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,, (CIP) /.:, 2006 ISBN 7-5629-2480-5... -. U415.6 CIP (2006) 160794 : ( 122 :430070 ) http: ww w.t ech book.com.cn E-mail: w u tpyyk@163.com : : :7871092 1/ 16 :12.25 :302 :2006 12 1 :2006 12 1 :12000 :19.60,, : ( 027) 87394412 87383695 87384729

,, 20 90,,,,,, 2005, 193, 4.1,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7, 1, 2, 3, 4 5, 6 7,,,,, 2006 7

1 1.1 ( 1) 1.2 ( 1) 1.2.1 ( 1) 1.2.2 ( 2) 1.2.3 ( 4) 1.2.4 ( 4) 1.3 ( 5) 1.3.1 ( 6) 1.3.2 ( 6) 1.3.3 ( 6) 1.3.4 ( 7) 1.4 ( 7) 1.4.1 ( 7) 1.4.2 ( 9) 1.4.3 (11) 1.4.4 (13) 1.5 (14) 1.5.1 (14) 1.5.2 (17) 1.5.3 (17) 1.6 (18) 1.6.1 (18) 1.6.2 (21) 1.6.3 (22) (23) 2 (24) 2.1 (24) 2.1.1 (24) 2.1.2 (24) 2.2 (25) 2.2.1 (25) 2.2.2 (25) 2.2.3 (25) ( 1) 1

2.3 (27) 2.3.1 (27) 2.3.2 (31) 2.3.3 (33) 2.4 (42) 2.4.1 (42) 2.4.2 (45) 2.5 (47) 2.5.1 (48) 2.5.2 (50) (54) 3 (55) 3.1 (55) 3.1.1 (55) 3.1.2 (55) 3.2 (56) 3.2.1 (56) 3.2.2 (58) 3.3 (62) 3.3.1 (62) 3.3.2 (64) 3.4 (65) 3.4.1 (65) 3.4.2 (65) 3.4.3 (68) (71) 4 (72) 4.1 (72) 4.1.1 (72) 4.1.2 (72) 4.2 (72) 4.2.1 (72) 4.2.2 (73) 4.2.3 (74) 4.2.4 (75) 4.2.5 (79) 4.3 (80) 2 4.3.1 (80) 4.3.2 (81)

4.3.3 (82) 4.3.4 (83) 4.3.5 (85) 4.4 (85) 4.4.1 (85) 4.4.2 (86) 4.4.3 (87) 4.4.4 (88) 4.4.5 (90) 4.4.6 (90) 4.5 (91) 4.5.1 (91) 4.5.2 (92) 4.5.3 (93) 4.5.4 (95) 4.6 (96) 4.6.1 (96) 4.6.2 (97) 4.6.3 (98) 4.7 (99) 4.7.1 (99) 4.7.2 (99) 4.7.3 ( 100) 4.8 ( 102) 4.8.1 ( 102) 4.8.2 ( 102) 4.8.3 ( 103) ( 104) 5 ( 105) 5.1 ( 105) 5.1.1 ( 105) 5.1.2 ( 105) 5.2 ( 107) 5.2.1 ( 107) 5.2.2 ( 110) 5.2.3 ( 113) 5.2.4 ( 114) 5.3 ( 115) 5.3.1 ( 115) 3

5.3.2 ( 115) 5.3.3 ( 117) 5.3.4 ( 118) 5.3.5 ( 120) 5.3.6 ( 121) 5.4 ( 121) 5.4.1 ( 121) 5.4.2 ( 122) 5.5 ( 124) 5.5.1 ( 124) 5.5.2 ( 125) 5.5.3 ( 126) 5.5.4 ( 127) 5.6 ( 127) 5.6.1 ( 127) 5.6.2 ( 128) 5.7 ( 128) 5.7.1 ( 128) 5.7.2 ( 130) ( 130) 6 ( 131) 6.1 ( 131) 6.2 ( 131) 6.2.1 ( 131) 6.2.2 ( 133) 6.3 ( 137) 6.3.1 ( 137) 6.3.2 ( 138) 6.3.3 ( 140) 6.3.4 ( 142) 6.3.5 ( 144) 6.3.6 ( 146) 6.3.7 ( 147) 6.3.8 ( 148) 6.4 ( 148) 6.5 ( 148) 6.6 ( 149) ( 150) 4

( 151) 7.1 ( 151) 7.1.1 ( 151) 7.1.2 ( 154) 7.1.3 ( 155) 7.2 ( 155) 7.2.1 ( 155) 7.2.2 ( 157) 7.3 ( 160) 7.3.1 ( 160) 7.3.2 ( 165) 7.3.3 ( ) ( 167) 7.3.4 ( 175) 7.3.5 ( ) ( 177) 7.4 ( 178) 7.4.1 ( 178) 7.4.2 ( 178) 7.4.3 ( 179) 7.4.4 ( 182) 7.4.5 ( 183) 7.4.6 ( 184) ( 185) ( 186) 5

1.1,,,,,, : (1 ), ( ), ( 2 ),,,,,, ( 3 ),, (4 ),,, ( 5), (6 ),,, ( 7 ),,,, 1.2 1.2.1,, : (1 ),,,, 2030cm,, (2 ), D,, D, D D, 1

Ll ; Lt Lh D D - Ll - Lt - Lh ( 1.1) 1.1 1.1, A A C B, A B D 25m L0 30m, t0 = 20L 30.003m, = 12.510-6, t = 4 AB B, A B h = 0.5m, D A B 25m, Ll Ll Lt Lt Lh = D L - L0 L0 1.1 30.003-30.000 = 25 30 = + 0.0025 ( m) = D ( t - t0 ) = 25 12.5 10-6 (4-20 ) = - 0.005( m ) Lh = - (1.1 ), D h 2 2 D = - (0.5 ) 2 2 25 = - 0.005( m ) D = D - Ll - Lt - Lh = 25-0.0025 - ( - 0.005) - ( - 0.005 ) = 25.0075 ( m), A, A B,, D25.0075m, B, A B 25m (3 ) A ( 1.2 ),, A B,, A B B,, D = Dcos,,, B,, AB 1.2.2,,, : 2

(1 ).2, 1.3 ( a), A, B, ;,,, C, C C CC, B A C (2 ),, 1.3 ( b ), A,, C B A C,, - =, A C CC1 CC1 A C= 25m, = + 12, = ACtanAC p CC1 = 25 12 206265 = 0.0015( m ) ( 1.2) 1.3 C A C, 0.0015m C1, B A C1 CC1, 3

.2.3,, 1.4, A H A, B H B, AB, A, a, B b b = HA + a - HB ( 1.3) B,, b,, B 1.2 1.4, HA = 120.376m, HB = 121.000m A a = 1.246m, B b b = HA + a - HB = 120.376 + 1.246-121.000 = 0.622 ( m) 1.4 B, 0.622m,, B 121.000m,,, 1.5, A B HB,,,,, a b c d, B H B HB = HA + a - ( b - c) ( 1.4),, 1.2.4 1.6, A B, A H A, ia B, B HB = HA + ia B DA B ( 1.5) ia B A B, i, ; 4

.5 DA B A B 1.6 (, ) : ( 1), A B H A HB, (2 ) A, i A B, A B (3 ) AB, B i, i, bi = i - bi, i = bi, ; i > bi ; i < bi, 1.3, : ( 5

,, 1.3.1, x y x,, x ( )x, ( ), x, y, 1.3.2,,, D( ), ( ), D, D 1.7, A B, P, ( xp yp ), 1.7 AB = arctan yb - ya xb - xa A P = arctan yp - ya xp - xa = AB - A P DA P = yp - ya sin AP = xp - xa cos AP = ( yp - ya ) 2 + ( xp - xa ) 2, A, B,, DA P, 1.3.3,, 1.8, A BC, P, AP BP CP 1 1 2 2, P, 10cm10cm,, A PBP 1.8 C P ap bp cp,, P, 6

,, P, 1.3.4,,, 1.4, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, : ; ( ),,,,, ( J TJ03395 ),,,,,, :, ( ),, ;,,, 1.4.1,,,, ;,, 7

,,,, 1.9 1.9 (1 ) 1n ( 1.6) ( ) 2 n - 1 S1 Sn - 1 i+ 1, i = arctan yi - y i+ 1 xi - xi+ 1 i+ 1, i+ 2 = arctan i + 1 = i+ 1, i + 2 - i+ 1, i y i+ 2 - yi+ 1 x i+ 2 - xi + 1 ( 1.6) Si = ( xi + 1 - xi ) 2 + ( yi + 1 - yi ) 2 (2 ) i + 1 Si,, 34 (1.7 ), i+ 1 - i+ 1 2 m= 16 Si - Si S i 1 15000 ( 1.7), 1.9 1 2 nn + 1, 1, 2 n, n + 1, (3 ), ( 20 L ), (30 L ) ( JT J 04189 ),,,, 1km,,, 8

,, 1.4.1.2,,, ;,,, ( ),, () ( ),, ( ) 1.4.2,,,, 1.10, P, ( xp yp ) ; AB, ( xa ya ) ( xb yb ), P A A P S A P AP, SAP = xp - xa ) 2 + ( yp - ya ) 2 A P = arctan yp - ya xp - xa (1.8 ) 1.10 (1.8 ), P : 1.4.2.1 P (1 ) P 1.11, l0 ( x0, y0 ),, P(li ) ( xi, yi ) : x i = x0 + ( li - l0 ) cos yi = y0 + ( li - l0 ) sin ( 1.9) J Dn, 1.12, P : 1.11 9

