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6. 4 110 7 120 7.1 120 7.2 123 7.3 134 7.4 136 7.5 136 7.6 139 7.7 141 8 AutoCAD 142 8.1 AutoCAD 142 8.2 144 8.3 147 8.4 164 8.5 170 8.6 173 8.7 177 8.8 180 8.9 190 8.10 AutoCAD 192 9 199 9.1 199 9.2 208 9.3 211 9.4 213 9.5 Auto CAD 217 10 219 10.1 219 10.2 219 10.3 222 10.4 228 10.5 233 10.6 235 10.7 AutoCAD 238 11 242 2 11.1 242 11.2 243 11. 3 244 11. 4 245 11. 5 251 11. 6 Auto CAD 257

2 259 12.1 259 12.2 263 13 265 13.1 265 13.2 265 13.3 267 13.4 267 13.5 268 271 3

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1 1.1,,,,, GBGB/ T 1468914691-1993 GB/ T 17450-1998, 1.1.1 ( GB/ T 14689-1993 ) 1.,,,, 1-1 1-1 : mm A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 BL 8411 189 594841 420594 297420 220297 e 20 10 c 10 5 25, 2.,,,, 1-1( a) ( b), a c e 1-1, A4, A3 3., ( GB/ T 10609.1-1989 ),,, 1-1( a ) ( b ),,,,,,, 1-1 ( c), (), 1-2 3

-1 1.1.2 ( GB/ T 14690-1993 ), ( 1 1 ), 1 1, 1-2 ( ),, 4

1-2 1-2 (n ) 1 1 2 1 (2.5 1) (4 1) 5 1 10 n 1 210 n 1 ( 2.510 n 1 ) (410 n 1) 510 n 1 ( 1 1.5 ) 1 2 ( 1 2.5 ) (1 3 ) (1 4 ) 1 5 ( 1 6 ) 1 10 n ( 1 1.510 n ) 1 210 n (1 2.510 n ) ( 1 310 n ) (1 410 n ) 1 510 n (1 610 n ) 1.1.3 1.,,, :, ( h ), mm, : 1.8, 2.5, 3.5, 5, 7, 10, 14, 20, h 3.5mm, h/ 2: 1-3 2. 1-3,,, 75A 5

B :, ;,, 1-4 1-4 1.1.4 ( GB/ T 17450-1998 GB/ T 4457.4-2002 ) 1., 1-3 d, 0.52mm, :0.13 0.18 0.25 0.35 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.4 2.0 1/ 2 1-5 2. (1 ), (2 ),, 1mm (3 ), 25mm (4 ), (5 ), ;,, 6 (6 ), (7 )( ), 0.7mm

1-6 1-3 d d/ 2 d/ 2, d/ 2 d/ 2, d/ 2, d/ 2 1-5 1-6 7

.2,,,, :,,,,,, ( GB/ T 4458.4-1984) 1.2.1 (1 ), (2 ),, (3 ) ( ), mm,,, (4 ),, 1.2.2, 1-7 1.,,, 2mm 1-7 2.,, 10 mm, 710mm,,, 8

1. :, 1-8 1-8 b, 4,, h, 4.,, ;,,,, 1-9( a), 1-10 (a), 30, 1-10 ( b), 1-9 ( b),, 1-9 (a) 1-9 1-10 9

.2.3 1.,, 1-11 1-11, R,,, 1-12 2., S RS 1-13 1-12 1-13 3.,,, 1-14( a) ( b), ;,, 1-14 (c) ( d) 10

1-14 4.,, ;,, 1-15 1-15 1.3,,, 1.3.1 1. 1-16 OF G, G AG, H, A H, 2. 1-17,, 3.n n= 7,, 1-18 A M ; A A M, A M N ; N2 N4 N6 G F E, A BCDEFG 1.3.2 1., B C D; B C D () () 1-19 (a ), R tabc, AC A B, 1 n, 11

-16 1-17 1-18 = tan= BCAB = 1 n, A B 1 6, (1-19 ( b) ) : A B, AB 6 1-19 ; B BC A B, BC ; A C, 1 6 2. D H, = DH(1-20 (a) ), 1-20 1 n, 1 4, ( 1-20 ( b) ) : AB, A B 4 ; B M N AB, B M = B N 1/ 2 ; A M A N, 1 4 12

1-20 1.3.3,,,, 1-4, R 1-4 K 1 K 2 O O K 1 K 2 O K 1 K 2 13

O K K 2 O K 1 K 2 1.4 1.4.1,,, 1. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ),,,,,, 2. (1 ) (2 ),,, (3 ),,, (4 ) (5 ), 3.,,,,, : (1 ) (2 ) 14

1 3 ),, (4 ), (5 ) (6 ),, (7 ),, 1.4.2,,,,,,,, : H B B,, 1.,,,,,, 1-21( a) ;, 1-21( b) ;,, 1-21( c),,, 1-21 2.,,,,, 1-23( a),,,,, 1-22 ( b) 1-22 3., 1-23( a),,,, 1-23 ( b) 15

a) ( b) 1-23 16

2 2.1 2.1.1,, : S, S, S A S B S C ; P, ; A S A P a, a A P 2-1, abc A BC P,, 2.1.2 1. S ASBSC S,,, 2-1, 2-2 2-1 2-2 17

. P,,,, 2-3 2-3 P,, 2-3 (a) P,, 2-3 ( b) A P, a A P,, 2-4 2-5 2-4 2-5 18

2.2 2.2.1 2-6, A P, P a A P A a P a, A a A,,, 2-7, V ( ) H( ), OX,, 2-6 2-7 1. 2-8 (a), A V H A aaa, V H A ( V ) a ( H ) a a a A VH A a a V H, ax, a a x OX aax OX a a x aax, A a a x a, a a, : V, H OX 90, V, 2-8 ( b ), aa H, aax,, 2-8( c) OX, 2-8 19

. (1 ), 2-8( c), aox (2 ),, : a a x = A a aax = Aa :, H OX 90,, a a V H, A 3. 2-9( a), BC H V, D OX B b, b OX ; C c, c OX ; D d d 2-9 ( b) 2-9 2.2.2,,,,, 2-10,, H V ( W ), W V OZ, W H OYW O, 2-10 1. 2-10, A V H W AaA aa a, a a, A VHW, a A A a V W, az ; AaaH W, ay a a z OZ a a z OZ, a a za a z, Aa az a ; aay OY a a y O Y, aay a a y, Aaay a 20, a a a, : V, H

2 OX 0, W OZ 90, V, W, a a z OZ, 2-10 ( b ),, 2-10 ( c) O Y, H O Y H W OY W, OY H = OYW, Oay H = OayW aax 2. (1 ), : aox aoz (2 ), : Aa= = a a z, A a= a a x = a a yw 3., Aa= a az = aay H, OX OYOZ, O,, : XA = a a z = aay = A a, Y A = aax = a a z = A a, ZA = a a x = a a y = Aa 4. 2-1 2-11( a), A a a, a A : a ( xa, za ), a ( ya, za ) a( xa, ya ), xa ya za,,, 2-11 ( b), aax a yw 45a0 = a a z = ya, 45, : a, a0 ay H a a a, a 2-11 5. (1 ) 2-12 (a), B V C H D W, : 1) ; 2) (2 ) 2-12 ( b), E OX F OZ G OY, : 1) ; 2) 6. (1 ), ( ) ( ) ( ),, 2-13, B( XB, Y B, Z B ), : X = XA - XB > 0, A B ;Y = Y A - Y B < 0, A B ;Z = ZA - ZB > 0, A 21

-12 2-13 B, A B (2 ),, 2-14 (a), AB V, V,, 2-14 A, B, Y A > Y B,, A B,, 2-14( a)( b ) 2-14 22 :,

2.3,,,, 2-15,,, A B H V W,, 2-15 (a) 2-15,, 2-16 A B ab; CD, cd ; E F, e f ;,,, ab = A B cos 2-16 2.3.1, H, V, W 2-1 2-1 : 1., 2., 2.3.2, H, V, W 2-2 23

-1 (1) ab (2) a b OX, a b OY (1) c d (2) cdox, c doz (1) e f (2) e f OZ, e foyh 2-2 (1) a( b) (2) a b OX, a b OYW, 24

2 1) c ( d ) (2) cdox, c doz, (1) e ( f ) (2) e foz, e f OY H, 2-2 : 1. 2., 2.3. 3 1.,,, A B, 2-17,,,, 2. 2-17 (a), A B a b ab A B H 2-17 A B H A Bba AB 0, AB0 ab, AB0 B, A B0 B = 90 A B0 = ab, AB ; B B0 = ZB - ZA, A B B A Z 25

Z B A baz Z B - ZA, 2-17 ( b) ; A B, AB0 ( ab) A B H, A B0 B, 2-17 ( c), ab, bbab, bb B A Z Z B - Z A = Z, Bb, a B AB, bab A B 2-17 (c) A B 2-2 CD c d C c( 2-18 (a) ), CD H = 30, CD cd 2-18 CD 2-18, d d0 = ZD - ZC, = 30,, 2-18 ( b), cox, d d0, d d0 = ZD - ZC, dd c0, d c0 d d0 90- = 90-30= 60, c d0 c0, c0 d0 c0 d = 30, c0 d0 cd 2-18 (c), c, c0 d0, d d0 ( d d ) d d1, cd cd1 CD 2.3.4 1., 2-19, AB C, C c A B ab, C cab a b, C c A B a b 2-19 26

2 2. -19 D d a b, d ab, A B, 2-19, C A B 2 3, (), a ab 0, ab0 5, B0 b, 2 C0 B0 b, ab c c, a b c, c c C 2-3 AB K, K AB (2-20( a) ) 2-20 : K k A B a b, K AB, 2-20( b ) : a k k b ak,, K AB, 2-20(c) kb 2.3.5 ( ) 1., 2-21( a), A B CDAB A Bba CDdc,,, P ab cd a bc d a bc d, 2-21 ( b) 2-21 27

, 2-4 AB CD (2-22 (a) ) 2-22,, ab cd, A B CD :,, 2-21 ( b ),, 2-22( b ),, ;, 2.,,,,, 2-23, ab cd k, a b c d k, kox;, a b c d k, k kozk kk, K, A BCD, K 2-23 2-5 2-24( a), AB, V H : 2-24 ( b), a bc d OZ, 28 : 2-24 ( c), a k 1 k 1 b ak kb,

2-24 3. ( ),,,,, 2-24 ( b ) ;,, 2-22 ( b) ;,, 2-6 2-25, 2-25 2-25, A B CD H V V a bc da B ( 1, 1) CD (2,2 )12, V H, ab 1 cd 2 Y2,,, 1, ( 1 ), Z3 > Z4, 3 ; 4, 4, ( 4) 2.3.6 > Y1,,, (),,,, - 2-26 (a) A BBC A BBb, A BBbcC abab, abbbcc,, ab BbcC, abbc 2-26 ( b), A B, a box, ab, abbc,, :,, ( ),, 29

-26 2-27 2-27 2-7 ABC BD b d, BD AC, (2-28 (a) ) 2-28 BD A C, a cox, A C,, : bdac 2-28 ( b ), bdac, B b b, b ba bc, 30

2.4 2.4.1, 1.,, 2-29 (1 ), 2-29 (a) ; (2 ), 2-29 ( b) ; (3 ), 2-29 (c) ; (4 ), 2-29 ( d) ; (5 ), 2-29 ( e), 2-29 2-29,, 2., P H, 2-30 p H ; V, 2-30 pv ; W, 2-30 pw pv p H OX p X, pv pw OZ p Z, ; p H p W OY p Y,, py H py W, 2-30 ( b ) 2-30 31

