5, 12,, (3 ),,,, 32 H8,16 H7,55g6 10-21 3., (1 ) 230

10,,,, ( ) 10-22, 10-22,,,, 10-22 A, (2 ), 10-17 80 40 0 + 0.03 9 8044 80, 70 5 30 4025 50 120 (3 ),, 400 + 0.039 4., (1 ),,, 10-23,, A- A, B-B, C, 231

0-23,,,, 30 H7,12 M6 48H7 30 H7, 4 16 4 7, T, 128, 12 ;, M6 ( 30 ), 20,12, 12 C : 7, 14, (2 ), 10-23,,, ( ),, 30 H7 M6 22, 30h7 20 25 (3 ),, 30 H748H7 ;, 30 H748 H7, H7 :, ; R1R3 232

10 0.5 10.5.1, : 1. ; 2., ; 3. 10.5.2 1., 2.,,, ;, 3., 4.,,, 10.5.3 10-24,, H T200,,,,, A-A,,,, A-A ; (42H7, 48mm) ; 100 mm, ; ( 75mm ) (2M10 ), D-D B,,,, B, 52H7 ;, 55mm, 38H7 ( ), 22 mm; R28mm R22mm 1/ 4, ; 6 mm, 1/ 4 ( R31mm, R37 mm) A-A,,, A-A,,, 71.5 JS11, 42H7 38 H7, 52 H7 233

10,, 10.6 10.6.1,,, ( ), ( ),, :,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 10-5 10-5, L1 ( 94 ) L2 ( 13) L3 (28 ), d ( 14), p = 1.5, d a, m= d a / ( z + 2 ) d = 2e + d, 235

X = A - B,, Y = C - D ( ), A = L + d ( ), 50 A 1 = L 1 + 0. 5 D,18 A 2 = L 2 + 0.5 d,,, 68 R8 R4 3. 5 10.6.2 (1 ),, 10-25 10-25 236

10 10-27,,, 10-26 10-26 10-27 (2 ),,, 10-28 ( a),,, 10-28 ( b ),, 10-28 (3 ),,, 10-29 10-29 10.6.3 1), 10-30 2),,, 237

10-31 10-32 10-30 10-31 10-32 3),, 10-33 10-33 4),,,, 10-34 10-34 10.7 AutoCAD Auto CAD Auto CAD, Auto CAD, Auto CAD, 10-35, Auto CAD 238

10 0-35 1., 1: 1, 594420 A2, LIMI TS,, ZOOM ALL, 10-36 10-36 A2 2., a.,, 10-37 b.,, MIRROR, 10-38 a., XLINE,, A, 10-39 b., T RIM, 10-40 a.,, 10-41 b. 10-42,, 10-42, 239

0-37 10-38 10-39, H AT CH,,,, MOVE, 10-43 3.,,,10-43 240

10 0-40 10-41 10-42 241

0-43 242

11 1 11.1 (),,,,,,,,, 11-1, 11-2 4, 11-2, ; 90, 12 13 1, 2, 6, 3 9 10 11-1 11-2, 1. : ( ) 7,,,,, 11-2, (, ) 2. : ( ),,, 3. : 4. : 243

1-2 11.2 11. 2. 1,, 11-2 1. ( ) :,, 11-2 20 2. :,, 11-2 50 H11/ h11 3. :, 11-2 : 84 54M362 4. :,,, 11-2 11.51.100, 75 121.5 244 5. :, 11-2

11 60,,,,, 11. 2. 2,, 1. :, ( ), (),,,,,, 11-3 11-3 2. :, ;,,, 11-3 (c) 3.,, 11-3 ( d) 4. (), 5. ( ), 11. 2. 3, 11-2,,,, A4 11. 3, 11. 3. 1 1., 11-4 ( 1 )(2 ),,, 11-4 (3 ) 2.,,, 11-4 245

.,,, 11-4 (5 ),,, 11-4 11. 3. 2 1.,, 11-13 ( B-B ), 11-2 2. (),, 11-2, 3.,,,,,, 11-4 (4 ) 4.,,,,,, 11-4 ( 8) 11. 4 11. 4. 1,, 11-2,, 11-6, 11-7,, 1. (11-1 ) (11-5 ),, 246

11 1-5 2. (),,,, :, ;, (1 ),,,,,,, 11-2, (2 ), 11-2,,, ;, B- B, 3.,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,,, 11-6 11-7 11-8,,,,,,,,,, 11-2 247

1-6 ( ) 248

11 1-7 () 249

11 1. 4. 2 1. (1 ),, 11-9 11-9 (2 ),, 11-10 11-10 2. (1 ),,, 11-11 11-11 (2 ),,, 11-12 251

1-12 11. 5,,,, 11. 5. 1 1. (1 ),,, (2 ),,, (3 ), 2.,,,,, 3.,,, 4.,,,,,,,,,, 11. 5. 2 11-1 1. 11-13,, ( ), : 11,,, 1 7 6 :, ; 118 85 95, 252

11

. 7, 3 4, 18 5, 2 4, 6 9 10 11 34 4 ( ), 3, 11-14,,,,, 3., 11-13, 34 16 H7/ h6, : 160 + 0.018 ; 16 0-0.011, = 0.018 - ( - 0.011) = 0.029, = 0-0 = 0 34.5 H8/ f7 28.760.016, G3/ 8 70, 4. ( 8 ) : 4, 3,, 11 10 9 :,,,,,, 11-15 (a),,,,,,, 11-15( b ) 11-14 (a) ( b) 11-15 254

11 1-16, 11-16 11-2 1. 11-17 : 8,, 2. 1, 6 5, 6 4 6, 4 3 2 5 7 1 8 6 5 6 ( ),, M222, 5, 1, 18 255

11 7 3.,, 1 5 18 H9/ f9, : 180 + 0.043-0.0 16, 18-0.0 59, = 0.043 - ( - 0.059) = 0.102, = 0 - ( - 0.016) = 0.016 6565, 4545 M222 4. ( 1 ) : 1 5, 8, 7 : 1 4, 6 :,,,,,, 11-18( a),, 11-18 ( b) 11-18 11-19, 11-20,, 11-19 257

