II III V VI ABSTRACT VII 1 3 7 11 17 26 30 53 75 I
1 26 2 28 3 28 4 28 5 29 II
1 IUCN 4 2 30 3 30 4 () () 31 5 () () () () 31 6 () () 32 7 () () 32 8 () () () 33 9 () () () 33 10 () () () 34 11 () () 34 12 () () 35 13 () () 35 14 () () 36 15 () () () 36 16 () () () 37 17 () () () 37 18 () () 38 19 () () () 38 20 () () () 39 21 () () 39 22 () () () 40 23 () () () 40 III
24 () () () 41 25 () () 41 26 () () 42 27 () () () 42 28 () () () 43 29 () () () 43 30 () () 44 31 () () 44 32 () () () 45 33 () () 45 34 () () () 46 35 () () 46 36 () () () 47 37 () () 47 38 () () 48 39 () () () 48 40 () () () 49 41 () () () 49 42 () () () 50 43 () () () 50 44 () () 51 45 () () () 51 46 () () () 52 IV
1 53 2 59 3 62 4 p32 64 5 p34 65 6 67 7 70 V
VI 70 6 131 41 77 IUCN
An Inventory in Biodiversity of Aquatic Plants in Kenting National Park ABSTRACT ABSTRACT The aim of the project is to inventory plant species for a more accurate picture of the diversity of these species and their distribution in the range of the Kenting National Park. Investigation of fresh water plants was made by their habitat, and that of those marine plants by survey and diving along coastal areas. Totally, 70 plots were sampled and inventoried for the plants in fresh water, and 6 plots for those in marine water. There were 131 plant species recorded, belonging to 77 genera of 41 families. In all fresh water areas, Echinocnloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv. and Panicum repens L. are the most dominant species; and, in marine water areas, Halodule uninervis (Forsk.) Ascherson is the dominant species and Halophila decipiens Ostenfield is the least subordinate species. Evaluation of plant rarity based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Red List Categories and Critaria, Halophila decipiens, Acrostichum aureum L., Fuirena ciliaris (L.) Roxb., Eleocharis acutangula (Roxb.) Schultes, and Rotala wallichii (Hook. f.) Koehne are ranked as endangered species, while Thalassia hemcprechii (Ehrenb.) Ascherson as vulnerable species. The habitats of the all aquatic plants are classified into 7 types, namely, pond, rice and abandoned fields, marsh and lake, stream and river, estuary, sea and the other. The emergent plants are the most of life forms in the all aquatics. The Longluan Lake and the lakes in the Nanrenshan Ecological Protected Areas have higher diversity in aquatic species. The factors which affect the diversity are discussed. The results are expected to provide the reference to the management of aquatic plant diversity for the Kenting National Park. Keywords: Aquatic plants, Diversity, Distribution, Kenting National Park VII
(Cronk & Fennessy, 2001) 1972 12 1985 119 Monochoria korsakowii 1985 7 26 2003 62 1
1985 1995 2001 2004 2
TWD Flora of Taiwan 1 2 70 3
IUCN 2000 3 1 1 IUCN IUCN, 2000 (1) Emergent-leaf (2) Floating-leaf (3) Submerged-leaf Anchoring-plant Suspended-plant (4) 4
Floating-plant 5
6
1 2 2 3 70 6 3 609 6 7 21 49 14 75 41 131 127 4 6 5 1 4 1 30 7
4-46 5 1 IUCN2000 Endangered, EN Vulnerable, VU 1999 1997 1 (1) 8
Emergent-leaf, E (2) Floating-leaf, F (3) Submerged-leaf Anchoring-plant, A Suspended-plant, S (4) Floating-plant, FP 131 117 3 11 1 2 9
10
1972 1985 119 56 54 Monochoria korsakowii Monochoria vaginalis 2003 61 (1) 11
2002 (2) 12
70 9 11 (1) (2) 13
10 7 4 ( 2004) (3) (4) 14
2-5 (5) 15
16
1. Utricularia gibba L. 1-3 1-3 3-4 mm 17