P1 Y Z1 P Y Z ; Tn xp xj D n + [ Tn + ( P1 - Y Z1 ) ] cos JD P n yp = yjd n + [ Tn + ( P1 - Y Z1 ) ]sin J D P n (1.10) 1.13 1.12 (2 ) P 1.13, R, l0, ( x0, y0 ),, P( li ): xi = x0 + Si cos i y i = y0 + Si sin i Si = 2 Rsini = 2 Rsin li - l0 i = 2 R li - l0 2 R (1.11) ZY H Y, l0 = lzy ( H Y ), x0 = xzy ( H Y ), y0 = yzy ( H Y), : -, + ; Y Z Y H, l0 = ly Z( Y H ), x0 = xy Z( Y H ), y0 = yyz( Y H ), : +, - (3 ) P 1.14,, 1.14 1.15 1.15, [ R =, l0, ( x0, y0 ) ], ( )x, yx O y, i( 10

li xi= l - yi= l - ( xi, yi )( 1.12 ), l 5 40 A 4 + l 3 6 A 4 + l 9 3456 A 8 - l 7 336 A 6 - l 1 3 599040 A 12 + l 1 1 42240 A 10 + l 17 17542600 A 16 + l 1 5 9676800 A 14 + l 1 9 3530097000 A 18 + l = li - l0 (1.12) x Oy ( xi, y i ): xi = x0 = xi cos- yi = y0 = y i sin- yi sin yi cos Z H, l0 = lz H, x0 = xz H, y0 = yzh,, yi= - yi ; H Z, l0 = lh Z, x0 = xh Z, y0 = yh Z,, yi= - yi 1.4.2.2 P (1 ) A, (1.2 ) (2 ), (3 ) B, AB (1.13) (4 ) i l i, ( ) (), Si, i ; (5 ) i,, Si (6 ), (7 ) (4 )( 7), 2m, 2m, 1.4.3 1.4.3.1 (1 ),,, 2,,,,, (2 ),,,,,, 1.16, J D19 Z D J D23, J D2 0J D2 1 J D22 J D23,, J D2 3J D2 3, f, f,, : 11

.16 f f1 = ( d1 + d2 ) ( d1 + d2 + d3 ) f2 = f d1 (1.14) ( d1 + d2 + d3 ) f J D22 f 1 J D22 ; J D21 f 2 J D21 J D2 0J D2 1 J D22 J D23,,,,,,,, 1.4.3.2,,, 1.17, J D20 J D2 1 ZD, J D21, ZD J D20 J D21 J D20 Z D 2 3 d1, 1.17, Z D x, x = f2 d1 2 3 d1 = 2 3 f 2, Z D x,,, J D20 J D21, J D2 1, ZD J D21, J D21J D2 1, x ; x, J D2 0, J D2 1 1.17 1.4.3.3,, ;,,,,, 12

.4.4,,, 1.18, i1 ( + ) i2 ( - ) i3 ( + ) i1 i2 i1, : 1.18 i2 (1.18),, = arctani1 - arctan i2 ( i1 - i2 ) 180 (1.15) R, T L E, : R,,, T = 1 2 R( i1 - i2 ) (1.16) L = R( i1 - i2 ) (1.17) : E = T2 2 R (1.18), yi ( ), yi yi = x2 i 2 R, (1.19) i1 = - 1.114%, i2 = + 0.154%,, K1 + 670, 48.60m, R = 5000 m, 10 m (1.16) ( 1.17 )(1.18 ) T = 31.70m, L = 63.40m, E = 0.10m, : = K1 + (670-31.70 ) = K1 + 638.30 = K1 + (638.30 + 63.40 ) = K1 + 701.70 = 48.60m + 31.70m 1.114 % = 48.95m = 48.60m + 31.70m 1.154 % = 48.65m R = 5000m x i, yi, 13

.1 1.1 xi yi K1 + 638.30 48.95 48.95 K1 + 650 x 1 = 11.7 y i = 0.01 48.82 48.83 K1 + 660 x2 = 21.7 y2 = 0.05 48.71 48.76 i1 = - 1.114 % K1 + 670 x 3 = 31.7 E = 0.10 48.60 48.70 K1 + 680 x4 = 21.7 y2 = 0.05 48.62 48.67 i2 = + 0.154 % K1 + 690 x 5 = 11.7 y i = 0.01 48.63 48.64 K1 + 701.70 48.65 48.65,,, ( ) ( )1.19 1.19 1.5,,,,,,, 1.5.1, : 1.5.1.1, 14

.5.1.2 (1 ),, 1.20 ( a) ;, 1.20 ( b) 1.20 : 1.20 D = B 2 + m H (1.20) D = B 2 + S + m H (1.21) D ; B ; 1m ( m ) ; H ; S (1.20) ( 1.21 ), (2 ) 1.21 (a) 1.21( b ): DD, D = B + m( H - h) 2 D = B 2 + m( H + h) (1.22) D = B + S + m( H + h) 2 D = B 2 + S + m( H - h) (1.23) 15

.21, BHm S, DDhh, hh,, DD 1.22, 4.7 m;, 5.2m; 5.0m; 11 : 1.22, D = 4.7 + 5.0 = 9.7 ( m ), 1m, h= 5-1 = 4 ( m ) D = 4.7 + 4.0 = 8.7( m) 8.7m, 1.3m, D = 4.7 + (5-1.3) = 8.4 ( m) 8.7m, 8.48.7m, 8.5m 1.2m, D = 4.7 + (5-1.2) = 8.5 ( m), 16,,,

,, ;,,,,, 1.5.2,,, 1.5.2.1 1.23, O, A B, C D CD, H C D, A C DB, 1.24 1.23 1.24 1.5.2.2, (1 ) 1.25,, (2 ) 1.26,,, 1.25 1.26 1.5.3,,, 10m, 17

1.27,, 1.27 1.6, 1.2 1.2 L( m) L( m) L500 L100 100L < 500 40L < 100 30 < L < 100 20L < 40 8L30 5L < 20 L < 8 L < 5 1.6.1,, 1.6.1.1,,,,, 1.28, A B C, k1 k2 k3 k4 B C, a1 A a2 b1 b2 c1 c2,,,, 15000, 18

.28,,,, 1.29,,,,,,,, 0.7, 1.3 1.29 ( GPS ) 1.6.1.2,,,,, 1.30, A B, CD, AD BC, A C BD, AC BD 10m 19

C A a1, B 24, b1, h1 = a1 - b1, D, B b2, A 24, a2, h2 = a2 - b2 h1 h2,, 4 (m) 1.3 ( ) ( ) J 1 J 2 J 6 > 5000 1.0 1/ 130000 1/ 260000 3 4 3.5 12 20005000 1.8 1/ 70000 1/ 140000 2 3 7.0 9 12 10002000 2.5 1/ 40000 1/ 80000 1( 3) 2( 4) 9.0 6 9 12 5001000 5.0 1/ 20000 1/ 40000 ( 2) (3 ) 15.0 4 6 9 200500 10.0 1/ 10000 1/ 20000 ( 1) (2 ) 30.0 2 4 6 < 200 20.0 1/ 5000 1/ 10000 ( 1) (1 ) 60.0 2 4 :,,, 1.31,,, 1.30 1.6.1.3 1.31,,,, 20 1.32 (1 ),,,,,, 510m,, 1.32,

2 ),,, ( )1.33, A B, C D, Pi i ( ) A CD A B, ; CD A, Pi,, C AD, P1 P2 P3 ( P1 P3 ) ( 2.5cm, 1.5cm ), CD P2 Pi,,,, Pi, CPi DPi, CD, 1.34, CD CD, Pi 1.33 (3 ) 1.34, ( xy),,,,, :,,, A (B ), B( A),, A Pi ( BPi ), 1.34, 1.6.2,,,,,,,,,,, 21

,,,, 1.35,,,.35,,,, ;,,,,, 1.6.3,,,,,, 1.6.3.1,, 1.36,,,,,,, 1.36,,,,,,,, 1.36 22

1.6.3.2,,,,,,, 1.36 CA B D,,,, 1.37, A, B, AB A, 0.81.0 S, x,,= 206265 x = S (1.24) 1.37 x S,, A, B, A, B, 1.1? 1.2? 1.3? 23

2.1,,,,,,,, 2.1.1, :, ; ;,,, ;,,,, 2.1.2,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 24

.2 2.2.1, : (1 ), (2 ), ( ), (3 ), ( ), (4 ),,,, 2.2.2 : (1 ) ( ) ; (2 ) ( ) ; (3 ) ; (4 ),,, ( ),, : (1 ), ; (2 ), ; (3 ),, 2.2.3,,,,,, 2.2.3.1 (1 ), 25

,, (2 ),,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 2.2.3.2 (1 ), 26

2 ),,,, 2% 4% ;,, (3 ), (4 ),, ; (5 ),, (6 ),,, 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.1.1 (1 ),,,,,,, (2 ),,, 2.1 ( a),,,,,, 2.1 ( b ),, 1.52.0m, 34m ;,,,, 27

.1 ( a) ; ( b ) 1 ; 2 2.2 ( 100m) 3m, ( 1000 m), 2.2 ( ),,,, 2.3 2.3 1 ; 2 28

,,,, 2.4,,, 2.4,,,,, 2.5 2.5 1, 2 ; 3 ; 4,,,,, 2.3.1.2 (1 ),,,,, 29

2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ;,,,, 3m 3m,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 100MPa,,, 30

.3.2 2.3.2.1,,,,,,, : (1 ), 110,,, 1m, (2 ) 15,, 2m, 1m, 2.6 12.5,, 2.6 (3 ),,, 30cm, (4 ),,, (5 ),,, ( ), 2.7 2.3.2.2,, (1 ) 2.7,,, :, 50, 26,, ;,,,,, 31

.1 2.1 ( cm) ( CBR) (cm) (030) ( 3080) ( 80150) 8.0 5.0 4.0 10 10 15 ( > 150) ( 030) 3.0 8.0 15 10 :, 96h CBR,,,,,,, : 5% ; ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.3.2.3,, 2.8 2.8 32

(1 ),,,, (2 ),, 12 % (3 ),,,,, ( ), (4 ),,,, 2.3.3,,,,,,,,, 2.3.3.1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.9,,,,,,,,,,, (1 ),, : 33