1-20 11. 6 AutoCAD, Auto CAD,,,, 11. 6. 1, 11. 6. 2 11-2, 1.,,, WBLOCK,,,, 2. 11-8 258

11 1 ),, (2 ) Command: INSER T Block name( or?) : 01 Insertion point : () X scale factor < 1 > Corner/ xyz: y scale factor ( default = x) : Rota tion angle < 0 > : (3 ) Command: INSER T Block name( or?) : 02 Insertion point : () X scale factor < 1 > Corner/ xyz: y scale factor ( default = x) : Rota tion angle < 0 > : (4 ) (5 ) (6 ), (7 ), 11-2 259

2,,,,,, 12.1 12.1.1 GB324-88 GB986-88, : T, 12-1, 12-1 12-1 12.1.2 GB/ T324-88, 1. 12-1 12-1 I V V 260

12 2., 12-2 12-2 V ( ) X 3., 12-3 12-3 V, 4 261

. (, ), 12-2( a), 12-2 ( b ) 12-2, 5. (1 ),, 12-3( a) (2 ),, 12-3 ( b ) 12-3 (3 ),, 12-4 12-4 6., 12-5 12-4 12-5 262

12 2-4 n e b l p K H d N 12.1.3 1. (1 ),, 12-6 (a) ( b) ( c) ( e) ( f) 12-6 (2 ), 12-6( a) (3 ), (, ), 12-6 ( b ) ( c) ( d ), 12-6 (e) (f), 2. 12-5 12-5 V ; ; b; 263

, n T n ; l ; e ; K ; ;4 4 ; ; K ; ; V d ; ; e ; n n ; L 12.2 12-7, 3 : 1, ; 2, ; 3,,, 1 3, 5mm,, 5mm, 3 2, 5mm 12-7,,,, 264

12 2-7 265

3 13.1 20 60,,, CAD,,, 20 70,, 1978 (David Gossard) CAD, CAD,, 20 80,,, 13.2 13.2.1 N, : 1. (UC) 2. ( MC),, 3. (VC) 266

13. (NDC) 5. (DC) [0,0,0 ][ 1, 1, 1] ( )DC { x, y, z} n + 1 n,,, 13.2.2, : 1. 13-1, 16 24 10, 13-2 13-1 13-2 2.,, x y z, 2 n, :, F ;, E ;, P P, 13-3 13-4 13-3 13-4 267

3.3 13.3.1 R 3 : ; ; : n, 13.3.2,,,,,,,,,, ( V )( E) ( F ),, 13-5 13-5 13.4, 13.4.1 CAD/ CAM 13-6, ( v1, v2,, v8 )12 (e1, e2,, e12 ),,, 268

13, 13-6 13.4.2,,, 13.4.3 13-7, ; ; 13-7 13.5 13.5.1 (CSG), CSG, () 13-8 (a), 13-8( b),, 13.5.2,, 13-9,, 269

3-8 CSG 13-9,, 13-9 e e p1 p2 e,, e, e,,, Sweep 1. Sweep :,, 13-10 Sweep, 13-11 Sweep, 13-12 Sweep 13-10 Sweep 270

13 3-11 Sweep 13-12 Sweep 2. : : v - e + f - r = 2( s - h) : v ; e ; f ; r ; s ; h 271

() (GB/ T193-81 GB/ T196-81) 24mm, 1. 5mm,: M241. 5 1 D d P D d P D1 d1 D1 d1 3 0.5 3.5 ( 0.6) 0.35 2.459 2.850 22 2.5 24 3 2,1.5,1, (0.75 ), ( 0.5) 2, 1.5,1, (0.75 ) 19.294 20.752 4 0.7 4.5 ( 0.75) 0.5 3.242 3.688 27 3 2, 1.5,1, (0.75 ) 23.752 5 0.8 4.134 30 3.5 (3 ), 2,1.5,1, (0.75 ) 26.211 6 1 0.75, ( 0.5 ) 4.917 33 3.5 (3),2,1.5, (1), (0.75) 29.211 8 1.25 10 1.5 1, 0.75, (0.5) 1.25, 1, 0.75, (0.5) 6.647 8.376 36 4 39 4 3,2,1.5, ( 1) 31.670 34.670 12 1.75 1.5, 1.25, 1, (0.75), (0.5 ) 10.106 42 4.5 37.129 14 2 16 2 1.5, (1.25) *, 1, (0.75), (0.5) 1.5, 1, (0.75), (0.5 ) 11.835 13.835 45 4.5 48 5 (4),3,2,1.5, ( 1) 40.129 42.587 18 2.5 20 2.5 2, 1.5, 1, ( 0.75), (0.5) 15.294 17.294 52 5 56 5.5 4,3, 2,1.5, (1 ) 46.587 50.046 : 1. 2. D d 3. * M141. 25 4. D 2 d 2 272

2 mm P D 1 d 1 P D 1 d 1 P D 1 d 1 0.35 d - 1 + 0.621 1 d - 2 + 0.917 2 d - 3 + 0.835 0.5 d - 1 + 0.459 1.25 d - 2 + 0.647 3 d - 4 + 0.752 0.75 d - 1 + 0.188 1.5 d - 2 + 0.376 4 d - 5 + 0.670 : D1 = d1 = d - 2(5/ 8 ) HH = ( 3/ 2) P () (GB/ T 7307-87 ) 11/ 2 : G11/ 2-L H ( ) 11/ 2 A : G11/ 2 A 11/ 2B : G11/ 2B : G1 (1/ 2)/ G1 (1/ 2) A 3 mm 25. 4mm n P h r d = D d2 = D2 d1 = D1 1/ 16 28 0.907 0.581 0.125 7.723 7.142 6.561 1/ 8 28 0.907 0.581 0.125 9.728 9.147 8.566 1/ 4 19 1.337 0.856 0.184 13.157 12.301 11.445 3/ 8 19 1.337 0.856 0.184 16.662 15.806 14.950 1/ 2 14 1.814 1.162 0.249 20.955 19.793 18.631 5/ 8 14 1.814 1.162 0.249 22.911 21.749 20.587 3/ 4 14 1.814 1.162 0.249 26.441 25.279 24.117 7/ 8 14 1.814 1.162 0.249 30.201 29.039 27.877 1 11 2.309 1.479 0.317 33.249 31.770 30.291 11/ 3 11 2.309 1.479 0.317 37.897 36.418 34.939 11/ 2 11 2.309 1.479 0.317 41.910 40.431 39.952 12/ 3 11 2.309 1.479 0.317 47.803 46.324 44.845 13/ 4 11 2.309 1.479 0.317 53.746 52.267 50.788 2 11 2.309 1.479 0.317 59.614 58.135 56.656 21/ 4 11 2.309 1.479 0.317 65.710 64.231 62.752 21/ 2 11 2.309 1.479 0.317 75.184 73.705 72.226 23/ 4 11 2.309 1.479 0.317 81.534 80.055 78.576 3 11 2.309 1.479 0.317 87.884 86.405 84.926 31/ 2 11 2.309 1.479 0.317 100.330 98.851 97.372 4 11 2.309 1.479 0.317 113.030 111.551 110.072 41/ 2 11 2.309 1.479 0.317 125.730 124.251 122.772 273

