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(CIP) : /. :, 2002 ISBN 7-5045 - 3529 - X... - - -. U472.4 CIP (2002)030802 ( 1 : 100029) : * 787 1092 16 21.5 1 533 2002 7 1 2002 7 1 : : 38.00 : 64929211 : 64911190 : http : / / www.class.com.cn
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,,,, 1. (1 ),,, 11,, E2 VS, 200600,, 11, E2 THA, 11, 11 (2 ) 1) (), 12 1
1 E2 - VS 200600 - E2 - VC 200400-1020 k - 20 47 k 0 E 2 - T HA 23 k 20 0. 91. 3 k 40 0. 40. 7 k 60 E 1 - FC - 12 2),, 3),,, 2., 13 13 a) b) - 2
, -,,, 5 V, 3. ( ), 14 14 a) b),,, 15,,,, 14b,, 4. 15, 16,,, 16 3
6,,,, ( 0.30. 8 V ), ;,, ;,, :,,,, 1 V,, 0,, 17,,,,,, 12 V 12 V,, 18, 17 1 2 18 5. : (1 ), (2 ) 46 V,, (3 ) 3 3004 500,, 6. 4 IDL, 19, E2, 110, 12,, : VTA E2, 4
9 4 110 4 12 0 mm V TA - ( E2 ) 0.286.4 k 0. 35 mm - ( E2 ) 0. 5 k 0. 70 mm - ( E2 ) V TA - ( E2 ) 2.0 11.6 k - ( E2 ) 2. 77.7 k 7.,,,,, 0. 5 V, ; 0. 5 V, ( PCM) 8. / /, 111 111 / a) b) / c) d) (1 ) /, B, 0. 5,, 5
/, / A,,, 5 V, 0.5 V ; 0.5 V, / 1.,,, 2.,, 3., 4.,,, 1. (1), 0123456789,,,,, 0 1 1 0 13 13 0 0000 = 0 + 0 = 0 1 0001 = 0 + 1 = 1 2 0010 = 2 + 0 = 2 3 0011 = 2 + 1 = 3 4 0100 = 4 + 0 = 4 5 0101 = 4 + 1 = 5 6 0110 = 4 + 2 = 6 7 0111 = 4 + 2 + 1 = 7 8 1000 = 8 + 0 = 8, 0 1,, 0, 1,, (2), ( FET),, 1) 112, 1 0, 0 1, 6
113,, A B 1, 1, A B,, A B,, 112 113 3), 114 A B, 4),, 115 114 115,,,, (3 ), ( IC) 116, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 116, 117, 7
17 a) b ) 2. ( ECU ) (1 ) ( ECU),,,,, 118,,, 119, 120 118 1 2 ABS 3 4 5 6 119 1 2 3,, 121 1) ( Central Processing Unit CP U),,,, 8
20 1 2 3 4 5 6 11 7 8 9 10 12 121 2),, ( ), : ( ROM ),, ( PROM), ( RAM), RAM RAM,,,, RAM, 3) / ( I/ O) / ( LED) ( LCD)A/ D ( / ) D/ A,, 4) /, : 9
122,,, ;, / (A/ D), ( RAM),, ( ROM),,,, 122 (2 ) 1),,,, 123 124 : 123,,,,,,, ( ), 125,, 10
23 ( ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 124 ( ) 1 2 3 4 4 14 2) ( ),, 125, 1 2 3 4 5 14 4 : ; ; ; ; 126, 11
26 a) b) c) 1 2 3 4 5 6 ( ),,,,,, 127,,, 127 1 2 3) 3 4, 12
,,, 300,, 4),,, :, 128, 128 1 2 3 4 5 ( ) 6 7 8,,,,,,,,,, ( 100 mv) ;,,,, (900 mv),, 129, ( 300),,,,, ( TiO2 ) 130,,,,,, ;,, 131a, 131c 5),,, 13
29 130 1 2 3 4 5 6 131 a) b) c) R T R c ( ECU ) U C ECU (1 V),, 132, 14 132 a) b) c) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8,,,,,
,,,,,, 6),,,, 133 133 a) b) c) 1 2 3 E2 ID L V T A VC ( ) ( ),, 134 7),,, 134 1 2,,,,, 135,, G, Ne,,, 135, ( ), G1G2 15
35 a) b) 1 G2 2 G1 3 4 Ne 5 6 ; 24, 24 Ne G, Ne 24,, 720, 24 30 30, 30, 1 G1G2 G1 G2, G1G2,, 10 V6, 136, ;,, 360 ( ) 6, 136 a) b) c) 1 2 3 4 5 6,, 360 2 6 120, ( 1 36c ) 120 16
,,,, 137,,,,,, ;,, 137 a) b) 1 2 3 4 5 6,, 138 ( ),,, 20 ( 20 ),,, 9) : 138 1 2 ( STA), 3 4, 5, 139 STA,, ( NSW), 17
P N ) ( ), 140 139 140 1 2 1 2 3 3 4 ( ECU ) 4 5 ( ECU ) S T, NSW,, NSW ; P N,,,, NSW ( A/ C),,, A/ C 3.,, ( ) ( ),,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 18
,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 200 5, (1),, 50, 3 000 r/ min, 0.1 MPa (2 ) 3 s (3 ) 7 000 r/ min, ( ),, 15,,,,, 7 000 r/ min,, 15 ( r/ min) 1 000 1 000 2 000 2 000 3 000 3 000 4 000 6 000 : 0. 09 M Pa 1 000 r/ min 4 000 5 000 7 000 7 000 (4 ),,,,,,,, 19
,,,,,,,, : : (1 ),, : 1), 35 A,,, 2) 35 A,, 3), ( ) 4), ;,,,, 57 mm,,, : 57 mm,, ;,,,,,, ;,, :,, 57 mm,, ;, 141 (2 ) : : (3 ),, +,, 142 20
41 1.,, 2. ( ) 3., 4.,, 142 5.,,,,,, 21
, 1. 143 200 5, 143 200 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 (1 ) 5 : 1),, 135, 144 135, 145a 22
44 1 2 145 a) b) c) d ) e) 2),,, 62,, 145b 3),,,, 80, 35, 1 45c,, 145d 4),,, ; 5),,, 6),,, 7),, 8), ( ), (2 ),, 23
,,, 200 5 : 2.,,,,,,,, 62 62,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, A6 V6, 1. A6 : V. A. G1551 V. A. G1598/ 31 V. A. G1594A, 2. (1 ) 1 ) V. A. G1551 V. A. S5051, 16 01, 24
6 V. A. G1551 V. A. G1551, 00 01 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08, 2) 3),, 4) 5), 146 6), 7), 146 (2 ), :, : 1) 2) ( J338 ) 3) 4), 5), 6) 3. (1 ) 1) 80 2), 25
4) 5), P N (2 ) 1) (, ) 2),, 3), 4) ( ) : 0 4,, Q, : 0 5 6, 6, Q, : 56 1 2 3 4 1 ( 17 ) ( ) 17 1 2 3 4 056 : r/ min r/ min. % ( ) ( ) : 720 820 r/ min 770 r/ min. % 00000 1 2 3 4, 5) 6) 0 6,, Q 7), ;,, : ; ; ; 4. 26 (1 ) V. A. G1318/ 7 1318/ 15 V. A. G1318, 147
(2 ), (3 ), (4 ), 380420 kpa (5 ), (6 ),, 5. (1 ) 1) 2) 11 V 47 V. A. G1318 (2 ),, 6. (1 ) 1) 2) ( ), 13.515.5 :, 46 3), (2 ) 1), 2) V. A. G1598/ 31, 3) 18 4), 5),, 18 2 V. A. G1598/ 31 1 2 96 2 2 112 3 2 88 4 2 97 5 2 113 6 2 89 (3 ) 1) V. A. G1602, 148 2) V. A. G1694 3) V. A. G1348/ 3A V. A. G1348/ 3-2, 149 27
48 149 4),, V. A. G1348/ 3A 30s 5),, 90125 ml 6), 7) 8), (4 ) 1), 2), 12 3), (), 7. J17 (1 ) (2 ), 4, 150 (3 ) 1), V. A. G1598/ 31, 2) V. A. G1594 6 5 150 2 3),,, ;,, 4) () 19, 5),, ;,,, 19 19 4 V. A. G1598/ 31 16 65 28
, (4 ) 1) 2829 43, 151, 2) () ( ), 110 110 28 29 43 51 J17 3),, 8. ( G70) (1 ) 1) 2), 3) 80 (2 ) 1) V. A. S5051 V. A. G1551, 01,, : 2) 0 4, Q :, N80 : 3) 0, 0 2 2, Q : 2 1 2 3 4 4) ( 111 112 ),, 0 6,, Q 5) (3 ) 1) 2) () 3, 152 29
11 002: 1 2 3 4 r/ min. %. ms. g/ s : 500 r/ min : 0 % 1. 0 ms : 1.0 g/ s : 680 r/ min : 100 % : 20. 0 ms : 150 g/ s r/ min 12. 0 % 28.0 % 1. 04. 0 ms 1. 05.0 g/ s, 3, 4 112 002 3 1. 0 ms ( / / ) 4. 0 ms ( ), J338 002 4 1. 0 g/ s 5. 0 g/ s,, ( / / ) 3), 4), 3 ( 152 ), (4 ) 1) V. A. G1598/ 31, 2) ( 113 ) : 113 ( G70 ) 152 V. A. G1598/ 31 1 53 2 27 4 29 1 4 3), ;, 9. ( G42) 30 (1 ) V. A. S5051 V. A. G1551, 01,
: (2) 08, Q, : (3 ) 0 0 4, 04, Q, : 4 1 2 3 4 (4 ) 4 ( 114) 114 4 1 2 3 4 004: r/ min. V.. : 550 r/ min : 0. 000 V : - 48 : 6 800 r/ min : 15.000 V : 143.0 r/ min 12. 00015. 000 V 80.0 105.0 : - 48 : 143.0 10, 24; 120, 10. (G62 ) (1 ) (2 ) 3 ( 115) 115 3 1 2 3 4 004: r/ min. V.. ( 40 ) : 550 r/ min : 6 800 r/ min : 0. 000 V : 15.000 V r/ min 12. 00014. 500 V 80.0 105.0,, 31