.9,,, 2.10 2.10,,,,, ;,, ( ),,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,, 34

,,, ( ), ( ), 2.2,,, 2.2 (g/ cm 3 ) ( % ) ( g/ cm 3 ) ( % ) S SF < 1 1.942.02 711 1.801.89 812 SM 17 1.992.28 812 1.852.08 915 ML 17 1.771.97 1519 1.611.80 1622 SC CLS 717 1.832.16 915 1.671.95 1220 SC H CHS C H > 17 1.751.90 1620 1.581.70 1923 : S ; SF ; SM ; M L ; SC ; CLS ; SCH ; CH S ; CH, 2.11,,,,,,,,, 2.11 () P( ),,,, 2.12 35

.12 (, ),,,,,,,,,,, 2.3 2.3 ( MPa) 70100cm 0.30.6 0.30.4 0.30.7 0.61.0 0.40.6 0.71.2 1.01.5 0.60.8 1.22.0 1.51.8 0.81.0 2.02.3,,,,, 0,,,,, ( ),,,, 2.13 (, ), 2 a( a ),, 36,,,

, ( ),,,,,,,,, : A. ; B., ( );.13 a ; max C., 3040cm, : A.,,,,,,,,,,,,, B., (),,,,, (, 6,,610, 10,20 ),,,,, C., 2.14, 1 2,,,,,, (2 ) : ;,,,, 2.4 37

.14 2.4 ( N) (cm) (cm) (cm) ( cm) ( cm 3 ) ( Ncm/ cm 3 ) 25 5 30 10 12.7 997 3 25 56.3 45 5 45 10 12.7 997 5 27 274.0 < 25mm 2.4,,,,, ( ),, A.,, ( ),,, B., w, w w0, w > w0,, w < w0,,,, : m1, kg; 38 m2, kg; m2 m1 = ( w0 - w) 1 + w ( 2.1)

w, ; w0, A., : a.,,, ;,,,,,,, b., ; c., B., : a., b.,,,,, 4km/ h,,,,, 0.250.30m,, ;,, A., ;,, 12 15t, 25cm, 2225t ( ), 60cm, 2.5, 2.6,, 2 % 4%,, B.,,,,, :, 46 ;, 1012 10,, 39

.5 ( ) (cm) (5t ) (68t) 1015 2030 6 4 9 6 9 8 15 12 100m, (68t) (912t) ( 1215t) 1520 2030 2535 4 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 8 12 12 12 100m, (16t) 3035 4 6 8 18 2t 1120 3 4 5 7 4.5t 10t 12t 15t 2535 3050 4055 5070 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 7 6 6 6 100m,, ( ) 1t 2m 1.5t 1m 1.5t 2m 6580 6070 7090 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 4 7 7 6,, 0.3t 1t 0.04t 3050 3565 2025 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 ( 2t) 6075 13min 24min 35min 57min : ;, ;,, ; 2.6 ( m) 1.5 1.0 0.7 1.2 0.8 0.5 A. 85%, ( 80cm ), B.,, 2000m 2 8, 2000m 2, 8,,, ( JTG D302004) 40

C 90 % 3m, D.,, 50m 2 1, 50m 2 1,, 20cm, 95%, 93 %,,, 50cm, 2.3.3.2 (1 ),,, ( TJ T 033 ) :, 12t,, (),,,,,,,,, 12t 2.5t 25t,,,,,, 4050cm, 1.01.5m,,,, 3050cm ( 50cm, 30cm ), (2 ), ( 200mm ) 70%,, 50%,,,, 41

, 12t,, ( ),,,, (3 ),,, 90%,, ;,, ;, ;, 12t 2.4,,,,,,, 2.4.1,,, 2.4.1.1, ( 2.15 ) 42 2.15

, 2.16,,,, 1111.5,, ; 1213, 0.4m, 0.3m,, 0.81.0m,,, 300 500m( 200m),, 0.2%,.16 3%, ; 6%,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ),, ;, (2 ),, :,,, ;, 2.4.1.2,,,, 0.5m,, 0.5m,, 1111.5 d ( 2.17 ),, d5m,, 2m ( 2.18 ),, 2%,,,, 0.3%, ( 3 % ), 43

.17 2.18, 1% 2%,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 2.4.1.3 ( 2.19 ),,,, 2.19, 0.5m,, 0.5m,, 1111.5,,, 1020m,, 500m,, 45,,,, R = 10 b ( 1/ 4, b ) ( 2.20 ) 44

.20 2.4.1.4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 2.21 ), 2.4.2 2.21,,, 2.4.2.1,, ( ) 45

,, 11.011.5,,,,, 3%,, 1015m,, 2.4.2.2,,,, 0.30.5m, 1.0 2.22, 35cm, ;, 10cm 0.3m 2.22,,,, 2.23,,,,, 50cm, 2030cm, 20cm, 1 %, 20cm,,, 2.23 ( : cm) t ; h ; b 2.4.2.3,,,,,,, 2.24 2.4.2.4 46

2.4.2.5,,, 2.25,, 1%, 5%, 3 m, 0.71.0m 2.24 2.25 2.4.2.6 ( 2.26),,,,,, 1.0m/ s,, 0.5%,, : (1 ) 2.26 (2 ) (3 ),, (4 ),, (4 ), 2.5,,,,,, 47

.5.1 2.5.1.1,, ( J TJ 01796) : 2.6,, 40 %, 1.0, 0.0005kPa - 1, 95 %, 10%, 110-6 cm/ s, 5, c 20kPa,, ;, 2.7 2.6 ( kpa) 35 1.0 35 2.7,,,,, 2 25m, 60 m,,,,,,,,, 60m,200m,,,,, 20m,,,,,,,710m :03m :14.7117.65k N/ m 3 :1.02.3 :40 % 100 % :0.22.0kPa :17 :0.00120.0035kPa - 1 :05m :14.7118.63k N/ m 3 :0.91.8 :35 % 70 % :0.52.5kPa :011 :0.00080.003kPa - 1 :14.7118.63k N/ m 3 :0.81.8 :30 % 60 % :0.53.0kPa :010 :0.00080.003kPa - 1, 48

.5.1.2 (1 ),,,, 30 %,, 70%, 200%, 90%, 3560 1, 1.02.0, 6.0 1.51.9t/ m 3 (2 ),,,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,, 5.1010-7 1.5310-6 ( Pa - 1 ), 4.59 10-6 ( Pa - 1 ) (4 ),,,, 19.92kPa ;,,, ;,, ;,,, (5 ),,,,,,,, K = q q1 ( 2.2) K ; q, kpa ; q1 (, ), kpa,, K 34, 89,, 2.8 2.8 ( K) K 1 12 24 48 816 1632 3264 > 64,, 49

,, (6 ),, C1 = p h ( 2.3) C1, N/ cm 3 ; p, N/ cm 2 ; h, cm,,, 2.9 2.9 C 1 p max C1 ( N/ cm 3 ) pmax ( k Pa) 0.981.47 78.598.1 1.762.45 196.1294.2 2.453.43 294.2490.3, 3.435.88 588.4784.5 9.8012.25 784.51176.8 12.7417.64 980.7147l 2.5.1.3,,, ( ),, : (1 ),,, ; (2 ),, ; (3 ) ; (4 ) ; (5 ),,,,,,, 2.5.2,, 50

,,, 2.5.2.1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, ( ),,,, :,, ; ;, ;, 2.5.2.2,,,,,,,, ( 2.27) ( 2.28 ), 0.310mm, 0.3mm, 2 % 2.5.2.3 (1 ),,, 2.29,, ( ),,,,,, ( ),, 51

.27 ( a) ( ) ; ( b) ; (c) ; (d ) 2.28 ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c) 52

(2 ).29, 2.30 2.30,,,,,,,,,, 2.5.2.4,,,,, ;,,,,, 34 ;,, ;, ; ; 100k g;,,, 2m;,,,,,,, 53

2.5.2.5 ( 3m ),,, 35m,, 50cm 30cm,,,, 2.1? 2.2? 2.3? 2.4? 2.5? 54

3.1,,,,,, 3.1.1,, ;, (1 ) (2 ),,,,, (3 ),, 3.1.2 (1 ),,,, (2 ) (3 ),, (4 ),, (5 ),,, 55

.2,,,, 3.2.1,,,,,,, 3.2.1.1, (1 ) 11,, (2 ),,,, 1015cm,,,,,, 5cm 3.1 3.1 ( : cm),, 3.2.1.2 (1 ) 56

11 (2 ),,,,,,,,,, 3.2 3.2 ( a) ; ( b) ; (c) ; ( d) ; ( e) ; ( f ) ( h, 58cm, a, 2025cm ),, 1 m ;, 0.2m 11, 20cm40cm, 57

5,,,,, 3.2.1.3 (1 ) 11.5, (2 ),,, 3.3 3.3 ( a) ; ( b),,,, 3.2.2,, 3.2.2.1 ( ) (1 ),,, (2 ),, 2/ 3, 1/ 3, (), 58 (), 1520m 3.2.2.2 (1 )

, 2cm, ;, 1163 (2 ) A.,,, ;, B.,, C., D., 710d,, A., M10 B.,, C. 2025m, 20mm D. A. ( ),, B. : a. 1414.5; b. 45% 55% ; c. 0.400.45 ; d. C., 2 h;, 20min D.,, E.,,, ;,,,,, F.,,, G.,, H.,, 10d;, 14d, I., 59

J, K. : a., ; b. + 5; c. A. : B. C. D. : 1112, 0.380.45 E.,,, F. 30min, G., 50100 mm, ;,, H. 95%,,, 3d I.,,, J. 2mm, 3.2.2.3,,,,, : (1 ),,, (2 ),, 14 15 (3 ),, 136146 3.2.2.4 11,, (1 ), 3.4,,, 20cm, 60