5. 4mm n P h r d = D d 2 = D 2 d 1 = D 1 5 11 2.309 1.479 0.317 138.430 136.951 135.472 51/ 2 11 2.309 1.479 0.317 151.130 149.651 148.172 6 11 2.309 1.479 0.317 163.830 162.351 160.872 : ( ) (GB/ T 5796.2-86 GB/ T 5796. 3-86) 40mm, 7mm : Tr4014 ( P7) L H 4 P d 2 = D 2 D 4 d 3 D 1 P d 2 = D 2 D 4 d 3 D 1 8 1.5 7.25 8.30 6.20 6.50 3 24.50 26.50 22.50 23.00 9 1.5 8.25 9.30 7.20 7.50 2 8.00 9.50 6.50 7.00 26 5 23.50 26.50 20.50 21.00 8 22.00 27.00 17.00 18.00 10 1.5 9.25 10.30 8.20 8.50 2 9.00 10.50 7.50 8.00 28 3 26.50 28.50 24.50 25.00 5 25.50 28.50 22.50 23.00 11 2 10.00 11.50 8.50 9.00 3 9.50 11.50 7.50 8.00 8 24.00 29.00 19.00 20.00 3 28.50 30.50 26.50 29.00 12 2 11.00 12.50 9.50 10.00 3 10.50 12.50 8.50 9.00 30 6 27.00 31.00 23.00 24.00 10 25.00 31.00 19.00 20.50 14 2 13.00 14.50 11.50 12.00 3 12.50 14.50 10.50 11.00 32 3 30.50 32.50 28.50 29.00 6 29.00 33.00 25.00 26.00 16 2 15.00 16.50 13.50 14.00 4 14.00 16.50 11.50 12.00 10 27.00 33.00 21.00 22.00 3 32.50 34.50 30.50 31.00 18 2 17.00 18.50 15.50 16.00 4 16.00 18.50 13.50 14.00 34 6 31.00 35.00 27.00 28.00 10 29.00 35.00 23.00 24.00 20 2 19.00 20.50 17.50 18.00 4 18.00 20.50 15.50 16.00 36 3 34.50 36.50 32.50 33.00 6 33.00 37.00 29.00 30.00 3 20.50 22.50 18.50 19.00 10 31.00 37.00 25.00 26.00 24 22 5 19.50 22.50 16.50 17.00 8 18.00 23.00 13.00 14.00 3 22.50 24.50 20.50 21.00 5 21.50 24.50 18.50 19.00 8 20.00 25.00 15.00 16.00 40 38 3 36.50 38.50 34.50 35.00 7 34.50 39.00 30.00 31.00 10 33.00 39.00 27.00 28.00 3 38.50 40.50 36.50 37.00 7 36.50 41.00 32.00 33.00 10 35.00 41.00 29.00 30.00 274

) d = M5 l = 20mm4. 8, : GB 65-85 M520 5 mm d M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 a max 1 1.4 1.6 2 2.5 3 b max 25 38 38 38 38 38 x max 1.25 1.75 2 2.5 3.2 3.8 n 0.8 1.2 1.2 1.6 2 2.5 GB 65-86 GB 67-85 GB 65-85 GB 67-85 d k K t d k K t max - 7 8.5 10 13 16 min - 6.76 8.28 9.78 12.73 15.73 max - 2.6 3.3 3.9 5 6 min - 2.45 3.1 3.6 4.7 5.7 min - 1.1 1.3 1.6 2 2.4 max 5.6 8.9.5 12 16 20 min 5.3 7.64 9.14 11.57 15.57 19.48 max 1.8 2.4 3 3.6 4.8 6 min 1.6 2.2 2.8 3.3 4.5 5.7 min 0.7 1 1.2 1.4 1.9 2.4 r min 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.25 0.4 0.4 d a max 3.6 4.7 5.7 6.8 9.2 11.2 1 b 430 1 - a 540 1 - a 640 1 - a 4550 b 840 1 - a 4560 b 1040 1 - a 4580 b 1240 1 - a 4580 b : 1. ( 430 )/ ( 1 - a), 2. :4,5,6,8,10, 12, (14),16,20,25,30,35, 40,45,50, ( 55 ), 60, (65), 70, ( 75 ), 80 3. d a 275

d M5, l = 20mm,4. 8,: GB 68-85 M520 6 mm d M1.6 M2 M2.5 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 P 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.7 0.8 1 1.25 1.5 a max 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.4 1.6 2 2.5 3 b min 25 38 max 3.6 4.4 5.5 6.3 9.4 10.4 12.6 17.3 20 d k max min 3 3.8 4.7 5.5 8.4 9.3 11.3 15.8 18.3 2.7 3.5 4.4 5.2 8 8.9 10.9 15.4 17.8 k max 1 1.2 1.5 1.65 2.7 2.7 3.3 4.65 5 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.2 1.6 2 2.5 n min 0.46 0.56 0.66 0.86 1.25 1.26 1.66 2.06 2.56 max 0.6 0.7 0.8 1 1.51 1.51 1.91 2.31 2.81 r max 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1 1.3 1.5 2 2.5 X max 0.9 1 1.1 1.25 1.75 2 2.5 3.2 3.8 f 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 1 1.2 1.4 2 2.3 r f 3 4 5 6 9.5 9.5 12 16.5 19.5 t max min GB68-85 0.5 0.6 0.75 0.85 1.3 1.4 1.6 2.3 2.6 GB69-85 0.8 1 1.2 1.45 1.9 2.4 2.8 3.7 4.4 GB68-85 0.32 0.4 0.5 0.6 1 1.1 1.2 1.8 2 GB69-85 0.64 0.8 1 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 3.2 3.8 1 ( ) 1( ) 2.516 320 425 530 640 850 860 1080 1280 2.5,3, 4,5,6,8, 10,12, (14),16,20,25,30, 35,40,45,50, ( 55), 60, ( 65 ),70, ( 75 ),80 : 1. P 2. 130mm,d M1. 6M3, ; 145mm, M4 M10 [ b = 1 - ( k + a) ] 3. 276

