2

NO.2 62390334 13552661577 louwei2003@263.net 85196433 wuzq@cass.org..cn 1

2

2004 7 3 3

4 ( ) ( ) ( )

6360 585.7 9.2% 780.1 12.3% 4100 64.5% 894.2 14.1% 1 1978 18% 50% 45 68% 77% 1990 1995 2000 2002 2003 9443 9936 6792 5890 5575 1080.9 1913.4 2165.1 2186.0 2174.0 510.1 562.6 555.1 528.9 499.3 55.1 53.6 67.0 66.7 68.3 272 303.5 337.2 340.2 344.1 29.1 30.3 27.5 26.3 27.5 214.6 963.4 1178.3 1223.9 1234.7 =100 % 47.2 29.4 25.6 24.2 23.0 % 5.1 2.8 3.1 3.1 3.1 % 25.2 15.9 15.6 15.6 15.8 % 2.7 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.3 % 19.9 50.4 54.4 56.0 56.8 1144.7 1925.7 3187.7 3711.4 3899.5 540.2 566.2 817.3 898.0 895.6 58.4 53.9 98.6 113.2 122.6 288.0 305.5 496.5 577.6 617.2 30.8 30.5 40.5 44.7 49.4 227.3 969.6 1735.8 2077.9 2214.7 1990 2004 4 1 180 1 1 233 1 2002-2005 5

172 48 84 40 61 2003 688 1993 1994 96 2003 663 2003 1351 1543 1955 1980 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 233 400 528 545 +59 +58 +55 653 688 1996-2003 1994 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 96 309 439 547 613 663 2 1978 2003 70.02 52.74 35.66 2000 3.9 0.3 0.4 3.2 2001 8.4 0.3 0.5 7.6 2002 12.5 0.35 0.45 11.7 2003 11.73 3002 5144 10.92 1978 2003 17.28 1978 1981 1996 2002 95.88% 2002 1.8 2001 47% 97.83% 99% 2003 2.01 1978 2638 4292 1.32 1978 2003 6

25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 3 1985 7 20 2038 22000 1 1985 2003 5000 4500 4495 4000 3899 3500 3000 2500 2387 2675 3292 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1792 1429 1532 1208 899 728 582 443 340 212 239 1 44 100 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 1 2003 12 25 7

4 2008 20 70 90 6 22 80 45 1 20 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1955 1979 1981 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2 2003 2002 3221822 1993 31.39% 2172019 67.4% 0.17% 1993 48.92 2002 81.05 R&D 1993 1999 1993 70.10% 1999 64.6% 2000 75.38% 1993 R&D 1 45 2003 12 17 8

1993-2002 3500000 3000000 2500000 2000000 1500000 1000000 500000 0 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 5 3 1990 2003 201.9 1990 1995 2000 2002 2003 961.9 1012.8 1107.9 1144.9 1163.8 39.5 40.1 46.3 61.8 72.5 362.8 403.8 473.4 502.2 518.0 23.5 25.7 25.6 20.8 19.9 303.3 333.4 400.6 437.6 453.7 558.2 566.4 586.0 577.9 570.3 2004 2002 4 1 174 2003 72.5 5.4 18.3 1998 69% 183% 7 21.6 9.7% 29.8% 523 1351 38.7% 863 121 291 41.6% 1998 76 494 43 41 93% 985 9 1998 92 2003 251 1 4 2001 4051 693.2 17.11% 2112.1 52.1% 1245.7 30.8% 2001 54.4% 35 45.6% 36 45 30.3% 46 1 http://www.cer.net/article/20040618/3108319.shtml 9

54 19% 55 5.1% 1998 2001 56.9 1997 10.1 1.2 8.9 26 1 5 2000 2165.1 1999 2143.1 1998 2091.3 61.9 1997 2049.5 62.1 1996 1985.6 66.6 1995 1913.4 64.7 1994 865.9 65.4 1992 1759.7 62.7 1991 1716.8 69.1 1990 1080.9 64.5 1988 966.1 50.1 2000 1988 966.1 2000 2165.1 2.24 1992 232 2001 2714 11.70 31.43% 150 100 5 1 1988 1998 11.8 6 1985 126 1998 301 1998 2002 287 182.7 58.7% 41.3% 19.4 63.4% 36.6% 2 51.2% 15.9% 31 40 1 2002 10 31 2 (2003) (2003) 10

7 1998 2.9 2001 6.2 2002 322.8 60% 59.2 15.7 26.52% 1 8 4600 3.5 9994 2 1978 8 3000 2004 250 9 60 3000 30 3 1966 80 1977 19 24.3% 1988 107.5 62.7% 270 64 146 60 37.7% 26.6% 40 40% 75% 170 66.2% 4 25 9.4% 7.5 2003 1.4 1000 1 2 50 1999 9 1 3 3 4 5 1981 4? www.56-china.com.cn/mzlt/mzlt-lt6m17.htm - 26k 11

25% 15% 2000 129533 4571 14109 42989 45191 15 15 8507 10.9% 3.5% 2000 18% 5% 1998 OECD 80% 26% 8 12 13.4 11.7 12.3 1 1 1 6 29 157.3 5.5% 17.5% OECD The Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development 20 80 1999 OECD 44.1 61.5 39.5% 33.3 53.0 59.2% 2000 9.7 2 1996-2004 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 3 2001 2 1 12

4 2002 322.8 5 170 30 5 23% 5% 35% 60% 75% 35% 50% 15% 1 20%--25% 15%--20% 2004 2006 50 2 3 35% 80.8% 61.4% 1 5 7831 5521 1 0.71 1 0.89 59.8% 35.1% 2 2001 4 14.16% 25% 2 3 5 4 1 2002 19 1 22 1 1 2003 12 1 12 2 2004 3 1 48 49 13

27.22 1 1 2 1977 20 90 1978 1991 13 4.15 5.23 90 1992 6.88% 0.82% 1999 20% 2002 14.61 1 1991 1.85 1 2002 4.34 134.67% 2 5 7 40.31% 48.07% 11.62% 5% 3 1.5 600 9.1% 2001 18.6% 4 2002 2385 12.5% 5 9000 67 2.2% 70% 30% 60--80% 1997 1268 1998 2003 6 6 6 4.5% 92 ( 2088 885 1583 103 ) 35.3% 6.7 1 2002 2003 2 1999 2002 3 2003--2010 4 2003-2010 5 2004 2 25 6 2 9 14

5 2.7% 11% 8.67% 9.9% 13.7% 11% 12.6% 8.5% 1 WTO WTO 10 WTO WTO WTO 100 1000 1000 600 300 200 100 100 IT 100 80 20 30 30 40 30 IC 25 30 20 15 0.5 10 1 2005 8350 5400 6.3% 2 2005 58.8% 10 3700 90 3 1 21 1999 2 2003 2 2002 2005 3 15

2 2002 2010 2011 2020 2021 2050 2001 2050 2000 2010 2020 2050 15-64 8.32 9.7 10.8 13.3 25-64 7.97 9.1 10.3 13.3 10.05 11.8 12.7 13.8 7.99 9.6 11.0 13.5 6.8 7.5 8.6 10.0 9.4 9.9 10.8 13.2 10.8 11.3 12.2 14.0 % 4.66 10.54 19.30 43.98 0.14 0.42 1.09 6.77 5.95 8.03 12.77 35.76 18.99 21.65 32.04 51.26 10 3611 7700 13000 31000 / 10 11146 16000 19000 29000 / 2004 1 1 138 16

20 30 2006 IT 130 1 1 Vladimir Uskov, National Science Foundation Project on WWW-Based Education in IT, in http://www10. 17

IDC 2003 174 10 160 445 2 3 1985 76% 82% H-1B 11.5 10% 2 1978 2003 70.02 17.28 14 400 500, 1 org/cdrom/posters/1128.pdf. 2 21 2001 8 18

2 1 2 3 19

1 2 3 4 1956 1985 1993 5 20

20 1 2002 4287 96 2937 524 730 2.06 4287 3149 30 1993 2001 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2 3 4 5 6 1992 1994 21

22 1 2 3 4

2002 SCI EI ISTP 7.74 19.9% 2001 6 5 1997 3.53 7.74 17% 1 1997 2002 2003 1 10 1997 81 1999 97 2 2002 SCI 14.2% 6 2002 102 8 30 3 2002 11.2 2.0 5% 77% 2% 4 2 R&D 51.1 22.4 18.7 55.4% 24.3% 20.3% 1 2003 2 2003 12 23 3 2002 SCI 2004 4 2003 23

17.79% 16.4% 7.4 6.78 3 5 613 65 215 35.10 66 75 296 48.30 76 79 54 8.79 80 48 7.9 50 2001 14.3 11 3 1 6 1 2 3 7 2 1 13 3 2003 12 17 2 http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2004-06-02/11483379498.shtml 24

25 1 2 3 4 5

1 2003 2010 2003 2010 2 1 2 2003 70 5000 1 1978 2003 200 9900 2003 1.139 23.2% 2004 3 95% 2 1 372 2003 2010 2003 2010 1 70 2003 8 12 26

1997 2003 7 5% 1 2 3 2003 2622 8500 1 3.24 2 5 1 6 1 2000 80.8% 15.2% 4.0% 3 GDP 20% 40% GDP 40% 70% GDP 80% 2020 1 2002 5480 2001 4638 842 18.2% 1997 2532 2948 116.4% 1997 2002 16.7% (GDP) 1997 2002 GDP 2.5% 2.59% 2.79% 2.87% 3.19% 3.41% 2002 1997 0.91 1989 1 2 1 2 9 2 2004 2 10 3 2002 6 18 1 2003 11 3 27

16 12 9 6 0 2002 6 7.73 1990 6.26 2003 5.1% 12.5% 35.7% 1982 0.6% 6.6% 17.8% 2 3 1978-2002 1978 20.6 328.1 1990 39.5 349.2 1997 40.5 418.6 1980 24.7 317.1 1991 39.1 355.7 1998 40.7 431.2 1985 34.4 296.7 1992 38.8 362.4 1999 42.6 459.6 1986 37.2 311.5 1993 38.8 366.8 2000 46.3 473.4 1987 38.5 326.6 1994 39.6 375.7 2001 53.2 486.6 1988 39.3 338.9 1995 40.1 388.3 2002 61.8 503.0 1989 39.7 342.3 1996 40.3 404.0 2003 4 2001 2002 2001 9270.44 2002 8118.81 1 2001 85.8% 86.6% 1990 1990 2 2000 1 3% 7.5%, 2 2004 4 1 180 28