. 2.4.2 V, H, W 2-3 1. (1 );, (2 ), 2. (1 ), (2 ),, 2-3 ( H ) ( ) (W) ( 1), (1), (1 ), ( 2) (2 ) (2) 32

2.4.3,, H, V, W 2-4 1. (1 ); (2 ) 2. (1 ); (2 ),, 2-4 ( H ) ( ) (W) ( 1) (1 ) (1 ) ( 2), (2 ), (2 ), OY W OX,, O X,,,, OZ OY W OZ 33

.4.4,, 2-31,, ; 2-31 2-32 2.4.5 1. : 2-32, M AB C CD, M ABC N A BC A E, N AB C 2. : ;, 2-33, K L A BC A B K B C L, K L A BC ; K M ABC A B K, ABC AC, K M A BC 2-33 2-34,,,, 2-34 D FG;, 2-34 E M N 34

2.,,,, V, ; H, ; W, ;, ; 2-35( a) ( b),, 2-35 (c), A BC, BG E F, H W 2-35 2-8 A BC K, K A 15mm A 10 mm(2-36 ( a) ) 2-36 A 15mm, A BC ; A 10mm, A BC ; k, k k k, k k, 2-36 ( b) 2-9 ABCD AB, A BCD ( 2-37 (a) ) A B H, ab OX ; A B CD, E, e ee, c d e; ee b OX, AB a b, a b ;, 2-37 ( b) 2.4.6 1., : ;,, 2-38, ;, AB 35

-37 A BCD, OX ;, CD, OY 2-38 2.,,,,,,, ;,,, 2-39 2-39 (a), V, a b, a b AB ; 36

2 cd,, ab, a b 2-39 ( b) 2.5 2.5.1, 2-40 ( a) M N A BCD, 2-40 ( b ) M NK L, K L A BCD, M N AB- CD, k lm n k lmn 2-40,,, 2-41 : m na b c, M N A BC 2-41 -10 2-42 (a)m N A BC A a AD, ad mn; AB C AD a d ; a dm n, M N ABC, 2-42 ( b ) 2.5.2,, 2-43 ( a) P Q, P A B BC Q DEE F 2-43 ( b), : a be f abe f, b cd e bcde,,,, 2-44, : k ( m ) l ( n )a b c, 37

-42 2-43 2-11 2-45 (a)ab CD E FG H E FG H EG eg e g, ABCD A K, A K akeg, a k, a ke g, 2-44 2-45 2.5.3, K, 2-46, ;,,,, M N, 2-47, ;,,, 38

2 2-46 2-47 1.,,, 2-48 (a) A BC M N,, k, 2-48 ( b) 2-48 K M N,, k, k mn,, kn A BC, n k, ; mk, m k, 2., 2-49 (a) M N A BC, M N, km ( n ), 2-49 ( b) 2-49 39

K A BC, k, k mn, A BC? H : A BM N H 2 3 ; A B M N, 2 3, 23, A B 2, M N (3 ), (3 ) k,, k nk, 3., 2-50 ( a) E FG H A BC,, k l,, K L, 2-50 K AB, L B C, k l, k l, k l k l K L, 2-50( b), AB C EFG H,,, ; h g,, 2-50 ( c) 4.,,, 2-51 (a), DEF A BC, V, M N,, m n M N, mn OX,, m n mn M N, 2-51( b ) M N, DE F A BC, ;, CA B DE F,, 2-51 ( b) 2.5.4 1.,,, 2-52 (a): DE P, P A BC K L, K L DE, M, M DE A BC 2-52( b) (c) : P P H de ; A BC kl, k l k l ; d ek l m, m 40

2-51 m m de m, mm DE ABC M 2-52 (c) ( d) LT U V : L T, bc l, de t, tm U V, d eu, a cv, d m 2-52 : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ), 2.,,, :,, 2-53 (a) A BC DEFG 2-53 ( b), DE P, DE ABC M ( m, m ) ; FG Q, FG ABC N ( n, n) ; M N ( m n, mn) : u ( v ), l( t), 2-53 ( c),, 41

, 2-53 2.6,,,,, 2-54 2-54 2-54,,, 1.:,,,,,, 2-55, A B 2.:,,,, 2-56, ; 2.6.1 42

2-55 2-56 1. 2-57 (a), V/ H A a V1, V, V 1 H, V1/ H, O1 X1, V a, H a, V1 a 1, V/ H OX V1 O1 X1 H, V 1 H, aa 1 O1 X1, a 1 ax 1 = A a = a a X, : 2-57 ( a), ( b),,, H, V, 2-58 (a), H1 H, H1 V, V/ H1, O1 X1 b b b1 O1 X1, bx1 ; bx1 b bbx, b1 ; 2-58( b ) 2., 2-59, A V 1/ H, H2, V1/ H2, O2 X2, V1 H2, H2 a2 V1 a 1 O2 X2 ; a2 ax2, H a O1 X1 aax1 ; 2-59( b )A H1, V 2, : V/ H1 V2/ H1, H1 V 2 43

-58 V/ H 1 2-59 2.6.2,, 1., 2-55, V1, V1 H, V 1 H O1 X1, O1 X1 A B ab, H/ V1 2-60, O1 X1 ab, a 2-60 44

2 O X1, O1 X1 ax 1, ax1 ax 1 a 1 = a a X, a 1, A B b 1 ab O1 H X1, A B, a 1 b 1 A B, a 1 b 1 O1 X1 A B, H1 H, O1 X1, H1 2. V 2-61 (a), A B, A B, A B V, H1 H, V/ H1, O1 X1 a b : O1 a1 ax1 = aax, b1 a1 X1 a b ; a a1 O1 X1 ax1, 2-61 ( b), 2-61 3.,, 2-62 ( a), ( V 1/ H ), ( V1/ H2 : O1 X1 ab, AB V1 a 1 b 1 ; ) 2-62 ( b ) O2 X2 a 1 b 1, AB H2 a2 b2, a2 b2 2-62 2-12 A B CD, (2-63 (a) ), 2-63 ( a), CD H2, 45

-63, AB a2 b2,, 2-63 ( b) : (1 )CD V1, A B (2 )CD, H2, AB (3 ), c2 d2 a2 b2 m2 n2, M N H2 n2 n2 n 1, a 1 b 1 n 1, n 1 n 1 m 1 O2 X2 m 1, m 1 n 1 V1 V/ H mn m n, 2.6.3, 1.,,, 2-64 (a ), A BC 2-64, V1 V, V1 A BC BD, V 1 A BC, H, V1/ H 2-64( b), BD, O1 X1 bd; a b c, O1 X1, Z, V1 a 1 b 1 c 1, A BC ; O1 X1 AB C H 46

2, H1 V 2. V H1 H, V/ H1 A BC, A BC,,, 2-65, A BC, a b ch1 V/ H1, : H, a b c, O1 X1, O1 X1 a b c ; O1 X1, Y, a1 b1 c1 ; a1 b1 c1, a1 b1 c1 A BC 2-65 3.,,, 2-66, A BCD V1/ H V1, AB CD, H2 O2 X2 a 1 b 1 c 1 d 1, V1/ H2, a2 b2 c2 d2,, 2-66 2-66 2.6.4,,, 2-542 -63 47

-13A BD CBD, (2-67( a) ) 2-67 A BD CBD BD,,, 2-67( c), BD, 2-67 ( b) O1 X1, b d, BD V/ H1, ; O2 X2 b1 d1, BD V 2/ H1, a 2 b 2 ( d 2 ) c 2 b 2 ( d 2 ) ; (c 2 b 2 a 2 ) ABD CBD 2-14 M A BC L, M, 2-68( a) M AB C L P, A BC V1,, P, L;, M Z, P M m 1,, m 2-68 ( b) 2-68 M 2.6.5,,,,,,,, 48

2. 2-69 (a), M OO, M OO, (), M R 2-69 ( b ), o, m 1 o, o m ; m1 OX 2-70( a), M OO, M OO 2-70 ( b), o, m1 o om ; m 1 OX 2-69 2-70 2. 2-71 A B OO, AB,,, : o, a b o, a b, a1 b1 = ab ;, a a 1 OX b 1 OX, a1 a 1 b1 b 1 a 1 b 1, ( a 1 a1 ) ( b 1 b1 ) 2-71 2-15 A B (2-72( a) ),, OX ;, A B, A( 2-72 ( b) ( c) ) 2-72 ( b), A, ab ab1, AB, a b 1 ba B 2-72 (c), A B, 2-16 A B (2-73( a) ), A B1, ab1 OX; a b 1,,, OX, 2-73( b ), a2 b1, 49

-72 2-73 AB1 A2 B1 3. A BC,,, 2-17 A BC (2-74( a) ),,, A BC,, OX AB C, B, A BC BD, bd1 OX, a 1 bc 1, a 1 bc 1 OX, 2-74 ( b ) 2-18 A1 BC1 (2-75 (a) ), A1 BC1,, OX,, C1 c1 b2 a2, c1 b2 a2 C1 B A1, 2-75 ( b), c 1 b 2 a 2, c 1 b 2 a 2 OX, 2-19M A BC (2-76 (a) ), A BC, M B,, M A BC ( m 1, m1 ) a1 bc1 a 1 b c 1, A1 BC1, a 1 b c 1, 2-76 ( b)m 1 m 1 n 1, m 1 n 1 a 1 b c 1, N( n 1 n1 ), m1 n1 OX, m 1 n 1 M AB C 50

2-74 2-75 2-76 51

,, ;,, 3.1,,,,,,, 3.1.1, ( ) ; ; 1. (3-1 (a) ), 3-1 :,, ( ) H,,, 52 : 3-1 ( b) (1 ) ( ) ; (2 )V W,, V,, 2. 3-1 A B V a b, HW (3-2 (a) ) : A B V, A B

3-2, A B H ( ), A B : 3-2 ( b) (1 ), A B H a, b; (2 ) A W a, b, a b a b 3.1.2,,,, 1. (3-3 (a) ), : A BC, ( ), S A C, ;, S A SC, S B, S, S, : 3-3 ( b) (1 )AB C () ; (2 ) S s s ; (3 ) S ASBSC,,, s a s b, s c, s cs a, 3-3 53

. 3-2 S AB C VH DE E F ( 3-4 ( a) ),, : de e f, DEEF S AB SB C EF S BSC, D S A B : 3-4 ( b) 3-4 (1 )W ; (2 ) E F S BC VW, fe f (3 ) DE H ed, ab m, mm, E M D d d, e d e d, 3-5 54

3,,,, 3-5 2,, 3.2,,, 3-6,,,,,, 3-6 3.2.1 1. :, ( 3-7 (a) ) 2. : 3-7 ( b), : 3-7 (1 )V W () ; 55

; 2 ) VW,, H, (3 )a 1 b 1, ; (4 ) c 1 d d 1, ( 3-7 (c) ) 3., 3-3 A B a ( b) (3-8( a) ), 3-8 : a ba, B, a b, a b : 3-8 ( b) (1 ) a b a b, (2 ) A B a b, a, ( b ) 3-4 3-9 (a), A E, V :, A E, A E VW H A E H,, ae :, ;,,,,,, : 3-9 ( b) (1 )AE () ; (2 ) AE A ( aaa ) C( c c c ) ( ) E ( e ), ; (3 ) a eb D b d, b b d d ;,,, 45 56

3-9 (4 )a b c d e,, abc, cde 3.2.2 1. : ( 3-10 ), 2. : 3-11 (1 ) V W () ; (2 ) VW,, H, ; (3 ) S( s s ) ; (4 ) s a s b s c s d(3-11( b) ) 3., 3-5 K k ( 3-12 (a ) ), K :,, K H W, 3-10, K, (3-12( b) ) : 3-12( c) (1 )V s k, a ; (2 )S A sa, k, k ; (3 ) k, K, ( k ), K ( ), (3-12( b) ) : 3-12( d ) (1 ) K ( ), k,, 57

-11 ; (2 )( ) ; (3 )K k, k ; 3-12 (4 ) k, ( k ) 3-6 AE V ( 3-13 (a) ), : AE,,, A D, DE ( 3-13 ( b ) ) : 3-13( c) 58