2. Cuphea cartagenensis (Jacq.) Macbrid 6 3. Rotala wallichii (Hook. f.) Koehne 4-6 4. Nymphoides coreana (Lev.) Hara 2-8 cm 1-10 cm 8 mm4-5 1 mm 18
5. Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara 0.4-7 cm 5 5 6. Limnophila aromatica (Lam.) Merr. 3 5 2 3 7. Limnophila rugosa (Roth) Merr. 30-60 cm 19
8. Cyperus alternifolius L. subsp. flabelliformis (Rottb.) K k. 50-150 cm 4-10 3-8 mm 9. Eleocharis acutangula (Boxb.) Schultes 30-70 cm Eleocharis dulcis (Brurm. f.) Trinius ex Henschel var. tuberosa (Roxb.) T. Koyama) 10. Fuirena ciliaris (L.) Roxb. 10-50 cm 11. Eriocaulon truncatum Buch.-Ham. ex Mart. 20
3-4 mm 12. Zannichellia palustris L. 1 1 mm 1 0.6-0. 7 mm 1 3-4 15 13. Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f. ) (Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms) 21
14. ( ) Najas browniana Rendle 1 1 15. ( ) Acrostichum aureum L 2m 1 22
1. Halodule uninervis (Forsk.) Aschers. 6-24 1-2.5 2.2 23
2. Halophila ovalis (R. Brown) Hook. f. 9-22 12-18 3. Halophila decipiens Ostenfield 10-22 6-9 1.1-1.5 1.4 Mok, et al., 1993 4. Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb.) Aschers 24
6-19 7-11 3-6 2-4 6-12 2 25
1 TWD67 x y p01 234558 2443236 8 p02 234509 2443174 12 p03 234552 2443255 14 p04 221443 2426669 1 p05 235205 2443312 11 p06 235372 2443353 5 p07 235522 2443458 29 p08 235651 2443774 10 p09 235004 2443304 8 p10 235664 2443601 12 p11 234803 2443000 22 p12 222023 2430474 18 p13 223433 2431009 25 p14 223900 2430450 10 p15 222400 2431000 28 p16 222700 2430900 19 p17 221290 2430741 13 158 p18 219767 2428585 4 p19 221537 2425519 0 p20 221558 2425489 5 p21 221413 2425472 3 p22 220026 2428653 0 p23 220666 2426263 0 p24 234597 2439335 0 p25 232876 2437482 12 p26 232159 2436858 3 p27 232918 2432555 7 p28 232849 2432255 6 p29 233492 2424924 1 p30 233433 2424929 3 p31 230579 2426898 3 p32 230927 2428827 9 p33 231087 2428863 4 p34 230507 2429179 18 p35 230739 2434967 1 26
1 () TWD67 x y p36 230823 2435192 2 p37 231149 2434635 3 p38 232553 2428881 5 p39 221549 2427172 13 p40 222218 2429869 16 p41 231446 2429981 6 p42 231714 2430061 5 p43 231811 2430344 3 p44 232247 2429939 23 p45 232155 2429816 17 p46 232116 2429712 4 p47 232073 2429247 19 p48 237871 2436957 8 p49 238163 2437252 5 p50 238239 2437261 1 p51 238354 2437317 17 p52 238621 2437531 7 p53 236525 2435265 4 p54 228832 2432596 0 p55 223915 2430467 4 p56 221646 2431735 12 p57 236149 2433767 8 p58 232634 2426870 0 p59 230748 2426698 0 p60 227960 2428016 0 p61 227151 2428477 11 p62 221399 2426972 19 p63 229295 2434311 24 p64 229238 2433321 5 p65 230339 2433230 19 p66 232696 2442426 3 p67 232143 2442683 2 p68 218221 2438410 11 p69 220343 2439800 0 2 p70 220258 2439622 7 27
2 TWD67 x y s1 217803 2438356 2 s2 218637 2433473 1 s3 222953 2426998 1 s4 223059 2428283 2 s5 223654 2428709 2 s6 225203 2428996 2 3 6 7 7 21 31 49 14 39 75 41 77 131 4 36 2 1 16 2 1 8 2 1 5 2 1 5 1 1 5 1 1 5 1 1 4 1 1 4 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 28
5 117 3 11 1 2 29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
1: E: F: A: S: FP: 70 PTERIDOPHYTA ADIANTACEAE Acrostichum aureum L. < E ; 2.86 > DENNSTAEDTIACEAE Microlepia speluncae (L.) Moore < E ; 1.43 > EQUISETACEAE Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. < E ; 1.43 > MARSILEACEAE Marsilea minuta L. < E,F ; 2.86 > PARKERIACEAE Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn. < E ; 4.29 > THELYPTERIDACEAE Christella acuminata (Houtt.) L'ev. < E ; 1.43 > Cyclosorus acuminatus (Houtt.) Nakai ex H. Ito ( ) < E ; 2.86 > DICOTYLEDON AMARANTHACEAE Alternanthera paronychioides St. Hil. < E ; 8.57 > Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Brown < E ; 32.86 > CAMPANULACEAE Lobelia alsinoides Lam. subsp. hancei (Hara) Lammers < E ; 1.43 > Lobelia chinensis Lour. ( ) < E ; 4.29 > 53