.4 ( : cm),, (2 ), ( 45m/ s),,,, 11,, 0.20.5m,,, 0.35m, 0.100.15m,,,, 1015m, 2cm,,, 3.2.2.5,,,,, 3.1 3.1 H( m) b ( m) d 2 10.5 0.40 0.40 6 10.5 0.40 0.40 + 0.10 H 6 < H10 10.510.75 0.40 0.40 + 0.05 H 10 < H < 15 10.7511 0.60 0.60 + 0.05 H 10 m,, 10m, ( 23m ), 61

) : (1 ),,,, (2 ),,,, (3 ),,, (4 ), 0.25m, 30kPa,, (5 ),,,,, (6 ),,,, 3.3, 3.3.1 3.3.1.1, 3.3.1.2, 0.250.35m, 0.100.25m0.30m,,, 24m/ s; 46m/ s,,, 1 4m, 8 20cm,, 0.51m,,,, 3.3.1.3 (1 ),,, 3.5 62

30cm,, 3.5 ( : m) (a) ; ( b ) (2 ), 0.3m, 1/ 2,, 3.3.1.4,,,, 3.6 (1 ) 3.6 ( a) ; ( b),, (2 ), 63

,, 3.3.2,,,,,,,,, 3.7 3.3.2.1 3.7 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6,,, 1/ 4, 90,,, 64

.3.2.2,,, 3.4,,,,, 3.4.1 3.4.1.1,, 3.8 3.8 ( a) ; ( b ) ; ( c) 3.4.1.2,, 3.4.1.3 3.2 3.4.2 3.4.2.1 (1 ), 65

.2 12m, 6m, 8m, 5m, 15m,,, 8m,2m,, 10m, 6m, 2m,, 12m, 20m, 10m, 2m,,,, 50cm; 60cm 6m,, 50cm,, 6m 20m, (2 ),,,,,, : A. 1.0m; B., 1.0m; C. 0.25m, 0.15 0.6m,,, 23 66

(3 ), 0.3m;, 0.3m, 30cm,, (4 ), 1015m, 2 3cm,, 15cm,,,, 3.4.2.2,, 3.9 (1 ), : ; ; ; ; (2 ).9,,,,, 1.2m,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (4 ),,,, 4cm,,,,, (5 ) 67

8cm,,,,,,,. 11.512, 2cm,,, 3.4.3, 3.10,,,,,, 3.10 3.4.3.1 12m, 20m, 10m, 2m 3.4.3.2 (1 ),,,, ( ),, 3.11 68

(2 ).11 50cm,,,,,,,,,,,, : ; 5mm 0.5% ; 10mm 0.7 % ; + 5-3mm ; 4mm ()0.3%, A.,,, 69

B,, 1% C. M5,, 3m, 10mm,,,,, D.,,, 23, A. CA T30020C,, 9kN, 2%, 12000m,,,, B.,,,, 2 300500mm ( ) C. 3% ( 510cm),,, 2/ 3,,,,, A. ( > 35 ),,, 15cm, 15% B.,, 20cm, ;, 30cm, 5km/ h, 70

, 30cm, 1.0 m, 5t 1/ 2,, 1/ 2, 1/ 3,,,, 500m 2 50m 3,, 1m 1 ( 500m 2 50m ) : 1.0m 90%, 95% (3 ),,, 8h 10m, 20mm, (300g/ m 2 ), 50 mm,, 95%,, 3.1 3.2 3.3? 3.4? 71

4.1 4.1.1,,,,,,,,, 4.1.2 :, ;, ;,, 4.2 4.2.1 (1 ),,,, 9.5mm, 2.36mm 90% ; 26.5mm, 19mm 90% ; 37.5mm, 31.5 mm 90% (2 ),, 72 (3 )

,,,, 4.2.2 4.2.2.1 (1 ) 30%, 35% (2 ),, 53mm (), 4.1 ;, 37.5mm (), 4.2,, 37.5mm, 4.3 1 ;, 31.5mm, 4.3 3 ;, 4.3 2 ( 60% 10% ) 5,, 10 12 4.1 ( mm) 53 4.75 0.6 0.075 0.002 ( % ) 100 50100 17100 050 030 4.2 ( mm) ( % ) (mm) ( % ) 37.5 90100 2.36 2070 26.5 66100 1.18 1457 19 54100 0.6 847 9.5 39100 0.075 030 4.75 2884 4.2.2.2, 3h ( 6 h ) 4.2.2.3 73

.3 ( % ) 1 2 3 37.5 100 100 31.5 90100 100 26.5 90100 (mm) 19 6790 7289 9.5 4568 4767 4.75 50100 2950 2949 2.36 1838 1735 0.6 17100 822 822 0.075 030 07 07 ( % ) < 28 < 9 : 0.5 mm, 0.075 mm 5 % ;, 0.075mm 7 % 4.2.3 4.2.3.1 7d, 4.4 4.4 ( MPa) ( % ) ( MPa) ( % ) 35 98 2.53 97, 93 1.52.5 97, 95 1.52.0 95, 93 4.2.3.2 (1 ), : :3 %,4 %,5 %,6 %,7 % (, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8% ) ; 74 12 : 5%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 11 % ; :8 %,10%, 12 %,14%, 16 % :

3 %,4 %,5 %,6 %,7 % ; 12 : 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 9% ; :6 %,8 %,9 %,10%, 12 % (2 ) ( ), (3 ) (4 ), 4.5 4.5 < 10% 10 % 15 % 15 % 20% 6 9 6 9 13 9 13 (5 ) 6d 24 h, ( JT J057 ) (6 ) (7 ) 4.4, R : RRd/ (1 - Za Cv ) ( 4.1) Rd (4.4 ), M Pa; Cv ( ) ; Za ( a), 95%, Za = 1.645; 90%, Za = 1.282 (8 ) 0.5% 1.0%, 0.5% ;, 1 % 4.2.4 4.2.4.1 4.1 4.1 75

.2.4.2 (1 ), ;, ;,, 1215t 34,,,,,,,, ; ;, (2 ), 1520m, 10 15 m, (3 ) A. B., C.,, 824h A. B., C., (4 ) ( 4.6 ),,,, 76 (5 ),

4.6 1.301.35 1.531.58 (6 ),, 68t 12, (7 ),, (8 ),,,, () ( ), (),, ;, ( ) (), ( ),, (9 ),,,,,,,,, 1% 2% (10) A.,, ;, B. 5cm, C.,,,, 12,,, (11) 77

% 2%, 12t, 68,, 1/ 2,, ; ; 1215t, 15cm; 1820t, 20cm;, 10cm, 68t 12,,, ( ),,,, ;, (12), 58m,,, A., 30cm,,, ( 4.2) 4.2 B. C.,,,,, 5cm, A. 810m, 10cm B., ( ),, 78

,,, : A.,, B., ( ), C., ( ) D.,, (13), 7d, 710cm, 4.2.5 (1 ),, (2 ) ; (3 ) :, 15mm;, ;, ( ),, (4 ),, (5 ) A.,, B.,,, A., ; 79

B,, ; C., ; D.,,,, (6 ) (7 ),,,, (8 ), 2h ;,,, ; 3m, ; ;,, ;, ;, 2h,,, (9 ), 510m,,,,, ;, ( ) (10), (11) 4.3 4.3.1 (),,, : :,,, ;, 80

.3.2 4.3.2.1 (1 ) 1520, 15 % (2 ), 37.5 mm,, 53mm (3 ), 37.5mm (4 ) 80%, (5 ) : : 30% 35% : 30% 35% 4.3.2.2 (1 ) 4.7 4.7 ( % ) 85 80 70 80 75 65 65 60 55 60 55 50 (5mm, % ) 7 11 17 10 14 20 ( % ) 4 4 4 4 4 4 0.71mm ( % ) 0 1 1 0 1 1 0.125mm ( % ) 13 20 13 20, ( % ) 5 > 5 4 > 4 : 5 %, : 75 %, 70 %, 60 % ; 81

2 ), 4.3.2.3 ( ) 4.3.3,,, 4.3.3.1 7d, 4.8 4.8 ( MPa) ( % ) ( MPa) ( % ) 0.8 97, 93 0.8 97, 95 0.50.7 95, 93 : ( 7 ), 7d 0.5M Pa( 100g ) 7, ; 7 4.3.3.2 (1 ),, : :5 %,6 %,7 %,8 %,9 % ; 12 : 10 %,12%, 13 %,14%, 16 % ; 12 : 8%, 10 %,12%, 14 %,16% : 12 : 8%, 10 %,11%, 12 %,14% ; 12 : 5%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 11 % (2 ) ( ),, (3 ) (4 ),, 4.5 (5 ) [ ( 202 ), ( 252 )] 6d, 24h, ( JT J 057) 82 (6 ) (7 ) 4.8,

R Rd (4.4 ), M Pa; R Rd 1 - Za Cv Cv ( ) ; ( 4.2) Za ( a), 95%, Za = 1.645; 90%, Za = 1.282 (8 ) 0.5% 1.0%, 0.5% ;, 1.0 % 4.3.4 4.3.4.1 4.3 4.3.4.2 (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) 4.3 A. B.,,,, C., 15,,, 15mm 710d,, 83

0mm (4 ), 4.9 4.9 1.531.58,, 1.651.70, 1.521.56, (5 ) (6 ) (7 ),,,,, (8 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 70% 100 %, 12d,, (9 ) (10), 58mm,,,, 84

11), 7d 4.3.5 (1 ) (2 ),, (3 ) 15mm,, 12,, 3,,, (4 ) (5 ) 4.4 4.4.1, ( ),,, (), : (1 ),, ( ),,, (2 ),,, 85

.4.2 4.4.2.1 4.4.2.2 4.7 SiO2 Al2 O3 Fe2 O3 70 %, 20% ; 2500cm 2 / g(90% 0.3mm, 70% 0.075mm ) 35% 4.4.2.3 1220 ( ) 15mm 10% 4.4.2.4 (1 ), 53mm, 37.5mm; 80%, 4.10 4.11 4.10 ( % ) 1 2 ( mm) 37.5 100 31.5 85100 100 19.0 6585 85100 9.50 5070 5575 4.75 3555 3959 2.36 2545 2747 1.18 1735 1735 0.60 1027 1025 0.075 015 010 (2 ), 37.5mm, 15%, 20%, 31.5mm, 4.10 4.11 2, 0.075mm 0 86