10%, 3/4, 1/2, 1/3 1/4 2 1999 GDP 5.5% 6% 1999 GDP 7.7% OECD 1998 5.8% 6% 7% GDP 4% 1998 GDP 4.63% 4.49% 4.27% 2002 GDP 3.41% 3 1 1999 2002 23% 2002 7.02% 68.82% 2 1993 2002 48.75% 1 1 2002 2003 29

1 2 30

1 2 3 1 2 3 31

1 2 33 2005 2006 1 30 6 2 2003 2010 2003 2010 3 1 1 33 2004 5 31 2 2004 32

2 1 2004 2004 4 1 2 2004 1 1 3 2003 12 1 4 2003 7 1 5 2004 3 1 62002 2005 7 8 2003 3 9 10 2001 7 5 11 2003 1 1 12 2001 8 1 33

34 [1] 20 70 80 20 90 WTO 1949 1978 1978 1992 1978 [1]

1998 1999 1990 1992 1992 2001 1992 1994 1997 2001 1 2 1 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 9500 6048 3054 3590 2115 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 35

www.chrm.gov.cn 2 1000000 800000 600000 400000 200000 0 870566 731531 644524 534690 1995 1996 1997 1998 2001 2001 WTO 2002 26158 2001 635 2000 2866 3 4 2003 12 19 20 3 31000 30000 29000 28000 27000 26000 25000 24000 1999 2000 2001 2002 2000 2001 2002 2003 36

4 30000000 25000000 20000000 15000000 10000000 5000000 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 : WTO 1 1982 2 30 3 37

7 4 1 38

39 ( ) 2002 2 2003 25 62.5 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 5 2003 www.chrm.gov.cn 3 2000 58 6

6 2000 10.10 100 4.33 6.60 30.62 44.25 14.19 12.82 100 25.01 18.71 42.70 13.59 2003 8 17 4 4 7 4 2002 20 72003 1.6% 2002 157 20 4.2 1 8 7 2002 20% 80% 2003 40

8 2002 70 20 80 1 2 3 2003 28 3033 524 730 30369 3697 140 853 4 41

42 400 20 5 20 1100 7000 1997 2002 4 2020 1

2002 30 600 10% 15% 6% 7% 2 3 4 5 WTO 43

9 9 500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 0 1995 1996 1997 www.chrm.gov.cn 44

1 2 : 3 4 5 45

50% 88.8% 76.3% 85% ( 10) 2002 33.7% 42.7% 23.6% 64.4% 22.0% 13.6% 50.8 11 10 % 5.5 29.0 1/5/11 5.0 28.5 1/5/13 3.5 25.3 1/5/20 2002 2 11 23.6% 33.7% 42.7% 22.0% 13.6% 64.4% 1 46

2 3 WTO 4 5 6 WTO (1) WTO (2) (3) 47

WTO (4) 1 2 48

3 4 1 2 49

3 4 5 6 50

1 2 3 WTO 4 5 51

6 7 1 2001 3 17 2 2003 9 54 56 3 2003 8 42 44 4 2003 8 4 7 5 2000 52

International Migration asylum seeker family reunion ( skill-based migration) 1982 highly skilled 1964 53

1995 1 2 1 2 3 4 1. 2. 20 2.1 1997 50% 25 20 1 20 5 20 90 54

2.2 1 20 70 1999 250 10% 1350 70 100 1983 2002 26 2962 419 2 2.3 1 1 276 1995 2 http://news.xinhuanet.com/zhengfu/2002-11/29/content_644378.htm 55

6/10 1375 21870 1 6 3 1 brain exchange brain drain brain gain 20 60 1.1 20 60 2003 40 2003 75% 1.9% 2.8% 2003 3% 1.2 1969 1979 10 50 20 60 90 200 2001 1999-2000 3 http://news.xinhuanet.com/zhengfu/2002-11/29/content_644378.htm 56

% 77.4 35.3 30.0 % 27.8 2000 52.1 86.2 43.2 % 56.4 1999 5.3 % 48.3 % 14.4 2000-2001 8.6 % 21.8 2000 129.9 % 70.6 % 53.2 2000 39.1 % 60.6 29.8 % 1999 24.1 370.7 % % 46.0 1998 46.3 46.4 1998 36.9 2001 40% 77% 13 48% 45% 20% 4 30% 4 1.3 57

10 1992 60 1992 7 10.7 4 8 4.3 8500 3400 2 2002 Brain Circulation 1999 7% 1 58

5 1 2 3 4 5 2 2.1 20 90 10000 25000 1996 7638 81% 1995 13266 4 2.2 1998 The Institute for Prospective Technological Studies 350 4 Flows and stocks of foreign labour in the UK by Salt.J and J.Clarke Labour Market Trends July 1998 59

2.3 5 1990 234178 12.3% 104101 1996 2006 2003 30 4 5 the receiving countries 2.4 1994 1997 11000 1994 1997 5 5 60

Highly Skilled Globetrotters: The International Migration Of Human Capital,by Sami Mahroum 5 2831 25.7% 5 89 0.8% 5 1994 1997 5 Highly Skilled Globetrotters: The International Migration Of Human Capital,by Sami Mahroum 2.5 1950 57 1990 790 2010 2800 61

host country 75% 5 1990 54000 140000 18000 10000 2003 30 2003 3 1, 62

points system 1 2004 2 16 2003 1978 2003 70.02 17.28 52.74 24.7% 75% 1985 80% 76% 1988-1996 85% 14000 48% 6 150 1982 64 1999 2000 4.13 14 400 500 500 96% 60 20 40 IBM 60 2. 2004 2 16 2003 2003 11.73 2.01 2002 12.3 2 2002 2002 175 85829 2001 6 38.7 31 395 2003 63

77715 2002 9.45 3. 3.1 2002 2002 2005 3.2 6 2001 1 7 238.1 811.6 1 3.41 1 3.41 6 2002 5 25 64

1 5.52 1 5.75 1 4.55 1 3.33 3.3 2003 21 5,000 300 1 2001 8 2 2001 8 3 2001 8 4 WTO http://www.bjtvet.gov.cn/item/2002-04-05/10739.html 5 http://news.xinhuanet.com/zhengfu/2002-11/29/content_644378.htm 6 http://159.226.117.45/readingroom/basicreader/cjyang.htm 7 http://job.nen.com.cn/76562293176926208/20040119/1319973.shtml 8 http://www.sts.org.cn/fxyj/zcfx/documents/bsjyzk.htm 9 http://www.wfw.com.cn/abroad_info.asp?id=5924 10 Policy Brief: International Mobility of the Highly Skilled, by OECD,2002 http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/9/20/1950028.pdf 11 Highly Skilled Globetrotters: The International Migration Of Human Capital,by Sami Mahroum, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/35/6/2100652.pdf 12 Flows and stocks of foreign labour in the UK,by Salt.J and J.Clarke, Labour Market Trends, July,1998. 65

13 International Movements Of The Highly Skilled, by John Salt, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/24/32/2383909.pdf 14 Trends in International Migration-Continuous Reporting System on Migration, OECD Annual Report, 2001. D.W. 1948-1986 1/4 7 1987 1913-1984 6 8 1979-1999 8.3% 11% 9 [1][ ] D.W. 1 2001 390 [2] 382-385 [3] 2002 46 66

10 1 2 1 : 1991 7315028.2 6178286 628209.7 323475.6 185056.9 1992 8670490.5 7287505.8 696285.2 439319.3 247380.2 1993 10599374.4 8677618.3 33322.7 701856.1 871476.9 315100.4 1994 14887812.6 11747395.6 107795.2 974487.1 1469228.1 588906.6 1995 18779501.1 14115233.3 203671.5 1628414 2012422.5 819759.8 1996 22623393.5 16717045.5 261998.9 1884189.5 2610391.2 1149798.4 1997 25317325.7 18625416.3 301746.4 1706587.6 3260792 1422783.4 1998 29490592 20324526 480314 1418537 3697474 3569741 1999 33490416.4 22871756.1 628957.1 1258694.2 4636107.9 4094901.1 2000 38490805.8 25626055.7 858537.2 1139556.9 5948304.3 4918351.7 2001 46376626.2 30570099.5 1280895.2 1128851.8 7456013.5 5940766.2 2003 747 20-35 2 [4] 67

5 6 7 1 2 3 4 1991 0.8446 0.0859 0.0859 0.0442 0.0253 0.0695 1992 0.8405 0.0803 0.0803 0.0507 0.0285 0.0792 1993 0.8187 0.0031 0.0662 0.0693 0.0822 0.0297 0.1119 1994 0.7891 0.0072 0.0655 0.0727 0.0987 0.0396 0.1383 1995 0.7516 0.0108 0.0867 0.0975 0.1072 0.0437 0.1509 1996 0.7389 0.0116 0.0833 0.0949 0.1154 0.0508 0.1662 1997 0.7357 0.0119 0.0674 0.0793 0.1288 0.0562 0.185 1998 0.6892 0.0163 0.0481 0.0644 0.1254 0.121 0.2464 1999 0.6829 0.0188 0.0376 0.0564 0.1384 0.1223 0.2607 2000 0.6658 0.0223 0.0296 0.0519 0.1545 0.1278 0.2823 2001 0.6592 0.0276 0.0243 0.0519 0.1608 0.1281 0.2889 2 1 4 2 3 7 11 5 6 3 % 20.28 17.34 14.39 38.7 1 1985 16.27 13.33 10.38 34.69 2 1 1 2 1 1985-2001 4.01% 1985 100 1991 170.8 2001 333.3 2003 313 9-2 4 1995 [5] 68