d M5, l = 20mm,4. 8, H : GB 818-85 M520 7 mm d M1.6 M2 M2.5 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 P 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.7 0.8 1 1.25 1.5 a max 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.4 1.6 2 2.5 3 b min 25 25 25 25 38 38 38 38 38 d a max 2.1 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.7 5.7 6.8 9.2 11.2 dk k max min max min GB818-85 3.2 4 5 5.6 8 9.5 12 16 20 GB819-85 3 3.8 4.7 5.5 8.4 9.3 11.3 15.8 18.3 GB818-85 2.9 3.7 4.7 5.3 7.64 9.14 11.57 15.57 19.48 GB819-85 2.7 3.5 4.4 5.2 8 8.9 10.9 15.4 17.8 GB818-85 1.3 1.6 2.1 2.4 3.1 3.7 4.6 6 7.5 GB819-85 1 1.2 1.5 1.65 2.7 2.7 3.3 4.65 5 GB818-85 1.16 1.46 1.96 2.26 2.92 3.52 4.30 5.70 7.14 r min max m H min max GB818-85 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.25 0.4 0.4 GB819-85 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1 1.3 1.5 2 2.5 X max 0.9 1 1.1 1.25 1.75 2 2.5 3.2 3.8 m Z min rf 2.5 3.2 4 5 6.5 8 10 13 16 No. 0 1 2 3 4 max GB818-85 1.7 1.9 2.7 3 4.4 4.9 6.9 9 10.1 GB819-85 1.6 1.9 2.9 3.2 4.6 5.2 6.8 8.9 10 GB818-85 0.7 0.9 1.15 1.4 1.9 2.4 3.1 4 5.2 GB819-85 0.6 0.9 1.4 1.7 2.1 2.7 3 4 5.1 GB818-85 0.95 1.2 1.55 1.8 2.4 2.9 3.6 4.6 5.8 GB819-85 0.9 1.2 1.8 2.1 2.6 3.2 3.5 4.6 5.7 GB818-85 1.7 1.9 2.6 2.9 4.4 4.6 6.8 8.8 10 GB819-85 1.8 2 3 3.2 4.6 5.1 6.8 9 10 GB818-85 0.65 0.85 1.1 1.35 1.9 2.3 3.05 4.05 5.25 GB819-85 0.7 0.95 1.45 1.6 2.05 2.6 3 4.15 5.2 GB818-85 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.75 2.35 2.75 3.5 4.5 5.7 GB819-85 0.95 1.2 1.75 2 2.5 3.05 3.45 4.6 5.65 1 ( ) 316 320 325 430 540 645 860 1060 1260 1( ) M2 M2. 5 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 : 1. P 2. 125mm( GB 819-85,130mm), d M1. 6M3, ; 1 40mm( GB 819-85, 145mm), d M4M10,( b = 1 - a) 3. 277

d M5, l = 20mm, 8. 8,: GB 70-85 M520 8 mm d M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 P 0.5 0.7 0.8 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.5 3 b 18 20 22 24 28 32 36 44 52 60 max 5.5 7 8.5 10 13 16 18 24 30 36 k min 5.32 6.78 8.28 9.78 12.73 15.73 17.73 23.67 29.67 35.61 da max 3.6 4.7 5.7 6.8 9.2 11.2 13.7 17.7 22.4 26.4 d s max 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 16 20 24 min 2.86 3.82 4.82 5.82 7.78 9.78 11.73 15.73 19.67 23.67 e min 2.87 3.44 4.58 5.72 6.86 9.15 11.43 16.00 19.44 21.73 f max 0.51 0.60 0.60 0.68 1.02 1.02 1.87 1.87 2.04 2.04 k max 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 16 20 24 min 2.86 3.82 4.82 5.70 7.64 9.64 11.57 15.57 19.48 23.48 r min 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.25 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 2.5 3 4 5 6 8 10 14 17 19 s min 2.52 3.02 4.02 5.02 6.02 8.025 10.025 14.032 17.05 19.065 max 2.56 3.08 4.095 5.095 6.095 8.115 10.115 14.142 17.23 19.275 t min 1.3 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 v max 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 dw min 5.07 6.53 8.03 9.38 12.33 15.33 17.23 23.17 28.87 34.81 w min 1.15 1.4 1.9 2.3 3.3 4 4.8 6.8 8.6 10.4 1 ( ) 1, 1( ) 530 640 850 1060 1280 16100 20120 25160 30200 40200 20 25 25 30 35 40 45 55 65 80 5,6, 8,10, 12, (14),16,20,25,30,35, 40,45,50, (55),60, ( 65), 70,80,90, 100,110,120,130,140,150,160, 180,200 : 1. P 2. 1 gmax ( ) = 1 - b ; l smin ( ) = l gmax - 5 P 3. GB 70-80 d = M1.6M36, 278