.11 ( % ) 1 2 ( mm) 37.5 100 31.5 90100 100 19.0 7290 8198 9.50 4868 5270 4.75 3050 3050 2.36 1838 1838 1.18 1027 1027 0.60 620 620 0.075 07 07 (3 ) : 30% ; 35% : 35% ; 40% 4.4.2.5 ( ) 4.4.3 (1 ),,, (2 ) 7d, 4.12 4.12 ( MPa) ( % ) ( MPa) ( % ) 0.81.1 98 0.60.8 97, 93 0.6 97, 95 0.5 95, 93 87

.4.4 (1 ) 4.4 (2 ) (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) 4.4,,,,,, ;,, (4 ), ;,,,,, 12,,, 88

5 ) A.,, 510 mm( ),, B.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4,,,,,,, A.,, B., 1% C.,,, D.,,,,, E.,,, (6 ) A.,, ;,, B. 12, C. A, B, D., 5cm, E. F.,, 12,,, 89

,, 1.51.7; 1.31.5; 1.6 1.8; 1.4;, 1.2 1.3 (7 ) (8 ) (9 ),,,, 7d, 14d,, 4.4.5 (1 ), : 15mm; 12mm, 9.5mm 2.36mm 95% 75%,,, (2 ) 4.5 (3 ) 24h,, (4 ),,,, () (5 ) 4.4.6 (1 ) ( ), 90

.5 : ;,, ( ), ( ), (2 ) 15mm,, 1% 2%, 12,, 3,,,, (3 ) (4 ) 4.5 4.5.1,, 91

.5.2 4.5.2.1 (1 ) : : 26% ; 30% ; 35% : 30% ; 35% ; 40% (2 ), 37.5mm;, 31.5mm (3 ), 4.13 1, 4.13 2 4.13 ( % ) 1 2 37.5 100 31.5 90100 100 19.0 7388 85100 (mm) 9.5 4969 5274 4.75 2954 2954 2.36 1737 1737 0.6 820 820 0.075 07 07 ( % ) < 28 < 28 < 6( 9 ) < 6( 9 ) : 6, 9 ;, 0.075 mm (4 ), 4.141 ;, 4.14 2 92

5 ) 20% 4.5.2.2, 4.14 ( % ) 1 2 53 100 37.5 85100 100 31.5 6988 83100 (mm) 19.0 4065 5484 9.5 1943 2959 4.75 1030 1745 2.36 825 1135 0.6 618 621 0.075 010 010 ( % ) < 28 < 28 < 6( 9 ) < 6( 9 ) :, 6, 9 4.5.3 4.5.3.1 4.6 4.6 93

.5.3.2 (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) A., 4.13 B., 4.13 C., 1%,, 1% (4 ),, 1.401.50 ;, 1.251.35,,,,,,,,,, (5 ),,,, 56, 300500m4.7 4.15 94,, 1%,

.7 4.15 ( ) ( ) ( ) 3050 45 3 3540 45 2,,,, 46,,,,, 1%,,, (6 ),, 12t, ;,, 1/ 2 ;,, 68, 23 12t, 1518cm, 20cm (7 ), 58m,, (8 ),,, 30cm, 4.5.4 (1 ), 95

2 ), (3 ),, (4 ),, (5 ), (6 ), (7 ) ( ),,, ;, (8 ) (9 ) :,,,,, (10),, 58m (11),, :,,, 30cm,,,, 4.6 4.6.1,, 96

.6.2 (1 ), 37.5mm;, 53mm (2 ) 20% (3 ) 4.16 4.16 ( % ) 1 2 3 53 100 37.5 90100 100 31.5 8194 90100 100 (mm) 19.0 6381 7388 85100 9.5 4566 4969 5274 4.75 2751 2954 2954 2.36 1635 1737 1737 0.6 820 820 820 0.075 07 07 07 ( % ) < 28 < 28 < 6( 9 ) < 6 (9 ) < 6( 9 ) : 6, 9, 0.075 mm (4 ), 4d 160% (5 ), 4.17 28%, 9 4.17 ( mm) 53 37.5 9.5 4.75 0.6 0.075 ( % ) 100 80100 40100 2585 845 015 (6 ), 4d 40%, 60% (7 ), : 97

: 30% ; 35% 30% ; 35% ; 40% 4.6.3 4.6.3.1 4.8 4.6.3.2 (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) 4.8,, ;, (4 ),,,,,, 1.401.50 ;, 1.251.35,, 98, (5 ), 300500m

A, 4.7 4.15 56,,, 1%, B.,, C. D., E., 100150m A.,,,,, B.,, 1 %, C., (6 ) 12t, 1518cm, 20cm, : 98% ; 96 % (7 ) (8 ) 4.7 4.7.1,,,,,, 4.7.2 (1 ), 53mm;, 63mm (2 ), 3 ;,, 960kg/ m 3 15% (3 ) 4.18 99

.18 ( % ) (mm) (mm) 63 53 37.5 31.5 26.5 19 16 9.5 1 3060 100 2560 015 05 2 2550 100 2550 015 05 3 2040 100 3570 015 05 (4 ) 4.19 4.19 ( mm) 9.5 4.75 2.36 0.6 0.075 ( % ) 100 85100 5070 3050 010 < 6 (5 ) : 26% ; 30% 4.7.3, 4.7.3.1 4.9 100 4.7.3.2 (1 ) (2 ) 4.9

3 ), ;, 30% 40% (4 ),,,, (5 ) A. : 8t 34,,, ;,,, 1/ 3,,, B. :, 2.53.0cm C. :,, A, 23 D. :, 2.02.5cm, E. : C,, F.,,,,,,, 35mm G., 510mm,, AF H., 1215t 12,,, 3kg/ m 2 A. AF B.,,, C. 1215t,, 101

D. :, E.,,, 510mm,, AD 4.8 4.8.1 4.8.2 4.20 4.20 ( mm) 200m 4 + 10, - 15 + 10, - 20 ( mm) 200m 4 ( % ) 200m 4 0.5 0.5 (mm) 200m 2, 30m 15 20 ( mm) 200m 4 + 5, - 15 + 5, - 20 200m 1 (mm) - 10-12 - 25-30 ( mm) 200m 4 + 0 + 0 ( % ) 200m 4 0.3 0.5 (mm) 200m 2, 30m 12 15 ( mm) 200m 4 + 5, - 10 + 5, - 15 (mm) 200m 1-8 - 10-15 - 20 ( mm) 200m 4 + 0 + 0 ( % ) 200m 4 0.3 0.5 (mm) 200m 2, 30m 8 12 ( mm) 3.0 102

.8.3 4.21 4.21 ( ) : 200m 4 ( 93%, 88 %, ) 95 % 90 % ( 1km) 40 50 610 96 % 92 % 4050 610 23 4050 98 % 94 % 96 % 92 % ( ) 610 4050 85 % 82 % 83 % 80 % 610 93 % (95 % ) 89 % ( 91 % ) 1.0% 36 ( % ) 2.0% 98 % (97 % ) 94 % ( 93 % ) 610 96 % (95 % ) 92 % ( 91 % ) 23 36-1.0 % ( % ) :,, 3 4, ; ( JT J0342000 ) ;,, 1km, 103

.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5? 104

5.1 5.1.1,,,,,, 5.1.2 5.1.2.1 (1 ), : 0.5mm 0.074mm, 6 %,, ; 0.5mm, 6 %, (2 ),,,,, 5.1.2.2, (1 ) ;, 105

2 ) () () ;,,,, (3 ), ( 10% 15% ), ;, ( 10% ),, 5.1.2.3, (1 ),, (2 ), (3 ) (4 ) 3cm 1.53.0cm 1.01.5cm, 1.52.5cm, 2.53.0cm (5 ) () 48cm,, 34cm, 710cm 106

.2 5.2.1 5.2.1.1 (1 ) 5.1 5.1 A B C, 1., 2. (2 ) 5.2 5.2.1.2 (1 ) 5.3 (2 ) 5.4 5.2.1.3 (1 ) (2 ) 5.5 5.2.1.4 (1 ), T-1 T-2, T-5 T-6 T-7, (2 ) 5.6 107

.2 [ 1 ] 160 [ 4 ] 130 [ 4] 110 90 70 [ 3 ] 50 [3 ] 30 [ 4 ] (25,5s,100g) 0.1mm 140200 120140 100120 80100 6080 4060 2040 T 0604 [6 ] [ 4] [4 ] 2-1 2-2 3-2 1-1 1-2 1-3 2-2 2-3 1-3 1-4 2-2 2-3 2-4 1-4 [ 4 ] A [ 6] PI [ 2 ] A - 1.5+ 1.0 B - 1.8+ 1.0 T 0604 A 38 40 43 45 44 46 45 49 55 ( R&B) B 36 39 42 43 42 44 43 46 53 T 0606 C 35 37 41 42 43 45 50 60 [2 ] Pas A 60 120 160 140 180 160 200 260 T 0620 A 50 50 40 45 30 20 30 20 20 15 25 20 15 15 10 10 [2 ] cm B 30 30 30 30 20 15 20 15 15 10 20 15 10 10 8 T 0605 A B 100 80 50 15 cm C 80 80 60 50 40 30 20 108