3-13 (1 )A E H W a e a e, ; (2 ) D d,, d, d ; (3 ) BC b c, bb c, ; (4 ),,, d e 3.2.3 1. : 2. : 3-14( a) ( b),, 3-14, A,,,,,, B C, 3. 59

-7 A B ab(3-15 (a) ), 3-15 : A B, ( 3-15 ( b) )A, B,,,,,, : (1 ) 3-15( c)a,,, a a A, a, ( a ) (2 ) B,,, b bb,, ( b ), b (3-16), 60 3-16

3.3,,,, ;, ( 3-17),, R,, R S (3-17 ( h) ) 3-17 3.4,,,,,,,,, ;, ( ),, 3.4.1,, 3-8 3-18, : S,,, 61

-18 ; ; : 3-18( b) (1 ) S A, S B S C S D ; (2 )H, A BBCCDDA (3 ), S A S, S A, AB CD (4 )S ASBSC SD E F GH,, 3.4.2,,,,,, 1. 3-19,,, 3-19 62 3-9 3-20( a), :, (

3-20 4 )( ), : 3-20( b) (1 ) L =D( D ) ; (2 )n ( n = 12 ), n, AB C, 3-20 ( b) ; (3 ),, A B C; (4 ), 3-20 (c) 2.,, ( 3-21 ), L, =D/ L( D ) 3-21,,,,,, 3-22 3-10 3-23 (a), :, ( ), : 3-23( b) 63

-22 3-23 (1 ) ( 2) 3-23( b ), n ( n = 8 ), n, a a b b c c (3 ), A B C (4 ), ( 3-23) 64

4,,,,, 4-1, 4-1 4.1,, ( 4-1 ( a) ( b ) ) : 1.,, ; 2.,, : 1., ; 2.,,,, 65

.1.1,,, ( ),, 4-1 VH (4-2( a) ), W : 4-2 ( b),,, ( ), : 4-2 (c) (1 )( ) (2 ), A B CD E, (3 )( 4-2( d ) ), 4-2 66

4-2 4-3 ( a), : P Q ( 4-3 ( b) )P,, ; Q,,,,,,,, P Q 4-3 : (1 )P,,, ( 4-3( c) ) ; (2 )Q,,, ( 4-3( d ) ) ; (3 )PQ,3 4, 34, (4 ) ( 4-3( e) ) 4-3 ( 4-4( a) ) : P Q R, (4-4 ( b ) ),,, : (1 )P ( 1 2 3 4 5 ), ( 4-4 (c) ) 67

-4 (2 )Q ( 6 7 ), 6 7 6 7 ( 4-4( d) ) (3 )R, (8 ), 8 (4-4( e) ) (4 ), (4-4 ( f) ), 4-4 ( g ),,, 68

4.1.2, (, ), (),,,,, : 1. (1 ), ; (2 ) ( ), ( ) ; (3 ) ( ), ( ) ; (4 ),, 2. (1 ), ( ), ; (2 ), ; (3 )( ), ; (4 ),, :, 4-1 4-1 69

-4 ( 4-5( a) ), 4-5 : 4-5 ( b),,, ( ) V,,, : (1 ) 4-5 (c), P Q R (), A B C D E F GH,, E M F N GB H (2 ) 4-5 ( d), () 4-5 4-6 (a),, : 4-6 ( b) ( d),,, : (1 ) 4-6 ( d), VW (1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 )( 4 4 ),,,, ( ) (2 )H W ( 5 ) ( 6 6 )( 7 ) ( 8 8 ),,, 70

4-6 4-6 ( 4-7( a) ), : 5, ( 4-7 ( b ) (c) ),,,, : 5,, 4-7(d) (e) (),, 4-2 4-2 = 90 <= 90 = 0 < 71

-7 4-7 ( 4-8( a) ), : 4-8 ( b),,, ( ),, 4-8 72 : (1 ) 4-8 (c) H A ( a) B( b ), ( ),

4 a b 2 ) C(c), c (3 ) D( d) E( e), d e (4 ),, ( 4-8( d ) ) 4-8 ( 4-9( a) ), : 4-9 (a) ( b), P Q RT 4-9 73

V, V,,, : (1 )P ( ) 12 1 2 (4-9 (c) ) ; (2 ) Q ( ) 23 2 3 (4-9 ( d) ) ; (3 ) R ( ) 354 3 5 4 (4-9 (e) ) ; (4 ) T () (4-9 (f) ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ),,, 6 7 8 ( ), 8 (9 )( 10 ), 9 10 9 10, ; (5 ) HW ( 4-9( g) ),,, (, ) 4-9 ( 4-10 (a) ), :,,,,,,, : (1 ) 4-10( b),,, ; 4-10 74

4 2 ) 4-10( c),,, ; (3 ),, ( 4-10 (c) ) : 4-10 (4-11( a) ), : 4-11( b),,,,, ( ), : 4-11( c) (1 )( ), 1 4, 2 3, ; (2 )( ) 4, ; (3 )( ), 4-11 4.2,, ( 4-12), 75

1. : ( 4-12 ) 4-12 2.:, 3.:,, (4-12(a) );, (4-12( b) (c) ) ;, (4-12( d) (e) (f) ) 4.2.1 4-12 ( b) ( c), ( ) ( ),,, 4-11 (4-13( a) ), : 4-13( b),,,, H, V, () ( ), ( ) : (1 ) 4-13( a), 12,, (2 ) 4-13( c), (1 ), (3,3 ), (4 ) ( ), (5, 5 ) (6,6 ) ( 7, 7 ),, 3 5, 5 1 (3 ), (2 ) (4 )( 4-13 ( d) ) 4-13 (e) ( f),,,,,, 76

4-13 4.2.2,,,, : (1 ), (2 ), (3 ),, ( ), (4 ),, :, (5 ),, 1.,,,, 4-12 (4-14( a) ), 77

-14 : 4-14( a) ( b),,,, : (1 ) 4-14 ( c), : ( 1 1 ), ( 2 ), ( 3 3 ), (4 ), 1 2 3 4 (2 )( 5 ) ( 6 ), 5 6 (3 ), :, : (1 ), ( 4-15( a) ) 4-15 78

4 2 ), (4-15( b) ) (3 ), 4-15 (c) ( d),,, 4-13 (4-16( a) ) : 4-16( b),,,, 4-16 79

( 4-16( c) ) :, (1 ) 4-16( c), ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ), 1 2 3 4 (2 ) 4-16( d), (5 ) (6 ), 5 6 (3 ) 4-16( e),,, ( ) :,, (),,, ( ) 4-16 ( f), ( ),,, () 4-14 4-17 (a), () 4-17 : 4-17 ( b ),,,,, ( ) : (1 ) 4-17 (c), : (1 ) ( 2 ) 80

4 3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) ( 7 ) ( 8) (9 ) ( 10 ),,, 45 (2 ) 4-17( d ),, ( 11) ( 12), 11 11 12 12 (3 ),, ( ) 4-17 (c), ( ) 2.,,,, 15,, ( ) (4-18) 4-18, : (1 )( ) ; (2 ), : (1 ),,, (2 ) (3 ), 4-15 (4-19( a) ), : 4-19( b),, 4-3 4-3 V H V H 81

V H V H 4-3,, 4-19 : (1 ) : 4-19 ( c), P1,, ( 1 1 ) ( 2 ) P2,, ( 3 ) ( 4 ) (2 ) : P3 P4,, ( 5 5 ) (6 ) 82 (3 ),, 314, 324

4 4 ) ( 4-19 ( d) ),,,, 4-19( e) 4-16 (4-20( a) ), VH : 4-20( b),,, 4-20,, 4-4 4-4 V H W V H W 83

: -3, (1 ) : 4-20 (c), P1, ( 1 1 ), (2 2 )P2, (3 3 )( 4 4 ),,, () (2 ) :,, (3 )4-20( d ),, : 4-20 (e) ( f), ( ),, ( ) 3. (1 ), (4-21( a) ) (2 ), (4-21( b) ) (3 ),, ( 4-22( a) ( b) ) 4-21 4-22 (4 ), (), ( ),, 4-234 -24,,, (4-23 ( b ) 4-24 ( b ) (c) ), 4.2.3,,, :,,,, ( ),, 84

4-23 4-24 4-17 4-25 (a), 85

4-25( b ),,, A1 B1, ; C A1 A2, A1 A2 C, ; ()C,, D1 D2 D3,, D1 D2, ( ) 4-25 (c) 4-25 4.3,,,, 4-26, 4-27,, 86

4-26 4-27 87

5.1,,,,, 5-1 5.1.1 5-2 5-1,,,,,,,,, 5-1 5-2,,, (),, 5-3 5.1.2, OX Y Z, K, K P, OXOYOZ O1 5-3 X1 O1 Y1 O1 Z1, K K1,,, X1 O1 Y1, Y1 O1 Z1 X1 O1 Z1 OXOYOZ A B C, A1 B1 C1, : 88 O1 A1/ OA = p X ; O1 B1/ OB = q Y ;

5-3 O1 C1/ OC = r Z 5-3( b) 5.1.3,, : 1., ;,, 2.,,, 5.1.4 : 1. : 2. :, ( ): 1.( ), ( ), 2.( ), ( ), 3.( ), ( ),,, 5.2 5.2.1,,,, p q r 1,, p = q = r0.82, XOY = XOZ = YOZ = 120, 5-4 ( a), Z, X Y 30, 30, 5-4 ( b) 89

-4, GB/ T14692-93, p = q = r = 15-5,, 1/ 0.821.22, 5-5,,, 5.2.2,, (),,,,,,, ;, 5-1 ( 5-6( a) ), : 1),, 5-6( b) 2), X1 O1 Y1 11 3), 5-6 ( d) 21 31 41 51 61, 5-7 ( c) 4) Z1,, ( ), 5-6 (e) 90 5),, 5-6( f) ( g)

5-6 5-2 5-7 (a),,, 5-7( b)( g ) 5-7 91

.2.3 1.,,,, 5-8 (1 ), Z, Z ; (2 ), Y, Y ; (3 ), X, X ;,, (1), X Y, A BCD, 5-9( a) (2 ),, 5-8, abcd, 1 2 3 4, 5-9( b ) (3 ) a c, 5-9 b d, c11, m, a31, n, a c m n m41 n21 (4 )a c, c11 a31, 11 21 31 41, 5-9( c)m n,, 11 41 21 31,, 5-9 ( d) 5-3 5-10,,, : (1 ) OZ, XOY, 5-11 (a) (2 ),, 5-11( b) (3 ) h1, h,,, 5-11( c) Z1 (4 ) o1 X1 b, Y1 1 2, 1 2 ( d) 3 4 34,, 5-11 (5 ),, 5-11( e) 5-4 5-12 5-10 92

5-11 5-12 (1 ),,, 5-12 (2 ) 5-13( a)( h ) 5-13 93

-13 5.3 5.3.1,,, 90, 1, 5-14 (a), xoz p, X1 O1 Z1 = 90, X p z r 1,, 0.5, 1355-14( b ), O1 Y1 O1 X1 O1 Z1 135 XOZ P,,, 5-15 94

5-14 5-15 5.3.2, X1 O1 Z1, X1 O1 Z1,, 5-16 5-16 X1 O1 Y1 Y1 O1 Z1,,,,,,,,,,, 5-5 5-17( a), 95

1 ), 5-17, X OZ, 5-17( a) (2 ) 5-17 5-17 5.4 1.,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,, 96

5,,, 3.,, 97

6. 1,, (), 6. 1. 1,, ( ) (),, 6-1 6-1 6. 1. 2, 6-1,,,, 98 6-1

6 6-2, 1 2, 1 () ( ), 2 ()() 6-2 6-2,,,,,,,, 6. 1. 3, 1.,,, 6-3 ( b ) ; ( ),, 6-3 (c) 6-3 ( d) ( e) ( f) 2.,, 6-4 3.,, 6-5,,, 6. 1. 4,,,, 99