120, u 2P d = M5, l = 12mm, 14 H, : GB 73-85 M512-14 H 9 mm d M1.2 M1.6 M2 M2.5 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 P 0.25 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.7 0.8 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 d f d t dp min - - - - - - - - - - - max 0.12 0.16 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 min 0.35 0.55 0.75 1.25 1.75 2.25 3.2 3.7 5.2 6.64 8.14 max 0.6 0.8 1 1.5 2 2.5 3.5 4 5.5 7 8.5 0.2 0.25 0.25 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.6 2 n min 0.26 0.31 0.31 0.46 0.46 0.66 0.86 1.06 1.26 1.66 2.06 max 0.4 0.45 0.45 0.6 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.51 1.91 2.31 t z GB 71-85 GB 73-85 GB 75-85 min 0.4 0.56 0.64 0.72 0.8 1.12 1.28 1.6 2 2.4 2.8 max 0.52 0.74 0.84 0.95 1.05 1.42 1.63 2 2.5 3 3.6 min - 0.8 1 1.2 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 max - 1.05 1.25 1.25 1.75 2.25 2.75 3.25 4.3 5.3 6.3 1 ( ) 26 28 310 312 416 620 825 830 1040 1250 1460 1( ) 2 22. 5 22.5 23 23 24 25 26 28 210 212 1 ( ) 26 28 210 2.512 316 420 525 630 840 1050 1260 1( ) - 2 22.5 23 23 24 25 26 26 28 210 1 ( ) - 2.58 310 412 516 620 825 830 1040 1250 1460 1( ) - 22.5 23 24 25 26 28 210 214 216 220 1 ( ) 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, ( 14), 16, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, ( 55), 60 : 1. 2. 279

) A B ( GB/ T 5782-86 ) d = M12, l = 80mm, 8. 8,, A : GB5782-86 M1280 10 mm d M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M30 M36 M42 M48 M56 M64 b c 1125 12 14 16 18 22 26 30 38 46 54 66 78 - - - - 125 < 1200 - - - - 28 32 36 44 52 60 72 84 96 108 124 140 1 > 200 - - - - - - - 57 65 73 85 97 109 121 137 153 min 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 max 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 1 1 1 1 d a max 3.6 4.7 5.7 6.8 9.2 11.2 13.7 17.7 22.4 26.4 33.4 39.4 45.6 52.6 63 71 ma x 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 16 20 24 30 36 42 48 56 64 d s min A B 2.86 3.82 4.82 5.82 7.78 9.78 11.73 15.73 19.67 23.67 - - - - - - - - 4.70 5.70 7.64 9.64 11.57 15.57 19.48 23.48 29.48 35.38 41.38 47.38 55.26 63.26 d w min A B 4.6 5.9 6.9 8.9 11.6 14.6 16.6 22.5 28.2 33.6 - - - - - - - - 6.7 8.7 11.4 14.4 16.4 22 27.7 33.2 42.7 51.1 60.6 69.4 78.7 88.2 e min A B 6.07 7.66 8.79 11.05 14.38 17.77 20.03 26.75 33.53 39.98 - - - - - - - - 8.63 10.89 14.20 17.59 19.85 26.17 32.95 39.55 50.85 60.79 72.02 82.6 93.56 104.86 f max 1 1.2 1.2 1.4 2 2 3 3 4 4 6 6 8 10 12 13 min A k ma x min B ma x kmin A B 2 2.8 3.5 4 5.3 6.4 7.5 10 12.5 15 18.7 22.5 26 30 35 40 1.88 2.68 3.35 3.85 5.15 6.22 7.32 9.82 12.28 14.78 - - - - - - 2.12 2.92 3.65 4.15 5.45 6.58 7.68 10.18 12.72 15.22 - - - - - - - - 3.26 3.76 5.06 6.11 7.21 9.71 12.15 14.65 18.28 22.08 25.58 29.58 34.5 39.5 - - 3.74 4.24 5.54 6.69 7.79 10.29 12.85 15.35 19.12 22.92 26.42 30.42 35.5 40.5 1.3 1.9 2.3 2.7 3.6 4.4 5.1 6.9 8.6 10.3 - - - - - - - - 2.3 2.6 3.5 4.3 5 6.8 8.5 10.2 12.8 15.5 17.9 20.9 24.2 27.6 r min 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.25 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 1 1 1.2 1.6 2 2 s ma x = min A B 5.5 7 8 10 13 16 18 24 30 36 46 55 65 75 85 95 5.32 6.78 7.78 9.78 12.73 15.73 17.73 23.67 29.67 25.38 - - - - - - - - 7.64 9.64 12.57 15.57 17.57 23.16 29.16 35 45 53.8 63.8 73.1 82.8 92.8 1 ( 20 25 25 30 35 40 45 55 65 80 90110 130140160200 ) 30 40 50 60 80 100 120 160 200 240 300 360 400 400 400 400 1 ( ) 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45,50, (55 ), 60, ( 65), 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 180, 200, 220, 240, 260, 280, 300, 320, 340, 360, 380, 400 : A B, A d24 l10d 150mm( ), B d > 24 l > 10d > 150mm( ), 280

) GB/ T 897-88( b m = 1d) BG/ T 898-88( b m = 1.25d) GB/ T 899-88 ( b m = 1.5d) GB/ T 900-88( b m = 2d),d = 10mm, 1 = 50mm, 4. 8,, B,b m = 1d : GB/ T 897 M1050, P = 1mm, d = 10mm, 1 = 50mm,4. 8,, A, b m = 1.25d : GB/ T 898 AM10- M10150 11 mm d GB897-88 GB898-88 ma x min d s X max b 1 M5 5 6 5 4.7 10 16( 22) 16 2550 10 20, (22) M6 6 8 6 5.7 14 25 ( 28) 30 18 (32) (75 ) 12 20 (22) M8 8 10 8 7.46 16 25 ( 28) 30 22 ( 32 )90 14 25, (28) M10 10 12 10 9.64 16 30, (38) 26 40120 2.5P 32 130 16 2530 M12 12 15 12 11.57 20 ( 32 )40 30 45120 36 130180 20 30( 38) M16 16 20 16 15.57 30 4050 38 60120 44 130200 25 3540 M20 20 25 20 19.48 35 4560 46 ( 65) 120 52 130200 : 1. GB899-88 GB900-88 2. P 3. l :16, (18 ), 20, (22 ), 25, ( 28 ), 30, (32 ), 35, ( 38 ), 40, 45, 50, ( 55 ), 60, ( 65 ), 70, (75 ), 80, 90, ( 95 ), 100200 () 281