.2 [ 1 ] 160 [ 4 ] 130 [ 4] 110 90 70 [ 3 ] 50 [3 ] 30 [ 4 ] () % A 2.2 B 3.0 C 4.5 T 0615 230 245 260 T 0611 % 99.5 T 0607 ( 15) g/ cm 3 T 0603 TFOT( RTFO T) [5 ] % 0.8 T 0610 T 0609 % (10) cm A 48 54 55 57 61 63 65 B 45 50 52 54 58 60 62 C 40 45 48 50 54 58 60 A 12 12 10 8 6 4 B 10 10 8 6 4 2 T 0604 T 0605 (15) cm C 40 35 30 20 15 10 T 0605 : [ 1] ( JTJ0522000 ) [ 2] P I 60 10, [ 3] 70 60 70 70 80, 50 4050 5060 [ 4] 30, 130 160 [ 5] TF O T, R T FO T [ 6] A ( JT G F40 2004 ) 109

.3 PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 BC-1 PA-1 PA-2 PA-3 BA-1 PN-2 BN-1 ( ) 5.4 PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 BC-1 P A-1 P A-2 PA-3 BA-1 P N-2 BN-1 T 0658 ( + ) ( - ) T 0653 (1.18mm ), % 0.1 0.1 0.1 T 0652 5.2.2 (1 ), 5.7 110

.6 T-1 T-2 T-3 T-4 T-5 T-6 T-7 T-8 T-9 [ 1 ] C 30.5 525 2670 ( s) C30.10 C 50.10 525 2650 51120 121200 1075 76200 T 0621 C 60.10 3565, ( % ) 170, 270, 300 3 20 3 20 1535 1535 3 20 30 2 15 30 1.5 15 25 1.5 15 25 1.0 10 20 1.0 10 20 1.0 10 15 T 0641 300 ( 3045 3045 3565 3565 3565 3565 4070 4070 4070 T 0606 ) ( ),( % ) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 T 0612, ( % ) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 T 0646,( % ) 5 5 5 4 4 3.5 3 2 2 T 0645, ( % ) 4 4 3 3 2.5 2.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 T 0642 : [ 1 ] ( JT J052 2000 ) 5.7, % 26 28 30 T 0316, % 28 30 35 T 0317, 2.60 2.50 2.45 T 0304, % 2.0 3.0 3.0 T 0304, % 12 12 T 0314 (2 ) 5.8 112

.8 (mm) (%) (mm) 106 75 63 53 37.5 31.5 26.5 19.0 13.2 9.5 4.75 2.36 0.6 S1 4075 100 90100 015 05 S2 4060 100 90100 015 05 S3 3060 100 90100 015 05 S4 2550 100 90100 015 05 S5 2040 100 90100 015 05 S6 1530 100 90100 015 05 S7 1030 100 90100 015 05 S8 1025 100 90100 015 05 S9 1020 100 90100 015 05 S10 1015 100 90100 015 05 S11 515 100 90100 4070 015 05 S12 510 100 90100 015 05 S13 310 100 90100 4070 020 05 S14 35 100 90100 015 03 5.2.3 (1 ),, 5.9 5.9, 2.50 2.45 T 0328 ( > 0.3mm ), % 12 T 0340 ( 0.075mm ), % 3 5 T 0333, % 60 50 T 0334, g/ kg 25 T 0346 ( ), s 30 T 0345 (2 ) 5.10 113

.10 ( % ) (mm) 9.5 100 100 100 4.75 90100 90100 90100 2.36 6595 7590 85100 1.18 3565 5090 75100 0.6 1530 3060 6084 0.3 520 830 1545 0.15 010 010 010 0.075 05 05 05 5.11 5.11 ( mm) ( % ) 9.5 4.75 2.36 1.18 0.6 0.3 0.15 0.075 S15 05 100 90100 6090 4075 2055 740 220 010 S16 03 100 80100 5080 2560 845 025 015 5.2.4 (1 ), 5.12 5.12, t/ m 3 2.50 2.45 T 0352, % 1 1 T 0103 < 0.6mm < 0.15mm < 0.075mm % % % 100 90100 75100 100 90100 70100 T 0351 < 1 T 0353 < 4 T 0354 T 0355 114

(2 ), 50%, 12%, 4%, 5.3 5.3.1 (1 ),,,, (2 ) ( ),, (3 ), (4 ),, ; ;, ;, 5.3.2 (1 ) 400t/ h,, ; 30350t/ h, ; 30 t/ h, 5.1, 5.2 (2 ) 5.3 (3 ), 115

.1 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ;5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 5.2 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 5.3 116

;,,, ;, (4 ),, (5 ) 5.13 5.13 ( ) 50 70 90 110 160170 155165 150160 145155 1030 510 150170 145165 140160 135155 10, 200 195 190 185, 150 145 140 135,, 140 135 130 125 160 150 140 135 135 130 125 120 150 145 135 130 80 70 65 60, 85 80 75 70 75 70 60 55, 50 50 50 45 5.3.3 150kN,,, 13,,,,,,,, 117

.3.4 5.3.4.1 (1 ),,, ;,, (2 ) 510m,,,,, ;,,,, 5.3.4.2 ( ), ( ) ( ) ( )5.4,,,, ( ),, ( ) 5.4 1 ; 2 ;3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 (1 ),,, ( ), 118

020m,, 30cm, 3.06.0cm, ;, 1015cm,,,, ( mm),,,,,,,, :,,,, ;,, (2 ), 2 3, 5 10cm,,,, 23,,,,,,,, (3 ), : V, m/ min; W, m; D, m; V = C/ 60W D= C/ 140W D, t/ m 3, 2.33t/ m 3 C, t/ h ;, 5.3.4.3 (1 ) 0.51h, 100,,,, (2 ),, 119

,, (3 ), 5.13 5.3.5 5.3.5.1 : :68t ; :812t, 1215t ; :1220t,2025t ; :26t,614t ; :112t ; : 180kg, 3000 / min; 5.3.5.2,, 5.14 5.14 ( km/ h) 23 4 35 6 36 6 23 4 35 6 46 8 23 () 3 () 34.5 ( ) 5 ( ) 36 ( ) 6 ( ) (1 ),,, 5.13 68t 12, (2 ),,,, 1/ 31/ 2, 1/ 2, 20cm, 6080m,, ;, 120

, 1015cm, (3 ),,, 5.3.6 5.3.6.1 (1 ) 1020cm,, (2 ),,, 510cm,,, 1015cm,, 1015cm, 15cm, 5.3.6.2 (1 ),, 5.5 1m 5.5 (a ) ; ( b ) ; (c) (2 ), 0.40.8m,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,, (4 ),, 3m 5.4 5.4.1 (1 ), 5.1 121

2 ), 5.15 5.15 ( m 3 / 100m 2 ) ( kg/ m 2 ) ( mm) 1.0 S12 79 1.01.2 1.01.2 1.5 S10 1214 1.41.6 1.41.6 1.5 S10 1214 S12 78 1.41.6 1.01.2 2.42.8 2.0 S9 1618 S12 78 1.61.8 1.01.2 2.63.0 2.5 S8 1820 S12 78 1.82.0 1.01.2 2.83.2 2.5 S8 1820 S12 1214 S12 78 1.61.8 1.21.4 1.01.2 3.84.4 3.0 S6 2022 S12 1214 S12 78 1.82.0 1.21.4 1.01.2 4.04.6 0.5 S14 79 0.91.0 0.91.0 1.0 S12 911 S14 46 1.82.0 1.01.2 2.83.2 S12 46 3.0 S6 2022 S10 911 2.02.2 1.82.0 1.01.2 4.85.4 S14 3.54.5 5.4.2 5.4.2.1,,, (1 ),,,,, (2 ),,,,, 5.4.2.2 (1 ) 5.6 122 5.6

2 ),,,,, (),, 10% 20 %, (), A. 130 170, 80120, B.,,,,,, C., D.,, 11.5m, 1015cm E.,, A.,, B.,,, C., 1015cm, A. (), 68t 30cm,,, 1, 34 2k m/ h, B., 810t, S12 (510mm), S14 ( 3 5mm), 3.55.5m 3 / 1000m 2,,, 123

5.5 5.5.1 (1 ), 5.1 (2 ), 5.16 5.16 ( kg/ m 2 ) ( cm) 4 5 6 S14 35 S14 35 S13 ( S14 ) 46 1.01.2 1.01.2 1.01.2 S12 67 S11( S10) 1012 S11 ( S10 ) 1012 1.61.8 1.82.0 2.02.2 S10( S9 ) 1214 S8 1214 S8 ( S6) 1618 1.82.1 1.61.8 2.83.0 S5 4550 S4 5560 S3 ( S4) 6676 4.45.1 5.25.8 5.86.4 (cm) 7 8 4 5 S13 ( S14) 46 S13( S14) 46 S13( S14) 46 S14 46 0.81.0 S14 56 S14 0.81.0 1.21.4 S10 ( S11) 56 79 1.01.2 S10( S11) 1.01.2 S12 1.41.6 S12 1.51.7 S6 ( S8 ) 1113 1113 78 S10 911 2.42.6 S6( S8 ) 2.62.8 S9 1.61.8 1.61.8 S2 1820 2022 1214 S8 1012 3.33.5 S2 4.44.2 S5 2.22.4 2.62.8 8090 95100 4045 S4 5055 6.77.3 8.27.6 6.06.8 7.48.5 124

3 ) 5.17 5.17 ( kg/ m 2 ) ( cm) 4 5 6 S12 56 S12( S11) 79 S12 ( S11 ) 79 1.41.6 1.61.8 1.61.8 S10( S9 ) 1214 S8 1618 S8 ( S7) 1618 2.02.3 2.62.8 3.23.4 S5 4550 S4 5560 S3 ( S2) 6676 3.43.9 4.24.6 4.85.2 ( cm) 7 5 6 S14 46 1.31.5 S14 46 S12 810 1.41.6 1.41.6 S10( S11) 810 S12 910 S9 812 1.71.9 1.82.0 1.51.7 S6( S8 ) 1820 S8 1517 S6 2426 4.04.2 2.52.7 2.42.6 S2( S3 ) 8090 S4 5055 S3 5055 5.76.1 5.96.2 6.77.2 5.5.2 5.5.2.1 (1 ) (2 ), (3 ) 68t 810t, 5.5.2.2 (1 ),, (2 ) 5cm, 5.5.2.3 (1 ) 125