-3 6-4 100

6 ( a) ( b) (c) 6-5 6-6, 1 2 (, ) 3,, 1 2 6-6 101

,,,,, ;,,, 6. 2 6. 2. 1,,,,, 6-7 (a) 6-7 ( b ),,,, :, ;, ;,, :,, (a) ( b) 6-7 :,, ;,,,, 6. 2. 2 6-8 (a), 102

6 a) ( b) 6-8 1.,, 6-8 ( b ), ;, ;,,,,, 2., : (1 ),,,, (2 ), (3 ),,,,,,, 6-8 ( a),, 6-8( a), 3.,,,,, 4.,,, 6-9( a) : 5., 6-9 ( b ) ( c) ( d ) ( e ) (1 ), ( ) (2 ),, (3 ) 6.,, : ( 1 ) ; ( 2 ) 103

-9 ; ( 3 ) ; ( 4 ),,, 6. 2. 3 6-1 6-10 (a) 104

6 a) (b ) 6-10 1. 6-10( b ), 1 2, 2 1, ; 3, 2 ; 4, 3, 3 2.,,,, OX, (3 ), 6-10 (a) 6-8,, 6-116-126-13 6-11 105

-12 6-13 6. 2. 4,,,,, 6-14 (a) ; R1 > R2,, R1, 6-14( b) 106

6 a) ( b) 6-14 6. 3 6. 3. 1,,, ( 1), 6-15( a) ( b) ( c) ; ( 2 ),, 6-16 (a) 6-16 ( b) 6-16 (c) 6-16 ( d) ( a) ( b) (c) 6-15 6. 3. 2,,, 6-17( a) ;,, 6-17( b ),,, 6-17 (c) 107

-16 6. 3. 3 1. : ( ),,, : ( 1) ; ( 2), ; (3 ), ; ( 4),,,, 2. : (1 ) (2 ) 108

6-17 (3 ) 3. : (1 ),, (2 ),, (3 ) (4 ), (5 ),, (6 ) 109

,,,,,, 6-2 6-18 (a) [] : ( 1) 6-8 (2 ) 6-18 (a),,, ( 3) 6-18 ( b), 3 46 35 2x5 R5 11 16 5 ; 2 3; 3 8 18 R8 9 (4 ) 1 ;, 1 2 ; ; 1, 3 1, ; ; 1, (5 ) 6-18, 46 16 18 (6 ) 6-18( b ), 12,,, ( 10 ) 6-18 6. 4 6. 4. 1 1.,, 6-19 ;, 6-20,,, 2.,, 110

6 (a) ( b) (c) 6-19 (a) ( b) 6-20,,,,, 6-21,, 6-21,,,,,, 6-22,, 3. : ( 1) () ; ( 2) ; ( 3), ( ), (), ( ), 111

-22,, 4.,,,,,,,,,, 6. 4. 2 1.,, ;,,, ;, : (1 ),,, 6-23, 6-24,,,, 6-23 (2 ),,,,,, 112

6-24, 6-25,,, 6-25, (3 ),,, ;, 6-26,,, (6 ),, 6-27 2.,,, 113

-26, 6-27 (1 ),,, 6-28 6-28 114

6 2 ),,,, 6-29 6-29 (3 ),,,,,,, 6-30 6-30 6. 4. 3,, : 1.,,,,,,,,,,, 6-3 6-31, 6-32 6-35, (1 ), 115

,,,, 6-32 6-31, 6-32, (2 ), 6-33,,,, 1, 2 L,, 2 3, 4 3 6-33, 116, (3 ),

6-34, 1 2, 1 2, 2 3,, 2 4,, 6-34, (4 ), 6-35, 2, 2 ; 1, ; 2 3, 3, 2 3,,, 2 4, 4 6-35 2.,,,,, 6-4 6-36, 6-37 6-39 (1 ), 6-37,,,,, 117

-36 6-37, (2 ),,,,,,, 6-38 1,, 1 2,, 2,, ; 2, 1, 3,,, ;,,, ; 3, (3 ), 6-38, 1 2, 1 2, ; 1 2, ; 1 2,,,,,,,,,, 2 3, : 3 2 118

6 3 2 6-38 6-39 (4 ),,,, 119

7.1,,,, 7.1.1,,,,,,, 7-1,, 7-1 7-2, : (1 ),, ; ; (2 ),,, 7-2 ; 7-2 7.1.2 120

7-2 7-3 ( ) ;, 7-3, : (1 ),,,, (2 ),,,, 7.1.3,,,, 7-4 : (1 ), 7-4 A :, 7-4 (2 ),,, 7-4 (3 ) ;, 7-4 A 121

- 4 7.1.4, 7-5( a),,,, 7-5 : (1 ), 7-5,, V, H V,,, ;,,, (2 ),, 7-5 ( b ), : (3 ),, ; (90 ), 7-5 (c) ( d), 122

7 4 ),,,,, 7.2,, 7-6 ( b),,, 7.2.1 1.,,,, 7-6 (c) 7-6( a) 7-6 2., : (1 ), ( ),,, 7-6 ( a), (2 ), ;,,, 7-6(c) (3 ),, 7-1,,, 45, 7-7 ;,,,, 7-8 123

-7 7-8 : ( 1), ( 2), ( 3) 3. 124,,

7 1 ), 5,,, 7-6( ) (2 ) (3 ) ;, 7-6( ), : (1 ),,, 7-8 (2 ),,, 7-9 ( ) 4. (1 ),,,, 7-6 ( ) (2 ),,,, 7-8 (3 ), ;, 7-2 125

.2.2 1. (1 ), 7-9( ), 7-9 126 (2 ),,,

7 3 ) 7-9 ( ),, 2. (1 ),,,,, 7-10 7-10,, ;,, 7-11 ( ) : 7-11 127

2 ),,, 7-10 ( ),,, 7-12, :,,, 7-12 ( 7.5.1) (3 ) 7-11( ),,,,,,, 7-12 3. (1 ),,, 7-13 7-13 (2 ), :,, 7-147-15,,, 7-16 128

7-14,, 7-13 7-15 7-16 (3 ),,, (4 ),,,,, 7-17 ( ), 7-17 ( ),, 7-17( ),, 4. (1 ) 7-18,,,,, (2 ),, 129

-17 7-18 (3 ),, 7-18 :,,, 7-18( ),, 7-18 ( ),, 7-18 ( ) 5. (1 ) 7-19,,,, 130,

7-19 (2 ),,, (3 ),, 7-19 -,,, 7-21( ),, 7-20 7-20 (4 ), 7-21 ( ),, 7-21( ) 6. (1 ), 7-22,,,, (2 ),, (3 ), 131

-21 7-22, 7-22 -,,, 7-24 (4 ),, 7-23,,, 7-24 7. (1 ),, (, ),, 7-25 7-26 (2 ),, 7-25 7-26 -,, 8.,, 7-26,,, 7-27 -, - 132

7 7-23 7-24 7-25 ( ) 7-26 ( ),, :, ;, 7-27 133

.3 7.3.1,,,, 7-28( ) :,,, 7-28 ( ), 7-28 7.3.2, 1. (1 ),,,, 7-29( )7-30 -,,, 7-32 7-29,, 7-32 7-337-34 (2 ), 7-28 ( ) 7-30 134

7, ), 7-29 ( ), ( ),, 7-31 7-30 7-31, 7-29 ( ) - -, ;, 7-32 7-32 7-33 7-34, (3 ),,,, 7-29 ( ) -,, 7-29( )- 7-30 -, 7-29 ( )7-337-34 ( ),, 7-29 ( ) ( )7-337-34, 7-31 2., 7-35 (1 ),,, 7-35 ( ) (2 ), 7-35 7-35 135

.4,,,,,, 7-36 7-36, 7-36 : ;,,, 7.5,, ( ),, / 16675.1-1996 7.5.1 1.,,, ;,,, 7-37 2.,,,, 7-38 ( ) 7-39 7.5.2 1. (1 ), 7-40 (2 ), ( ), 7-41 2. (1 ),, 136

7-37 7-38 7-39 7-40, 7-42 (2 )( ),,,, 7-43 ( ) ( ),,,, 7-43 ( ) 3.,, 7-44 4. (),, 137

- 41 7-42 7-43 7-44,, 7-45 7-45 7.5.3 1., 7-46 2.,, 7-477- 48, 138

7., 7-48 7-46 7-47 7-48 4., 45,, 7-49 7-49 45 7.5.4,, 7-50 7-50 7.6,,,,,,,,,,, :, 7-51 ( ), 7-51( )7-51( )7-51( )7-51 ( ), 1., ;, ;, ; 139

-51,,,, 2.,, 7-51 ( ) 7-51 ( ), 7-51 ( ), ; 7-51 ( ),,,,, 7-51( ) 7-51 ( ),,, (, ),,,, ;,,,, ;,,,, 7-51( ),,,,,, 140

7,,,, 3.,,, 7.7,,,, : 7-52,, 1.,,,,, 7-53 ( ) 2.,, 7-53 ( ) 90, 7-53( ) 7-52 7-53 3., :, 4.,, 7-54,, 7-55 7-54 7-55 141

,, 2002, ( ), 8.1 2002, 2002-2002 ( 8-1 ) 8-1 2002, 2002 8-2 2002, 8.1.1, - 2002 8.1.2, 142

8-2 2002 2002 26 2002, 8.1.3, : [ ],, < >,,, 2002 : ; ; 8.1.4, 2002,,, 8.1.5,,,, 8.1.6, 143

0,0 ),, 8.2,,, 8.2.1 1. : : : : [( )/ ( ) ] < 0.0000,0.0000 > : < 420.0000,297.0000 > : 3 ( )/ ( ) () :, ( ) :, 2., : < 1.0000 > : ( ) 8.2.2 2002,, 8-8,, 1.,,,, 2. : : :, 8-3 2002,, 0 144

8-3, 0 :, : :,, : :, 0 :,,,,, :, ; :, :,,,, ;, :,, 8-4, :,, 8-5,,,,, 8-6 :, 8-7, 3., 8-8, 145

-4 8-5 8-6 8-7 8-8 : :,, :, 8-3 :, 8-8, 146 :, :, :,

8,,,,,, 8.3 2002,,, 8.3.1,,, (1 ) ( ),, (2 ), (3 ) (4 ), 8.3.2 (1 ),,, 8, 6, 5, : 8, 6, 5 8-9 0, ( < ), 15, 30, : 15 < 30 8-10 (2 ), @, ( 4, 5), 12, 8, : @12,8 8-11 8-9 8-10 8-11 147

.3.3 8-12, 8-12 1. : : : : : 8.1 : :250,250 [ ( ) ] : 100, 100 [ ( ) ] : 250, 100 [ ( )/ ( ) ] : 8-13 : ( ) ( ) 2. : : 8-13 8-14 : 148

8 :, (1 ) 8.2 : [ ( 3 )/ (2 )/ ( ) ] : 200, 190 [ ( ) ] : 25 8-14 1 (2 )3 : [ ( 3 )/ (2 )/ ( ) ] : 3 : ( ) ( ) : ( ) ( ) : ( ) ( 8-14 2 (3 ) : [ ( 3 )/ (2 )/ ( ) ] : : ( 2 ) : ( 1 ) < > :25 8-14 3 3. : : : : 11, : 8.3 : : [ ( ) ] : : 150, 150 [ ( )/ ( ) ] : 80, 220 :80, 80, 8-15 8.4 : : [ ( ) ] : 400, 150 ( ) [ ( )/ ( ) ] : : 330, 150 [ ( )/ ( ) ] : ( )330, 80 8-16, 8.5 149