) 1 A B ( GB/ T 6170-86) D = M12, 10,, A 1 : GB/ T 6170-86 M12 12 mm D M1.6 M2 M2.5 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 c max 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 max 1.84 2.3 2.9 3.45 4.6 5.75 6.75 8.75 10.8 13 a min 1.6 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 dw min 2.4 3.1 4.1 4.6 5.9 6.9 8.9 11.6 14.6 16.6 e min 3.41 4.32 5.45 6.01 7.66 8.79 11.05 14.38 17.77 20.03 m max 1.3 1.6 2 2.4 3.2 4.7 5.2 6.8 8.4 10.8 min 1.05 1.35 1.75 2.15 2.9 4.4 4.9 6.44 8.04 10.37 m min 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.7 2.3 3.5 3.9 5.1 6.4 8.3 m min 0.7 0.9 1.2 1.5 2 3.1 3.4 4.5 5.6 7.3 s max 3.2 4 5 5.5 7 8 10 13 16 18 min 3.02 3.82 4.82 5.32 6.78 7.78 9.78 12.73 15.73 17.73 D M16 M20 M24 M30 M36 M42 M48 M56 M64 c max 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 1 1 1 1.2 max 17.3 21.6 25.9 32.4 38.9 45.4 51.8 60.5 69.1 da min 16 20 24 30 36 42 48 56 64 d w min 22.5 27.7 33.2 42.7 51.1 60.6 69.4 78.7 88.2 e min 26.75 32.95 39.55 50.85 60.79 72.02 82.6 93.56 104.86 max 14.8 18 21.5 25.6 31 34 38 45 51 m min 14.1 16.9 20.2 24.3 29.4 32.4 36.4 43.4 49.1 m min 11.3 13.5 16.2 19.4 23.5 25.9 29.1 34.7 39.3 m min 9.9 11.8 14.1 17 20.6 22.7 25.5 30.4 34.4 s max 24 30 36 46 55 65 75 85 95 min 23.67 29.16 35 45 53.8 63.8 73.1 82.8 92.8 : 1. A D16,B D > 16 2. M8M64A B 1,GB6171-86 282

1 A B ( GB/ T 6178-86) D = M5,8,, A 1 : GB/ T 6178-86 M5 13 mm D M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M30 M36 d a max 4.6 5.75 6.75 8.75 10.8 13 17.3 21.6 25.9 32.4 38.9 min 4 5 6 8 10 12 16 20 24 30 36 d e max - - - - - - - 28 34 42 50 min - - - - - - - 27.16 33 41 49 d w min 5.9 6.9 8.9 11.6 14.6 16.6 22.5 27.7 33.2 42.7 51.1 e min 7.66 8.79 11.05 14.38 17.77 20.03 26.75 32.95 39.55 50.85 60.79 m max 5 6.7 7.7 9.8 12.4 15.8 20.8 24 29.5 34.6 40 min 4.7 6.4 7.34 9.44 11.97 15.37 20.28 23.16 28.66 33.6 39 m min 2.32 3.52 3.92 5.15 6.43 8.3 11.28 13.52 16.16 19.44 23.52 n min 1.2 1.4 2 2.5 2.8 3.5 4.5 4.5 5.5 7 7 max 1.8 2 2.6 3.1 3.4 4.25 5.7 5.7 6.7 8.5 8.5 s max 7 8 10 13 16 18 24 30 36 46 55 min 6.78 7.78 9.78 12.73 15.73 17.73 23.67 29.16 35 45 53.8 w max 3.2 4.7 5.2 6.8 8.4 10.8 14.8 18 21.5 25.6 31 min 2.9 4.4 4.9 6.44 8.04 10.37 14.37 17.37 20.88 24.98 30.38 110 1.212 1.614 216 2.520 3.222 428 436 540 6.350 6.363 : A D16,B D > 16 D = 14, 283

) ( GB/ T 848-85) ( GB/ T 97. 2-85 ) ( GB/ T 97. 1-85 ) ( A ) ( GB/ T 96-85 ) d = 8mm, 140 H V, : GB 97. 1-85 8-140 HV 14 mm ( ) d 1.6 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 20 24 30 36 GB/ T848-85 31.33 37.62 1.84 2.34 2.84 3.38 4.48 GB/ T97.1-85 max 5.48 6.62 8.62 10.7713.2715.2717.2721.3325.3331.39 GB/ T97.2-85 - - - - - d 1 GB/ T96-85 - - - 3.38 3.48 22.5226.84 34 40 GB/ T848-85 GB/ T97.1-85 ( min) GB/ T97.2-85 1.7 2.2 2.7 3.2 4.3 - - - - - 5.3 6.4 8.4 10.5 13 15 17 21 25 31 37 GB/ T96-85 - - - 3.2 4.3 22 26 33 39 GB/ T848-85 3.5 4.5 5 6 8 9 11 15 18 20 24 28 34 39 50 60 GB/ T97.1-85 ( max) GB/ T97.2-85 4 5 6 7 9 - - - - - 10 12 16 20 24 28 30 37 44 56 66 d 2 GB/ T96-85 - - - 9 12 15 18 24 30 37 44 50 60 72 92 110 GB/ T848-85 3.2 4.2 4.7 5.7 7.64 8.64 10.5714.5717.5719.4823.4827.4833.3838.3849.38 58.8 GB/ T97.1-85 3.7 4.7 5.7 6.64 8.64 min 9.64 11.5715.5719.4823.4827.4829.4836.3843.3855.26 64.8 GB/ T97.2-85 - - - - - GB/ T96-85 - - - 8.64 11.5714.5717.5723.4829.4836.3843.3849.38 58.1 70.1 89.8 107.8 284