.7 (2 ) 5.7,, 1.251.30,, 68t, 2km/ h, 30cm,,,,, 1012t ( 1215t ), 1/ 2, 46,,,,,,,, 812t, 1/ 2, 46,,,,,,,,, 68t 24, 126 5.5.3 (1 ) 4cm,,

(2 ) 5cm,, 5.5.4 (1 ) 5.8 5.8 (2 ) 5cm,,, 5.6 5.6.1 5.6.1.1 (1 ), 5.1 (2 ) 5.18 5.18 ( L/ m 2 ) ( L/ m 2 ) ( L/ m 2 ) AL( M) -1 2 3 AL( S)-1 2 3 1.02.3 PC-2 PA-2 1.02.0 T-1 T-2 1.01.5 AL( M )-1 2 AL( S) -1 2 0.61.5 PC-2 PA-2 0.71.5 T-1 T-2 0.71.0 127

.6.1.2 (1 ),,, (2 ),, 1h,, (3 ), ;,, (4 ), 5.6.2 5.6.2.1 (1 ), 5.1 (2 ) 5.19 5.19 (L/ m 2 ) ( L/ m 2 ) AL( R) -3AL( R )-6 AL( M) -3AL( M) -6 0.30.5 PC-3 PA-3 0.30.6 AL( M) -3AL( M) -6 AL( S) -3AL( S )-6 0.20.4 PC-3 PA-3 0.30.5 5.6.2.2 (1 ) (2 ) 10, (3 ), (4 ),, 5.7 5.7.1 5.20 128

.20 ( ),, 1km 5-5% - 8 % T 0912 1km 5-10 % - 15% T 0912 1km 5-10 % T 0912 1km 5-20 % T 0912 1km 5 96% ( 98 % ) 92 % ( 94 % ) 98 % ( 99 % ) T 0924 () 1km 5 1% ( 1km)2 % ( ) T 0924 1.2mm 2.5mm T 0932 IRI 2.0m/ km 4.2m/ km T 0933 1km10,30m 5mm T 0931, 1km 5, 3 300mL/ min ( ) 200mL/ min(sma ) T 0971 1km 20 20mm 30mm T 0911 1km 20 T 0911 1km 20 15mm 20mm T 0911 1km 20 20mm 30mm T 0911 1km 20 0.3 % 0.5 % T 0911 20m 1 5m 1 T 0951 T 0952 1km 5 T 0961/ 62 / 63 1km 5 T 0964 T 0965 129

.7.2 5.21 5.21 ( ), 200m 1-5mm T 0921 200m 1-10mm T 0921 4.5mm T 0932 IRI 7.5m/ km T 0933 1km 10, 30m 10mm T 0931 1km 20 30mm T 0911 1km 20 T 0911 1km 20 20mm T 0911 1km 20 0.5% T 0911 1km 1 0.5% T 0722 1km 1 5 % T 0722, 200m 1-5mm - 8 % T 0921 200m 1 15mm T 0921 3.5mm T 0932 IRI 5.8m/ km T 0933 1km 10, 30m 8mm T 0931 1km 20 30mm T 0911 1km 20 T 0911 1km 20 20mm T 0911 1km 20 0.5% T 0911 1km 1 0.5% T 0722 1km 1 5 % T 0722 5.1?? 5.2?? 5.3?? 5.4?? 5.5? 130

6.1,,,,,,, ( ), ( ),,,,, 6.2 6.2.1 (1 ),,, ; ; R,,,,,, 3 131

,,,, 65, 55, 60, 50, 10 (2 ) 70 % 80 %, 5mm,,, ( GB/ T 14685 ) C60 ; C30C60 ; C30, 24, ( J TG F302003 ) 19.0mm; 26.5mm; 31.5mm (3 ) 5mm,,, ( JTG F302003) ( GB/ T 14684 ) C60 ; C30C60 ; C30 ( ) ( ),,,,, ( 2.33.0 ), 2.03.5 0.3,, (4 ),, : 0.0027mg/ mm 3 ; 0.005mg/ mm 3 ; p H 4 (5 ), : 132,,

,,, (6 ),,,, 6.2.2, ( JTG F302003),,,, 1m 3,,, 6.2.2.1 (1 ) (6.1 ) : fc = f r 1-1.04cv + ts ( 6.1) f c 28d, M Pa; f r, MPa ; s, M Pa ; t, 6.1 ; cv, 6.2 ;, ;, 6.1 t p n( ) 3 6 9 15 20 0.05 1.36 0.79 0.61 0.45 0.39 0.10 0.95 0.59 0.46 0.35 0.30 0.15 0.72 0.46 0.37 0.28 0.24 0.20 0.56 0.37 0.29 0.22 0.19 133

.2 c v 0.050.10 0.72 0.46 0.37 0.28 0.24 (2 ) ( W/ C),, : : : f c 28d, M Pa; W C = 1.5684 fc + 1.0097-0.3595 f s W C = 1.2618 fc + 1.5492-0.4709 f s ( 6.2) ( 6.3) f s 28d, M Pa, ( ), W/ ( C+ F)W/ C ( GBJ146),,, ;, (6.2 )(6.3 ),, 6.3, 6.3 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.40 0.42 0.44 ( kg/ m 3 ) () ( kg/ m 3 ) ( kg/ m 3 ) ( ) ( kg/ m 3 ) 42.5 300 300 290 32.5 310 310 305 42.5 320 320 315 32.5 330 330 325 42.5 260 260 255 32.5 280 270 265 42.5 280 270 265 : ( ), 32.5 ; 134

) ( 1.0 %, 0.5 % ) ;, ( ) 0.010.02 (3 ) ( W0 ) ( kg ), ( ) : : W0 = 104.97 + 0.309 SL + 11.27 C/ W + 0.61 SP ( 6.4) : W0 = 86.89 + 0.370 SL + 1.24 C/ W + 1.00 SP ( 6.5) W0, kg/ m 3 ; SL, mm; SP, %, 6.4 ; C/ W, 6.4 2.22.5 2.52.8 2.83.1 3.13.4 3.43.7 SP ( % ) 3034 3236 3438 3640 3842 2832 3034 3236 3438 3640 ( W0 W ) : W0 W = W0 1 -, % : 100 ( 6.6),,, 6.5, 6.6 6.5 6.6, ( ), 6.5 SL ( mm) ( Ns/ m 2 ) 2040 2550 200500 555 1065 100600 135

.6 (mm) 4060 3050 1040 (mm) 2040 1030 020 ( kg/ m 3 ) 156 153 153 148 150 145, 6.3, (5 ) C0 ( kg) : (6 ) C0 = C W W 0 ( 6.7), 24002450 kg/ m 3 ;,,,,, 70% 6.2.2.2, (1 ), VC, ( ),,,,,, 2.0%, ( ), 0.02 24 (),, 7d 28d (),, 1520kg/ m 3 (2 ) 24 200 m,,, ( ), 510kg 28d( 7d ), 136

3 ), ( ),,,,,, 6.3 : 6.3.1 (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; 137

; ; ;, ; (2 ), :,,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,, (4 ), :, ; ; 65cm,, 30cm,, 50cm,,, 6.3.2 (1 ),,,,,, ;, (6.8 ), 138 M = 60 bhvt ( 6.8)

M, m 3 / h; b, m; Vt, m/ min(1m/ min ) ; h, m;, 1.21.5,, 6.7, 23, 4, 6.7 (m 3 / h ) 3.754.5m 100 75 50 25 7.59m 200 150 100 50 12.5m 300 200,,,,,,, 510s,, (2 ) ;,, ( 6.9 ) : N, ; n, ; S, km; c, t/ m 3 ; N = 2 n 1 + S c m V q gq m, m 3 / h; Vq, k m/ h; gq, t/ ( 6.9) :,,, 139

.3.3,,, :,,,,,, (1 ),,,,, 200m,,,,, 6501000mm,,, (2 ),, 1,,,, 510m (3 ),,,,,,,,, 45cm, ; 250mm,,,, 3, 510mm 140

38mm, 12mm,,, 4,,, 1 2, ;, 5m,, 10m,, 4,,, (4 ), 12m/ min,,,,,,,,,,, 100mm,, 3cm, 6000 11000r/ min, 9000 r/ min,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 5%, 6 %, ;,, 50m, 7 %,,,,,,,, 7d, 5d,,,,,, 141

,,,, 4mm,,, 4/ 5,,, 6.3.4,, ( ), (1 ),,,, 2mm,,,,, 20 m, 100m,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,, 142

,,, (3 ) 10m,, 1.5, 50cm, 15 30 s, (4 ),, ;,,,, (5 ),,,,,, (6 ), 2030m,, ;,,,,,,,,, 520mm,,,,,,,,,,, 23,,,,,,, (41) mm, 60 mm,, (7 ),,,, 143

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 24cm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 15L/ s,,, 0.08M Pa,,, 510cm,,,,, 0.085MPa,,, 12cm, 15s, (8 ), 35m,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6.3.5,,,, 144

1 ),, ( J TG F30 2003 ) ; 510t, (3.9) ; 1.1kW, 2.2k W, ;, ; 3m, (2 ), (3 ), :,, ;, ;,,,,,,,, 520mm ;, K = 1.11.25,,, (4 ),, 2,,, 30 s,,, 500mm, 200mm, 3050mm,,,,,,, 1,, 100200mm, 15 s, (31 ) mm,, 1, 145

4mm, (41) mm, 23,,,, (5 ),,,, 1,, 2,, 3m, 1, 23, 1,,, 3m, 1,, 6.3.6,,,,, ( J TG F302003 ) ;,,, (1 ) 8M Pa,,,, 34,,,,,,,, 146 (2 ),,