Lobelia zeylanica L. < E ; 1.43 > CARYOPHYLLACEAE Drymaria diandra Bl. < E ; 4.29 > COMPOSITAE=ASTERACEAE Aster subulatus Michaux < E ; 24.29 > Centipeda minima (L.) A. Braun & Ascherson ( ) < E ; 4.29 > Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. < E ; 24.29 > Grangea maderaspatana (L.) Poir. < E ; 5.71 > Soliva anthemifolia (Juss.) R. Brown ex Less. < E ; 1.43 > CONVOLVULACEAE Dichondra micrantha Urban < E ; 1.43 > Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. ( ) < E ; 4.29 > CRUCIFERAE=BRASSICACEAE Rorippa globosa (Turcz.) Vass. < E ; 4.29 > EUPHORBIACEAE Homonoia riparia Lour. < F ; 1.43 > GENTIANACEAE Nymphoides coreana (H. Lév.) H. Hara < F ; 4.29 > GUTTIFERAE=CLUSIACEAE Hypericum japonicum Thunb. ex Murray ( ) < E ; 4.29 > LENTIBULARIACEAE Utricularia gibba L. < E,S ; 1.43 > LYTHRACEAE Ammannia autculata Willd. < E ; 1.43 > Ammannia baccifera L. < E ; 5.71 > Ammannia multiflora Roxb. < E ; 2.86 > Cuphea cartagenesis (Jacq.) Macbrids < E ; 12.86 > Rotala wallichii (Hook. f.) Koehne < E,A ; 2.86 > MOLLUGINACEAE Glinus lotoides L. < E ; 2.86 > NYMPHAEACEAE Nymphaea lotus L. < F ; 2.86 > ONAGRACEAE Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara < E ; 5.71 > Ludwigia epilobioides Maxim. < E ; 2.86 > 54
Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G. Don) Exell < E ; 10 > Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven < E ; 27.14 > POLYGONACEAE Polygonum barbatum L. < E ; 20 > Polygonum dichotomum Bl. < E ; 10 > Polygonum glabrum Willd. < E ; 4.29 > Polygonum kawagoeanum Makino < E ; 1.43 > Polygonum lanatum Roxb. < E ; 11.43 > Polygonum lapathifolium L. < E ; 4.29 > Polygonum plebeium R. Brown ( ) < E ; 4.29 > Polygonum tomentosum Willd. < E ; 4.29 > RUBIACEAE Dentella repens (L.) J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. < E ; 10 > Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lam. ( ) < E ; 5.71 > Hedyotis tenelliflora Blume ( ) < E ; 7.14 > SALICACEAE Salix kusanoi (Hayata) Schneider < E ; 1.43 > SCROPHULARIACEAE Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. ( ) < E ; 4.29 > Limnophila aromatica (Lam.) Merr. < E ; 10 > Limnophila rugosa (Roth) Merr. ( ) < E ; 2.86 > Lindernia anagallis (Burm. f.) Pennell < E ; 14.29 > Lindernia antipoda (L.) Alston < E ; 8.57 > SPHENOCLEACEAE Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn. < E ; 1.43 > UMBELLIFERAE=APIACEAE Hydrocotyle batrachium Hance < E ; 5.71 > VERBENACEAE Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene ( ) < E ; 14.29 > MONCOTYLEDON ALISMATACEAE Sagittaria trifolia L. ( ) < E ; 2.86 > ARACEAE Acorus calamus L. < E ; 1.43 > 55