12 178.3643 126.8229 1533.7 4657.8 13195.2 1 7870.77 6881.13 5997.42 5464.55 4857.77 2 14 3 1290.1 2077.69 1918.45 1854.56 1784.67 7796.45 6800.53 5258.7 3753.26 2315.3 4 5 1212971.8 666923.58 5756374.9 10784204 0 18420474.6 1 1996 633 18-8 18-9 2003 719 20-5 2 107 2-43 2000 3 223 2-156 4 1-3 4 2 3 5 0 15 1991-2001 1 3 1991 732 2001 4638, 20.28%, 5.3 1985 1991-2001 16.27%, 2.2 1991-2001 GDP 16 1991-2001 1991 84% 7% 2001 2/3 2 30% 3 1995 10% 2000-2001 5% 1991-2001 1 3 1995 1878 [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] 2003 55 3-1 58 3-4 1991-2001 GDP 14.46%,5.45% 69

1842 1/2 17 1991-2001 GDP 18 1995 1 1991-2001 20 90 2 20 90 1991-2001 1991-2001 1/2 GDP 1 GDP, GDP 2 5 GDP 1990 5.45% 1995 2000 6.65% 8.71% 1990 50% 1995 2000 57.5% 64% 5 GDP % 1990 1995 2000 GDP 1 2.3 2.5 2.9 2 6.95 15.09 28.23 3 84.46 75.16 66.58 4 53.475 57.545 64.115 5 42.23 37.58 33.29 GDP 6 5.45 6.65 8.71 1 2003 341 15-4 2 2 7 1991 19 1995 2000 3 2 1 1991 1995 2000 4 =1/2*100+1/2* 2 5 =1/2* 2 6 GDP = GDP / *100 6 % 1990 1995 2000 [11]1956 43% 60% [ ].w. 1990 84-87 [12] [13] 1990 1991 70

1 2.3 2.5 2.9 2 3.7 3.1 4.1 3 1 1.3 4 3.4 3.4 3.8 5 3.9 4.7 6 3.6 4.4 7 5 4.7 8 3 3.6 4.4 9 5.2 7.2 10 3.4 4 3.6 2003 341 15-4 1999 20 90 1 2 43% 60% 20 7 1990 1995 2000 GDP 5.96%,7.02% 6.32%, 8.5%,10% 9% 1990 1995 GDP 2000 2000 GDP 6 1990 1995 2000 3% 7 % 1990 1995 2000 GDP 1 5.45 6.65 8.71 GDP 2 5.96 7.02 6.32 GDP 3 8.5 10 9 1 6 1 2 6 10 / 100-43 *100 3 6 10 / 100-60 *100 3 1964 1982 1990 1952 2.7,1978 [14] 11 71

5.1,1990 7.4,1999 7.9 21 1999 7.9 1998 7.5 22, 2000 1999-2002 8 1990-1999 1999-2002 1999 7.6, 1998 7.5 1 1978-1990 1978 5.1 1990 7.4 23 2 1990-1999 1999 7.6, 1990 0.2 3 2000 8 1 2 3 1990 63909 474824 7.4 1991 65167 490204 7.5 1992 66246 504114 7.6 1993 67376 516881 7.7 1994 68507 528948 7.7 1995 69556 540772 7.8 1996 70770 551786 7.8 1997 71883 562764 7.8 1998 72611 571240 7.9 1999 71394 545268 7.6 2000 72085 565886 7.9 2001 73025 597444 8.2 2002 73740 605885 8.2 [15] 2002 13-14 [16] 14 [17] 1952-1978 1978-1990 72

3 2 1 1990-1998 1 2-64 54-57 1999-2002 1 2003 124 5-2 2 = * * 15 16-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65 11 4 6 9 12 16 1999 2000 57 58 1-42 1-43 2000 2002 410 412 46 9 2001 2002 52 51 1-43 1-42 9 2001 2001 0.82, 0.79 2001 85.8% 86.6% 64% 70% 64% 9 2001 % % 85.8 64 0.79 64 0.75 25 92 0.96 86.6 70 0.82 63 51 0.59 2003 331-338 15-1 15 [18] 2001 GDP 5260 2003 331-338 15-1 2001 [19] 2001 GDP 26989 5519 2230 73

10 15 1990 22.2% 50.7% 52.9% 18% 20.5% 2001 9.1% 12.7% 8.6% 1990 10 2001 1 26 10 15 % 1990 2001 22.2 9.1 27 50.7 42 20.5 12.7 4.1 2.1 52.9 43.9 12.7 8.6 18 12.7 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.4 2003 339 15-2 % 28 11 29 30 1990 2000 1990 2000 1990 2000 3 7.5a 97.8 99.1 75.2 72.6 85.8 88.1 96 94.9 29.6 47.7 96.8 101.2 99.7 100.8 33.9 46.3b 89d 87.7a 83.7d 86.5a 39.6 53.6 85.8e 92.4 100.9 99.8 30.2 59.5 79.1 93.7 97 98.9 6.1 10.5a 9.2 14.6 37.9 47.5a 97.5 92.2 38.6 77.6 85.8 90.9 100 99.5 15.8 39b 65.2c 78.6 88.3c 92.6 [20] 15 [21] 2000 [22] a1999 b1998 c1993 d1992 e1991 [23] [24] 74

14.5 20.7 44.8 59.7 100.3 103.4 11.2 16.5 15.5 71.3 86.4 97 52.1 64.1 93.7 100 102.3 46.6 43.3b 71.7 2003 340 15-3 11 1990 2000 1990 2 2000 1 3% 7.5%, 10% 3/4, 1/2, 1/3 1/4 1 1991-2001 GDP GDP 1990 5.45% 1995 2000 6.65% 8.71% 2000 GDP 2 1991-2001 1/2 1991 7% 2001 30% 1990 50% 1995 2000 57.5% 64% 3 1978 5.1 2002 8.2 1990 7.4 1999 7.6, 2000,2002 8.2 4 2001 2001 0.82, 0.79 5 2001 85.8% 86.6% 1990 6 1990 2 2000 1 3% 7.5%, 10%, 3/4, 1/2, 1/3 1/4 75

13 14 15 16 1995-2001 1995 80% 2001 50% 1995 20% 2001 40% 1995 70% 2001 50% 1995 20% 40% 70% 1995 10% 20% 1 2001 80% 2000 1995-2001 % 12 1995 100 81.39 1.25 17.37 1996 100 78.56 1.46 19.98 1997 100 76.51 1.78 21.72 1998 100 64.16 2.37 33.46 1999 100 61.84 2.65 35.51 2000 100 57.34 2.49 40.18 2001 100 53.38 3.43 43.18 13 % 1995 100 69.37 7.42 23.21 1996 100 66.99 7.46 25.55 76

1997 100 64.68 6.9 28.43 1998 100 57.68 6.32 36.01 1999 100 56.84 6.41 36.75 2000 100 55.45 6.76 37.79 2001 100 54.38 6.89 38.73 % 14 1995 100 74.26 14.4 11.34 1996 100 74.22 13.66 12.12 1997 100 75.4 11.12 13.47 1998 100 72.6 9.37 18.03 1999 100 71.46 8.1 20.45 2000 100 71.92 7.87 20.21 2001 100 72.16 7.75 20.09 % 15 1995 100 75.39 13.37 11.23 1996 100 75.03 13.05 11.92 1997 100 76.41 10.7 12.89 1998 100 76.19 7.97 15.84 1999 100 77.52 6.18 16.3 2000 100 78.49 5.35 16.16 2001 100 80.28 4.8 14.87 12-15 1995 1996 6-7 1-3 16-17 1-8 22-23 1-11 28-29 1-14 34-35 1-17 36-37 1-18 1996-2001 77

16 1995 38% 59% 72% 1995 70% 50% 70% 80% 16 1995 ( ) 3 / 1 + 2 4 % (%) ( ) 5 * 5 7 1 2 3 7 4 6 8 3045597.8 1879895.357 4925493.157 290.6 16949.39 38 48.77 8266.22 4053881 5756374.86 9810255.86 1533.7 6396.46 59 68.52 4382.85 4183829.5 10784204.34 14968033.84 4657.8 3213.54 72 75.18 2415.94 6380977.1 0 6380977.1 13195.2 483.58 0 11.23 54.31 1 13-16 1995 2 4 1 3 1 2 4 2003 717 20-1 5 3 4 6 = / *100 7 = * 100- + 13-16 3 6 8 5 7 2001 17 1995 2001 1995 72% 2001 62% 10 75% 70% 5 17 2001 78

2 ( ) * 3 % (%) 1 2 3 4 7 8 5 6 12475481 719.1 10699.05 5007107.7 29 59.66 24311.76 14504.4 8031932.1 2470.3 6963.02 11792669 59 74.88 8025.18 6009.25 10028090 6431.1 4773.78 16061158 62 69.63 4056.73 2824.7 12746892 12543.5 2497.42 0 0 14.87 1016.21 151.11 1 2003 748 2001 2 2003 717 3 107 2-43 1995 122 2-51 4 2 3 5-8 17 31 1988 2.667% 3.378% 3.852% 4.484% 32 1995 1995 18 1995 % 5.68 11.45 19.84 211.11 = / = - / [25] [26] 1994 450 79

* 1995, 16 12 9 6 4 16 107 2-43 1995 223 2-156 1995 1627.38 33 16 8266.22 4382.85 2415.94 54.31 1995 20 30% 80% 1995 19 20% 60% 1995 19 1995 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2005 2904 3458 3962 4506 5115 5802 6781 8461 13754 1 1892 1773 1807 1943 2114 2335 2559 2925 3619 6252 2 1 80-81 2-25 2 214 2-144 [27] 1995 2-4 93.1% 80

2001 20 2001 1995 20 2001 % 6.44 9.11 20.15 133.1 18 1995 17 18 1692.9 122 2-51 17 21 14504.4 6009.25,2824.7 151.11 1995 2001 80% 100% 60% 20% 17 22 1995 30% 2001 40% 2001 21 2001 10 10 20 20 20 10 10 % 2834.7 3888.13 4983.5 6406.16 8213.66 10441.61 15219.98 2002 324-325 10-6 22 81