6cm,,,,,,,, (3 ), 30min,,,,,,,, (4 ) 12 m,,, 3cm,,,, (5 ),,, 12, 0.51.0, 24 h, 12h; 2h, 6h, 6.3.7,,,, : 13,, 0.7 1.5m,,,, 2030min, 23mm, 35mm, 1525mm, 314d, 50cm, 147

.3.8,,,,,, 80 %, 7d, 1421d,, 40 %,,, 6.4 ( RCC),,,,,,, :,,,,, 7 10t, 2 ;,, ; 820t,,, 6.5,,,,,, (1 ),, 148,

,,,,, ;,, (2 ),,,, (3 ) 30, 3035, 80 %,,,,,,,,,,,, 35 (4 ) 5 515, - 35,,,, :, 10, 5, 5,, 80, 50 6.6,,,, (1 ) ( J TG F302003 ) :,,, 149

;,, (2 ) : ;, ;, ; ;, ( J TG F302003 ),,,,, (3 ), 1km,,,,, ( J TG F302003 ) 6.1?? 6.2? 6.3?? 6.4? 6.5? 6.6? 6.7? 6.8? 150

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7.1 7.1.1,,,,,, 7.1.1.1 (1 ) ( ),,,,,,,, 151

2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 7.1.1.2,,,,,, :, (1 ),,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,, A., 7.1 B. C., 152

.1,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, T,,,,,,,, :, ; ;,,,, T,,, :,,,, 7.2, 153

.2,,, ( ),, 7.1.2,,,,,, () (1 ) ( ) (), (), ( ),,,,, ( ),,,,,, ( ),,, ( ),, (2 ),,,,,,, 154

,,,, 7.1.3,,,,,,,,, : ; ; ; ; 7.2, 7.2.1 7.2.1.1,,,,, 5m,,, 0.51.0m, 7.2.1.2,,, ;,,,,, : 1040m;,,,,,,,, ( ) 155

.2.1.3,,,,,,,,,,, 7.2.1.4,,,,,,,,, ;,, 7.2.1.5,,,,,,, 100m ; ;, : (1 ),,, 0.5m (2 ) 30cm; 1.001.50m (3 ),, (4 ),,,,, 156

(5 ), : ( ),,, 1030m,, U Z H, U Z,,,,,,, 4 5 31m, 1.5m, 49.60m 54.60m 7.2.2,,,, 7.2.2.1, : (1 ),, (2 ),, (3 ) (4 ), (5 ), ;,, ;,, (6 ),,,, (7 ),, 157

8 ) 7.2.2.2 (),, :, ; ;,, ;, ;, ;,, 7.2.2.3, 2.5m ( 2.0m ),, 6m ;,, ;,,, 7.2.2.4 (1 ) ( ) A.,,,, 11 ( 15cm) ;,, 23, B. 0.5m, ; 0.3m, ; 1.52.0 m C.,, D., E. 34m, 34m,, A. B. a., (100cm) b., ( 75cm ), 158

c,, d., C., a. 58cm b. 35cm c.,,,,,,, D.,,,,,,, 35cm,, A.,, 1.5 B.,, C.,, 1.3, A. :,, 5 10cm;, 1530cm, 0.5 1.0m B. : C.,,, D.,,,, A. 150cm,, 0.40.6 B. 70cm, 24 C.,,, 1/ 31/ 4,, (, ),, (2 ),,, 0.6m,, 159

.3,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 7.3.1 7.3.1.1 : (1 ), () (), 7.3 (2 ) 7.4 7.3,,, 1cm,,,,,,, 160 ( ) (3 ) 7.5

.3 7.4 :, b; a, 161

7.5,,,,, 10M Pa,,,,,, 5% (4 ), 7.5 7.3.1.2 (1 ),, 0.4 m ;,, 0.150.25m, 5cm,, 1m, 162

2 ),, 0.4m ; ; ;, 1.0m,,, 1.01.5m,, 0.7, 1.5m, 0.7 (3 ) 0.5m, 1.01.5m;, ; 1.5 m, 7.3.1.3 : (1 ) 7.6,, 90,,, (2 ) 7.6 7.7, 1m, 90 [ 7.7( a) ( b) ], 6,,,, [7.7 ( c) ( d ) (e ) ], () (3 ),,, 7.8,, 35m, 25cm, 2.5m, 1m,,,,, 50mm,,, (4 ) 163

.7 7.8 7.9 ( : cm) 7.9,,, 3, (5 ),,,,, 7.10 1 2, 102mm 7mm, 3 3, 20mm, 1 4 10mm, 2, 1 5, 2 164

4 5,, 5 4 2 1cm 7.10 ( : mm) 1 ; 2 ;3 ; 4 ; 5 7.3.2 ( ), 7.3.2.1 (1 ),,,,, (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) 165

:,,,, 7.3.2.2 :,, ;, 7.11 7.11 ( : cm) ( a) ; ( b ) ; (c) ; ( d) (1 ) H 0 ; t ; 15, ; D ; h, ; n, ; b, 7.11 (2 ), 7.3.2.3 (1 ),, 1m,,,,,, (2 ), :, A, 7.12 7.12 (a); 7.12 ( b) 166 4 ( ),

.12, (, ) (3 ),,, : A.,,, B. ( ),, C. 1cm, D. 7.3.3 ( ) 7.3.3.1 (1 ) (),,,,,, (2 ),,, 167

,, 7.3.3.2,,,,, ;,, (1 ),,, 26m ; 1112,,, 2.5m;,, 1.15,, (2 ) 2m ( ),, 2m, 6m,,, 6m, (3 ),,,,,,,,, 30cm, ;,,,,, 168

.3.3.3,,,,,,, (1 ), :,,,,,, 8m 2, 22.5m (2 ),, ( ),, 7m, 10m 150kPa, 1.5 2,,,,,, A.,,, B. 7.13, C. 7.14,, 7.13 ( : cm) 1 ; 2 3 7.14 ( : cm) 1 ; 2 ; 3 5 6 ; 4 169

,, 7.15,,,,,,.15, ( a) ; ( b ) ; (c),,,,,,,, 7.16 7.16, 7.17,,,, 7.18,,,, 2900kN 7.17 ( : cm) 1, 4 ;2 ; 3 C15 7.18 170

7.3.3.4,,, : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; : (1 ),,,,,, 7.19, 7.19,,,, 7.20,,,, 7.20 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 16 mm,,, 171

1cm ;, (2 ),,,,,,,, (3 ) C30, 425, 350kg,,,,,,,,, 35cm,, 7.3.3.5 (1 ) : ( ) : A. B. C. 4 m,, 11.5, : A., 2050cm,,,, 10cm;, ;,,, 10cm,, B.,,, 60 C. : a., ; b. 172 D.,

,,,,,, 190800mm,,,, : A.,,, B.,,,, C.,,,, D., E.,, F., ( ), 2m 4m,, 8m, (),, (),,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ), : A., B.,,,,,,,, C., 173

, 1.5m,,,,,,,,,,,, A., 35mm,,, B. 23,,,, 7.21 7.21 ( a) ; ( b ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5,,, A.,,, 1030cm B.,, C. 135,, D., 15mm; E., F.,, 7.22 174

.22 ( : mm) 1 ; 2 1015 mm,, : 80cm,,,,, 7.23,,, 150cm,,, 7.23 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5,,,,,, 1/ 41/ 5,, : ( ) ( ) (3 ) 7.3.4 7.3.4.1 (1 ), 6m ; 6m ; (2 ) 175

;,,, (6m ) (25m ) () 7.3.4.2 (1 ),,,, ;,,,,,, ( 7.24 ), ;,, (2 ) 7.24,,,,,, ;, 176

.25,, [ 7.25( a) ],, ;,, [ 7.25( b) ],,, : 7.25 ( a) ; ( b ),, 7.3.5 ( ),,,, : (1 ) ( ) () () () 3050cm,, ( ), ( ), (),, ( ) (2 ) ( ) (),, 177

) 3050cm ( ), ( ) (3 ) () () (),, (),, (), (),,, 7.4 7.4.1,,,, :, : (1 ),, (2 ),,,, (3 ),,, (4 ), (5 ),,,,,,, 7.4.2,,,, 178

:, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,, 7.4.3 7.4.3.1,,, : (1 ), (2 ) (3 ),, (4 ),,,,,,,,, ( ), ( ) 51mm,,,, 7.4.3.2,,,, : 7.4.3.3,, :,, 179

,,,,, (1 ) :,,, 70%,, ;,,,,, ( ), ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (),, A.,, ; B.,, ; C.,, ; D.,,,, ; E.,, 2, 3 ; 610, ( ),, (2 ),,, 180

T, ( ),,,,,, 7.26,,, 7.26 T 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ;5 ;6 ; 7 5 cm, (7.27 ),,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ( ) (),, ( ) 50 kn ; 50kN,,, 181

.27 1 ;2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ;7, ( ) (), DCY450, 450t ( 112 ), 40m, 3% 7.4.4 (1 ),,,, 5%,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,, ;, 48MPa 182,,

, 7.4.5 7.4.5.1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7.4.5.2,,, (1 ) [7.28 (a) ], (), ( ) ( ),,, 1501000kN [7.28 ( b ) ],,,,,,,,,, 5m, [7.28( c) ],,,,,, (2 ) [7.29 (a) ],, [7.29( b ) ], 183

.28 ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c),,, [7.29( c) ],,,,, 7.4.6,,,,,,,,, 184

.29 ( a) ; ( b ) ; ( c) 7.1? 7.2?? 7.3? 7.4? 7.5? 7.6? 7.7 7.8 7.9 185

. ( JTJ 03395 ). :, 1996 2. ( JT G D302004). :, 2004 3,.( ). :,2002 4.. :,2002 5.. :,2003 6. ( J TJ0342000 ). :, 2000 7. :. :,2002 8. ( JTG F402004). :, 2004 9.. :,2004 10.( JTG F302003 ). :,2003 11,. ( JT G F302003 ). :,2003 12,.. :, 2004 13.. :,2004 14.. :,2004 15.. :,2001 16.. :,1992 17.. :, 2001 186