1), 2) V. A. G1598/ 31, 3) ( 116 ) : 116 3 108 4 93 4) 1.5,, 11. (G187 G188 ) (1 ) 1) 2),, 3) (), 153 6 2 6 2 6, 5 V 4), 5), (2 ) 1) 2) V. A. G1598/ 31, 3), 117 117 6 V. A. G1598/ 31 1 92 2 83 3 117 4 84 5 118 6 91 153 154 4) 1.5,, 32 (3 )
154 2),, 3 min;,, : a., V. A. G1598/ 31, b. V. A. G1594 1 48,, c., d., e., 3 min,, : a.,, b., c.,, V. A. G1598/ 31, d. ( 118 ) : 118 V. A. G1598/ 31 48 / ( ) e., 12. (G79 G185),, (1 ) V. A. S5051 V. A. G1551, 01 (2 ), : (3 ) 0 8,, Q, : (4 ) 0 6 2 62, Q, : 62 1 2 3 4 (5 ), 119 33
19 1 2 3 4 62 :, % % % % ( 1 ) : 0 % : 100 % ( 2 ) : 0 % : 100 % 1 : 0 % 100 % 2 : 0 % : 100 % 3 % 93 % 3 % 97 % 12 % 97 % 4 % 49 % : 1) ( 5 V ), ( 5 V 100 % ) 2) 3 4, 3, 12 % 49 % ; 4, 4 % 97 %, 3 4 2 (6 ),, (7 ) 1) 2), (), 120 3), ;, (8 ) 1) V. A. G1598/ 31, 2), 121 120 6 2 5 V 1 3 5 V 5 5 V 5 4 5 V 121 ( ) V. A. G1598/ 31 1 ( ) 35 2 73 3 36 4 33 5 72 6 ( ) 34 34
, 13. ( ) (1 ) 1), 99 ; 2) 99,,, V. A. G1551 48 04 08 3) 04, (2 ) 1) 80 2), (3 ) 1) V. A. S5051 V. A. G1551, 01 2), : 3) 0 4,, Q (, N80 ), : 4) 03 0, 30, Q, : 30 1 2 3 4 14 ( 122 123), 1 3 ( ) 122 30 : 1 2 3 4 000 000 ( ) 0 = 1 = 0 = 1 = ( ) 111 111, : :, : : 35
23 30 3 1 1 1 1 3 0 = 1 = 0 = 1 = 0 = 1 = (4 ) 1) V. A. G1594 () 1 ( ) 2 ( ), 155 2), 1 2 3), 1, 155 4), V. A. G1594 155 () 2 (155 ), (5 ) 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 1),,, 2) V. A. G1526 ( 2 V) 3 4, 155, (45050 ) mv 3), ;, 4) G39 4 ( ), V. A. G1598/ 31,, 124 124 V. A. G1598/ 31 3 51 4 70 36
, 125 125 V. A. G1598/ 31 4 32 3 32 ( ) 5) G108 4 ( ) V. A. G1598/ 31,, 126 126 V. A. G1598/ 31 3 12 4 13 1. 5, 127 127 V. A. G1598/ 31 4 32 3 32 ( ) 14., (1 ) V. A. S5051 V. A. G1551, 01,, : (2 ) 0 4,, Q, : (3 ) 0 6 3, 63, Q, : 63 1 2 3 4 37
128 128 129) 1 2 3 4 63 : % % Kick Down Bet atige n 1 2 Bet atige n : 12 % : 97 % : 4 % : 49 % Kick Down ADP. Lauft ADP. I. O ADP. ER ROR 10 % 20 % 4 % 10 % Kick Down Bet atige n 129 1 2 3 4 63 : % % Kick Down ADP. I. O 1 2 Kick Down Bet atige n : 12 % : 97 % : 4 % : 49 % Kick Dow m ADP. Lauft ADP. I. O ADP. ER ROR 85 % 95 % 40 % 50 % Kick Down ADP. I. O (4 ),, (5 ) 2 s 15. (1 ) G28, 37 ( ABS ) (2 ) 1) V. A. S5051 V. A. G1551, 01 2), : 38
0, Q 4) 5), 16. (1 ) G68 54, (2 ) 1) V. A. S5051 V. A. G1551, 01 2), : 3) 0 8,, Q, : 4) 00 5, 5, Q, : 5 1 2 3 4 5) 6) ( 130 ) 130 1 2 3 4 5: r/ min ms km/ h T ext ( 40 ) : 750 r/ min : 6 800 r/ min : 0 % : 120 % : 0 km/ h : 250 km/ h,,,, r/ min ms ( ),, 39
, V. A. G1598/ 31, 8), 131 131 V. A. G1598/ 31 81 1. 5 9),, 17. (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) V. A. S5051 V. A. G1551, 01, : (4 ) 0 8,, Q, : (5 ) 1 2 5, 125, Q, : 125 1 2 3 4 132 132 1 2 3 4 125: CAN Getr.1 ABS1 CAN 1 = 0 = CA N ABS 1 = 0 = Getr.1 ABS1 :, (6 ) 0,, Q, V. A. G1551 40 (7 ),
V A. G 1 2 (8 ), (9 ), CAN (10), : 1) CAN 2), 3) V. A. G1551,, 06 4) 5) 10 s, V. A. G1551 6), 7),, 1.,, 2., 10 M 3.,,, 12 V,, 4.,, 5. ( ), ( ),, 1. (1 ) 1), ( GM ) TBI ( Ford ) CF I ( Bosch) Mono - Jetronic 2), ( GM) EFI ( Bosch) L - Jetronic 41
TOYOYA) TCCS (2 ) 1), 2) :, 3),,,,, (3 ) 1),,,,,,,, 2),,,, 156 157 158 156 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 42
57 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 158 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 2. (1 ),, 43
,,,,,,,, 250 kpa,,, ( 158 7 ), ( 158 14 ),, ( EF I) (2 ) ( 159 ),, 159 ( ),,,,,, ( ),, 44
, 1. :,, (1 ) 1),, 160 0.070.15 mm, 0.30 mm, 2), 161, 0.110.14 mm0.30 mm, 3) 162, 0.020.05 mm 0. 10 mm, 160 161 162 (2 ) 1) 2),, 3) 163 4), 163 1 2 3 O 4 5 6 7 8 45
, 164a,,, 164b, 10 Nm 6), 164c 7),, 164d 164 a) b ) c) d ) 2. (1 ), (2 ),,, 165, (3 ), (4 ), (5 ), ; ( 166 ),, 165 166 (6 ), 15. 8 mm, 3. 46
,, 4. (1 ) (2 ), ;, (3 ),, (4 ),, (5 ),, 1., 2., 3.,, : 1.,,, 167 168 167 1 2 3O 4 5 6 7 168 1 2 3 4 5 6 7,,,,,,,,, 47
,,, 2., (1 ),,,, (2 ) 169 A40, 169 A40 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1123 12 13 14 15 16 17 1812 19 48
( ) 23 ( ) 12, (3 ) 170,,,, 1), 0. 640. 69 M Pa; 1.5961. 863 MPa 2),, ;,, 3), (4 ), 170,,,, 170 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11,,,,, 0.2 M Pa,,,, (5 ),,,,,, (6),,,, 49
(7 ) 171,,, PRND2S L, 171 1 2 3, 171,,,,, : 1) N 2) P ( ), B3, 3) R B3 C2,, 4) D, C112 23 34 C2 B2, 13 14, 5) 2, ( 2 3 ) 12, ( A40 3 ), 6) L, A40 1 (8 ) ( ),,, 172,,,, ( ), 172 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 50
;,,,,,,,, (9 ) ( ), 173,,,,, 174,,, ( ),,,, 173 1 2 3 4 5 6 174 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 3 7 1 2 (10),,, ( 175 ),, (11),, 175 1 2 3 4 1223,, 122334 176 pz, F, pv 51
76 a) b ) 12 3 4 5 6 pz pv pv pz,, 176a,,, pv pz F,, 176b,,, 3. (1 ) 1), ; 2),, (2 ),, 177,,,,,,,,,, 4. (1 ),,,, (2 ),, ;,,,, 178,,,,,, 52
77 1 2 5 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 178 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8,, 5.,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,, : 1. (1 ), ;, ; ;, ; 53
, ; ; ;, (3 ) 179 179 54
(1 ) ;, ; ; (2 ) ; (3 ) 180 180 3. (1 ), ;, ;, ; (2 ), ; ; (3 ) 181 55
81 4. (1 ), ;, ;,, ; ;, (2 ), ; ; ; (3 ) 182 5. ( ) (1 ) ; ( ) ; ;,, 56
(2 ) 82 1) ; ; 2) ; ; (3 ) 183 6. (1 ), ;, ;, ;, (2 ) ; ; ; ;, (3 ) 184 7. (1 ) ;, ; ; 57
83 (2 ) ; ; ; ; (3 ) 185 8. (1 ),,,,, 58
84, ;,, (2 ) ( ) ; ; ; ; (3 ) 186 9. (1 ),, ;,,, ;, (2 ), ; ; ; ;, (3 ) 187 59
85 60
86 1. : 2. : 3.,,, ;, 4.,, ; 1., 188, 2.,, ( ),,,, 61
87 62
,,, 189 : 88 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2001 600 r/ min 8, 2,, 2 190 :, 2 000 r/ min,,,, 191 189 190 191 :, 800 r/ min 2 400 r/ min,,, 192 :, 1 000 r/ min,,, 193 :, 1 000 r/ min, 63