) d 1.6 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 20 24 30 36 GB/ T848-85 0.5 1.6 2 2.5 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 GB/ T97.1-85 0.8 1 1.6 1.6 2.5 3 4 4 5 2 2.5 3 h GB/ T97.2-85 - - - - - GB/ T96-85 - - - 0.8 1 1.2 1.6 2 2.5 3 3 3 4 5 6 8 GB/ T848-85 0.55 1.8 2.2 2.7 GB/ T97.1-85 0.35 0.35 0.55 0.55 0.9 1.1 1.8 1.8 2.7 3.3 4.3 4.3 5.6 max 2.2 2.7 3.3 GB/ T97.2-85 - - - - - GB/ T96-85 - - - 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.7 3.3 3.3 3.3 4.6 6 7 9.2 GB/ T848-85 0.45 1.4 1.8 2.3 0.25 0.25 0.45 0.45 GB/ T97.1-85 0.7 0.9 1.4 1.4 2.3 2.7 3.7 3.7 4.4 min 1.8 2.3 2.7 GB/ T97.2-85 - - - - - GB/ T96-85 - - - 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.8 2.3 2.7 2.7 2.7 3.4 4 5 6.8 16mm, 65M n, : BG/ T 93-87 16 15 mm ( ) 4 5 6 8 10 12 16 20 24 30 d min 4.1 5.1 6.1 8.1 10.2 12.2 16.2 20.2 24.5 30.5 max 4.4 5.4 6.68 8.68 10.9 12.9 16.9 21.04 25.5 31.5 1.1 1.3 1.6 2.1 2.6 3.1 4.1 5 6 7.5 S( b) min 1 1.2 1.5 2 2.45 2.95 3.9 4.8 5.8 7.2 max 1.2 1.4 1.7 2.2 2.75 3.25 4.3 5.2 6.2 7.8 H min 2.2 2.6 3.2 4.2 5.2 6.2 8.2 10 12 15 max 2.75 3.25 4 5.25 6.5 7.75 10.25 12.5 15 18.75 m 0.55 0.65 0.8 1.05 1.3 1.55 2.05 2.5 3 3.75 285

1. ( GB/ T 1095-1979) mm d > 8 > 10 > 12> 17 > 22> 30 > 38 > 44 > 50 > 58 > 65 > 75 > 85 > 95 > 110 68 10 12 17 22 30 38 44 50 58 65 75 85 95 110 130 b 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 28 32 h 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 11 12 14 14 16 18 t 1.2 1.8 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 5.0 5.5 6.0 7.0 7.5 9.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 t 1 1.0 1.4 1.8 2.3 2.8 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.8 4.3 4.4 4.9 5.4 5.4 6.4 7.4 r 0.08 0.16 0.16 0.25 0.25 0.40 0.40 0.60 : t ( d - t), ( d + t 1 ) H14 (GR/ T 1096-1979 ) mm : ( A ), b = 18mm, h = 11mm, L = 100mm : 18100GB/ T1096-1979 ( B ), b = 18mm, h = 11mm, L = 100mm : 18100GB/ T1096-1979 ( C ), b= 18mm, h = 11mm, L = 100mm: 18100GB/ T1096-1979 b 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 28 32 36 40 45 50 h 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 11 12 14 14 16 18 20 22 25 28 C r 0.16 0.25 0.250.40 0.40 0.60 0.600.80 1.0 1.2 6 6 81014 1822 2836 4550 5663 708090 100100 110125 L 20 36 45 56 70 90 110 140 160 180 200 220 250 280 320 360 400 400 450 500 : L 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 32, 36, 40, 45, 50, 56, 63, 70, 80, 80, 100, 110, 125, 140, 160, 180, 200, 220, 250, 280 2. (GB/ T 11912000 ) 286

d 8mm, m6, l = 30mm,35,, : GB119-86 8 m630 mm d( ) 4 5 6 8 10 12 16 20 c = 0.63 0.80 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 l( ) 840 1050 1260 1480 1895 22140 26180 35200 : l : 632 (2 ),35100( 5 ),120200(20 ) (GB/ T 117-86) d = 10mm, l = 60mm,35, (28 38) H RC,A : GB/ T117 A10 60 mm d( ) 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 16 a 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.63 0.80 1.0 102 1.6 2.0 l 2, 3,4,5,6,8,10, 12,14,16,18,20,22, 24,26,28,30,32,35, 40,50 (GB/ T 91-2000) d = 5mm, l = 50mm,, :GB/ T 91 5 50 mm d( ) 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.6 2 2.5 3.2 4 5 6.3 8 10 12 max 1 1.4 1.8 2 2.8 3.6 4.6 5.8 7.4 9.2 11.8 15 19 24.8 c min 0.9 1.2 1.6 1.7 2.4 3.2 4 5.1 6.5 8 10.8 13.1 16.6 21.7 b 2 2.4 3 3 3.2 4 5 6.4 8 10 12.6 16 20 26 amax 1.6 2.5 3.2 4 6.3 4,5,6, 8,10, 12,14,16, 18,20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 36,40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70,75, 80, 85, 90, 95, l( ) 100,120,140,160, 180,200 : d( ) 287

. (GB/ T 276-1994 ) 60000 (0000 ) 6012 GB/ T 276-1994 ( mm) ( mm) d D B d D B 01 ( : (1 ) ) 03 (: ( 3) ) 6000 100 10 26 8 6300 300 10 35 11 6001 101 12 28 8 6301 301 12 37 12 6002 102 15 32 9 6302 302 15 42 13 6003 103 17 35 10 6303 303 17 47 14 6004 104 20 42 12 6304 304 20 52 15 6005 105 25 47 12 6305 305 25 62 17 6006 106 30 55 13 6306 306 30 72 19 6007 107 35 62 14 6307 307 35 80 21 6008 108 40 68 15 6308 308 40 90 23 6009 109 45 75 16 6309 309 45 100 25 6010 110 50 80 16 6310 310 50 110 27 6011 111 55 90 18 6311 311 55 120 29 6012 112 60 95 18 6312 312 60 130 31 6013 113 65 100 18 6313 313 65 140 33 6014 114 70 110 20 6314 314 70 150 35 6015 115 75 115 20 6016 116 80 125 22 02 ( : (2 ) ) 04 (: ( 4) ) 6200 200 10 30 9 6403 403 17 62 17 6201 201 12 32 10 6404 404 20 72 19 6202 202 15 35 11 6405 405 25 80 21 6203 203 17 40 12 6406 406 30 90 23 6204 204 20 47 14 6407 407 35 100 25 6205 205 25 52 15 6408 408 40 110 27 6206 206 30 62 16 6409 409 45 120 29 6207 207 35 72 17 6410 410 50 130 31 6208 208 40 80 18 6411 411 55 140 33 6209 209 45 85 19 6412 412 60 150 35 6210 210 50 90 20 6413 413 65 160 37 6211 211 55 100 21 6414 414 70 180 42 6212 212 60 110 22 6415 415 75 190 45 6213 213 65 120 23 6416 416 80 200 48 6214 214 70 125 24 6417 417 85 210 52 6215 215 75 130 25 6418 418 90 225 54 6216 216 80 140 26 6419 419 95 240 55 6217 217 85 150 28 6218 218 90 160 30 6219 219 95 170 32 288