-15 8-16 : : [ ( ) ] : 200, 110 [ ( )/ ( ) ] : : 110, 200 [ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : : 90 8-17, - 90, 8-18 8-17 8-18 4. : : : : : 8.6 : [ ( )/ ( ) ] : 100, 100 : 145,55 [ ( ) ] : 50 8-19 8.7 : [ ( )/ ( ) ] : [( ) ] : 100, 100 150

8 145,55 [ ( ) ] : 50 [ ( ) ] : 0 [ ( )/ ( ) ] : 180 8-20 8-19 8-20 5. : : : : :, 3 1024 () 8.8 ( 250, 100) ( 230, 180), : < > :8 [( ) ] : : ( )250,100 : ( )230, 180 8-21 ( 230, 180 ), : (250,100 ), 8-22 8.9 ( 200, 150), 100, : < > : 6 [( ) ] : 200,150 8-21 8-22 151

( )/ ( ) ] < > : : 100 8-23 8.10 (200, 150 ), 100, : < > : 6 [( ) ] : 200,150 [ ( )/ ( ) ] < > : : 100 8-24 8-23 8-24 6. : : : : : : [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : ( ) 0,0 [ ( ) ] : ( ) 50,30 : :, :, :, 7. : : : : : : [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : ( ) : ( ) : 152

8 ( ) : ( ) : ( ) : () ( ) : ( ) : 8. : : : : :, (1 ), 8-25, (2 ), : 8.11 8-26 8-25 8-26 : : : ( ) [( ) ] : 5 8-26 (3 ) : 8.12 : : : ( ) [( ) ] : 35 8-26 9. 153

: : :,, : : _ : ( ) 0.0000 (, ) [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : : : : : : : :, < > < >, ( ), : [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : : :, :, :, : :, :, 8.138-27 8-27 : : ( 8.26 ) 0.0000 154

8 ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : () [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : < 0.000 > 5 < 5.000 > [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : ( ) [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : () [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : () [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : () [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : < > :5 < > : 2.5 [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : ( ) [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : 10. : : : : : ( ), : [ ( ) ] : :, (1 ) [ ( ) ] : () : ( ) [ ( )/ ( ) ] < > :, : : ( ) : ( ),, : :, : : ( ), 155

,,,, -,,,, (2 ) [ ( ) ] :, ; [ ],,, 11.,, 1. : ; ; 8.14 (1 ) 8-28, (2 ) : 8-29, 8-28 8-29, 8.28, (3 ), 8-30 ;, 8-28 ;, 8-28,, 2., 8-31 ; ; ; ; 156

8 8-30 8-31 3.,,,,,, 8-32, (,),,, 8-32 8.3.4,, 1., ( ),,,,,,,,,, 8-33 2002,,,,,, (1 ) 8-1 2002, 8-33 157

-1, 0 90 180 270 : (2 ),,,,,, +, 8-33 8.15 8-34,, : : ( ) : (, :, ) [ ( ) ] : ( ) : ( ) [ ( ) ] : () 158

8 ) [ ( ) ] : 8-35 8-34 8-35 :,, -, 8.16 8-36, : [ ( 3 )/ (2 )/ ( ) ] : 3 : ( ) () : ( ) () : ( ) () 8-37 8-36 8-37 2.,, ( ), : (, 9 ) [( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] < > : : () :, () :, :, - : 159

> : ( ) < > : ( ) :, : < > : ( ) < > : ( ), : : [ ( )/ ( ) ] < > : [( ) ] < 10.0000 > : : :,, : : [ ( )/ ( ) ] < > : ; 9,, 3. :, : (, 7 ) ( ) [( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] < > : : :, : / : : :, < > : ( ) < > : ( ),,,,,,,, 4. :, 160 : (, 8 ) / < > : / : 8, 5.,

8, : (1 ) :,,, 8-38 10 90 60 45 30 22.5 18 15 105 9,,,,, :, : :, :,, (2 ) 8-39 8-38 8-39, :, :,,, 8.17, 8-40 : 1.8-39 161

- 40 2. : : (,, 8-41 ) 3., 4.,, 8-42 8-41 8-42, 8.18 8-43,, 50, 8-43 : 1., 8-38 162

8., 8-39 3., : : 4.: :,,,,,,,,, 8-44 5., : : 50, 6.: :,,, 100, 8-45 8-46 8-44 8-45 8-46 7.: :, 80, 8-47 8.: :, 100, 9.: 163

- 47 :, 8.4,,, 8.4.1 12, 8-48 1, 2, : 1. :, 2. : 3.: 8.4.2,, : ;, 1. ( ),, ( ),,,?: / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / (1 ) [ ] : () (2 ) [ ] : (3 ) [ ] : (), (4 ) [ ] : ( ),, 164

8-48 (5 ) [ ] : (6 ) [ ] : (7 ) [ ] : ( ) (8 ) [ ] : () (9 ) [ ] : (10) [ ] : : (11) [ ] : : (12) [ ] :, (13) [ ] : (14) [ ] : (15) [ ] : : (16) [ ] : : 2. ( ), : :, : [ ( ) ] [ ] 165

, 8-49 8-49 (1 ) [ ( ) ] : ( ) (2 ) [ ] :, (3 ) [ ( ) ] : (4 ) [ ] :, * (5 ) [ ] : (6 ) [ ] : (7 ) [ ] : 3. (1 ),,,,, 8-50 (2 ),, : 166

8 (3 ) :, 8.4.3-50 1. ( ) 2. ( ),, : : 1 ( ) : (, ), [ ( ) ] : (1 ) [ ] :,, (2 ) [ ( ) ] :,,, 3. ( ), : : 1 ( ) : (, ) :: ( )? [( )/ ( ) ] < > : ( ) 4. ( ), : [ ( ) ] < 1.0000 > : < > : ( ) : ( ) < > : ( ) 5. ( ),, 8-518-52 (1 ) [ ] : [ ] : [ ] : [ ] : 0, [ ] :,, 167

] :,, [ ] :,, 8-51 8-52 (2 ) [ ] : [] :, [ ] :, [ ] : [ ] : [ ] :, [] : 168 6. ( ), : : 1 : ( ) (, ) : < > : 7. ( ), : : 1 : : ( ) (, ) ( ) [ ( ) ] : [ ( ) ] :, 8. ( ), : : 1 : : [ ( ) ] : ( ) (, ) ( ) ( ) [ ( ) ] : 9. ( ),,,

8, 10. ( ),, : [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : (1 ) [ ( ) ] :,, (2 ) [ ( ) ] : (3 ) [ ( ) ] : (4 ) [ ( ) ] : 11. ( ), ;, ;,, : =,=... : 1 : 1, 2 : ( ) ( ) ( ),,[ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : ( ),,[ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : ( ) (1 ) [ ( ) ] : (2 ) [ ( ) ] :, 12. ( ), ;, ;,, 13. ( ),,, ;,, : : [ ( ) ] : (, ) ( ) (1 ) [ ( ) ] :, 14. ( ),, : () 1 = 10.0000, 2 = 5.0000 [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : : (,, ) (1 ) [ ( ) ] :, 169

2 ) [ ( ) ] : (3 ) [ ( ) ] : (4 ) [ ( ) ] : [ ( )/ ( ) ] (5 ) [ ( ) ] : [ ( )/ ( ) ] 15. ( ),, : : =, = 10.0000 [ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : : (,, ) (1 ) [ ( ) ] : 16. ( ),, 8.5,,, 8.5.1 1. ( ),, : : ( ) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ] : (1 ) [ ] :,,, (2 ) [ ] :, (3 ) [ ] : 2. ( ), : : ( ) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ] : (1 ) [ ] : (2 ) [ ] : (3 ) [ ] : (4 ) [ ] : (5 ) [ ] : (6 ) [ ] : ( ) 170

8 7 ) [ ] : (8 ) [ ] : (9 ) [ ] : (10) [ ] :, 8.5.2,,, : : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] :, 8-53 1.[ ] : (1 ) [ ] : (2 ) [ ] : (3 ) [ ] : 8-53 2.[ ] : (1 ) [ ] :,, - (2 ) [ ] :,, (3 ) [ ] : 8.5.3 1. ( ) : ; : : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] : ; 2. ( ), : 171

: : [ ( ) ] [( ) ] [( ) ] : ;, 8.5.4 1. ( ), : : : [( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] < > : (1 ) [ ( ) ] :, (2 ) [ ( ) ] :, (3 ) [ ( ) ] :, 2. ( ) : : : [( ) / ( ) ] < > : (1 ) [ ( ) ] : (2 ) [ ( ) ] :, 3. ( ) : : : [( ) / ( ) ] < > : (1 ) [ ( ) ] : 1, + (2 ) [ ( ) ] : 0, 4. ( ) : : : [( ) / ( ) ] : (1 ) [ ( ) ] :,, (2 ) [ ( ) ] :,, 8.6 8.6.1 172

8. ( ) : : ( ) ;( ) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] : ( ), 8-54 8-54 (1 ) [ ( ) ] : 8-54,, [ ( ) ] : / ^ #,,, # / [ ( ) ] :,, [ ],, (2 ) [ ( ) ] : 8-55, : [ ( ) ] : ( - ) [ ( ) ] : ; [ ( ) ] :, 8-55 [ ( ) ] : () 173

3 ) [ ( ) ] : ( ) 8-56 8-56 [ ] : ( ), ; ( ) [ ] : ( ) (): 1. 66, 1, 3: 0.0833 ( 0.25 ) 1. 3333 (4 ) (4 ) [ / ( / ) ] : 8-57, 8-57 / [ ( ) ] :, [( ) ] :, [( ) ] : [ ( ) ] : (5 ) [ () ] :, 2. ( ),, : : ( ) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] :,, ; ;, ;,, ; : 174

8 :5.000 [ ( )/ ( ) ] : ( ),: [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : ( 1) [ ( ) ] :,, (2 ) [ ( ) ] :,,,, (3 ) [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] :,, (4 ) : ; 8.6.2 1. ( ),,, : : ( ) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] :,, 8-58 (1 ) [ ( ) ] :,, (2 ) [ ] : [( ) ] : ( ), [ ( ) ] :,,, [ ( ) ] : 0.0,, [( ) ] :, (3 ) [ ] :, [ ( ) ] : [ ( ) ] : [ ( ) ] :, [ ( ) ] : 1.0 1.0 [ ( ) ] : - 85 85, [ ],, [ ] 2., 175

-58 % %,, % % % % / 8% % 8 % % % % 45 45 % % 100% % 100 % % % 80% % % 80% % % % %100 8.6.3 1. ( ) : : ( ) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] :,,, ;, 2. ( ), ( ) 3. ( ), : : ( ) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] :,, 176 4. ( ) : : ( ) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] :,,

8.7 ( ),, 8.7.1 ( ),,,,, : : ( ) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] :, 8-59 8-59 1.[ ] : 8-59, : (1 ) [ ( ) ] : [] :.., [ ] : [] :, - (2 ) [ ( ) ] :, (3 ) [ ] : 177

4 ) [ ( ) ] :, (5 ) [ ( ) ] : ( ) (6 ) [ ( ) ] :, (7 ) [ ( ) ] :, (8 ) [ ( ) ] :, (9 ) [( ) ] : 2.[ ] : 8-60, 8-60 (1 ) [ ] :, : [ ] :,,,,, 8-61( ),, ; 8-61( ) [ ] :,, 8-61( ) [ ] :, 8-61( ) (2 ) [ ( ) ] : (3 ) [ ( ) ] :,, 178

8 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 8-61,,,,, [ ] : [ ] :, [ ] :,,, (4 ) [ ] : [ ] : [] :,, 3.[ ] :,,, 4.[ ] : 5.[ ] : 6.[] :, 7.[ ] : 8.[ ] :,, 90, 9.[ ] : : (1 ) [ ] : (2 ) [ ] : 8.7.2 1. ( ) : : 179