92 193,, 5 1., 194 (1 ),,,,,,, 80, 50 Nm, : 2 000 kpa, 10 min,, 4 h,, O, ; ; ; 64 194 1 2 3612 14 4 5 7 8 C CO T 9 10 11 13 15 16
,, (2 ),,, (3 ),,, 2. 133 133,,,,, 3. 65
195 ; (1 ) 1) ; 2) ; 195 1 2 3 4 3) ; 5 6 7 4),, 5) ; 6), ; 7), ; 8) (2 ) 1), 1 96 1 ; ;, 2), 196 2 66 ; ; 196 1 2 3
, 196 3 ; ; 4. 134 134,,,,,, 5. (1 ),,,, (2 ), 3 ( 1 97 ) 13, (,, ) (3 ) 12 11, 313 5 6, 30 min 313 5 1 h, 100 kpa,,,, (4 ), 3,, ; 13,, 6. 197 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13,, 21,,,, ; ; 67
,, 1 5002 000 r/ min,, 5 min,, 21, 311, 45, 0.51,,,, 7. (1 ), (2 ),,,, (3 ) ( ) ( 198 ),,,,,,, CFCHCFCHFC, 198 1 2 3 49 5 10 6 7 8 1.,, 2.,,,,, 3., 4., 52, 5. R12 ( CCl2 F2 ) R - 134a ( HFC), 68 199, 1 2 7
456 : 1.,, 10 h,,, 1100 199 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1100 (1 ),,, (2 ),,, (3 ),, 2., 1 5002 000 r/ min,,, 30 s,,, (1 ),, 135 135 ( % ) ( ) ( M Pa) ( MPa) 25 0. 97 1. 26 0.120.17 40 80 30 35 1. 10 1. 41 1. 23 1. 56 0.140.20 0.160.22 40 1. 36 1. 72 0.170.25 69
1. 45 1. 5 MPa, 0. 150. 20 M Pa,, (2 ),, 136 136 ( M Pa) ( M Pa) 0. 80.9 0.8 2 2.5 2. 3 2.5, - 0. 11. 5 0. 15, 1. 92.0 0.25 0. 71.0 0. 4 1. 6 0. 6 20 min,,,, ;,, (3 ), 50, 70,, 137 137, ( 30 ) 1990 10 1 ( 13 ),,,,,,,, 70,
(1 ) 1),,, ( ), : ; 2) : ; ; ; 3) : ; ; 4) : ; ; 5) : ; 6) : ; 7) : CO HC ; 8),, (2 ),,, ;, ( ),, 71
1), 2), 3), 4) ( ), 5), 6), 7) :,,,, 8), 9),,, 10 ), (3 ) : 1) ; 2) (4 ),, ( ),,, 2. J T/ T20195,, 138 139 3. (1 ) JT/ T20195,, 1 40 72
1 38 1 2 3 1. 98 N, : 12 mm, 10 mm, 5 mm 2., 90, 280 320 kpa : : 6 1( ) : 12 1( ) 4,, 5 15 25 mm 6,,,, 7 8 9 LX 2000 : - 20 10-2010 ( - 3-1 mm) ( - 3-1 mm ) : 2515 25 15 1., : 7 mm ( ), 2. 5 mm 2., : LX 10 mm 2000 17. 8 mm, 0.06 mm 3.,, 0. 10 mm, 1 mm 10,,,, < 0. 1 mm 1., 1. 6 mm 11 2. ( k Pa) : : 180, 190 : 190, 230 (2000 240 ) : 250 12,, 13 1., 5 mm 2., 14 ( 110 A ), 9.6 V 5 s 73
1 2 3 4 1 39 1. 2., 1. 1. 2. 3. 80 % 3., 2. < 90 r/ min, 4. > 25 % 5. 3. 80 %, > 300 kpa 4. < 280 kpa < 57 kpa ( ) > 5 k Pa < 0. 25 MPa 1. 2. 6. 7. 1., 2. 3. 4., 1., 2. 3., 4.,, 5 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2.,, 3. 1., 2., 3. 4. 5. 6. 1.,, 6,, 2. 3. 74
1. 7 : < 30 kpa < 180 kpa 2. 3.,,,, 4. 1., 8 : CO > 4. 5 % HC > 1 20010-6 2., 3. 4. 5., 1. 9 2.,, 3. 10 11 1., 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 1. 2. 1. 2., 12 > 2 1. 1. 2., 2. 3. 3. 1., 13 2. 3.,, 4. 5. 6. 7. 75
14 15 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 16, > 110 A, < 9 V 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 140 1. 2., 3., 40 mm 4. 5 mm 5., 1 6.,, 7.,,, 8. 2 9.,, 1. ( 90 ),,, 2. 80 % 3. 76
1. 1525 mm 2.,, 1. 0 ( ) 2.,, 3.,,,, 4 L X 2000-3- 1 mm - 3-1 mm 4. 40 18 40 18 35 36 35 36 2515 2515 5. 5 m/ k m 5,,, ; ;,, 1. 6 mm, 1. ; ; ; 6 2., 3., 4. 1. GB 7258 1997 6.14. 3 6. 15. 26. 15 2. 1/ 3 GB 7258 1997 6. 14. 36. 15. 2 7 3. 2,, 30 km/ h 4., 250 m, 1. 5 %, 8 1.,, ; ;, 2.,,,, 77
1. 1 000 m, : CO 4.5 %, HC 1 200 10-6 2. GB 1495 79 (2 ) 13, :,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 57 1101,,,,,,, 1101 1101 78
,,,, 1. : ;,,,, 1102 1102,,,, ; 79
,,,,, 2.,, 1103, ( ),, 1103 1., 2., 3.,, 4. 5., 80
: (1 ),, (2 ),,,,,, 2. : (1 ),,, (2 ),,,,,, 1.,, (1 ) 1), 2) 3) 4) (2 ) 81
2) ;, 3),, 4),,,, 2.,, (1 ) 1),,,,, 2), ;,,, ;,, 3),, ( ), ;, ; ( ), 4),, ;,, ;,, 5), ( ) 6), 7),, 8),,, (2 ) 1) 82
, 0. 30.4 MPa 5 min, 0. 40.45 MPa,, 1104,, 1104,, 1 2 3 4,, 5 6 7, 50 mm50 mm 0. 05 mm, 600 mm 0. 15 mm, 600 mm 0. 25 mm,, 600 mm 0. 15 mm, 600 mm 0. 35 mm;, 50 mm50 mm 0. 025 mm, 0. 05 mm 1105,,,,, 1106,,,,, 1000. 10 1105 1106 1 2 0. 15 mm, 0. 025 mm, 0. 10 mm, 1107,,, 83
,,,,, ( ) 95% 4% ( ), JV 132. 60 mm 0. 025 mm, 0.15 mm : a. ; b.,, 0.007 5 mm,, ; ; 0. 012 5 mm c. 0. 05 mm, 1108,,,,, 35 mm, 180,, 70 mm, 1107 1 6 2 3 4 5 7 1108 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : 1 2 2, 84
mm 0. 025 mm 2) 1109,, - -, A - A B - B,,, ;, 1110, V,,, 1110 V,,,,, 0. 15 mm 1109 1110 :,,,,,, ( 0. 06 mm, 0. 04 mm) 1111,, V,,, 1, 2,, EQ1090E 100 g cm,, 0.03 mm, 1112b,,, 0.20 mm, 1112a, 85
111 1 1 2 2 1112 a) b),, 0. 10 mm, 1. 2 mm ( ), 400, 100 gcm, 0. 20 mm, 1113 (3 ) 1), 1113 ;, a. 0. 20 mm ( EQ1090E 0. 15 mm) b., 1114,,,,, c., 1115, 0.10 mm, 0. 15 mm( ) a. V,, 86
114 1 2 3 4 5 6 1115 1 2 3 4, 0. 06 mm b., 0. 04 mm c. 0. 040. 30 mm; 0. 060. 30 mm a., b. 15% a.,,,, 0.150. 50 mm; 0. 100. 40 mm b., 0. 10 0. 30 mm c.,,, 1 0001 400 r/ min,, 1 h, 2) a. b. 1.5 mm, 2,, 0. 15 mm c. : 87
a),, 1116, ;,,,,, 5, 1116 1 7 2 3 4, 5 6 8 9 10 1115,,,,,,,,, 0. 12 mm, :,,,,,, 1117 0. 75 mm, 1 mm ( b) 1118,, 2 mm, 1117, 1117 1 2 1118 a. b.,, 1.30 mm; 0. 25 mm; 0. 15 mm; 88
mm c.,,,,, 0. 15 mm ( ) a. (a), 2 ( b),, 0. 10 mm (c) (), 0. 05 mm (d ), 0. 08 mm b. (a) ( b) 0. 30 mm (c), 0. 06 mm ( d) 0. 10 mm a. (a), ( b), : 0. 060. 10 mm ;, 0.15 mm; 0. 05 mm; 0. 08 mm (c) 0.25 mm; - 0.0350. 05 mm; - 0. 0870.012 mm b. (a) 25% ( b) 0. 08 mm c. (a),,, 25% ( b) 0. 15 mm; 0. 12 mm 89
a (a),,,, 12023,,,,,,, 1 119 1120 ( b) 1121,,,,,, 1119 1120 b. 1122, ( ),,,,, 1121 1122 90
,, 1123, 1 4001 500 r/ min,, 10 min, 25,, 3., 123 1 2 34,,,, (1 ) 1) 2) GB1743 : ( ), ; : 90% 85% ; JB/ Z 11186 ;, 3) ( ),,, 10 mm 4) ( ) 10 mm 20 mm;,,, 5 mm 5), ; 6) 7) ;, 8) : ; :, 1 min, ; 9) : 1. 6 mm, 3.2 mm; ; 2. 5 cm ; ; 10 ) 90, 5 mm, 8 mm 91
, 12 ), GB 47851997 ; ;,,,, 300 mm; 13 ) 3% 14 ) ; ( ) 15 ) GB3798 16 ), ;, 17 ),,, ;, (2 ) 1), GB/ T12543 GB3798 ; 2), GB/ T12545 GB3798, 3) ;, GB/ T12536 : 30 km/ h, (, f 0.8,, f 1 ) ( t) ( m) 4 160 f > 45 180 f > 58 220 f > 811 250 f > 11 270 f : 1. 5% 4) : 4 m/ km : GB/ T1254090: : ; GB3798 1. 8, ; GB72581997 3.6 92