% 200 200-1000- 1500-2000- 2500-3000- 3500-4000- 4500-5000 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 0.69 12.53 17 17.33 14.5 10.38 7.41 5.07 3.61 2.56 8.9 2002 343 10-19 1995-2001 34 23 1995-2001 8 9 6 23 1995 8.4 8.2 6 1997 8.7 8.6 6.2 1998 8.7 8.6 6.3 1999 8.9 8.6 6.4 2000 8.6 8.6 6.3 2001 9.5 8.7 6.8 2002 9.6 8.5 6.8 2000 2001 49 2-10 4 6 9 12 16 1995-2001 16 17 1995 8266.22 4382.85 2415.94 54.31 2001 [28] 82

14504.4 6009.25,2824.7 151.11 1995-2001 2001. 1979-1999 11% 1/4 1 2001 80% 90% 35 25 16% 8% 2 20 90 1990-1995 3.47%,2.58%,2.18% 0.61% 36 [29] 16 17 6 7 2001 1995 77.92% 86.11% 95.77% 48.61% 78.79% 89.04% [31] 122 2-51 83

21 24 2001 7013.21 4749.98, 20%,60% 40%,80% 24 2001 % % 1 2 3 4 30.66 7491.19 7013.21 13.32 15.88 1259.27 4749.98 11.52 7.63 313.27 2511.43 22.66 14 87 151.11 0 1 18 6 7 2 18 1 13-16 3 18 8 2 4 19 21 3 3 84

( ) 1 2 3 1982 2003 12 19 20 85

86 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 IT 5

1 2002 287 182.7 58.7% 41.3% 19.4 63.4% 36.6% 37 2 1985 126 1998 301 1998 1 350 1: 300 250 200 150 100 126 138 154 174 184 195 208 223 239 261 273 288 298 301 300 294 292 287 50 0 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2003 3 2000 193.7 2002 182.7 2000 166602 2002 194383 16.7% 1 2 1 2000 2002 1937136 1140861 796275 1827325 1073272 754053 169302 115934 53368 165945 113315 52630 471097 262599 208498 405558 226227 179331 509572 344048 165524 480931 308303 172628 37 (2003) (2003) 87

192279 105482 86797 174919 97103 77816 427566 213783 213783 406441 216778 189663 58833 40774 18059 59487 40867 18620 47121 24684 22437 56160 29100 27060 469 287 182 592 352 240 4680 2473 2207 6698 3542 3156 2995 1850 1145 3780 2667 1113 7733 4274 3459 9228 5005 4223 6456 3372 3084 7817 4034 3783 2124 1090 1034 4254 2153 2101 4480 2387 2093 5852 3132 2720 11077 6227 4850 15261 7637 7624 10352 5720 4632 11596 6247 5349 5105 2692 2413 5615 3024 2591 4533 2540 1993 5834 3134 2700 1362 645 717 1357 652 705-2001 19-1 19-16 2001-2003 19-1 19-16 2003 2 2000 2002 166602 104709 61893 194383 123214 71169 164170 103636 60534 191377 121948 69429 120240 78477 41763 126077 84599 41478 43930 25141 18789 65300 37349 27951 2432 1073 1359 3006 1266 1740-2001 19-1 19-16 2001-2003 19-1 19-16 2003 1 2002 38 65% 22% 13% 2 1467849 80.3% 3 38-2003 88

2 2002 13% 22% 65% (2003) 3 250 200 150 100 50 0 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2 51.2% 15.9% 3 79.25% 58.78% 58.69% 0.74% 70.22% 1.61% 41.14% 97.27% 6 3 0.4 2.9 0.8 13.6 9.4 41.0 38.2 26.6 38.2 11.2 89

12.0 4.4 1.0 0.3 2003 2003 4 171 14 59 38 7 14 2551 120 224 526 142 205 150 37966 94 102 1640 341 10134 63355 38 23 592 71 24800 104043 266 408 2796 561 35303 2722 134 283 564 149 219 165945 286 428 2926 589 59487-2003 5 81 46 44 80 251 16 2684 2506 1418 2759 9367 737 69265 56058 37654 60677 223654 12510 175190 152053 77928 126003 531174 19521 247220 210663 117044 189519 764446 32784 2765 2552 1462 2839 9618 753 405558 415126 174919 306809 1302412 46689-2003 6 % 24 17 19 630 0.04 617 352 484 409 15734 0.98 1726 1876 0.12 3452 1619 3406 2198 297116 18.50 3561 417 3274 2406 649232 40.43 7630 4138 7181 5032 964588 60.06 617 376 501 428 16364 1.02 9228 4254 7817 5852 1605913 100.00-2003 3 90

39 4 31 40 30 22.6% 31 40 56.96% 41 50 17.65% 51 60 2.77 60 0.03% 5 6 30 18.8% 45.7% 31 40 71.3% 42.7% 7 30 31 40 41 50 51 60 60 362855 914693 283392 44470 439 % 22.60 56.96 17.65 2.77 0.03-2003 8 30 31 40 41 50 51 60 18.8 71.3 9.5 0.4 45.7 42.7 10.5 1.1-2003 5 1207146 75.2% 23748 1.5% 407112 25.4% 776286 48.4% 77.0% 1.2% 60.4% 4.2% 6 135.9 47% 85 30% 65.8 23% 39 WTO 2000.8 91

2: 65.8 23% 135.9 47% 85 30% (2003) 1 11% 8.67% 9.9% 13.7% 11% 12.6% 8.5% 2.7% 8 2 60.06% 40.43% 19.64% 1% 50% 2002 10558 287 2.72 1996 12670.8 1418.0 11.19 1996 6486.0 561.0 8.67 1996 358902 356.0 9.92 1996 2621.9 359.2 13.70 1994 2111.0 234.0 11.08 1995 1994.2 159.8 8.01 1996 1367.6 171.9 12.57 1994 792.1 102.6 12.95 1995 6644.1 82.0 1.23 1996 497.5 35.1 7.06 1996 1496.9 69.8 4.66 1996 203.6 9.2 4.52 1996 1093.6 25.2 2.30 1989 2596.2 135.0 5.20 1996 8570.0 69.0 0.81 1996 2544.2 68.1 2.68 92

1991 3113.8 347.7 11.17 1996 174.8 24.6 14.72 1996 2076.4 177.2 8.53 1995 6962.9 133.4 1.92 21 1999 2 2003 3 1% IT IT 40 40 2000 8 93

1 9 19135 IT 9 2002 6398 11001 16440 10279 11017 12303 13499 16044 9398 15501 19135 19113 13290 14795 12422 2001 2 4000 41 54.3% 45.8% 3 350 42 4 WTO 2002 146 211 1999 2000 4.13 41 http://tw.people.com.cn/big5/14810/14859/2396692.html 42 7 2002 11 94

43 5 6 200 44 1 45 2 3 1% 5% 46 1 2002 65942 37517 28425 2002 182416 43 http://www.snweb.com.cn/gb/hn/2002/12/04/o1204005.htm 44 http://www.1128.org/node2/node4/userobject1ai24198.html 45 21 5 2002 1 11 21 5 46 http://www.guxiang.com/xueshu/others/jingji/200303/200303050031.htm 95

94337 88079 47 2 48 MBA 2001 812.2 6.9% MBA 1 600 50 3 know that know how 49 50 1 2000 14.5 2.4 51 10 55 54 43 20 2 8 52 15 40 53 4 10 2000.. 10350 11105 12210 15692 2001 47 (2003) 48 [ ] A ( ) 2001 261 49 http://snowdj.myetang.com/now/zijia/hayek5.htm 50 Kenneth J. Arrow, The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing, The Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 29, No. 3. (Jun., 1962), pp. 155-173. 51 http://www.snweb.com.cn/gb/hn/2002/12/04/o1204005.htm 52 www.guxiang.com/xueshu/others/jingji/ 200303/200303050031.htm 53 7 2002 11 96

2 3 11 1998 55.62 6.11 2002 1997 207.29 27.32 1 2 3 97

4 WTO WTO 5 6 20 ATM POS IT 1, 54 2 1 1 2 54 [ ] W 1994 362 98

99 3 1997 2003 4 1% 5 55 2 3 55 http://learning.sohu.com/2004/02/02/

100

56 57 58 56 1 57 2003 525 58 1995 101

1949 1965 59 1952 42.5 16.4 1.5 12.6 59 1991 25 1992 4 102

8000 2.69% 90 105 20 10 1900 1910 11.43% 86 8.14% 91 17.58% 2 19 13.04% 7.4% 60 20 20 30 20 25 50 60 1955 172 30 22 60 24 36 1957 190 36 24 65 27 61 38 1952 2763 1965 4546 50% 1965 1952 2.66 1 1 1952 1965 1952 2763 1785 627 1957 3178 334 1723 60 1991 33~61 61 1997 19 103

1962 6130 1287 1019 1965 4546 1456 1665 1992 4 1991 29 1966 1977 1966 1978 1965 139.19 ( 155.44 ), 54.31 11.10 2 1 ;1978 9 62 2 1949 1990 1949 1965 1966 1978 1979 1990 738.16 1094.99 155.44 295.85 139.19 224.80 443.53 574.34 246.16 225.94 53.06 73.76 54.31 42.94 138.79 109.24 73.71 157.59 16.66 37.02 20.79 40.51 36.26 80.06 46.56 -- 11.24 -- 11.10 -- 24.22 -- 1991 29 30 1992 4 4 62 1991 29 1992 4 104

1 224.8 295.85 139.19 155.44 443.53 574.34 1979-1990 1966-1978 1949-1965 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 1991 29 1978 1992 1978 1978 52.89 62.29 2 27.5% 17.8% 1978 6 30 434.5 1952 10 90 31990 1992 1992 503590 388252 372643 12167 4 1978 10934 1992 94164 10708 33439 9 25692 105

5 1992 497 102 84 90 90 131 63 2 1967-1992 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 24 3 1978-2002 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1952 1980 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 1990 1991 1997 2003 63 1993 32 106

4 1990-1992 13522 13476 12167 492223 497904 503590 313663 334207 372643 389181 395046 388252 1990 1991 1992 1991 1993 5 1978-1992 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1993 29 1993 107