COMMELINACEAE Commelina communis L. < E ; 27.14 > Murdannia keisak (Hassk.) Hand.-Mazz. < E ; 2.86 > CYPERACEAE Bolboschoenus sp. < E ; 2.86 > Cyperus alternifolius L. subsp. flabelliformis (Rottb.) Kük. < E ; 15.71 > Cyperus difformis L. < E ; 20 > Cyperus haspan L. < E ; 8.57 > Cyperus imbricatus Retz. < E ; 24.29 > Cyperus iria L. < E ; 14.29 > Cyperus javanicus Houtt. < E ; 5.71 > Cyperus nutans Vahl < E ; 7.14 > Cyperus odoratus L. < E ; 12.86 > Cyperus procerus Rottb. < E ; 4.29 > Cyperus pygmaeus Rottb. < E ; 5.71 > Cyperus rotundus L. < E ; 7.14 > Cyperus sp. < E ; 1.43 > Cyperus stoloniferus Retz. < E ; 1.43 > Eleocharis acutangula (Roxb.) Schult. < E ; 1.43 > Eleocharis atropurpurea (Retz.) Presl < E ; 8.57 > Eleocharis congesta D. Don subsp. japonica (Miq.) T. Koyama < E ; 1.43 > Eleocharis dulcis (Burm. f.) Trin. ex Hensch. ( ) < E ; 11.43 > Fimbristylis aestivalis (Retz.) Vahl < E ; 11.43 > Fimbristylis bisumbellata (Forsk.) Bubani < E ; 7.14 > Fimbristylis ferruginea (L.) Vahl < E ; 1.43 > Fimbristylis littoralis Gaudich. ( ) < E ; 20 > Fimbristylis microcarya F. Muell. var. tainanensis (Ohwi) H. Y. Liu < E ; 4.29 > Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl < E ; 8.57 > Fimbristylis sp. < E ; 1.43 > Fimbristylis tristachya R.Br. var. subbispicata (Nees & Meyen) T. Koyama ( ) < E ; 7.14 > Fuirena ciliaris (L.) Roxb. < E ; 2.86 > Fuirena umbellata Rottb. < E ; 1.43 > Pycreus flavidus (Retz.) T. Koyama < E ; 4.29 > Pycreus polystachyos (Rottb.) P. Beauv. < E ; 24.29 > Pycreus pumilus (L.) Domin < E ; 1.43 > Pycreus sanguinolentus (Vahl) Nees < E ; 2.86 > Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) palla subsp. robustus (Miq.) T. Koyama < E ; 10 > Schoenoplectus validus (Vahl) A. Love & D. Love (, ) < E ; 4.29 > Scirpus ternatanus Reinw. ex Miq. < E ; 2.86 > Scleria terrestris (L.) Fassett < E ; 4.29 > 56
ERIOCAULACEAE Eriocaulon merrillii Ruhland var. merrillii < E ; 4.29 > GRAMINEAE=POACEAE Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf < E ; 2.86 > Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv. < E ; 35.71 > Hemarthria compressa (L. f.) R. Br. < E ; 4.29 > Isachne globosa (Thunb.) Kuntze < E ; 2.86 > Isachne nipponensis Ohwi < E ; 4.29 > Ischaemum aureum (Hook. & Arn.) Hack. < E ; 2.86 > Ischaemum barbatum Retz. var. gibbum (Trin.) Ohwi < E ; 2.86 > Ischaemum rugosum Salisb. var. segetum (Trin.) Hack. < E ; 2.86 > Leersia hexandra Sw. < E ; 8.57 > Oryza sativa L. < E ; 2.86 > Panicum paludosum Roxb. < E ; 5.71 > Panicum repens L. < E ; 28.57 > Paspalum vaginatum Sw. < E ; 15.71 > Phragmites vallatoria (Pluk. ex L.) Veldkamp < E ; 8.57 > Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase < E ; 7.14 > Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Turcz. ex Stapf ( ) < E ; 2.86 > HYDROCHARITACEAE Blyxa aubertii Rich. < A ; 1.43 > Halophila decipiens Ostenf. < A ; 2.86 > Halophila ovalis (R. Br.) Hook. f. < A ; 1.43 > Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb.) Asch. < A ; 5.71 > JUNCACEAE Juncus leschenaultii J. Gay ex Laharpe < E ; 2.86 > LEMNACEAE Lemna aequinoctialis Welw. < FP ; 1.43 > Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. < FP ; 1.43 > NAJADACEAE Najas browniana Rendle < A ; 1.43 > Najas gracillima A. Br. ex Magnus < A ; 1.43 > Najas minor Allioni < A ; 1.43 > Najas sp. < A ; 1.43 > Najas graminea Delile ( ) < A ; 1.43 > PONTEDERIACEAE Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) Presl < E ; 8.57 > 57
TYPHACEAE Typha angustifolia L. < E ; 8.57 > Typha orientalis Presl < E ; 2.86 > ZANNICHELLIACEAE Halodule uninervis (Forsk.) Asch. < A ; 4.29 > ZINGIBERACEAE Hedychium coronarium Koenig ( ) < E ; 2.86 > 58