[ ( ) ] [ ] [ ( ) ] :, 2. ( ), ( ) 8.8 8.8.1 1., 8-62 (1 ) :, 8-62( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (2 ):, 8-62( ) (3 ):, 8-62( ) (4 ) : ( ), () 8-62( ) (5 ) : 8-62( ) ( ) 2. 2002 (1 ) 11, (2 ) 2002 2002,,, ( ), 3. 2002 8-63, 8.8.2,,, : 1., 8-64 (1 ) [ ] : (2 ) [ ] : (3 ) [ ] : 180

8-62 8-63 (4 ) [ ] :, 8-65 181

- 64 [ ] : [ ] :, [ ] : 8-65 [ ] :, 8-66, (5 ) [ ] :, (6 ) [ ] :, (7 ) [ ] :, 2. 8-66, (1 ) [ ] : [] : [ ] : [ ] : ; ; ; 182 [ ] : (2 ) [ ] : 8-67 [ ] :

8-66 8-67 [ ] : 183

[ ] : (3 ) [ ] : 8-68 8-68 [ ] :,, [ ] : ( ) [ ] : [ ] : (4 ) [ ] :, 8-69 [ ] :, 2,, [ ] : (5 ) [ ] : 8-70 [ ] : [ ] : [ ] : (6 ) [ ] : 8-71 [ ] : ; ; ; ; ; [ ] : 184 8.8.3

8-69 8-70 1. ( ),,, : < > : 185

-71 : [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : (1 ) [ ( ) ] :, (2 ) [ ( ) ] : (3 ) [ ( ) ] : (4 ) [ ( ) ] : (5 ) [ ( ) ] : (6 ) [ ( ) ] :, 2. ( ), 3. ( ), : : [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : (1 ) [ ( ) ] : (2 ) [ ( ) ] : 4. ( ),,, : : [ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : 186

8. ( ),,, 6. ( ),, 0, : < > : : [ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : 7. ( ), : [ ( )/ ( ) ] < > : [ ( )/ ( ) ] < > : [ ( )/ ( ) ] < > : : (,, ) (1 ) [ ( ) ] : (2 ) [ ( ) ] :, 8. ( ),, 9. ( ) 8-72 8-73 8-74 8-72 (1 ) [ ] :,, 8-72 (2 ) [ ] : 8-73 (3 ) [ ] :, 187

-73 8-74 8-74 10. ( ),,, 11. ( ) 12. ( ), : [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] < > : (1 ) [ ( ) ] : (2 ) [ ( ) ] : (3 ) [ ( ) ] : (4 ) [ ( ) ] : 13. ( ),, : [( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : (1 ) [ ( ) ] : (2 ) [ ( ) ] : (3 ) [ ( ) ] : 188

8 4 ) [ ( ) ] : (5 ) [ ( ) ] : 14. ( ),, : [ ( ) ] :,,, 15. ( - ),,, : [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/?] < > : _ (1 ) [ ( ) ] : (2 ) [ ( ) ] : (3 ) [ ( ) ] :, (4 ) [ ( ) ] :, (5 ) [ ( )/?] :, 16. ( ),,,,,,, 17. ( ), : (1 ),, (2 ),, (3 ),, 18. ( ) 19. ( ), ( ) 8.9 8.9.1,, 1. (1 ) ( ) 189

: : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] :,, 8-75 : 8-75 [ ] : [] : [ ] : [] : [ ] : [ ] : [ ] :, (2 ) ( ) : : : 2.,, : (1 )( 2) (3 ) (, )(4 ) (5 ) ( 6) (7 ) ( 8) (9 ) 8.9.2,,,,,, : : : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] :, : 1.[( ) ] : 2.[( ) ] :, 3.[ ] : (1 ) [ ] :, 190

8 2 ) [ ] :,,,,,, [ ] :,, [ ] :, [ ] : ( ), (3 ) [ ] : / (4 ) [ ] : (5 ) [ ] : 4.[ ] :, (1 ) [ ] : (2 ) [ ] :, (3 ) [ ] : [ / ] :, ;, [ ] : [ ] : [ ] : [ ] :, (4 ) [ ] : (5 ) [ ] : (6 ) [ ] : 8.9.3, : : : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] :,,, 8.10,,,,,, 8.10.1 : 1., - 191

),, 8-76( ),, 2., 8-76( ), ; ; 3., :, ( ),, 8-76( ),,, 8-76 8.11.2 1. 8-77 8-77 ; 8-77 ; : : ( ) : [ ( ) ] 8-77 : 2. (1 ) ( ), 192

8 ( ) : [ ( ) ] ( ) : (2 ) ( ), 8-78 8-78 : : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ][ ( ) ] : (3 ) ( ), 8-79 : ( ) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ][ ( ) ] : 3. (1 ) ( ), (), 8-80 : : : [ ( ) ][ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] : 8-79 8-80 (2 ) ( ), 8-81 : : : [ ( ) ][ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] : 193

-81 (3 ) ( ),, 8-82 : : : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] : ( 4) ( ) 8-82, ;,, ; : : ( ) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ][ ( ) ] : (5 ) ( ), 8-83 : 8-83 : ( ) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ][ ( ) ] : (6 ) ( ),,, 194

8-84 : 8-84 : ( ) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] : 4. (1 ) ( ),, : : ( ) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ][ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] :, : [ ( )/ ( )/ ( )/ ( ) ] : [ ( ) ] :,,,, [ ( ) ] : [ ( ) ] : [ ( ) ] (2 ) ( ),,, -, -, - (3 ) ( ), :? ;? ;?, -, -, -,, 8.10.3 1. 8-85, 20, ; 2. (1 ) [ ( ) ][ ( 3) ] [( ) ] 195

-85 (2 ) [ ( ) ] [( ) ] [ ] 90 (3 ) : [ ( ) ] [( ) ] [ ( ) ] 20 1: [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] 1 (4 ) [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] 16 0 (5 ) : 1 : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] 8-86 (6 ) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] 3 2 : [ ( ) ] [][ ] 5 : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] 5-16 0 : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] 3-2 (7 ) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ][ ( ) ] : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] 12 : [ ( ) ] [ ][ ]5 : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] 5-20 0 : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] 2-1 ( 6) ( 7), 8-87 ( 8) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] 4 @ 7, 0 8-86 @0,7 @ - 7, 0 : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] 196

8-87 20 0 : [ ( ) ] [ (3 ) ] [ ( ) ] 3 : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] 8-85 8.10.4 1. (1 ) : [ ( ) ] [( ) ] [ ] 90 (2 ) :,,, [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] 2. (1 ) : [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] 1 () (2 ) : () () ( ) (3 ) : () ( ( 4) [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ] [ ( ) ] [ ( 3) ] [( ) ] 8-88 3. 8-88 ( 1): [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ], (2 ): [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] 197

. (1 ) : [ ( ) ][ ( ) ] * - (2 ): 0 (3 ): (4 ): - * (5 ) :* - 5.,,, 8-89 8-89 198

9,,,, ;,,, 9.1 9.1.1,,, 9-1 (a) ( b ),,, 9-2 ( a) ;, 9-2 ( b), 9-1 9-2 :, 9-2( a) ( b) ;, 9-2 (c) ;, 9-2 ( d) 9.1.2 1.,,,, 2., : dd, 9-3 : d1 D1 : d2 D2, 9-3, 9-3 199

. n, 9-3 (c) ( d), n ; 9-3 4. p s p s : s = np9-3( d ), s 2 : s = 2 p 5.,, 9-4,,,, ;, ;, 9-4 9.1.3,, 200

9. 9-5,, ; ; ;, ; 3/ 4 ; 9-5 (), 0.85 2. 9-6, : ; ; ;, 120, ;, ; 3/ 4 ; 9-6,, 9-6( c) 3., :,, 9-7 : ; 9-7 201

.1.4,,, 9-8 9-8 1. M,,, : ; :, ;, 60, 9-8( a) 2., 30, 9-8 ( c), Tr : ( p ) ; :, LH ; 3., 30, 3, 9-8 ( d), B : ( p ) ; : 4.,,, G Rp Rc R, 55, 9-8( b) : :,,, A B, : G 1/ 2A-LH, 1/ 2, A 5. (1 ): M20-5g6g-S, 5g, 6 g, 20 mm, L( ) N( ) S( ), ( N ),,, ( N ) 202

9 (2 ), 9-1 9-1, 20mm, : 6g M, 20mm, : 7 H ( 1.5mm), 1/ 2 G, A, R c R p R, 1 1 2, R p R T r, 40mm,, 14mm, 7mm, ( LH ) : 7 H S, 32mm,, 6mm, 9.1.5, 9-9, 1.,, 9-2 :, 203

-9 ;, 2.,,,, 9-10( a) ( b) (c) 9-10, 9-119-12 9.1.6,, (1.1 d),,, 1.,,, : (1 ) ; (2 ),, ; 204

9-11 9-12 (3 ),,, 9-13 ( 9-13 (a) ) 9-13,, ;,,, 9-13 ( b ) 9-13( c) 2. L L : L 1 + 2 + h + m + a 1 2 ; m h, (, 205

9-10; a, a(0.20.3) d L,, L, L L 3. 9.1.7,, 1. 9-14 (a) ( b ) (c), ( 1.1d ), ( ) ;,,,,,, 9-14 ( b) 9-12 9-14 (1 ),, ;,, ;, 120,, 45 ;, (2 ) L L : L + L1 ; L1 L (3 ) :, 9.1.8, L,, L,,, 9-15( a) 1. (1 ) L,, ;,,, L, 206

9-15, 2 d, 9-11 L : L=+ h+ m + a L,, LL (2 ) bm bm, : :, bm = d( GB/ T 897-88) ;, bm = 1.25 d( GB/ T898-88 ) 1.5 d ( GB/ T 899-88 ) ;, bm = 2 d( GB/ T 900-88 ) bm + 0.5 d, 0.5 d, 9-11 (3 ), 2. 9-15 :, ;,, 9-15 (a), 9-15( b) 9.1.9,,, 9-16 9-16 207

.2,,, : 1., 9-17( a) 2., 9-17( b) 3., 9-17( c) 9-17,,,, 9.2.1 1. 9-18 9-18 208 (1 ), d ;

9 df (2 ),,, d (3 ) p s,, p,, s,, e, s= e = p/ 2, p = s + e (4 ) hha hf, h, h, hf h = h+ hf (5 ) m z, = zp = d, d = ( p/ )z m = p/ ; d = mz,,,,,,,,,,, 9-2 9-2 (GB1357-87) 1 1.25 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 16 20 25 32 40 50 1.75 2.25 2.75 (3.25) 3.5 ( 3.75) 4.5 5.5 (6.5) 7 9 ( 11) 14 18 22 28 36 45 (6 ) P ( ) ( P ), (7 )i n1 ( r/ min) n2 ( r/ min),, n1/ n2 : i = n1/ n2 = z2/ z1 (8 ),, = ( d1 + d2 )/ 2 = m( z1 + z2 )/ 2 2.,,, 9-3 9-3 d d = m( z + 2) d f d f = m( z - 2.5) d d = mz p P =m e e =m/ 2 h h = m h g h g = 1.25 m = ( d 1 + d 2 )/ 2 = m( z 1 + z 2 )/ 2 209

. (1 ) 9-19, GB4459.2-84, ; ; ( ), 9-19 (a),,,,, 9-19( b),, 9-19( c) ( d ) 9-19 (2 ), 9-20, :,, 9-20 (a),, 9-20 ( b) ;,,,,,, 9-20(a),,,, 9-20(c) ( d) (e) 9-20 9.2.2,,,,, 9-21 210

9-21 m z : h= m, hf = 1.2 m, h = 2.2 m; d = m z, d= m( z + 2cos ), df = m( z - 2.4cos ), 9-22 9-22 9.3,, 9.3.1 1.,,, 9-23,, ;,, ;, ;, 2. : ; 211