64 1993 2452052 1372012 56% 0.12% 2002 3221822 1993 31.39% 2172019 67.4% 0.17% 3 R&D 65 1993 69.78 2002 103.5 6 1993 48.92 2002 81.05 R&D 1993 1999 1993 70.10% 1999 64.6% 2000 75.38% 1993 R&D 1993 545 2002 639 1995 327 2002 609 66 86.24% 3 1993-2002 64 1998-2003 1~2 2003 7 65 2003 66 2003 25 108

% 1993 2452052 1372012 56.0 12 1994 2575869 1538758 59.7 13 1995 2624734 1553943 59.2 13 1996 2903153 1687844 58.1 14 1997 2885690 1667767 57.8 13 1998 2814479 1490149 52.9 12 1999 2905635 1594623 54.9 13 2000 3223519 2045906 63.5 16 2001 3141085 2071530 65.9 16 2002 3221822 2172019 67.4 17 2003 5 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 6 1993-2002 53.11 48.55 54.8 52.2 55.2 48.92 58.87 74.27 69.51 75.17 69.78 81.05 75.52 82.17 83.12 80.4 78.32 95.65 92.21 103.5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 3 7 2002 R&D 70.39% 109

R&D 8.4% 24.73% 7 2002 22% 19% 22% 37% 4 2003 19 2002 2002 322.2 217.2 67.4% 1991 228.6 132.1 57.8% 2002 103.5 81.05 10 54.36% 71.93% 2002 2834.42 110

4835 1991 2456 26240 79486 1994 2.98 3.59 63940 197278 1994 2.81 3.4 9866 30078 1994 1.79 2.41 12.2% 37.2% 1985 947 256 14000 7000 67 2001 Science Citation Index SCI Index to Science and Technical Proceeding Index to Science Review Engineering Index EI 64526 SCI EI 1991 15 9 2001 8 3 68 67 19 2003 12 19 68 2003 446 111

1 40% 2002 40% 17.3% 69 12.5% 7 2002 90 4 97 70 99 71 60 75% 2 2002 69 2003 12 70 1991 2003 1996 1997 71 13 2003 12 19 112

3.52:1.54:1 2.4:1.07:1 3.38:1.66:1 3.11:1.58:1 1999 2.68:1.36:1 2.67:1.04:1 2.59:1.42:1 2.89:1.58:1 8 2500000 8 2000000 1500000 1000000 500000 0 2002 1999 2002 1999 2002 1999 2002 1999 R&D 2000 12~13 2003 10~11 8 3 113

9 1991 2002 2002 1991 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 2003 9 9 10 1991 19% 4% 2002 12% 3% 114

R&D 4 63.1% 62.8% 15.3% 14.1% ( ) 27860 18927 2002 6.7% 7% 4 2002 R&D 1 261803 169935 161911 263392 38178 23756 3 27860 18927 5977 4 24961 17003 7489 5 11020 7623 2198 6 5913 3867 755 7 5081 3816 866 8 4473 3410 737 9 2758 2174 821 10 2088 1570 143 11 1204 900 204 12 94 64 2 13 68 52 15 14 62 53 58 414795 270511 206290 2003 36~39 44~47 115

4 R&D 5 2001 1995 R&D 2002 1995 8.1% 8.9% 23.9% 30.3% 68% 60.8% 5.73% 5.18% 19.16% 26.39% 75.12% 68.43% 2003 5 7 1995 5 1995 2002 R&D R&D 2002 8.9% 8.1% R&D 5.18% 5.73% 72 10 11.6% 34.5% 53.9% 72 14 2003 12 19 116

1999 47.8% 2002 55.4% 73 10 2002 R&D R&D 21.30% 11.60% 34.50% 51.40% 53.90% 27.30% 8.10% R&D 23.90% 68% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2003 21 6 70% 20% 34% 40% 64% 31% 6 R&D 2000 73 2000 152 2002 403 117

% % % % % 92.2 100 7.9 100 22 100 62.3 100 22.9 24.8 2.5 31.1 7.5 34 12.9 20.8 15.9 17.3 5.1 64.2 8.7 39.6 2.1 3.4 48.1 52.1 0.1 1.4 3.9 17.9 44 70.7 5.3 5.8 0.3 3.3 1.9 8.4 3.2 5.2 R&D 2000 R&D 2002 2002 2003 6 5 2002 12.2% 37.2% 3.5% 10.7% 36.4% 1994 1994 19.7% 44.4% 1994 22.6% 118

100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 11 2002 1994 22.60% 9.90% 3.40% 44.40% 19.70% 1994 36.40% 10.70% 3.50% 37.20% 12.20% 2002 2003 24 2002 12 74 R&D 38.40% 75 56.50% 76 5.1% R&D 41.50% 31.70% 26.40% R&D R&D 1/3 74 2003 88~89 75 2003 88~89 76 2003 88~89 119

40% 1/3 R&D 26.4% 12 2002 R&D 41.50% 31.70% 26.40% 38.40% 56.50% 5.10% 2003 89 411 2000 R&D 77 3 R&D R&D 34.2% 31.5% 7 7 R&D % R&D R&D 14.7% 22.6% 7.7% 13.6% 77 2002 22~23 2003 6 120

9.2% 9.8% 4.9% 4.5% 4.3% 5.5% 4.6% 1.3% 4.1% 1.6% 4.4% 4.5% 3.2% 3.1% 2.7% 1.4% 2.8% 1.8% 2.7% 1.4% 2.3% 2.7% 2.4% 2.8% 2.1% 2.2% 6 2002 R&D 7 8 10 15 8 2002 R&D R&D % R&D R&D 22.5% 34.1% 15.9% 21.3% 8.8% 3.4% 6.6% 5.1% 4.5% 3.8% 3.2% 2.9% 3.2% 2.4% 2.6% 1.6% 1.7% 2.1% 1.7% 0.9% 1.6% 9% 121

1.3% 1.1% 0.8% 1% 0.7% 0.6% 0.5% 0.3% 2003 88 89 2002 1 OECD 2000 695.1 1999 1261.2 / 78 9 80 1999 OECD 44.1 61.5 39.5% 33.3 53.0 59.2% 2000 9.7 79 13 78 2002 28 2003 6 79 OECD OECD 312 2003 11 122

9 R&D R&D R&D / 2000 695.1 10 1999 90.8 61 2000 172.1 71 2000 257.8 67 2000 66.1 29 2000 647.6 97 2000 108.4 52 1998 157.7 55 1999 1261.2 86 2000 506.4 78 2000 969.1 58 OECD 2000 3363.3 64 2002 28 2003 6 13 1981-1999 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1981 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 OECD 1995 OECD 312 OECD 2003 11 123

2 2002 80 382 1/3 48% 16% 4% 81 14 14 382 4% 16% 32% 48% 80 OECD OECD 256 2003 11 81 382 124

82 3 2002 SCI 37% 63% 31.8% 36.9% 31.4% 50.4% 1% 7.2% 82 82 17 19 2003 12 19 125

15 2002 250000 200000 150000 100000 50000 0 2003 435 436 4 126

5 17.79% 16.4% 7.4 6.78 83 6 7 83 2003 18 127

8 9 20 128

1978 1999 40 50 84 1 5 10 2 3 4 84 OECD OECD 238 256 2003 11 129

5 3 7400 2004 4 2003 9 16 5 2003 12 2003 11 1 6 2003 9 16 7 2003 9 16 130

8 50 2003 12 28 9 2003 12 13 10 115 2002 5 31 11,2003 10 22 12 2004 1 14 13 747 3 1 14 2002 9 26 15 211 2003 8 6 16 70 2003 8 12 17 2004 2 4 18 2004 2 13 19 1 21 2004 1 5 20 112 21 2 2003 10 10 22 2003 12 18 23 2002 7 1 24 2001 9 19 25 2002 8 19 26 2002 9 26 27 125 2003 8 9 28 2004 4 1 29 1999 2 30 2004 2 26 31 2003--2010 32 2003-2010 33 2004 2 25 34 800 2003 35 4000 2004 3 20 36 2 9 37 2004 2 10 38 2002 6 18 39 --2000 5 1 40 --2002 5 1 41 2002 42 2001 12 1 263 43 2003 2 44 690 2004 23 131

8.03 1 190 121 1997 4 486.5 24.8% 1997 5 1997 591.8 19.7 5 0.6-2 1 73% ( 34.96%) 132

5% 5 8 15 1997 13 1.1997 1175974 871787 304187 3285 305 0.3 44902 5955 4.3 217323 59107 23.5 497784 209209 60.12 108493 29611 11.74 2.2002 1208161 886077 322084 4223 168 0.36 50367 8242 4.85 227387 81672 25.58 494845 191957 56.85 109255 40045 12.36 3.1997 1175938 871751 304187 7738 452 0.6 140257 31102 13.4 235673 102906 28.8 380873 110297 42.7 121536 77327 24.5 4.2002 1208161 886077 322084 8190 309 0.68 134817 22353 14.18 160692 60666 28.02 397054 105584 40.65 172871 115275 16.46 133

* 2003 5 2 80 90 12 1600--2000 20 1 7 15 2 200 4000 9000 40 2000 1995 10 1995 3 1995 16 4 2000 7.5 134

5 1600 800 4. 9.97 6.31 3.66 90 15 6 3 325 135 36% 1999 53288 35.6 135

5 136

137 30 5 1% WTO WTO 1 2 3

138 4 5 WTO WTO 1 WTO 2 3 4 5 6 a. b. c. 7 8 9 10 10 1 (1). [M]. : 2000 8,252--253 (2). [N] : 1998 1 10 3 5 6. [M] WTO 2001 11 227--231

4 [M] 2004 1 469-481 (7).,[M] : 2000.1.164--181;191--193;226--227 8 10. 2003-12-31 9. [J]. :2001 (10) 55 2000 10643 8.41 % 1 154 5 1 30 1 119 1 64% 44 76% 1500 64% 60 100 400 3000 30 139

1 1950 11 1951 6 1956 1 1958 12 1966 80 2 1979 11 50 60 1977 19 24.3% 1988 107.5 62.7% 1 20 90 1 270 64 146 60 37.7% 26.6% 40 40% 140