2: 54 E: F: A: S: FP: PTERIDOPHYTA PARKERIACEAE Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn. < E > THELYPTERIDACEAE Cyclosorus acuminatus (Houtt.) Nakai ex H. Ito ( ) < E > DICOTYLEDON POLYGONACEAE Polygonum barbatum L. < E > Polygonum dichotomum Bl. < E > Polygonum glabrum Willd. < E > Polygonum kawagoeanum Makino < E > Polygonum plebeium R. Brown ( ) < E > RUBIACEAE Hedyotis tenelliflora Blume ( ) < E > SCROPHULARIACEAE Limnophila aromatica (Lam.) Merr. < E > Lindernia anagallis (Burm. f.) Pennell < E > UMBELLIFERAE=APIACEAE Hydrocotyle batrachium Hance < E > AMARANTHACEAE Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Brown < E > CAMPANULACEAE Lobelia alsinoides Lam. subsp. hancei (Hara) Lammers < E > Lobelia chinensis Lour. ( ) < E > Lobelia zeylanica L. < E > CARYOPHYLLACEAE Drymaria diandra Bl. < E > COMPOSITAE=ASTERACEAE 59
Centipeda minima (L.) A. Braun & Ascherson ( ) < E > Soliva anthemifolia (Juss.) R. Brown ex Less. < E > CONVOLVULACEAE Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. ( ) < E > GENTIANACEAE Nymphoides coreana (H. Lév.) H. Hara < F > LENTIBULARIACEAE Utricularia gibba L. < E, S > LYTHRACEAE Cuphea cartagenesis (Jacq.) Macbrids < E > Rotala wallichii (Hook. f.) Koehne < E,A > NYMPHAEACEAE Nymphaea lotus L. < F > ONAGRACEAE Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara < E > Ludwigia epilobioides Maxim. < E > Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G. Don) Exell < E > Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven < E > MONCOTYLEDON ALISMATACEAE Sagittaria trifolia L. ( ) < E > COMMELINACEAE Commelina communis L. < E > Murdannia keisak (Hassk.) Hand.-Mazz. < E > CYPERACEAE Cyperus difformis L. < E > Cyperus haspan L. < E > Eleocharis congesta D. Don subsp. japonica (Miq.) T. Koyama < E > Eleocharis dulcis (Burm. f.) Trin. ex Hensch. ( ) < E > Fimbristylis aestivalis (Retz.) Vahl < E > Fuirena ciliaris (L.) Roxb. < E > Fuirena umbellata Rottb. < E > Pycreus polystachyos (Rottb.) P. Beauv. < E > Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) palla subsp. robustus (Miq.) T. Koyama < E > Scleria terrestris (L.) Fassett < E ; 4.29 > 60
ERIOCAULACEAE Eriocaulon merrillii Ruhland var. merrillii < E > GRAMINEAE=POACEAE Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv. < E > Isachne nipponensis Ohwi < E > Leersia hexandra Sw. < E > Panicum repens L. < E > Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase < E > Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Turcz. ex Stapf ( ) < E > HYDROCHARITACEAE Blyxa aubertii Rich. < A > JUNCACEAE Juncus leschenaultii J. Gay ex Laharpe < E > GUTTIFERAE=CLUSIACEAE Hypericum japonicum Thunb. ex Murray ( ) < E > NAJADACEAE Najas gracillima A. Br. ex Magnus < A > Najas graminea Delile ( ) < A > ZINGIBERACEAE Hedychium coronarium Koenig ( ) < E > 61
3: 44 E: F: A: S: FP: DICOTYLEDON AMARANTHACEAE Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Brown < E > COMPOSITAE=ASTERACEAE Aster subulatus Michaux < E > Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. < E > Grangea maderaspatana (L.) Poir. < E > CONVOLVULACEAE Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. ( ) < E > CRUCIFERAE=BRASSICACEAE Rorippa globosa (Turcz.) Vass. < E > LYTHRACEAE Ammannia autculata Willd. < E > Ammannia baccifera L. < E > NYMPHAEACEAE Nymphaea lotus L. < F > ONAGRACEAE Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G. Don) Exell < E > Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven < E > POLYGONACEAE Polygonum lanatum Roxb. < E > Polygonum lapathifolium L. < E > Polygonum plebeium R. Brown ( ) < E > Polygonum tomentosum Willd. < E > RUBIACEAE Dentella repens (L.) J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. < E > Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lam. ( ) < E > SCROPHULARIACEAE Lindernia anagallis (Burm. f.) Pennell < E > 62