GB/ T12676 : GB72581997 6.13 ; GB72581997 6. 14 : GB72581997 6. 15 6) : GB72581997 7. 5 ; GB72581997 7. 4 7), : GB72581997 3. 10 8), GB/ T38451993 : GB14761. 51993 GB/ T38461993 : GB14761.61993 9) GB1496, GB72581997 14 10 ) GB/ T1248090 : GB/ T1248190 ;, ; GB/ T1247990 ;, 11 ) :, :, ; ;, :,,, 50 r/ min 12 ) ;, ;,, ;, (3 ) 1),, 2), ( ), 3),,,, 4),,, GB/ T157461995, 93
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1.,, : ( ),, 2.,, :,,,,,,,, :, 3.,, :,, 4. : 94,,
, 1., (1 ),,,, (2 ),,,, (3 ),,,, 1124 ;, 1125 1124 1125 (4 ),,,,, 1126 2. ( ),, : (1 ), 1126,, (2 ),, 95
: ;, (4 ),,, (5 ),,,, 3.,, : (1 ),,, ;, (2 ),, (3 ),, (4 ),,, (5 ),, (6 ),, U, (7 ), (8 ),,, 1.,,,,,,,,, 2., : (1 ),,, 1127 96, a
b 1127a, ( ),, b, Y Y Y l,,,,,, () 23,,, (2 ),,, 1128a, 1128b (, 180 ),,,, 1127 1128, c ( 1128a ),,, 8, c 4060 mm (3 ),,,, 1128a,,,,,,,, (4 ),, B A,, A - B, 1129,,,,,,,, 012 mm 97
,,, 1130a,,,,, 1130b 1129 ( ) 1130 a) b),,,,,,,,,,,,, 1131,,,, 1131,,, Pjx, 1132,,, Pjy,, 98 1132
, 1. (1 ),,, ;, (2 ) ( ),,,, (3 ), (4 ),, (5 ), (6 ),, 13 2. (1 ),,,, ; 1015, 3045,, (2 ),, 2 mm/ s 20 mm/ s,, 25 mm/ s, (3 ),,, (4 ),, t :, m; t = + 0 ad10 3 + t0 0, m,, (0.000 20.001 ) d; d, mm; a, 141; 99
t0, 20, 20% 141 10-6 11-8. 5 10-8 10-8 16-14 17-15 18-16 23-18 26-21 3. (1 ),,,,, (2 ), (3 ),, (4 ), 1.,,,, 2.,,,, 3.,,, 1. (1 ) F : Q, g; 100 F = Q g r 2 = Q g ( n / 30) 2 ( N)
r, 2 / s; n, r/ min; g, cm;, 9.8m/ s 2 (2 ),,,,,,, 100150 gcm 2. (1 ),,,,,,,,,, (2 ) ;, : ( ) 101
,,,, : 1.,,, ( 21 ), 21 17 km ( ) ( ) ( ) 102
2.,,,, 3. ( 22 ), 22 EF I,, 103
EF I :, ; (1 ),, (2 ) ( ), (3 ),,,, 1., ;,,, 2.,,, 23 min, 3.,, 4.,, 1.,,,,,, OTC 300 ( 100500700 ) ( 21 ) : (1 ), ( ),,, : 104
( Freq), ( COM),, V - - Hz 200 mv5 V (2 ) ( RPM ), COM V - - Hz,,, (3 ) ( Duty ),,, V - - Hz (4 ) ( Temp ), / ( ),,, 21 1 2 3 4 / 5 6 7 8 9 20 A 10 ma 11 12 / (5 ) ( Dwell),, V - - Hz,,, 2. (1 ) ( ),,,,,, 105
, OTC Scanner () BOSCH FSA560 Multi - Tester Plus HY - 222B 431ME 2000M,,,,,, OTC 1998,, ( ) Scanner,, HY - 222B 431ME 2000M 20 90,, 23 23 HY - 222B O TC Mutli - Scanne r BOSCH 4000 E Test er Plus - FSA 560 431M E 2000 M, OBD -,,,, : 106
OTC 22 ( Owatonna Tool Company, OTC), 1 PROM 2843 5 22 OTC a) O TC 2000 b) O TC 4000 E 1 2 PROM ( ) 3 4 5 6LE D 7 8,, PROM,,, 1) OTC PROM 09, 23, F1 F2, ( ENTER ) ( HELP ) ( MODE) ( RECORD),,, 23 OTC 1F1/ F2 2 3 ( H ELP ) 4 5 ( MODE ) 6 ( E N TER ) 107
PC 2) OTC ( GM)( FORD)(CHRYSLER) ; (3 ) OBD - 1994,,,,,,, 1994 On Board Diagnostic - ( OBD - ), 1) OBD - 24 OBD - 16, 24, OBD - 24 24 OBD - 1 DM 7 H FM 15/ 1 2 SAEJ2012 M BU S SDL 3 SRS4 A2 BUS 4 5 6 B 9 A/ T 9 7 I SO 9141 30 ABS 5 DM 23 / 1 A6 BUS 92 8 ABS 22 9 BCM DM 6/ 1 H FM 16/ 1 10 SAEJ1012 BUSS 86 11 SRS 12 SRS 9 108
24 14 15 I SO 9141 16 B + B + B + B + B + B + B +, 4 (1996 ),, : SAE 100 OBD -, 25 26 25 SAE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 26 OBD - P0100 P0115 P0101 P0116 P0102 P0117 P0103 P0118 P0105 P0120 P0107 P0121 P0108 P0122 P0110 P0123 P0111 P0125 P0112 P0130 P0113 P0131 109
P P0307 P0133 P0308 P0135 P0320 P0136 P0321 P0137 P0325 P0138 P0330 P0140 P0335 P0141 P0336 P0150 P0340 P0151 P0400 EGR P0152 P0401 E GR P0153 P0402 EGR P0154 P0403 E GR P0155 P0420 P0158 P0421 P0160 P0422 P0161 P0430 ( ) P0171 P0440 P0172 P0443 P0174 P0444 P0175 P0445 P0201 P0500 P0202 P0203 P0501 29 km/ h, ( ) P0204 P0205 P0502 3 000 r/ min, ( ) P0206 P0505 P0207 P0510 P0208 P0605 ROM P0300 P0703 P0301 P0705 P0302 P0707 P0303 P0708 P0304 P0712 P0305 P0713 P0306 P0720 110
P P0741 P0743 P0753 P0755 P0756 P0758 A B B B P0750 A P0770 ( T CC) P0751 A P0773 ( T CC), : ISO - 7 15 ; SAE 2 10, OBD -,,,,,,,,, 1994,, 27 27 100 V6 1. 5 L CA 488 V. A. G 1551/ 1552 2000 G Li 2000 GSi AJR 2. 5 L 4. 0 L DRB DR B ST AR Hi - Scan MV T 1996 ( OBD - ) OBD - ( ) O TC Scanner 431M E HY - 222B 2000M 2) OBD - OBD - :, OTC OTC - 4000 111
OBD 16 ; OBD -, OBD - 16 5 6 TE1 E1 GINE, CHECK EN-, OBD - 16 6, CHECK ENGINE, OBD - 16 13 4 LED, LED, 5 10 s, CHECK EN- GINE 3.,, RAM,,,, (1 ) 1),,, ( ), 2),, 3),,, 4),,,,,,, (2 ) : 1),,,,, RAM, 0.34.7 V, - 30120,,,,, 112
, 80 25,,, 25 a) b) c) 1 2 ( ECU ) 3 A/ D 4 5 ( 80 ) 6 7 A/ D 2),, ( 26 ),,,, 3),,,,,, 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 IC ( ), ( ) ; 2000 GLi Motromic 3. 8. 2, 2000 GLi () V. A. G1551, 113
() 28 28 02 03 04 05 06 08 2. (),, 27,, : (1 ) 27,, V. A. G1551/ 3 ( ) V. A. G1551 (2 ), ECU,, (3), (4 ) 1 ( ) 27 (5 ) 01, Q, ECU : 300907311A MOTRONIC M154P 1303 : 300907311A ECU ; MOTRONIC ; M154P ( ) ; 1303 ( ) (6 ), : Schnelle Uatenbertragung Funktion anwhlen HEL P : 114
3. (1 ), 220 s, : 1) 70, 174 s; 2) 6 s; 3) 10 s ( 210 s ) ; 4) 2 200 r/ min (2 ), ( 01), (3 ) Print, ( ), : Schnelle Datenbertragung Funktion anwhlen HEL P : (4 ) 02, Q, : Fehler drkannt! :, ECU, : Schnelle Datenbertragung Funktion anwhlen HEL P : (5 ), (6 ) 06, Q (7 ), ( 29 ), 29 00518, ( G69 ) G69 / G69 G69 115
( G71 ) / G71 G71 00522 ( G62 ) / G62 G62 00623 ( G42) ( G42 ) / G42 G42 G42 G42 00524 ( G61 ) C61 G61 G61 00525 ( G39 ) ( G39 ) G39 G39 G39 G39 00532 16.0 V 10.0 V 01249 1 ( N30 ) 1 ( N30 ) / N30 / N30 N30 N30, N30 4. (1 ) : Schnelle Datenbertragung Funktion anwhlen HEL P : (2 ) 02, Q, : Schnelle Datenbertragung Funktion anwhlen HEL P : 116
,, 05, Q, : Schnelle Datenbertragung Funktion anwhlen HEL P : (4 ), : Schnelle Datenbertragung Funktion anwhlen HEL P : (5 ) 06, Q (6 ), 1.,, 2.,,,, 3.,, SP 40,, 4., 4 min 5. ECU ( ECU ), 1. 2000 GSi Motromic 3. 8. 2 (1 ) 2000 GSi AJR Motromic 3. 8. 2 AFE Motromic1.5.4 : 1), 2) AJR 60, 117