75% 170 66.2% 1 22% 54% 24% 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 4.5% 92 ( 2088 885 1583 103 ) 35.3% 6.7 4% 96% 1 2 1 2 141

8% 1 2 92% 1 2 2 2000 0.68 13.1 15.2 4.8 2000 6851 1 142

0 1 10 11 50 51 100 101 500 500 2000 1997 2002 2002 2003 WPSOFFICE WPSOFFICE2002 1 1998 3185 151490 48791 18404 127332 1 143

3 80 1979 1993 15 20.13 1.34 1994 1997 3.8 3 1990 4500 6 1999 2000 135 24 37 74 9 48 2001 20 8 3 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 300 5 1997 1999 200 65 69 32 42 144

2002 699 368 52.7% 1 2000 80 80 50 28 22 61.25% 1539.11 75.8% 80% 24 38 355 1417 5000 500 1 2002 7 2001 51% 70% 95% 2010 21 145

2010 80% 8.72% 8500 100 1 90% 15% 50% 1 1 2002 58.3% 1 146

1998 235 207 88% 12 5% 15.6 7% 6.2% 10.6% 4.2% 1 1998 1998 5% 7% 88% 1 2 3 1 2 3 21 1998 147

94 221281 3573 70844 53915 67373 30138 13 39332 12175 9038 11342 4897 283 1292 2082 999 241 1 13 13 1 148

149 1400 800 2

2010 2100 2400 3000 1000 2010 9000 10000 21 150

151 20 90 1 2 1 2 3

152 4 1 20 80 1999

2 10 20 40. 1 80 2002 10 48.7 56 17.2% 44-45 53.4% 35-44 26.4% 34 153

2.9% 43.3% 36.1% 13.6% 2.3% 4.3% 0.4% 42.5% 38.5% 6.4% 4.1% MBA 1.3% 98 20 1960 1978 GDP 3.86% 4.86% 1 1 5 7831 5521 1 0.71 1 0.89 2003 8 478 500 59.8% 35.1% 41.1% 52.4% 27.4% 34.3% 1 1 154

104 59.8 39 59.1 39 41.1 75 52.4 71 40.8 35 53.0 53 55.8 80 55.9 / 84 48.3 28 42.4 28 29.5 45 31.5 49 28.2 17 25.8 29 30.5 47 32.9 27 15.5 16 24.2 23 24.2 27 18.9 18 10.3 12 18.2 20 21.1 32 22.4 20 11.5 8 12.1 17 17.9 13 9.1 27 15.5 9 13.6 28 29.5 39 27.3 174 229.9 66 248.5 95 249.5 143 250.3 2003 8 478 500 2 30.5% 42% 25.3% 32.9% 2 2 Total % % % % % 53 30.5 19 28.8 26 27.4 44 30.8 142 29.7 49 28.2 26 39.4 13 13.7 36 25.2 124 25.9 24 13.8 7 10.6 11 11.6 11 7.7 53 11.1 2003 8 478 500 155

2 24.1% (34.8%) (25.2%) (29.4%) 3 3 % % % % 132 75.9 43 65.2 71 74.7 101 70.6 11 6.3 7 10.6 6 6.3 21 14.7 12 17.8 8 24.2 12 18.9 12 14.7 174 100.0 66 100.0 95 100.0 143 100.0 2003 8 478 500 3 27.4% 12.1% 18.4% 10.5% 4 156

4 % % % % 32 18.4 16 24.2 10 10.5 29 20.3 94 54.0 22 33.3 47 49.5 66 46.2 25 14.4 12 18.2 9 9.5 23 16.1 21 12.1 14 21.2 26 27.4 21 14.7 2 1.1 2 3.0 3 3.2 4 2.8 174 100.0 66 100.0 95 100.0 143 100.0 2003 8 478 500 157

15% 2000 5 35 2000 120 120 1997 1.5 14700 300 1999 150 6% 7% 30 30 158

2000 3 10 1000 73.47% 20.14% 0.2% 1.04% 17 4000 2 46 26 1 2002 500 7.0% 500-700 11% 700-1000 26.8% 1000-3000 42.5% 3000-5000 8.6% 5000 4% 3000 7.6% 159

0 045 0 009 1998 22 9% 44 4% ( 5) 5 ( ) 40.7 44.4 40.9 21.0 29.4 28.9 6.7 32.6 28.6 31.9 32.7 33.2 32.6 23.5 23.0 33.3 30.7 26.2 27.4 22.9 25.9 46.4 47.1 48.1 60.0 36.7 45.2 48.2 47.7 50.0 47.8 35.3 52.6 26.7 51.9 38.1 30.2 30.3 27.1 41.3 29.4 30.9 40.0 26.3 31.0 21.6 22.1 22.9 10.9 35.3 16.4 33.3 21.8 31.0 45.9 43.4 47.3 57.2 41.2 55.9 42.9 53.5 40.4 27.8 29.6 30.2 12.3 35.3 14.5 28.6 26.6 28.6 26.3 27.0 22.5 30.5 23.5 29.6 28.5 19.9 31.0 (1998) 2 5 30 3% 27% 2001 MBA 85 160

161 35.71% 41.67% CEO 160 8% 2002-2005

IBM 400O 5OOO 1.5%-2% 1.1%-2.1% 1 1991 500 35% 10 7% 2 10 2-4 162

+ + + + + + + [1] 2002 3 [2] 2000 [3] 1999 [4] 2002 [5] 2001 [6] 2001 [7] -- 1997 [8] 1998 [9].P. 1997 [10] 2002 [11] 2002.1 [12] 1999.9 [13]2003 ( 2003 8 ) 163

[1] 21 1949 1956 1976 1956 9 1958 [1] 164

1979 1984 1984 1989 1989 1991 1989 11 9 1989 1992 1997 1997 165

2000 2002 50% 20 2002 2000 1 20 2000 6360 19% 1 151.5 30.3% 2.8 1.8% 30.5 20.1% 50 33% 68.2 45.1% 4.2 2.8% 17.1 11.3% 25.6 16.9% 2000 448 550 27.3% 1 9% 12% 14% 19% 46% 2 [1] 1988 1999 20 [1] 2002 166

2000 2913 1999 18.6 % : 1 2 ( ) 3850 1.3 18550 6.3 102000 34.8 52000 17.7 117000 39.9 28000 9.6 56000 19.1 49000 16.7 160000 54.6 2002 60% 3.8 % 45.4 % [1] 4.3 % 27.5% 3 2001 3053 3 239 133 3 43 9 284 931 7 30 5 255 781 6 25 6 177 3 60% 2001 2003 25% 15% [1] 167

2001 % / 3053.3 100.0 127627 239 1339.7 43.9 47126 284 931.7 30.5 36447 255 781.6 25.6 44054 177 2002 2002 33.7% 42.7% 23.6% 64.4% 22.0% 13.6% 50.8 2 2 22.0% 13.6% 64.4% 4 110.3 72.8% 41.2 27.2% 31.5% 4.1 7.7 6, 1.9 22.1 39.4 46.9, 67.9% 72.5% 78.8% 68.8%;, 47.3 3.2 12.6 18.9 75.4% 76.2% 73.7% 73.8% 3 3 % 168

504.0 350.0 69.4 125.0 24.8 25.0 4.9 4.0 0.8 151.5 110.3 72.8 34.2 22.6 6.0 3.9 1.0 0.7 2.8 1.9 67.9 0.9 32.1 30.5 22.1 72.5 8.0 26.2 0.4 1.3 50.0 39.4 78.8 8.8 17.6 1.3 2.6 0.5 1.0 68.2 46.9 68.8 16.5 24.2 4.2 6.2 0.5 0.7 62.7 47.3 75.4 12.8 20.4 2.6 4.1 4.2 3.2 76.2 1.1 26.2 0.0 17.1 12.6 73.7 3.9 22.8 0.5 2.9 25.6 18.9 73.8 4.6 17.9 2.0 7.8 5 2001 2003 169

1 2001 4 21 14.16%? 170

? 2 25% 2003 10 1982 18 5 14 7 33 3 62 2 3 50 5 3 4 MBA( ) 171

5 172

173 [2] 40 % [2] 2003 5

[1] 21 [1] WTO 2002 2 174

1 2 175

3 4 5 6 176

1. [J]. 2003 8 2. [J]. 2003 5 3. [J]. 2003 12 4. [J]. 2003 2 5. [J]. 2003 2 6. [J]. 2003 7. [J]. 8. [J]. 2000 6 9. [M]. 2002 4 10. [J]. 2003 1 11. [J]. 2002 5 12. [M] 13 [M] 2001 177

1 1924 1926 1927 5 9 6 11 20 1928 4 10 6 9 1928 11 20 2 1930 9 91 64 8 1935 41 1948 3 178

1946 85 86 ( ) 87 1 61 88 85 86 87 88 179

89 1955 81 46 1957 2 1966 1957 1 1986 89 3 4 863 11 633 89 180

2003 58 688 1998 6 80 145 2 1955 1993 1994 45 1 2003 60 628 2003 8 170 2003 12 58 663 3 2003 688 1955 1980 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 233 400 528 545 +59 +58 +55 653 688 1955-2003 181

800 600 400 528 545 653 688 400 200 0 233 1955 1980 1991 1993 2001 2003 1994 14 1996 10 1998 8 2000 7 2002 7 46 1994 96 1996-2003 1994 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 96 309 439 547 613 663 1996-2003 182

800 600 400 200 96 309 439 547 613 663 0 1994 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2003 58 688 72.1 ( 67.5 ) 60 68 9.9% 50 27 3.9% 2003 1 10 61.00 2 10 56.90 3 11 55.73 4 10 58.70 5 17 60.88 58.86 613 68.4 1 68.03 2 66.86 3 67.73 4 67.27 5 69.37 6 68.87 7 69.71 8 69.30 183

48 565 67.1 1955 1957 1980 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 30 6 51 38 10 10 9 10 10 10 22 2 51 34 10 9 10 8 10 10 60 5 53 34 11 12 12 11 12 11 24 3 64 35 10 10 10 10 9 10 36 2 64 68 18 18 17 16 15 17 172 18 283 209 59 59 58 55 56 58 184 166 221 185 271 1027 8 2001-2003 2001 613 88 102 82 81 80 86 89 5 2003 663 96 106 88 89 87 93 96 8 2001-2003 184