; 9.3.2-23,,,,,,,, 9-4 9-4 60000 GB/ T 276-1994 30000 GB/ T 297-1994 50000 GB/ T 301-1995 212

9,,,,, 9.4 9.4.1,, 9-24 9-24 1., 9-5 9-5 b = 12mm, h = 8mm,L = 30mm : 1230 GB/ T 1096-1979 b = 6mm, d = 25mm : 625 GB/ T 1099-1979 b = 16mm, h = 10mm, L = 100mm : 16100 GB/ T 1565-1979 213

.,,, 9-25 (a) ( b ), 9-26 (a) ( b),,,,,,, 9-25( c), 9-26( c) 9-25 9-26 214

9 b, t, t1, 9.4.2, 9-27,,, 9-27 1., 9-6,, ; (), 9-6 d = 12mm, m6, l = 30mm : GB/ T 119.1 12 m630 d = 10mm, l = 70mm : GB/ T 117 A1070 d = 5mm, l = 50mm : GB/ T 91 550 2.,,,,, 9-28 9.4.3, 215

-28, ( 9-29 ( a) ( b) ( c) ) ( 9-29 ( d ) ) 9-29 1. ( 9-30) d D D1, D1 = D - 2 d D2, D2 = ( D + D1 )/ 2 = D - d = D1 + d n2, n,, n1 t, H0 L, 2., 9-30 : (1 ), (2 ) 4, 12,, 216

9-30 (3 );,, (4 ),,, 9-31( a) ;, 2mm,, 9-31 ( b), 9-31 (c) 9-31 9.5 Auto CAD 9-32 (a) 20 25, 1.1 d AutoCAD : ) Command: copy Select objects: ( ) Specify base point of displacement or [ Multiple] : (,, 9-32( b ) ; Command: copy Select objects: ( ) 217

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;,, 10.2.1,,, : 1. ; 2. 10-2, ;,,,,, 10-2 10.2.2 1.,,,,, 10-3( a),,, C, 10-3 ( b) 2.,, 10-4 (a),,,, ( ),, 10-4 (c),, 10-4 ( b ) 10.2.3 1. ( ), 10-5 A 220

10 0-3 10-4 10-5 2. 10-6( a),,,, 10-6( b ) 10-6 221

. 10-1,,, 10-1 10.3,, : 1. 2. 3. 10.3.1 1.,,,,,,,,,,, 2., Ra l( ), y( ) Ra 10-2 222

10 10-2 Ra l, ln Ra (m) l ( mm) l n ( l n = 5 l) ( mm) 0.0080.02 0.08 0.4 > 0.020.1 0.25 1.25 > 0.10.2 0.8 4.0 > 2.010.0 2.5 12.5 > 10.080.0 8.0 40.0, R z()ry( ) 3. (1 ) 10-8 10-8 10-3 10-3,,,, Ra 3.2m, Ra 3.2m, Ra 3.2m, Ra 3.2m, 1.6m (2 ) 10-9,,,, 1.4,,, 10-10,,, 10-11 ( a) ;,,, 10-11( b ) (), 10-12 (a), 223

0-9 10-10 (),, 10-12 ( b), ( ), 10-12( c) 10-11 224 10-12 ( )

10 0.3.2 1. 1),,,,,,, 2),,,,,,, 10-13 (a) 400.010, :,,, 10-13 40 :, 40.010; 39.990 10-13, ( ) : : = - = -, ES EI, es ei 10-13 ES = 40.010-40 = + 0.010, EI = 39.990-40 = - 0.010 = (40.010) - (39.990) = 0.020 : = ( 0.010) - ( - 0.010 ) = 0.020, () :,, 10-13 ( a), 10-13 ( b ),,,,, 10-13 ( b) :,,,,, 20 IT01 IT0 IT1 IT18IT, IT01,, IT18,,, :, 10-14 28,, ah, jzc AH, JZC 225

0-14 :,60H8 : 60 f 7 : 3),, :,, :, ( ), 10-15 (a), :, ( ), 10-15 ( b ), :,, 10-15 (c),, : 226

10 0-15 :,,,,, 10-16( a),, > 0,H :,,,,, 10-16( b ),,,h 10-16 2. 1),,,,,, H8/ h7 10-4 227

10-4 IT5 IT6( ) IT7( ) IT8 IT9 IT10IT12,, 2) : 10-17 (a) 10-17 a), 10-17 ( b) b), 10-18 c), 10-19 10-18, 10-19, 10.4 10.4.1,,, ;, ;,,, : ( ), :,, 228

10,,, :,, 10.4.2,,, 1., (1 ) 10-20, 10-20,,, ;,,, 10-20,, (2 ),, 10-20 Ra6.3 ( ), (), 229

3 ) ;,,, ;, 14 0-0.01 1 11 0 0.0 11,, 2., (1 ),,, (2 ), 10-21, 20 5, 12,, (3 ),,,, 32 H8,16 H7,55g6 10-21 3., (1 ) 230

10,,,, ( ) 10-22, 10-22,,,, 10-22 A, (2 ), 10-17 80 40 0 + 0.03 9 8044 80, 70 5 30 4025 50 120 (3 ),, 400 + 0.039 4., (1 ),,, 10-23,, A- A, B-B, C, 231

0-23,,,, 30 H7,12 M6 48H7 30 H7, 4 16 4 7, T, 128, 12 ;, M6 ( 30 ), 20,12, 12 C : 7, 14, (2 ), 10-23,,, ( ),, 30 H7 M6 22, 30h7 20 25 (3 ),, 30 H748H7 ;, 30 H748 H7, H7 :, ; R1R3 232

10 0.5 10.5.1, : 1. ; 2., ; 3. 10.5.2 1., 2.,,, ;, 3., 4.,,, 10.5.3 10-24,, H T200,,,,, A-A,,,, A-A ; (42H7, 48mm) ; 100 mm, ; ( 75mm ) (2M10 ), D-D B,,,, B, 52H7 ;, 55mm, 38H7 ( ), 22 mm; R28mm R22mm 1/ 4, ; 6 mm, 1/ 4 ( R31mm, R37 mm) A-A,,, A-A,,, 71.5 JS11, 42H7 38 H7, 52 H7 233

10,, 10.6 10.6.1,,, ( ), ( ),, :,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 10-5 10-5, L1 ( 94 ) L2 ( 13) L3 (28 ), d ( 14), p = 1.5, d a, m= d a / ( z + 2 ) d = 2e + d, 235

X = A - B,, Y = C - D ( ), A = L + d ( ), 50 A 1 = L 1 + 0. 5 D,18 A 2 = L 2 + 0.5 d,,, 68 R8 R4 3. 5 10.6.2 (1 ),, 10-25 10-25 236

10 10-27,,, 10-26 10-26 10-27 (2 ),,, 10-28 ( a),,, 10-28 ( b ),, 10-28 (3 ),,, 10-29 10-29 10.6.3 1), 10-30 2),,, 237

10-31 10-32 10-30 10-31 10-32 3),, 10-33 10-33 4),,,, 10-34 10-34 10.7 AutoCAD Auto CAD Auto CAD, Auto CAD, Auto CAD, 10-35, Auto CAD 238

10 0-35 1., 1: 1, 594420 A2, LIMI TS,, ZOOM ALL, 10-36 10-36 A2 2., a.,, 10-37 b.,, MIRROR, 10-38 a., XLINE,, A, 10-39 b., T RIM, 10-40 a.,, 10-41 b. 10-42,, 10-42, 239

0-37 10-38 10-39, H AT CH,,,, MOVE, 10-43 3.,,,10-43 240

10 0-40 10-41 10-42 241

0-43 242

11 1 11.1 (),,,,,,,,, 11-1, 11-2 4, 11-2, ; 90, 12 13 1, 2, 6, 3 9 10 11-1 11-2, 1. : ( ) 7,,,,, 11-2, (, ) 2. : ( ),,, 3. : 4. : 243

1-2 11.2 11. 2. 1,, 11-2 1. ( ) :,, 11-2 20 2. :,, 11-2 50 H11/ h11 3. :, 11-2 : 84 54M362 4. :,,, 11-2 11.51.100, 75 121.5 244 5. :, 11-2

11 60,,,,, 11. 2. 2,, 1. :, ( ), (),,,,,, 11-3 11-3 2. :, ;,,, 11-3 (c) 3.,, 11-3 ( d) 4. (), 5. ( ), 11. 2. 3, 11-2,,,, A4 11. 3, 11. 3. 1 1., 11-4 ( 1 )(2 ),,, 11-4 (3 ) 2.,,, 11-4 245

.,,, 11-4 (5 ),,, 11-4 11. 3. 2 1.,, 11-13 ( B-B ), 11-2 2. (),, 11-2, 3.,,,,,, 11-4 (4 ) 4.,,,,,, 11-4 ( 8) 11. 4 11. 4. 1,, 11-2,, 11-6, 11-7,, 1. (11-1 ) (11-5 ),, 246

11 1-5 2. (),,,, :, ;, (1 ),,,,,,, 11-2, (2 ), 11-2,,, ;, B- B, 3.,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,,, 11-6 11-7 11-8,,,,,,,,,, 11-2 247

1-6 ( ) 248

11 1-7 () 249

11 1. 4. 2 1. (1 ),, 11-9 11-9 (2 ),, 11-10 11-10 2. (1 ),,, 11-11 11-11 (2 ),,, 11-12 251

1-12 11. 5,,,, 11. 5. 1 1. (1 ),,, (2 ),,, (3 ), 2.,,,,, 3.,,, 4.,,,,,,,,,, 11. 5. 2 11-1 1. 11-13,, ( ), : 11,,, 1 7 6 :, ; 118 85 95, 252

11

. 7, 3 4, 18 5, 2 4, 6 9 10 11 34 4 ( ), 3, 11-14,,,,, 3., 11-13, 34 16 H7/ h6, : 160 + 0.018 ; 16 0-0.011, = 0.018 - ( - 0.011) = 0.029, = 0-0 = 0 34.5 H8/ f7 28.760.016, G3/ 8 70, 4. ( 8 ) : 4, 3,, 11 10 9 :,,,,,, 11-15 (a),,,,,,, 11-15( b ) 11-14 (a) ( b) 11-15 254

11 1-16, 11-16 11-2 1. 11-17 : 8,, 2. 1, 6 5, 6 4 6, 4 3 2 5 7 1 8 6 5 6 ( ),, M222, 5, 1, 18 255

11 7 3.,, 1 5 18 H9/ f9, : 180 + 0.043-0.0 16, 18-0.0 59, = 0.043 - ( - 0.059) = 0.102, = 0 - ( - 0.016) = 0.016 6565, 4545 M222 4. ( 1 ) : 1 5, 8, 7 : 1 4, 6 :,,,,,, 11-18( a),, 11-18 ( b) 11-18 11-19, 11-20,, 11-19 257

1-20 11. 6 AutoCAD, Auto CAD,,,, 11. 6. 1, 11. 6. 2 11-2, 1.,,, WBLOCK,,,, 2. 11-8 258

11 1 ),, (2 ) Command: INSER T Block name( or?) : 01 Insertion point : () X scale factor < 1 > Corner/ xyz: y scale factor ( default = x) : Rota tion angle < 0 > : (3 ) Command: INSER T Block name( or?) : 02 Insertion point : () X scale factor < 1 > Corner/ xyz: y scale factor ( default = x) : Rota tion angle < 0 > : (4 ) (5 ) (6 ), (7 ), 11-2 259

2,,,,,, 12.1 12.1.1 GB324-88 GB986-88, : T, 12-1, 12-1 12-1 12.1.2 GB/ T324-88, 1. 12-1 12-1 I V V 260

12 2., 12-2 12-2 V ( ) X 3., 12-3 12-3 V, 4 261

. (, ), 12-2( a), 12-2 ( b ) 12-2, 5. (1 ),, 12-3( a) (2 ),, 12-3 ( b ) 12-3 (3 ),, 12-4 12-4 6., 12-5 12-4 12-5 262