, 4) ( ),,, 5) 50 mm 45 mm,, 6) AJR, AFE, ECU, 7) 8), ECU 9),,,, (2 ), 28,,,, 29,, 28 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 29 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10, 210,, 118
,,, 211,,,,,,, 212,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, 211 1 2 3 4 5 6 210 1 2 3 ( ) 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 212 1 2 3 4 5 6 119
,,, 213 214,,,,,, 213 1 2 3 4 A B 214 1 2 3 A B,,,, 215,,, ;,,,,,,, 215 1 2 3 4 5 6 7,, 216 120
16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9,,,, 0. 1 mm,,, 217 217 1 2 3 4 ( P VC ) 5 6 : 121
1) AJR ECU ( J220 ),, 2) V. A. G1552 V. A. G1551 3) : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; 4) : 11. 5 V,, 80 5) 218 6) AJR 210 210 AJR 00513 ( G28 ) 00515 ( G40 ) 00518 ( G69 ) 1. G28 2. G28 1. G40 2. G40 1. G69 2. G69 1. G62 00522 ( G62 ) 2. G62 3. G62 00524 1 ( ) ( G61) 1. G61 2. G61 00527 ( G72) 00530 ( G88 ) 00540 2 ( ) ( G66) 1. G72 2. G72 3. G72 1. G88 2. G88 1. G66 2. G66 122
( G70) 1. G70 2. G70 00668 30 10. 0 V 01165 ( J338) J338 ECU 01247 ( N80 ) 01249 ( N30 ) 01250 ( N31 ) 01251 ( N32 ) 01252 ( N33 ) 1. N80 2. N80 1. N30 2. N30 1. N31 2. N31 1. N32 2. N32 1. N33 2. N33 2. (1 ) VG20E 211 211 VG20E 11, 1 120, 1 120 12 ( ) 13 ( ) 21, 28 34 ( ) 43 ( ) 55 (2 ) V6 212 212 V6 ECU 00281 G68 G68 ECU G68 123
G28, G28 G28 1. 2 mm G28 ECU ECU G28 G4 ECU B G40 G40 G4 G4 00514 G4 G4 ECU ECU ECU B G4 G28 G4 G28 G4 G4 ECU G4 G40 00515 G40 G40 G40 ECU, ECU ECU G40 F60 F60 00516 F60 F60 ECU B 4 ECU ECU F60 F60 G69 ECU 00517 ) ( G69 G69 G69 ECU ECU 00518 G71 ECU ECU G62 G62 G62 00522 G62 G62 G62 00523 G42 G62 ECU ECU ECU G42 G42 G42 ECU 124
G42 G42 G42 ECU ECU G61 G61 00524 1 G61 G61 G61 ECU G61 G61 ECU ECU ECU 7. 5 V 16 V ECU 00532 ECU 00533 N71 00535 1 N71 N71 N71 E CU N71 91 123 1 G61 G61 ECU N71 G61 E CU 00536 2, G66 45 6 E CU 00545 ( EC T ) ECU 01257 N71 01247 N80 N71 E CU N71 N71 N80 ECU N80 N71 N80 : ( ) (3 ) 2. 5 L 4.0 L 213 (4 ) 1UZ - FE 214 (5 ) MAXIMA 215 (6 ) 3. 1 L 216 (7 ) 2. 5 L 217 125
2 13 11 13 + * *, 14 + * *,, 15 + * *, 17 21 + * * 22 + * * 23 + * * 24 + * * 25 + * * 27 + * * 33 34 35 41 + * * 42 44 46 + * * 47 + * * 51 + * * : +, * * 126
2 14 12 O N NA 2 s, G1 G2 ECU N E 13 O N NA 1 000 r/ min, N E ECU ; G1 G2 NE ; G1 G2 12 NE ECU 14 1 O N NA IGF1 811 ECU 15 2 O N NA IGF2 811 ECU 16 EC T O N NA ECT 17 1 NA O FF G1 ECU 18 2 NA O FF G2 ECU, 21 ( ) OF F ON, ; ( H T 1 ) 22 O N ON ( T HW ) 24 OF F ON ( T H A) 25 OF F ON 26 OF F ON,,,, 27 ( ) OF F ON ( OXL2 ) 127
, ( ) OF F ON, ; ( H T 2 ) 29 ( ) OF F ON ( OXL2 ) 31 O N NA, ECU KS 35 HAC ON/ OF F ON HAC ( ) 41 OF F ON ( V T A1 ) ; ( ID L1 ), V T A1 1. 45 V 43 NA O FF ST A ECU 47 OF F ON ( V T A2 ) ; ID L2, V T A2 1. 45 V 52 1 O N NA 1 ( KN K1 ) 53 O N NA 55 2 O N NA 2 ( KN K2 ) 51 NA O FF, IDL1 N SW A/ C ECU : ON ; O FF, ; NA ; ON/ O FF, 35, ECU ;, ECU TR C ( ) 128
2 15 ( ) 11 1 120, 1120 12, ECU 13 14 21 ECU 22 ( A. A. C), 31 E CU 32 ( ) EGR E GR 33 34, ECU 35 43, 45 54 55 ECCS : ; ; 216 3.1 L 12 13 14 15 21 22 23 24 25 26 ECU 32 ( EGR ) EGR 33, 34, 35, 129
ME M - CA L 42 43 E CU B7 5 s 44 45 53 54 55 ECU 51 MAM - CAL PROM 52 CA L PAK 61 217 2. 5 L A T M 11 12 13 ( MAP ) 14 MA P 08 15 7 s 16 ( ) 1 min 07 17-30 100 21 12 min 02 22 04 23 03 24 05 25 ( AI S) AIS 03 26 1 # 2 # 02 27 3 # 4 # 02 31 07 33 05 34 EGR 08 35 04 36 09 37 10 41 ( ) 130
A T M 06 43 01 44 01 45 46 ( ) ( ) 47 ( ), 1 500 r/ min 51 52 53 54 55 63 88 (8 ) ( BMW ) DME3.1 218 218 1211 1215 1221 1222 1223 1224 1231 1232 1251 ( ) 1252 ( ) 1261 1262 1263 1264 1000, 1444 1233 (9 ) ( CADILLIC) 4. 9 L 219 219 12,, 16 17 / 13 / 18 14 / 15 / 19, 11 V 131
21 45 ) 0. 45 V ( 22 23 / ( H E I ) 24 / 48 ( E GR) 49 / 52 / 25 / 53 54 26 27 30 31 32 33 55 56 / 61 62 32 km/ h 63 65 34 35 66, 4 800 r/ min 36 37 / 38 / 39 / 40 67 68 70 71 72 41 ( EPROM ) / 73 E GR 74 42 ( EST/ BY PASS ) 43 75 85 44 ) 0. 45 V ( 98 99 (10) 1.5 L 2. 4 L 220 220 ( ) 11 12 13 132
15 21 22 ( ) ( ) 23 24 ( ) 25 41 42 43 ( E GR ) E GR E GR EGR EGR (11) (DAEWOO) 221 221 13 14 15 21 22 24 33 34 35 42 44 ( ) 45 ( ) 51 54 CO, ( CHECK ENGINE, ), 1.,,, : 133
,, 500 r/ min,, ;,,,,,,,,, 2.,,, 2 4 (1 ), 2, 219a 4. 5 s,, 1. 5 s : 1, 3, 13, 2. 5 s,,,, 219 2 a) b ) 2 c) 4, ( ) 2,, 219b 0.6 s, 0. 3 s, 0. 9 s2. 1 s 219c 4 2142 134
, 220, 3 2,,,, (3 ),, 221 0100% 090 220 1 2 3 3. 221 1 2 3 4, (1 ), 222,, a, ; b,, 300400,,, 223b TE1 E1,,,,,, TE2 E1, 223a 135
TE E1, 223b,, 222 a) b) TDCL 223 TE2E1 TE1E1 a) T E2 E1 b ) TE1 E1 (2 ),, (3 ) 224 224 a) 8 b ) 16 c) 38 222 223 8 9 16 38 222 8 9 8 9 1 ; ( 94 ) 2 ( E CU25 ) 3 ( ECU16 ) 4 ( ) 1 ; (94 ) 5 15 ; ( 94 ) 136
9 6 (12 V ) 7 8 9 223 16 38 16 38 1 2 3 ; 92 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ; 11 12 13 ( 5 ) ; ( ) 14 ; ( L H - ) 15 ; ( LH - ) 16 17 ( M120 ) ; ( L H) 18 ( M120 ) 19 CARB ; DM 20 CLS ; PSE 21 22 23 24 25 26 ; ASD 27 28 29 ; 30 31 32 33 ; 34 35 36 37 38 137
2 ( 224a ) 24 s, ( 4 ) 2 s, 2 6 s,, 2) 9 9, :,, ; ( 090 ) 9 3, 221 ; ( ),, ;,, ;, 224 KE 224 ( ) ( ) 0 % 0 3 ; 23 3 10 % 9 ;, 20 % 18 ; 30 % 27 40 % 36 ; 50 % 45 ; (55 ) 60 % 54 ECU ; ( KE 55 ) 70 % 63 ECU ECU 80 % 72 ; N ( KE55 ) P/ ECU 90 % 81 100 % 90 E CU ECU, 3) 16 16 LED, 3 138
, ; ( 2 ), 4 s ; LED ( 4 ),, LED, 4) LED 16, LED 4, 225 : LED 4 16 ;,, LED, LED, ; B 24 s, LED ; 225 LED B,,, ;, B 68 s, 30 s LED A, 5) 38 LED 16, LED 3, A (4 ),,,, :, 1.,,,, 2.,,,,,, 3.,, 4., ;, 5., 6.,, 139
,,,,,, : 1.,,,,, 2. 3. 4., 1.,, 2.,, ( ), 3., 4.,,,, 5.,,,, 140
,,,,,,, 1. ( 225 ),,,,,, 225 ( km ) ( / ) ( ) ( 1-2 2-3 3 - ) ( - 3 3-2 2-1 ) ( - ) 1 2 ( ) ( ) 2.,,,,, 141