2. (GB/ T 297-1994 ) 30000 (7000 ) 30204 GB/ T 297-1994 ( mm) d D T B C E a (mm) d D T B C E a 22 (: ( 5) ) 02 ( : (2 ) ) 32206 30 62 21.5 20 17 48.9 15.4 30204 20 47 15.25 14 12 37.3 11.2 32207 35 72 24.25 23 19 57 17.6 30205 25 52 16.25 15 13 41.1 12.6 32208 40 80 24.75 23 19 64.7 19 30206 30 62 17.25 16 14 19.9 13.8 32209 45 85 24.75 23 19 69.6 20 30207 35 72 18.25 17 15 58.8 15.3 32210 50 90 24.75 23 19 74.2 21 30208 40 80 19.75 18 16 65.7 16.9 32211 55 100 26.75 25 21 82.8 22.5 30209 45 85 20.75 19 16 70.4 18.6 32212 60 110 29.75 28 24 90.2 24.9 30210 50 90 21.75 20 17 75 20 32213 65 120 32.75 31 27 99.4 27.2 30211 55 100 22.75 21 18 84.1 21 32214 70 125 33.25 31 27 103.7 28.6 30212 60 110 23.75 22 19 91.8 22.4 32215 75 130 33.25 31 27 108.9 30.2 30213 65 120 24.75 23 20 101.9 24 32216 80 140 33.25 33 28 117.4 31.3 30214 70 125 26.25 24 21 105.7 25.9 32217 85 150 38.5 36 30 124.9 34 30215 75 130 27.25 25 22 110.4 27.4 32218 90 160 42.5 40 34 132.6 36.7 30216 80 140 28.25 26 22 119.1 28 32219 95 170 45.5 43 37 140.2 39 30217 85 150 30.5 28 24 126.6 29.9 32220 100 180 49 46 39 148.1 41.8 30218 90 160 32.5 30 26 134.9 32.4 30219 95 170 34.5 32 27 143.3 35.1 30220 100 180 37 34 29 151.3 36.5 23 (: ( 6) ) 03 ( : (3 ) ) 32304 20 52 22.25 21 18 39.5 13.4 30304 20 52 16.25 15 13 41.3 11 32305 25 62 25.25 24 20 48.6 15.5 30305 25 62 18.25 17 15 50.6 13 32306 30 72 28.75 27 23 55.7 18.8 30306 30 72 20.75 19 16 58.2 15 32307 35 80 32.75 31 25 62.8 20.5 30307 35 80 22.75 21 18 65.4 17 32308 40 90 35.25 33 27 69.2 23.4 30308 40 90 25.75 23 20 72.7 19.5 32309 45 100 38.25 36 30 78.3 25.6 30309 45 100 27.75 25 22 81.7 21.5 32310 50 110 42.25 40 33 86.2 28 30310 50 110 29.25 27 23 90.6 23 32311 55 120 45.5 43 35 94.3 30.6 30311 55 120 31.5 29 25 99.1 25 32312 60 130 48.5 46 37 102.9 32 30312 60 130 33.5 31 26 107.7 26.5 32313 65 140 51 48 39 111.7 34 30313 65 140 36 33 28 116.8 29 32314 70 150 54 51 42 119.7 36.5 30314 70 150 38 35 30 125.2 30.6 32315 75 160 58 55 45 127.8 39 30315 75 160 40 37 31 134 32 32316 80 170 61.5 58 48 136.5 42 30316 80 170 42.5 39 33 143.1 34 32317 85 180 63.5 60 49 144.2 43.6 30317 85 180 44.5 41 34 150.4 36 32318 90 190 67.5 64 53 151.7 46 30318 90 190 46.5 43 36 159 37.5 32319 95 200 71.5 67 55 160.3 49 30319 95 200 49.5 45 38 165.8 40 32320 100 215 77.5 73 60 171.6 53 30320 100 215 51.5 47 39 178.5 42 289

3. (GB/ T 301-1995 ) 51000 (8000 ) 51214 GB/ T 301-1995 ( mm) ( mm) d d1min D T d d1min D T 12 ( :(2 ) ) 13 (: ( 3) ) 51200 8200 10 12 26 11 51309 8309 45 47 85 28 51201 8201 12 14 28 11 51310 8310 50 52 95 31 51202 8202 15 17 32 12 51311 8311 55 57 105 35 51203 8203 17 19 35 12 51312 8312 60 62 110 35 51204 8204 20 22 40 14 51313 8313 65 67 115 36 51205 8205 25 27 47 15 51314 8314 70 72 125 40 51206 8206 30 32 52 16 51315 8315 75 77 135 44 51207 8207 35 37 62 18 51316 8316 80 82 140 44 51208 8208 40 42 68 19 51317 8317 85 88 150 49 51209 8209 45 47 73 20 51318 8318 90 93 155 50 51210 8210 50 52 78 22 51320 8320 100 103 170 55 51211 8211 55 57 90 25 14 (: ( 4) ) 51212 8212 60 62 95 26 51405 8405 25 27 60 24 51213 8213 65 67 100 27 51406 8406 30 32 70 28 51214 8214 70 72 105 27 51407 8407 35 37 80 32 51215 8215 75 77 110 27 51408 8408 40 42 90 36 51216 8216 80 82 115 28 51409 8409 45 47 100 39 51217 8217 85 88 125 31 51410 8410 50 52 110 43 51218 8218 90 93 135 35 51411 8411 55 57 120 48 51220 8220 100 103 150 38 51412 8412 60 62 130 51 51413 8413 65 68 140 56 13 ( :(3 ) ) 51414 8414 70 73 150 60 51304 8304 20 22 47 18 51415 8415 75 78 160 65 51305 8305 25 27 52 18 51416 8416 80 83 170 68 51306 8306 30 32 60 21 51417 8417 85 83 180 72 51307 8307 35 37 68 24 51418 8418 90 93 190 77 51308 8308 40 42 78 26 51420 8420 100 103 210 85 290