12 2-4 n e b l p K H d N 12.1.3 1. (1 ),, 12-6 (a) ( b) ( c) ( e) ( f) 12-6 (2 ), 12-6( a) (3 ), (, ), 12-6 ( b ) ( c) ( d ), 12-6 (e) (f), 2. 12-5 12-5 V ; ; b; 263

, n T n ; l ; e ; K ; ;4 4 ; ; K ; ; V d ; ; e ; n n ; L 12.2 12-7, 3 : 1, ; 2, ; 3,,, 1 3, 5mm,, 5mm, 3 2, 5mm 12-7,,,, 264

12 2-7 265

3 13.1 20 60,,, CAD,,, 20 70,, 1978 (David Gossard) CAD, CAD,, 20 80,,, 13.2 13.2.1 N, : 1. (UC) 2. ( MC),, 3. (VC) 266

13. (NDC) 5. (DC) [0,0,0 ][ 1, 1, 1] ( )DC { x, y, z} n + 1 n,,, 13.2.2, : 1. 13-1, 16 24 10, 13-2 13-1 13-2 2.,, x y z, 2 n, :, F ;, E ;, P P, 13-3 13-4 13-3 13-4 267

3.3 13.3.1 R 3 : ; ; : n, 13.3.2,,,,,,,,,, ( V )( E) ( F ),, 13-5 13-5 13.4, 13.4.1 CAD/ CAM 13-6, ( v1, v2,, v8 )12 (e1, e2,, e12 ),,, 268

13, 13-6 13.4.2,,, 13.4.3 13-7, ; ; 13-7 13.5 13.5.1 (CSG), CSG, () 13-8 (a), 13-8( b),, 13.5.2,, 13-9,, 269

3-8 CSG 13-9,, 13-9 e e p1 p2 e,, e, e,,, Sweep 1. Sweep :,, 13-10 Sweep, 13-11 Sweep, 13-12 Sweep 13-10 Sweep 270

13 3-11 Sweep 13-12 Sweep 2. : : v - e + f - r = 2( s - h) : v ; e ; f ; r ; s ; h 271

() (GB/ T193-81 GB/ T196-81) 24mm, 1. 5mm,: M241. 5 1 D d P D d P D1 d1 D1 d1 3 0.5 3.5 ( 0.6) 0.35 2.459 2.850 22 2.5 24 3 2,1.5,1, (0.75 ), ( 0.5) 2, 1.5,1, (0.75 ) 19.294 20.752 4 0.7 4.5 ( 0.75) 0.5 3.242 3.688 27 3 2, 1.5,1, (0.75 ) 23.752 5 0.8 4.134 30 3.5 (3 ), 2,1.5,1, (0.75 ) 26.211 6 1 0.75, ( 0.5 ) 4.917 33 3.5 (3),2,1.5, (1), (0.75) 29.211 8 1.25 10 1.5 1, 0.75, (0.5) 1.25, 1, 0.75, (0.5) 6.647 8.376 36 4 39 4 3,2,1.5, ( 1) 31.670 34.670 12 1.75 1.5, 1.25, 1, (0.75), (0.5 ) 10.106 42 4.5 37.129 14 2 16 2 1.5, (1.25) *, 1, (0.75), (0.5) 1.5, 1, (0.75), (0.5 ) 11.835 13.835 45 4.5 48 5 (4),3,2,1.5, ( 1) 40.129 42.587 18 2.5 20 2.5 2, 1.5, 1, ( 0.75), (0.5) 15.294 17.294 52 5 56 5.5 4,3, 2,1.5, (1 ) 46.587 50.046 : 1. 2. D d 3. * M141. 25 4. D 2 d 2 272

2 mm P D 1 d 1 P D 1 d 1 P D 1 d 1 0.35 d - 1 + 0.621 1 d - 2 + 0.917 2 d - 3 + 0.835 0.5 d - 1 + 0.459 1.25 d - 2 + 0.647 3 d - 4 + 0.752 0.75 d - 1 + 0.188 1.5 d - 2 + 0.376 4 d - 5 + 0.670 : D1 = d1 = d - 2(5/ 8 ) HH = ( 3/ 2) P () (GB/ T 7307-87 ) 11/ 2 : G11/ 2-L H ( ) 11/ 2 A : G11/ 2 A 11/ 2B : G11/ 2B : G1 (1/ 2)/ G1 (1/ 2) A 3 mm 25. 4mm n P h r d = D d2 = D2 d1 = D1 1/ 16 28 0.907 0.581 0.125 7.723 7.142 6.561 1/ 8 28 0.907 0.581 0.125 9.728 9.147 8.566 1/ 4 19 1.337 0.856 0.184 13.157 12.301 11.445 3/ 8 19 1.337 0.856 0.184 16.662 15.806 14.950 1/ 2 14 1.814 1.162 0.249 20.955 19.793 18.631 5/ 8 14 1.814 1.162 0.249 22.911 21.749 20.587 3/ 4 14 1.814 1.162 0.249 26.441 25.279 24.117 7/ 8 14 1.814 1.162 0.249 30.201 29.039 27.877 1 11 2.309 1.479 0.317 33.249 31.770 30.291 11/ 3 11 2.309 1.479 0.317 37.897 36.418 34.939 11/ 2 11 2.309 1.479 0.317 41.910 40.431 39.952 12/ 3 11 2.309 1.479 0.317 47.803 46.324 44.845 13/ 4 11 2.309 1.479 0.317 53.746 52.267 50.788 2 11 2.309 1.479 0.317 59.614 58.135 56.656 21/ 4 11 2.309 1.479 0.317 65.710 64.231 62.752 21/ 2 11 2.309 1.479 0.317 75.184 73.705 72.226 23/ 4 11 2.309 1.479 0.317 81.534 80.055 78.576 3 11 2.309 1.479 0.317 87.884 86.405 84.926 31/ 2 11 2.309 1.479 0.317 100.330 98.851 97.372 4 11 2.309 1.479 0.317 113.030 111.551 110.072 41/ 2 11 2.309 1.479 0.317 125.730 124.251 122.772 273

5. 4mm n P h r d = D d 2 = D 2 d 1 = D 1 5 11 2.309 1.479 0.317 138.430 136.951 135.472 51/ 2 11 2.309 1.479 0.317 151.130 149.651 148.172 6 11 2.309 1.479 0.317 163.830 162.351 160.872 : ( ) (GB/ T 5796.2-86 GB/ T 5796. 3-86) 40mm, 7mm : Tr4014 ( P7) L H 4 P d 2 = D 2 D 4 d 3 D 1 P d 2 = D 2 D 4 d 3 D 1 8 1.5 7.25 8.30 6.20 6.50 3 24.50 26.50 22.50 23.00 9 1.5 8.25 9.30 7.20 7.50 2 8.00 9.50 6.50 7.00 26 5 23.50 26.50 20.50 21.00 8 22.00 27.00 17.00 18.00 10 1.5 9.25 10.30 8.20 8.50 2 9.00 10.50 7.50 8.00 28 3 26.50 28.50 24.50 25.00 5 25.50 28.50 22.50 23.00 11 2 10.00 11.50 8.50 9.00 3 9.50 11.50 7.50 8.00 8 24.00 29.00 19.00 20.00 3 28.50 30.50 26.50 29.00 12 2 11.00 12.50 9.50 10.00 3 10.50 12.50 8.50 9.00 30 6 27.00 31.00 23.00 24.00 10 25.00 31.00 19.00 20.50 14 2 13.00 14.50 11.50 12.00 3 12.50 14.50 10.50 11.00 32 3 30.50 32.50 28.50 29.00 6 29.00 33.00 25.00 26.00 16 2 15.00 16.50 13.50 14.00 4 14.00 16.50 11.50 12.00 10 27.00 33.00 21.00 22.00 3 32.50 34.50 30.50 31.00 18 2 17.00 18.50 15.50 16.00 4 16.00 18.50 13.50 14.00 34 6 31.00 35.00 27.00 28.00 10 29.00 35.00 23.00 24.00 20 2 19.00 20.50 17.50 18.00 4 18.00 20.50 15.50 16.00 36 3 34.50 36.50 32.50 33.00 6 33.00 37.00 29.00 30.00 3 20.50 22.50 18.50 19.00 10 31.00 37.00 25.00 26.00 24 22 5 19.50 22.50 16.50 17.00 8 18.00 23.00 13.00 14.00 3 22.50 24.50 20.50 21.00 5 21.50 24.50 18.50 19.00 8 20.00 25.00 15.00 16.00 40 38 3 36.50 38.50 34.50 35.00 7 34.50 39.00 30.00 31.00 10 33.00 39.00 27.00 28.00 3 38.50 40.50 36.50 37.00 7 36.50 41.00 32.00 33.00 10 35.00 41.00 29.00 30.00 274

) d = M5 l = 20mm4. 8, : GB 65-85 M520 5 mm d M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 a max 1 1.4 1.6 2 2.5 3 b max 25 38 38 38 38 38 x max 1.25 1.75 2 2.5 3.2 3.8 n 0.8 1.2 1.2 1.6 2 2.5 GB 65-86 GB 67-85 GB 65-85 GB 67-85 d k K t d k K t max - 7 8.5 10 13 16 min - 6.76 8.28 9.78 12.73 15.73 max - 2.6 3.3 3.9 5 6 min - 2.45 3.1 3.6 4.7 5.7 min - 1.1 1.3 1.6 2 2.4 max 5.6 8.9.5 12 16 20 min 5.3 7.64 9.14 11.57 15.57 19.48 max 1.8 2.4 3 3.6 4.8 6 min 1.6 2.2 2.8 3.3 4.5 5.7 min 0.7 1 1.2 1.4 1.9 2.4 r min 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.25 0.4 0.4 d a max 3.6 4.7 5.7 6.8 9.2 11.2 1 b 430 1 - a 540 1 - a 640 1 - a 4550 b 840 1 - a 4560 b 1040 1 - a 4580 b 1240 1 - a 4580 b : 1. ( 430 )/ ( 1 - a), 2. :4,5,6,8,10, 12, (14),16,20,25,30,35, 40,45,50, ( 55 ), 60, (65), 70, ( 75 ), 80 3. d a 275

d M5, l = 20mm,4. 8,: GB 68-85 M520 6 mm d M1.6 M2 M2.5 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 P 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.7 0.8 1 1.25 1.5 a max 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.4 1.6 2 2.5 3 b min 25 38 max 3.6 4.4 5.5 6.3 9.4 10.4 12.6 17.3 20 d k max min 3 3.8 4.7 5.5 8.4 9.3 11.3 15.8 18.3 2.7 3.5 4.4 5.2 8 8.9 10.9 15.4 17.8 k max 1 1.2 1.5 1.65 2.7 2.7 3.3 4.65 5 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.2 1.6 2 2.5 n min 0.46 0.56 0.66 0.86 1.25 1.26 1.66 2.06 2.56 max 0.6 0.7 0.8 1 1.51 1.51 1.91 2.31 2.81 r max 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1 1.3 1.5 2 2.5 X max 0.9 1 1.1 1.25 1.75 2 2.5 3.2 3.8 f 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 1 1.2 1.4 2 2.3 r f 3 4 5 6 9.5 9.5 12 16.5 19.5 t max min GB68-85 0.5 0.6 0.75 0.85 1.3 1.4 1.6 2.3 2.6 GB69-85 0.8 1 1.2 1.45 1.9 2.4 2.8 3.7 4.4 GB68-85 0.32 0.4 0.5 0.6 1 1.1 1.2 1.8 2 GB69-85 0.64 0.8 1 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 3.2 3.8 1 ( ) 1( ) 2.516 320 425 530 640 850 860 1080 1280 2.5,3, 4,5,6,8, 10,12, (14),16,20,25,30, 35,40,45,50, ( 55), 60, ( 65 ),70, ( 75 ),80 : 1. P 2. 130mm,d M1. 6M3, ; 145mm, M4 M10 [ b = 1 - ( k + a) ] 3. 276