, LEXUS LS400 A341EA342E, ( ) (1 ) ON, (2 ) 226, ON ON, ; OFF, ( O/ D OFF ), (3 ) ( SST : 0984318020 ) TDCL TE1 ( ) E1, 227a 226 O/ D (4 ) O/ D OFF, 227b, O/ D OFF 2,, 228 ;, O/ D OFF 1, O/ D OFF, 0.5 s, 229 1. 5 s,, 227 TDCL a) T E1 E 1 b) 228 229 42, 2.5 s, (5 ), TDCL, OFF (6 ), 3., O/ D OFF, 142
EF I ( ) 10 s,, 4.,,,,, 226 227 228 CROWN3. 0 LEXUS LS400 A340EA341E A342E, ( ) 226 1 3 4 1 2 2 O FF E CT E CU * * * * * * * 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 3 2 6 4 5 2 3 1 3 3 2 6 7 4 5 3 O/ D 2 4 4 3 5 1 6 7 10 8 9 O/ D 3 3 4 4 2 5 1 7 6 3 2 2 3 3 1 4 6 5 2 1 2 3 3 1 4 7 5 6 1 4 4 2 5 3 6 9 7 8 2 4 4 1 3 7 5 6 4 4 1 2 3 5 L 2 L 3 1 2 O/ D OFF 3 O/ D 1 2 3 O/ D 1 2 5 3 4 N D 2 1 3 6 4 5 2 3 1 6 4 5 2 3 4 1 7 5 6 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 2 3 2 1 5 4 1 2 2 1 4 3 : * ECT 143
2 27 1 2 3 - - - 2 3 4 C 1 C 2 B 2 B 0 C 0 1 2 4 3 5 R 1 2 ( R ) 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 3 O/ D O/ D 3 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 N D N R N L 1 2 ( D ) 1 2 ( 2 ) 1 2 3 O/ D 2 3 3 O/ D O/ D 3 1 2 3 4 3 1 2 3 5 1 3 2 4 1 4 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 3 4 1 2 4 5 6 1 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 2 144
2 28 B F 0 0 C 0 1 2 3 4 5 B B 3 1 C 2 R 5 4 1 3 2 2 C 1 F 2 B 2 1 F 1 D2 L 1 D 2 1 2 1 L 2 3 1 1 2 1 2 2 3 1 3 O/ D 1 2 1 1 N D 1 N R 2 2 3 3 O/ D 2 1 3 O/ D 3 1 1 ( ) 2 3 1 ( ) 1 R 2 2 1 2 3 O/ D 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 O/ D 1 2 1 O/ D 1 2 1 2 1 R 1 R 1 1 145
: 1., 12 V,,, 2., 3.,, 4., 5., : 1. A341E A342E LEXUS LS400, (1 ) A341E A342E, 230 230 A341E A342E 1 2 3 ECT 4 O/ D 5 O/ D 6 7 8 O/ D 9 10 11 12 3 13 4 14 15 16 O/ D (2 ) A341E A342E, 231 (3 ) A341E A342E, 232 (4 ) A341E A342E 229 146
31 A341E A342E 1),, ( O/ D OFF ) ( ON) TDCL TE1 ( 233 ) E1 ( O/ D OFF ) : a. 426162 63, ( O/ D OFF ), b. 64 O/ D OFF, c. 1 2,,, D,, 2), 10 s,, 147
32 A341E A342E 229 A341E A342E 1 42 1 46 4 61 2 1 EC T 4 4 EC T 2 2 EC T 148
1 1 1 ECT 2 63 2 2 ECT 3 64 3 3 ECT O/ D 67 O/ D O/ D O/ D ECT 68 ECT, 2. A46DE A46DF A46DE A46DF 2TZ - F E PREVEA ( ) A46DF 233 TDCL (1 ) A46DE A46DF, 234 234 A46DE A46DF (2 ) A46DE A46DF, 235 149
35 A46DE A46DF (3 ) A46DE A46DF 236 236 A46DE A46DF 3. (1 ), 237 150
37 (2 ) 238 (3 ) 230 1993 1994 D4, D4 2 s, D4,, 1), 239, D4, 240 2), BACK UP 10 s, 241 4. KM175KM176 KM177, KM177 KM175 ELANTRA ( ) ; SONATA () ; SONATA () KM176 4 KM177 V6, (1 ) KM175KM176 KM177 242 243 151
38 230 1 A A 2 B B 3 152
5 6 7 A A 8 B B 9 10 11 13 14 15 16 17 239 a) b ) 240 241 BACK UP 153
42 KM175KM176 KM177 ( ) 154
43 KM175KM176 KM177 ( ) 155
231 232 KM175KM176 KM177 231 ( 19931994SONATA, 1993ELANTRAEXCEL) 11 12 13 A A ( ) 14 A A 15 B B 16 17 21 T PS ( ) 22 T PS ( ) 23 T PS 24 25 26 27 20 12 ( ) 28 31 32 33 B B ( ) 41 A A 42 A A 43 B B 44 B B 45 46 47 48 49 51 A B 52 A B 53 A B 54 A B 156
2 32 (1994ELANTRAEXCEL) 11 T PS ( ) 12 T PS ( ) 13 T PS 14 T PS 15 ( ) 16 ( ) 17 ( ) ( ) 21 22 23 14 9 ( ) 24 31 A A ( ) 32 B B ( ) 41 A A 42 A A 43 B B 44 B B 45 46 47 48 49 51 A B 52 A B 53 A B 54 A B 81 A A 82 B B 83 A A 84 B B 85 86 A B 1) 330 LED ( ) 6 12, 244b 233 157
44 KM175KM176KM177 a) b ) 233 1 1, 2 P/ S EPS 3 E CS ECS 4 ABS ABS 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 VSS 12, ON, LED, 245, 246, 9406A ( ) 6 12, 158
45 KM175KM176 KM177 246 2) OFF, 15 s, 5. (DAEWOO) AW850 ( DAEWOO) AW850 (1 ) AW850 247 247 AW850 159
234 234 AW850 1 1 1 3 2 2 4 +, 7 W IN TE R WI N TE R, WI N TE R 9 1 10 2 11 C2, 12 +, ( RPM ) 13 C1, TCC 16 +, 17 18, 19 20 21 22 23 -, 24 PO WER PE, PO WER 25 A2, T PS 26 27 ( P/ N ), D 28 ( P/ N ), 3 29 ( P/ N ), R 30 +, 31-33 34-35 35 (2 ) AW850 2 160
2 35 AW850 17 1 1 25 1 1 26 2 2 28 2 2 29 32 33 36 38 39 41 47 49, 56 67 248 236 1) AB 248 AW850 236 AW850 A B C D (CH ECK E NGIN E E NGI N E SOON ) E (160 ) F ( TC C) G H ABS ABS J CD ( ) CD K L M ( 8192 ) 161
ON POWER 2), 15 s, 6. ( ) 249, 237 238 249 237 5 A 02, S/ W ( ) B ( ) 3 A ( ) ( C CH ECK ( ) ( B CH ECK ( ) 249 a) D E ( ) ( ) 249d) C ( ) 4 ( 249b ) 5 ( 249 c) A 02, S/ W ( ) B CH ECK ( ) C ( ) D ( ) A 02, S/ W ( ) B CHE CK C ( ) D ( ) E ( ) 16 ( OBD - ) ( 2 49f) 4 5 6 9 10 162
2 38 A ; B AB C C2 (4. 3 L5. 9 L5.7 L ) ; 5.7 L C8 ; CA, D ECU E ECU F ECU A7 G H ABS ;, AB, E ECU, HA,, AN- T I LOCK J CD CD K SRS ( A5) KA, I NGL AT ABL E RE - ST RAIN T SRS ; LM, L (BCM), 8976 L ; M PCM/ ECM A B, M, :,, ;, 1993,, AB ( 249e ), OFF,, D,, OFF, 15 s,, 7. 163
(1 ), (2 ), (3 ) (O/ D ), DN, P (4 ) ON, 2 s (5 ) OFF (6 ) D, OFF (7 ) ON, 2 s 2 (8 ) ON, 1 (9 ) OFF,, 250 250 239 239 1 2 3 4 A 5 B 6 7 8 9 10, 164
( ABS ) ABS ABS, ABS,,,,, ;, ABS,, ( LEXUS) LS400 ABS 1. 251,, ABS 3 s, 2. (1 ) ( ON),, 252 (2 ) SS T TDCL ( 253 ) Tc E1 251 ABS 252 253 TDCL (3 ) ABS, 11 12 254 254 (4 ) 240 (5 ), Tc E1, 3. 165
2 40 ABS 11 ABS 12 ABS 13 14 21 22 23 ( ) 24 31 32 33 34 35 166
ABS 37 41 43 T RC 51 ECU : T RC T RC (1 ) ( OFF ) ;, SST Ts E1Tc E1, 255 (2 ), ABS, 256 ABS, ABS (3 ),, 241 ABS ;, ABS, 0. 125 s 0. 125 s, 257 2 2, 255 256 ABS 257 (4 ) 242 (5 ), Ts E1Tc E1 167
2 41 ABS ( km/ h ) ABS ( km/ h ) ABS 0 3 ( ) ( ) 56 109 ( ) ( ) 4 6 1 s 110 130 ( ) 1 s 7 44 ( ) ( ) 131 ( ) ( ) ( ) 45 55 1 s 242 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 4., 243, 243 11, 12, 13, 14 ( 1 ) ABS ( 2 ) ABS 21, 22, 23, 24 ABS 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 37 41 43 TR C 51 ABS 5. ABS ( 11, 12 ) (1 ) ABS,,,, ABS ( )244 168 ECU
2 44 11 ECU ABS ON ( ), ECU AST 0 V, 2 58 ( O FF ) ; ABS ECU ( SRRAST ) ; ABS 12 ECU ABS ON, ECU AST ( ) ( ON ) ; ABS ECU ( SRAST + B ) ; E CU (2 ) (3 ) 258 1 ABS A1 2 A2 4 ABS ABS A1 2 A2 4, 259 259 ABS ABS 2 ABS A1 2 A3 2 169