VERBENACEAE Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene ( ) < E > MONCOTYLEDON ALISMATACEAE Sagittaria trifolia L. ( ) < E > CYPERACEAE Bolboschoenus sp. < E > Cyperus difformis L. < E > Cyperus imbricatus Retz. < E > Cyperus iria L. < E > Cyperus odoratus L. < E > Cyperus procerus Rottb. < E > Cyperus pygmaeus Rottb. < E > Cyperus rotundus L. < E > Cyperus sp. < E > Eleocharis atropurpurea (Retz.) Presl < E > Fimbristylis aestivalis (Retz.) Vahl < E > Fimbristylis bisumbellata (Forsk.) Bubani < E > Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl < E > Pycreus polystachyos (Rottb.) P. Beauv. < E > Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) palla subsp. robustus (Miq.) T. Koyama < E > GRAMINEAE=POACEAE Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. < E > Hemarthria compressa (L. f.) R. Br. < E > Panicum paludosum Roxb. < E > Panicum repens L. < E > Paspalum vaginatum Sw. < E > LEMNACEAE Lemna aequinoctialis Welw. < FP > PONTEDERIACEAE Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) Presl < E > TYPHACEAE Typha orientalis Presl < E > ZINGIBERACEAE Hedychium coronarium Koenig ( ) < E > 63
4: p32 9 E: F: A: S: FP: PTERIDOPHYTA MARSILEACEAE Marsilea minuta L. < E, F > DICOTYLEDON AMARANTHACEAE Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Brown < E > COMPOSITAE=ASTERACEAE Aster subulatus Michaux < E > Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. < E > SCROPHULARIACEAE Lindernia antipoda (L.) Alston < E > VERBENACEAE Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene ( ) < E > MONCOTYLEDON COMMELINACEAE Commelina communis L. < E > CYPERACEAE Cyperus alternifolius L. subsp. flabelliformis (Rottb.) Kük. < E > GRAMINEAE=POACEAE Paspalum vaginatum Sw. < E > 64
5: p34 18 E: F: A: S: FP: PTERIDOPHYTA MARSILEACEAE Marsilea minuta L. < E, F > DICOTYLEDON AMARANTHACEAE Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Brown < E > COMPOSITAE=ASTERACEAE Aster subulatus Michaux < E > Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. < E > CRUCIFERAE=BRASSICACEAE Rorippa globosa (Turcz.) Vass. < E > LYTHRACEAE Cuphea cartagenesis (Jacq.) Macbrids < E > ONAGRACEAE Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven < E > RUBIACEAE Hedyotis tenelliflora Blume ( ) < E > SCROPHULARIACEAE Lindernia antipoda (L.) Alston < E > MONCOTYLEDON COMMELINACEAE Commelina communis L. < E ; 27.14 > CYPERACEAE Cyperus imbricatus Retz. < E > Cyperus rotundus L. < E > Fimbristylis littoralis Gaudich. ( ) < E > 65
Pycreus polystachyos (Rottb.) P. Beauv. < E > GRAMINEAE=POACEAE Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. < E > Hemarthria compressa (L. f.) R. Br. < E > Paspalum vaginatum Sw. < E > PONTEDERIACEAE Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) Presl < E > 66
6: 67
68
69
7: 70
71 131 IUCN2001 IUCN IUCN
72 131
131 73
74
1997 2003 2002 2004 1985 1985 1995 1999 2001 1972 2002 -- 75
12 1 52-73 Cronk J. L. & M. S. Fennessy, 2001. Wetland Plants-Biology and Ecology. Lewis Publishers. IUCN. 2000. IUCN Red List Categories and Critaria, version 3.1. The IUCN Species Survival Commision. Mok, H.-K., J.-D. Lee, and C.-P. Lee. 1993. A new record of seagrass, Halophila decipiens Ostanfeld (Hydrocharitaceae). Taiwan. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin.34: 353-356. 76