120 100 80 60 40 96 88 102106 88 89 82 87 81 80 93 96 86 89 2001 2003 20 0 5 8 % % 12 12 100 25 33 75.76 10 10 100 27 103 26.21 9 11 81.82 30 58 51.72 12 12 100 31 56 55.36 7 7 100 24 32 75.00 9 9 100 39 56 60.71 6 6 100 37 77 87.50 1 114 11 27 21 6 2 110 12 23 22 5 3 40 13 19 23 3 4 40 14 16 24 2 5 37 15 12 25 2 6 37 16 11 26 2 7 32 17 9 27 2 8 31 18 9 28 1 9 20 19 7 29 1 10 28 20 6 30 1 185

150 100 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 215 35.01 53 8.65 252 41.10 28 4.56 65 10.59 46.42 62 10.09 40 6.5 20 10 284 4 62 5 40 4 23 3 22 3 21 3 21 3 22 1 19 1 14 1 15 1 9 1 7 1 10 1 7 1 4 186

23 21 2001 10 81% 54% 58% 45 5l% 35% 94% 60 1 3 3 2 2 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 187

4 5 6 Academician Academy Academy Academy 916 Academy Academy Academy Academy Academy 1666 Academy 2 4 4 2002 12 2286 326 4 1987 1961 1994 1985 1 8 2 0 0 40 188

22 30 24 16 1917 1970 478 26% 1034 23.6% 24.3% 1902 470 350 72 1500-18001800 16 25 268 21 WTO 189

1948 81 3 28 35 1955 233 61 26 1990 63 613 5 40 40 0 190

41 45 3 0.49 46 50 5 0.81 51 55 13 2.11 56 60 41 6.68 61 65 153 24.92 66 70 192 31.27 71 75 104 16.94 76 79 54 8.79 80 80 48 7.90 65 215 35.10 66 75 296 48.30 76 79 54 8.79 80 48 7.9 50 30 --45 38-45 43 ~50 40-45 50 50 19 1800 35 50 1850-1860 5 90,, 90 2004 3 3 191

,,,,,,,,, 1997 2001 2001 2003 192

: 1998 2000 7 2003 1 20 80 ( ) 1985 7 1985 7 5 [1985]88 193

1 1981 1983 3 1984 5 1984 5 1985 5 1984 1985 7 1985 88 1985 1987 1985 8 1986 3 1986 11 1987 4 1985 5 1994 194

1 1977 1981 1983 2 1 2 195

1978 1983 1983 91 1984 CUSPEA 362 362 285 285 231 92 93 2 1985 1985 ~1988 1985 91 1999 527 92 522 93 522 523 196

1985 8 1986 3 1986 11 1987 4 1988 ~1998 1988 1 1985 72 102 78 800 1990 1994 1988 23% 1998 2000 197

1 20 80 20 2002 300 1300 12 80 6800 1 2 1 2003 21809 8585 1985 2003 1 2002 4495 3899 13.25% 1 5000 4500 4495 4000 3899 3500 3292 3000 2500 2387 2675 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1792 1429 1532 1208 899 728 582 443 340 212 239 1 44 100 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2 2002 198

2 20 80-90 10 2 2003 13.84% 11.26% 1.82% 3.52% 1.00% 5.05% 23.60% 39.91% 3 1 2 1 2003 1 1756 15 46 2 590 16 43 3 283 17 37 4 243 18 27 5 195 19 20 6 212 20 13 7 183 21 7 8 148 22 6 9 126 23 5 10 126 24 4 11 119 25 4 12 105 26 3 13 95 27 3 14 92 28 2 199

2 2002 242 55 111 42 65 22 900 4 2002 144 121 389 3 2 3 3 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2003 63.07 23.11 11.57 0.29 1.49 0.36 0.11 3 3 200

1 58 11 1 2 17 12 1 3 8 13 1 4 5 14 1 5 4 15 5 6 3 16 1 7 3 17 1 8 2 18 1 9 2 19 1 10 2 20 1 5 2003 2476 4 4 0.23% 0.74% 2.69% 7.89% 9.05% 15.31% 1.16% 62.93% 6 201

1 430 600 2 3 202

4 80% 5 1 4 4 % % 23.75% 17.97% 16.67% 14.52% 6 203

40% 64% 1.5 3.4 3.2 0.5 19.2% 2-3 1 1 2003 204

20% 20000 2 3 4 3 1985 [1985]88 1987 [1987] 004 205

5 1 206

2 3 4 5 207

"863" 30%--40% 6 1 208

2 1 2 5 209

2 3 210

211

212

[1]. [D]. :,1999. [2]. [Z]. : 1999. [3] [ ],1999 [4] [ ],2000,3 [5] 1997 6 213

1949 1 1872-1911 120 4 30 12 14 15 1872 8 11 30 1875 120 1881 120 1875 1900 60 1895 1907 2 1909 47 70 63 1911 1929 1279 2 1911-1949 1914 10 1919 1919 3 1920 12 1700 1930 2000 20 30 40 214

1949 1949 1978 1 1949-1966 1950 9 6 5 35 5 10 5 5 35 1950 1965 29 10698 8320 78% 1957 1965 200 21 1964 3 1964--1966 1750 1964 1965 1000 1966 2 1966-1978 1966 1972 9 1970 9 20 16 36 1972 1978 32 1977 300 1978 1 1978-1992 1978 1978 10 1978 12 26 52 1979 1777 1980 2124 1981 2992 1985 7 3 1987 4703 4703 6569 1988 3786 3535 1990 2980 5500 1949 1978 1978 215

8 1979 1984 12 1986--1990 13 1990 56000 2 1992-1992 1993 13% 1994 2071 2196 1995 2054 2160 1996 2003 9 30 1 1978 2003 70.02 17.28 52.74 35.66 2000 3.9 0.3 0.4 3.2 2001 8.4 0.3 0.5 7.6 2002 12.5 0.35 0.45 11.7 2003 11.73 3002 5144 10.92 2 1978 2003 65527 1996 2003 1996-2004 216

1996 3 2496 1494 550+ 1997 4 3420 1818 565+ 1998 4 4270 1709 1115 1999 5 3599 1750 1022 2000 5 3501 1747 1728 2001 5 3323 2068 960 2002 5 4109 2235 988 2003 5 5469 2171 1105 2004 3630 2330 1300 3630 3000 630 3 1978 2003 1978 1999 16.5 2000 2001 2002 2003 30 2003 SARS 13 2002 2003 6.3% 6.8% 1 1978, 1976--2002 % % % % % % 1996 20.7 13.1 33.8 13.7 9.3 9.4 1997 18.9 14.5 30.8 14.5 11.8 9.5 1998 20.1 10.3 33.9 15.2 10.1 10.4 1999 17.6 13 33.8 17.7 8.9 9 2000 19.4 12.4 31.9 16.9 10.2 9.2 2001 18.3 12.9 28.8 15.4 9.6 9.9 2002 23.9 11 30.5 14 7.8 12.8 2003 1126 2004, 65% 35%( 217

) 2 2003 40 2003 3276 ( ) 2171 ( DAAD ) 204 10.1% / 1967 89.9% 1126 55.99% 1575 78.3%(2002 74.3%) 932 46.3%(2002 36.7%) 1467 72.9%(2002 72.3%) 37(2002 37.9) 44 87 2004 3630 3000 630 ( ) 1 200 3-6 2 1730 6-24 3 200 12-24 4 200 12 36 500 90 3 1978 100 1978 2001 46 20 53.3% 13 2002 2001 70% 50% 3 l 1 1978 2003 70.02 17.28 1978 1981 218

1996 1996 2002 95.88% 2000 95% 2002 1.8 2001 47% 97.83% 99% 2003 2.01 1978 2638 4292 1.32 2 23 21 2001 10 81% 54% 58% 45 5l% 35% 94% 1 81% 2 54% 4 37.3% 5 13.7% 6 863 72% 7 18% 8 93% 2003 110 6000 15000 2003 327 44% 219

2001 5 50 80 2001 35 80% 20 90 5 2001 9 2003 2007 10% 2007 12 1 1978 1979 1986 12 1988 1991 1993 7 1996 2002 9 11 2003 85 10 100 2004 100 2007 500 220

38 55 2000 300 1987 1995 2 20 1990 5 2003 10487 3.4 1993 2002 1.7 1996 4 2000 2003 200 11 2003 92 58 2003 9 1998 8 2003 537 93% 2001 1 2002 10 3 25 400 < 1986 12 13 > [1986]107 221

[1992]44 1992 8 12 1993 7 10 [1993]81 1999 6 17 [1999]44 2000 6 21 [2000]257 2000 11 13 [2000]19 2000 11 13 [2000]81 2001 1 3 [2000]1 2001 5 14 [2001]49 <2002 2005 2002 5 7 > 2002 10 17 [2002]30 1 222

223 2 20 17 2020 3 1 2 3

1 ( ) 1989 1992 1992 2000 5 10 3 96 l 2001 2003 (H 1B) 2000 11.5 19.5 30 10 10 160 445 10% 30% 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1985 1986 1987 1989 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 ( 2 17.28 224

14 400 500 1 20 90 70% 80% 40% 2 3 1999 7 2000 1 11 68 18 11 28 2004 www jsj edu cn 270 2004 2 225

226 1 2 10 30 WTO 1 1 2 3

4 5 6 2 3 WTO 3000 2004 3630 2003 500 5000 5000 227

( ) 4 2008 20 70 90 6 22 80 45 20 1 2002 2 2001 3 1986 2003 4 20 1999 8 1 5 2000 6 2002 11 ( ) 228