: ABS A2 2 A2 5 A3 2 A2 4 A1 2 A3 2 A2 2 A2 5 ABS, 260 60 A3 2 A2 4 A1 2 A3 2 4 3 ABS ( TRC) ECU ABS 4 ABS ABS, 261 261 ABS, 262a 1 3 2 4 4 5 1 3, 2 62b 2 4 4 5 262 170
ABS ABS ABS ( 1314 ) (1 ) ABS ABS, ECU, ABS ;, ECU ABS ( )245 245 ( OF F ) 13 E CU ABS ON ( ) ABS ECU ( MR,, ECU M T 0 V ( R - ), M T ) ; ABS ECU 14 E CU ABS ON, ECU M T ( ) ( ON ) ABS ECU ( MR, M T + B ) ECU (2 ) (3 ) 263 1 ABS A1 1 ABS ABS A1 1,, 264 264 171
ABS ABS 2 ABS A1 1 A3 3 ABS, 265 A2 1 A2 5 A1 1 A3 3 A2 1 A2 5 ABS : A1 1 A3 3 265 4 3 ABS ( TRC) ECU ABS ABS ( TRC) ECU 4 ABS ABS, 2 66a, 266b 1 2 3 4 1 2, 266c 3 4 266 172
ABS ABS ABS ( 21222324 ) (1 ) ECU,, 246 246 ABS 21 SFR ABS ECU ECU ABS 22 SFL ABS ECU ECU ABS 23 SRR ABS ECU ECU 24 ( T RC ) SRL ABS ABS ECU ECU (2 ) 267 ABS (3 ) 1 ABS A1 2 A2 4 173
ABS ABS A1 2 A2 4, 268, 68 A1 2 A2 4 ABS ABS 2 ABS A3 2 1 456, 269, 269 ABS 3 ABS ( TRC) ECU ABS ABS ( TRC) ECU 8. ABS ( 51 ) (1 ) ABS,, ABS, ABS TRC ECU MT 247 247 51 ABS ABS ABS ABS ECU 174
1 ABS A3 3 ABS ABS 270 (3 ) 267 (4 ) 1 ABS A3 3 ABS A3 ABS A3 3, 271, 271 A3 3 ABS ABS 9. ( 313233343536) (1 ) ECU 248 ABS TRC 48, ( ), ECU, 272 248 31 32 33 ( 10 k m/ h ) ( 10 k m/ h ) ( 10 k m/ h ) ECU ECU ECU ECU ECU ECU 175
35 36 ( 10 k m/ h ) ( ON ) ( ON ) ECU ECU ECU ECU ECU ECU (2 ) 272 a) b ) c) d) 1 2 ABS( TR C) E CU 3 4 31 36, ABS ( TR C) ECU 176 273
(4 ) 274 1 275 : 1 2 : 0.91.3 k 1 2 : : 1 2 : 0.91.3 k 1 2 : 177
ABS ( TRC) 3 3136, ABS ( TRC) ECU 4 276 :,, :,,, 10. ABS (1 ) ECU, ABS, ABS, ECU ABS TDCL, ABS,, 249 (2 ) 178
2 49 ABS ABS 1 4 (3 ) (4 ) 277 ABS 1 2 A2 4 6 ABS ABS A2 4 6, 278, : ( ) 6, ( ) 4 278 A2 4 6 3 ABS ABS ABS 179
ABS ABS, 279 1 3 2 4 4 5 1 3 : 2 4 4 5 79 ABS ABS 4, ABS, ABS 7, 5 5 ABS A2 4 6 ABS ABS A2 2 5 ABS A2 4 6 280 A2 4 6, 280 : ( ) 6, ( ) 4 ABS ABS 6 ABS 180
ABS ABS 7 8 ABS (TRC) ECU ABS (TRC) ECU ABS ABS ( TRC) ECU 1.,, 2.,,, : OFF,, 3.,,, 4. ABS,, : (1 ),,, (2 ),, (3 ),, 1. ABS,, ( LEXUS) LS400 ABS 281 (1 ), 181
282,,,, ( ),,, 281 1ABS 2ABS 3ABS 4 5 6 7 8 282 1 2 3 4 5 ( ) 6 (2 ),, 283 (3 ),,,,, 2. (1 ),,, 284,,, (2 ),,,, 285,,,,,, (3 ),,, 286,,, (4 ),,,,,, 287,,, 182
84 ABS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 285 ABS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 286 ABS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 287 ABS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 410,, 3. ABS : (1 ) ( CROWN) 3. 0 ABS 250 (2 ) ( LEXUS) ES300 ABS 251 (3 ) ( PREVIA) ABS 252 184
2 50 ( CROWN) 3.0 ABS 11 ABS ( ) 12 ABS ( ) ( ) 13 ABS ( ) 14 ABS ( ) 15 ABS 16 17 18 19 ( ) 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 31 32 33 35 37 41 ( 9.5 V ) 42 (17 V ) 51 52 185
2 51 (LEXUS) ES300 ABS 11 ABS ( ) ABS ( ) 12 ABS ( ) ABS ( ) 13 ABS ( ) ABS ( ) 14 ABS ( ) ABS ( ) 21 3 3 22 3 3 23 3 3 24 3 3 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 41 51, 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 ECU E CU 186
2 52 ( PREVIA) ABS 11 12 13 14 21 3 22 3 23 3 ( AST ) ( A T ) 31 32 33 34 35 36 41 43 44 51 ( M T ) 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 ECU ECU (4 ) ABS 253 187
2 53 ABS 1 14 2 15 ( ECU ) 3 16 4 17 5 25 6 26 7 27 8 28 9 29 10 30 11 31 ASR E CU 12 32 ASR ECU 13 33 ASR (5 ) A6 ABS 254 254 V. A. G1551 A6 ABS 00000!,,,, : 6 k m/ h, J104 10.0 V J104 J218 K47,, ( ) 00283 G47 G47 1) G47 G47 J104,, 1 G47 /,, 188
V A. G1551 00285 G45 G45 1) G45 G45 / G45 J104,, 1,, 00287 G44 G44 1) G44 / G44 G44 J104,, 1,, 00290 G46 G46 1) G46 G46 / G46 J104,, 1,, 00301 ABS V39, 189
V A. G1551 00526 F M9 M10 J104, 2 00529 J104 J104 Bosc h5.3abs/ E DS ASR /, ;, J1041 J104 Bosch5. 3ABS/ EDS ASR J104 CAN,, CAN, ( J104 ) CAN J104, 00532 : 6 k m/ h,, ABS/ EDS ASR 00597 15 15 G44 G45G46 G47 G44 G45G46 G47 1, 190
V A. G1551 00632 ABS/ ( J104 ) Bosc h5.3abs/ E DS ASR ABS/ EDS/ ASR J104 J104 J104 ABS/ EDS/ ASR J104 J104 J217 00646 ( J104 ) Bosc h5.3abs/ E DS ABS - ASR/ 1 :, ( J104) 13 J104 / : ABS/ EDS/ ASR J104 MAD ( ) MMS ( ) MSR ( ) 00647 ( J104 ) Bosc h5.3abs/ E DS ABS - ASR/ 2 : ( J104 ) 27, / J104 MM I ( ) ABS/ EDS/ ASR ( J104 ) 00761 J104 CAN Bosc h5.3abs/ E DS ASR,, 01200 30 17 ABS 18 : - N55 V39, 01201 ABS : V39 16, 191
V A. G1551 01203 ABS/ / 10 10 01314 J104 CAN Bosc h5.3abs/ E DS ASR CAN J104 ASR ( J104 ),, CAN CAN ( High - Bus Low - Bus ) CAN Bosc h5.3abs/ E DS,, 18034 ( J104 ) Bosc h5.3abs/ E DS CAN CAN ( J104 ) J104 ASR, ( J104 ),, CAN ( High - Bus Low - Bus ) 18256 J104 Bosc h5.3abs/ E DSL CAN, ASR 18258 ( J104 ) Bosc h5.3abs/ E DS CAN CAN, ASR CAN ( High - Bus Low - Bus ) CAN,, 192
V A. G1551 18262 ( J104 ) Bosch5. 3ABS/ EDS CAN ASR CAN, 18263 ( J104 ) Bosch5. 3ABS/ EDS CAN CAN ASR CAN J104 18265 CAN Bosch5. 3ABS/ EDS ASR 18266 CAN Bosch5. 3ABS/ EDS ASR 65535, 2000GSi MK201 ABS, 2000GSi MK201 ABS 1. (1 ) 2000GSi ABS V. A. G1552, : 1), V. A. G1552, 2) 03, Q, ABS 3) 4) 06, Q 5), V. A. G1552 193
01 ; 02 ; 03 ; 04 ; 05 ; 06 ; 07 ; 08 (3 ) C ; Q ; ; HELP 2. 02, Q,, 05, Q,,, 255 ABS 255 ABS ( ABS ) ( ABS ) 3., 288 4.,,,,, (1 ) 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 194,
4) 88 ABS,, (2 ) 1) ; 2) (3 ),, 5., 289 6. V. A. G1552 : (1 ) 256 257 195
263 256 89 65535 01276 ABS 00283 00285 00290 00287 01044 ABS 00668 30 01130 ABS 1 234 5 6 7 257 1 1 01276 : 20 km/ h, ABS ECU, :, ECU, V. A. G1552 :,,,, 196
2 58 2 2 0028300285 00290 00287 :, 20 km/ h, :,, ABS ECU 259 3 3 0028300285 00290 00287 : > 20 km/ h,, :, ABS ECU 197
2 60 4 4 0028300285 00290 00287 :, : ABS ECU ABS ECU, 261 5 5 01044 ABS : ECU ABS, ABS ECU 262 6 6 00668 ABS : 30, ABS ABS ECU 198
2 63 7 7 01130 : ABS,, ABS ECU (2 ) 264, 265 270 264 O N( ) ABS 1, 2 ABS ABS ( ) ABS ( ) 3 ABS, 4 5 ( V. A. G1552 ) 6 199