1950 1960 1956 3000 2500 2800 1500 3000 156 229

160 1963 1022 1965 1969 12 97 59 1972 1979 820 2003 246 688 2000 2001 2000 230

0.65 0.77 0.67 2001 0.64 0.68 0.78 2000 88.24%,2001 86.67%, 2000 2001 2000 % GDP 1 167746 39.40 53936 113510 9662.23 12480.93 3145.13 2 49336 11.61 32414 16922 4551.15 6204.52 1869.38 3 37397 8.80 15047 22350 8582.73 10452.87 2569.97 4 27712 6.52 16156 11556 3920.07 2616.12 1112.2 5 24790 5.83 18089 6701 4669.06 4249.46 1276.68 6 20825 4.90 4146 16679 4276.32 3064.43 1339.2 7 17662 4.16 10451 7211 2478.76 2565.38 1280.46 8 11271 2.65 6742 4529 8542.44 8311.53 2531.1 9 10128 2.38 6463 3665 1639.36 2606.38 610.94 10 8478 1.99 2769 5709 6036.34 6603.65 2349.95 11 7163 1.69 1392 5771 5137.66 3494.96 1377.74 12 6536 1.54 1479 5057 5088.96 3426.05 1816.79 13 4252 1.00 1276 2976 1821.19 1679.91 603.51 14 3382 0.80 1306 2076 3253 2460.88 832.64 15 3061 0.72 1240 1821 1660.92 1184.58 653.67 16 2939 0.69 1603 1336 518.48 202.87 198.87 17 2818 0.66 1907 911 4010.25 2076.96 1418.04 18 2769 0.65 967 1802 1589.34 962.32 572.59 19 1641 0.39 394 1247 3691.88 1627.94 1012.24 20 1382 0.33 281 1101 1955.09 1063.36 683.96 21 1320 0.31 25 1295 2050.14 1003.24 583.34 22 1277 0.30 135 1142 1643.81 1216.86 548.16 23 1222 0.29 64 1158 993.53 631.64 396.98 24 1154 0.27 391 763 3038.24 1661.44 803.97 25 977 0.23 586 391 1401.01 748.97 423.64 26 784 0.18 372 412 2003.07 932.21 516.08 27 503 0.12 52 415 983.36 840.58 395.40 28 194 0.05 13 181 1364.36 852.01 610.39 29 149 0.04 29 120 117.46 16.43 64.05 30 81 0.02 23 58 265.57 239.11 157.52 31 73 0.02 0 73 263.59 196.08 151.14 231

2001 % GDP 1 147009 33.34 52245 94764 10647.71 14035.35 3484.43 2 74322 16.86 35859 38463 4950.84 7003.9 2004.64 3 35791 8.12 21833 13958 9511.91 11747.83 2823.2 4 26696 6.05 9221 17475 2845.65 2908.82 1513.32 5 21436 4.86 7041 14395 5033.08 4480.32 1421.19 6 20345 4.61 13553 6792 4253.68 2945.02 1172.91 7 16259 3.69 6187 10072 4662.28 3239.51 1486.55 8 15240 3.46 9029 6211 9438.31 9377.37 2788.68 9 12768 2.90 6627 6141 1840.10 2940.4 705 10 12237 2.78 5546 6691 6748.15 7882.47 2834.94 11 7682 1.74 3606 4076 5640.11 3843.18 1544.06 12 6674 1.51 2245 4429 4421.76 2304.51 1617.52 13 4308 0.98 1170 3138 5577.78 3766.85 1912.53 14 3412 0.77 928 2484 1844.27 1338.2 773.43 15 3411 0.77 964 2447 3561 2365.44 963.58 16 2713 0.62 2383 330 545.96 219.5 213.32 17 2459 0.56 495 1964 1084.9 696.63 536.01 18 2376 0.54 1002 1374 1749.77 1072.83 697.03 19 2219 0.50 640 1579 2032.48 1876.65 701.7 20 1913 0.43 163 1750 298.38 268.84 191.08 21 1777 0.40 465 1312 2074.71 1157.4 738.45 22 1685 0.38 653 1032 2175.68 1016.02 631.84 23 1558 0.35 276 1282 1072.51 951.21 460.37 24 1526 0.35 659 867 3290.13 1824.64 893.37 25 1488 0.34 508 980 3983 1811.22 1174.3 26 1280 0.29 503 777 2231.19 1059.23 655.63 27 1111 0.25 157 954 1485.48 876.57 706 28 1017 0.23 242 775 1779.97 1396.73 663.58 29 888 0.20 208 680 1545.79 830.32 503.63 30 286 0.06 59 227 300.95 194.16 196.35 31 54 0.01 15 39 138.73 17.88 83.26 1 2 2000 2001 48.24% 43.28%; OECD( ) (,2001 232

44.06% 32.96%.,,2001 23.64% 17.58%. 2001 3.89% % 13487 3.06 7515 4.06 5972 2.34 49828 11.30 23232 12.54 26596 10.40 2208 0.50 1021 0.55 1187 0.46 2208 0.50 1021 0.55 1187 0.46 77514 17.58 24245 13.09 53269 20.84 104218 23.64 53408 28.83 50810 19.88 191247 43.38 74740 40.34 116507 45.58 186 0.04 86 0.05 100 0.04 440895 100.00 185268 100.00 255627 100.00 % 440895 100.00 185268 100.00 255627 100.00 OECD 55615 194250 12.61 44.06 20654 90946 11.15 49.09 34961 103304 13.68 40.41 145315 26123 32.96 5.92 65909 12906 35.57 6.97 79406 13217 31.06 5.17 17138 769 3.89 0.17 1389 356 0.75 0.19 15749 413 6.16 0.16 233

1989 716 3200 54 2001 2 234

235 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 1 2

236

1 2002 1 2 2004 2 9 3 2001 12 4 2003 12 5 2002 1 6 2002 4 7 WTO WTO 2002 5 8 2001 8 9 2000 1 10 2003 7 8 11 2003 7 12 1950 1981 13 1993 14 15 2004 4 237

1 6360 585.7 9.2% 780.1 12.3% 4100 64.5% 894.2 14.1% 2888 45.4% 1212 29.6% 65 594 571 1151 333 1978 18% 50% 45 68% 77% 1-1 29.60% 14.10% 9.20% 45.40% 12.30% 2002-2005 32.03% 57.8% 1991 2002 27.4% 72.6% 1-2 ~ 1991 61.4 74.0 49.6 24.4 209.4 1992 60.4 74.3 50.7 23.6 209 1993 57.1 73.6 50.7 22.8 204.2 1994 63.7 72.9 50.4 22.6 209.6 1995 80.5 83.9 59.4 24.5 248.3 238

1996 83.9 101.9 73.8 28.1 287.7 1997 82.9 115.7 86.3 29.4 314.3 1998 83.0 129.3 98.7 30.6 341.6 1999 84.8 140.2 109.3 30.9 365.1 2000 95.0 150.7 119.6 31.1 396.4 2001 103.6 150.3 122.5 27.8 404.2 2002 133.7 144.2 121.9 22.3 422.1 2003 2 2001 4051 693.2 17.11% 2112.1 52.1% 1245.7 30.8% 2001 54.4% 35 45.6% 36 45 30.3% 46 54 19% 55 5.1% 1998 2001 569 1997 101 1.2 98 26 13 6300 1000 15000 2001 81 41 3 52 79 393 593 731 2809 3888 5827 25 284 2011 2001 54.2 48.8 43.1 97.8% 97.2% 94% 3 1 2003 2002 3089.3-3 2002 : % % 73.8 2.39% 161.7 5.23% 81.6 2.64% 28.4 0.92% 432.9 14.01% 76.8 2.49% 65.6 2.12% 349.4 11.31% 239

154.6 5% 1194.8 38.68% 29.1 0.94% 87.0 2.82% 108.2 3.5% 99.9 3.23% 118.8 3.85% 26.7 0.86% 2003 3089.3 2002 2.39 24.74 72.03% (2) 1-4 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 19856213 20495006 20913343 21430140 21650807 21698037 21860024 2003 1-4 2002 2186.0 70.76% (3) 1-5 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1995 4521 188.6 68.1 74.0 33.7 1996 4467 191.8 68.1 72.7 33.5 1997 4395 193.1 69.9 73.4 31.0 1998 4362 181.3 68.2 59.4 31.0 1999 4098 156.0 66.2 51.5 26.9 2000 3792 140.1 64.6 50.4 24.0 2001 3470 134.7 47.7 55.1 22.0 2002 3075 153.0 45.4 73.3 20.3 2003 240

4 1982 2000 6360 2000 252.12 2000 6612.12 1 6 2001 14.3 11 3 5 1000 90 75 12 IT 2 6360 13 489 1 IT 100 60 34 4 20 10 1 4 7 2005 6 28 46 2 IC 25 10 241

IC 4000 2008 IC IC 25 ~30 2008 IC 2000 IC 2010 6 42 10 IC IC IC 3 1000 50 2 3 1000 1.4 7000 60 35 3.5 40 2002/19 4 300 3~5 15 l~2 30 300 5 100 1 110 5 10 20 30 6 10 10 10 5 MBA 3000 2000 2000 7 100 6075 3914 2/3 65 594 571 1151 13 13 5 65 100 : 8 1 1~2 242

9 15 15 10 80 26.2 38.5 9.3 11.7 38.7 26.6 43.1 30.4 35 50 15 38.5 51.5 10 20 40 40 13 80 11 1600 1.23% 3000 20 12 200 IDC 2000 10 200 13 5 30 14 600 19000 2000 8 600 15 1000 20 90 1000 16 100 2015 1 1 2015 232 3 1000 1 5 2001 128 7 103 6 11 5 17 5000 1999 10 43 18 5000 243

3 (1) 2003 688 74 663 64 1351 14 0.97% 180 3089.3 (2) 6000 70 69 2003 7 1/3 1/3 60 20% 55 (3) 1978 2003 70.02 108 17.28 30% 1 2000 6360 2001 2002 2003 N+1 = N+1 +N 1-N { N+1 N+1 } 2001 2002 2001 2002 253.9 277.9 90.63 68.86 0.16 0.1 93.06 117.5 64.1 129.5 47.7 45.4 549.55 639.26 2001 2002 2003 12 257.69 427.39 2001 2002 807.24 1066.65 2001 2002 8.3973 12.5179 1.2243 1.7945 1 2001 7119.045 2002 8129.1961 1-6 2001 2002 2001 2000 549.55 6.45 2001 6861.355 2002 639.26 2001 6.43 2002 7445.773 244