2 65 1 1 ON ( ), ABS : ABS,, ABS ABS 266 2 2, ABS : ABS ABS ABS ABS ECU : V. A. G1552 ( ABS ECU ), 200
2 67 3 3 ABS :,,, ABS HCU ( ) ABS ECU ( ) 268 4 4 : V. A. G1552 201
2 69 5 5 : V. A. G1552 270 6 6 ( V. A. G1552 ) : V. A. G1552, ABS ECU ABS ECU V. A. G1552 202
271 272 271 ( ) ( ) OF F 25-8 10. 114. 5 V ( ) 9-24 V 8-23 0. 000. 5 V 8-24 V ON 8-23 10. 014. 5 V ABS OF F ON OF F ON ECU ECU 1.7 s ON 8-12 0. 00.5 V ON 8-12 10. 014. 5 V OF F K 13 0. 00.5 OF F 11-4 1. 01.3 k OF F 18-3 1. 01.3 k OF F 2-10 1. 01.3 k OF F 1-17 1. 01.3 k OF F 11-4 3. 414. 8 m V/ Hz OF F 18-3 3. 414. 8 m V/ Hz OF F 2-10 > 12. 2 m V/ Hz OF F 1-17 > 12. 2 m V/ Hz 2 OF F 6-22 0.0 1. 0 272 ( ) :, ON, ON ( ), ON, ON ( ), 203
, ON, ON ( ), ON, ON ( ), 8. ( ECU ) ( ECU ),,,, V. A. G1552, 290 290, 273, 273 ABS ABS,,, ABS, 1. ABS 2. 3. ABS, : ABS,, ABS ABS 204
MK 1 ABS : 2000GSi IT T MK201 ABS ABS,,, ABS 291, : ABS ( ) ABS, ( ECU),,,, ABS, ;, ABS, ; 291 ABS, ABS 1 ABS 2 3 4ABS ( K47 ), 5 ( K118 ), 6 ( G44/ G46 ) 7 ( F ), 8 ( G45/ G47 ), ABS, ABS, ABS, ABS,, ABS 206
,, 1. (1 ) ( ),,,,,,,, ;,,, ; (2 ), : ; 1) 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 206
; 6), ; 7), ; 8),,, 2., : M W A, : C; C = M + W + A M, ; A, ; W, ( ),, : C = M + B B, : t, h; q, / h B = tq,, 3. 700 h, 8 / h, 5 000, 30 %, 5 %, Q? : : C = M + B = 5 000 + 7008 = 10 600 (), : Q = C 1 + 1 + = ( M + B) 1-1 - = 10 600 1 + 0.30 1-0.05 14 505 (), 14 505 207
:, 1.,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,, : (1 ) ; (2 ) ; (3 ) 3., ;, 4., (1 ) 1), 2), 3),,, (2 ) 1), :, ;, ;, ;,,,,, 2),,, 3), 208
,, :, 1. (1 ),,, ; ( ) ;,, (2 ),,,,,,, :,,,,,, (3 ),,,,, ;,,,, (4 ),,,,,,,, ( ) (5 ),,,, 209
,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,, : = (1 ),,,,,,,, ;,,,, ;,, :,,,, ;, (2 ),,, ( ) ( ), 1),,,,, : = (- ) = -,,, ( ) 210
,,,, : = -,, : = -,,, 3),, : = -, ;, 4),,,,,, : = - ;,,, (3 ),,, : 200,, 40, 8 000, 32, 900, 36 000, 1 100,? : : 8 000 ; : 200( 40-32 ) = 1 600 ; : 90032 = 28 800 ; 211
32 = 35 200 ; : 36 000-28 800 = 7 200 ; : 1 600 ; : 36 000 + 8 000 = 44 000,, (4 ),,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,, 2. (1 ),, CA1091 EQ1090 1, 31 31 K 1 BJ2020 CA1091 E Q1090 JN1171/ 127 100 BK670 0. 90 1.00 1. 20 2. 00 2. 50 3. 40 (2 ), 32 212,
2 K 2 0. 21 0. 29 0. 14 0. 11 0. 05 0. 05 0. 05 0. 02 0. 02 0. 01 ( ) 0. 08 0. 10 0. 06 0. 04 0. 02 ( ) 0. 06 0. 06 0. 04 0. 03 0. 01 0. 07 0. 02 0. 01 0. 005 0.002 0. 02 0. 04 0. 05 0. 003 0.001 0. 65 0. 62 0. 65 (3 ) (4 ),, 1 000 1, K3,, 33 33 K 3 ( ) 100 250 500 750 1 000 2 000 4 000 K 3 2.40 1.54 1. 18 1. 08 1. 00 0. 91 0. 80 (5 ), 34, 1 000 km, 34 h 0. 20. 5 0.7 1. 5 2. 06.0 2. 0 0. 50. 7 1.0 1. 5 2. 06.0 2. 0 0. 30. 5 0.8 1. 5 2. 06.0 1. 6 0. 10. 4 0.4 1. 0 1.0 2. 0 3. CA1091 1 500, 1 000, 500, 1 000 35,? 35 1 000 1 8.0 h 3 12. 0 h 2 2.0 h 4 ( ) 25. 0 h : ti K3 1 000 t0, : ti = K3 t0 (1 ) Zi 1) Z= 1 500 + 1 000 = 2 500 () 213
Z = 1 500 + 500 = 2 000 () 3) Z= 1 500 () ( ) 4) Z= 1 500 + 1 0000. 21 + 5000.05 = 1 735 () (2 ) K3 1 000 1 500 1 735 2 000 2 500 4 000 K3 1. 00 0. 96 0.93 0.91 0. 88 0. 80 (3 ) 1) t = 0. 888 = 7.04 ( h) 2) t = 0. 912 = 1.82 ( h) 3) t = 0. 9612 = 11.52 ( h) 4) t = 0. 9325 = 23.25 ( h) 1. K3 K3 = K 3 - K 3 - K 3 ( Zi - Z1 ) Z2 - Z1 K3 = K 3 + K 3 - K 3 ( Z2 - Zi ) Z2 - Z1 K 3 K 3 33, K 3 > K 3 ; Z1 Z2 33 K 3 K 3 ; Zi 2., : 30% ; ( ) 40% 50% ;, 10% 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,, : (1 ) 214
,,, 23 (2 ),,,,, (3 ),,,, (4 ),,,, 2.,, :, (1 ),,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,, ;,,,,,,,, (4 ),,, CA1091EQ1090 1 000, 215
, ;,, (5 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), :,,, 1.,, (1 ), 1), 2),,,,, 3), 216
,,,, (2 ), 1) ( ) ( ) 2) ; ;,,, (3 ),, : 2.,,,,, : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) 3.,,,,, (1 ) ; (2 ) ; (3 ) ; (4 ) ; (5 ) ; (6 ) ; (7 ) ; (8 ) 4., ( ),,,, ( ),,, 217
,, : (1 ) ( ) (2 ), (3 ), : ; ; ; ;, ; ( ),, (4 ), ;,,, 5. (1 ) 1) ; 2), ; 3) ; 4) (2 ) 1) 2) ; ; ; ;, ( ),,, ;,,,,,,, 3), ; 1., 218
,,,,, (2 ),, (3 ),, (4 ), (5 ),,,, 2.,,, : (1 ), (2 ) (3 ),,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 219
: (1 ),, (2 ),,,,, (3 ),,,,, (4 ),, (5 ),,,, 2. (1 ),,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,, ( ) (3 ),,,,, 5%, 100, 500, 3 5,,,,,,,,,,, 220
500,, (4 ) ;,,, ;,,, (5 ),,, : ; 5 0006 000 (6 ), : 1),, 2), 3), (7 ),, :,,, 1.,, 36 2. (1 ) ( ),,, (2 ) 16,,,,, (3 ),,, 3., 12, ; 1. 11.2, ; ( 1 )( 2 ), 4. 221
6,, 1 2; 1 2, ;,, 5. : (1 ) ; (2 ) ; (3 ) ; (4 ) ; (5 ), 1984 2 27 222
, 1.,, ( ),, 41,,,, 41,,,, 223
,,,,,,, : (1 ),,,,, 1),, 2), : ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),, 1),,,, 2), ( ),, ( ) 3), ;, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,, 42 1), A 2) 7, 42a, 224
2 a) b) 41 41 2 2 2 1 ( ) 2 2 2 41, 42b 5 ( ), 3),,,, ; ( ),,,,, 42, 225
, ( ),, (1 ),, : 1),, 43a,, 2), 43b 3),,,, 43c 4) ;,, 43d 43 a) b ) c) d ) (2 ), : 1) : ; ; ; 226
2), 11,,,, 4.,,,,, (1 ) 1),,, ;, 44,,, 2),,,,,,,,, (2 ), 1),, 45 44 45 227
, A 20H12, 30H1228H10,,,, 2), 46,,,,,, 3),, 47 46 47,, (3 ) 1),,, 48a,,, C, 48b,,, 44 A, B 49 RL,, 410a,,, 228
8 a) b) C,,, 410b,,,,,,, 411 2), 412 49 410 a) b) 51 ( ),,, 128 35, 23 40, 74 35, 51, 229
,, ( ),, 412,,, 345 1235.5, 11 412 a) b) c) 1 d ) 2 e) 3 f) 4,, 413,, B, B,,,, 414 414a, 413,,, 414b 230
5. 14 a) b),,, (1 ) : 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) ; 6) ; 7) () (2 ) 415 1., 415, : (1 ) ( ) (2 ) 231
, (4 ) GB10609.189,, 2. (1 ),,, 42 ;,, ;,,,, (2 ),,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,, 1. (1 ) 13,, : 1), 0.050. 063 mm ( 0.05 mm, 0. 063 mm ), 0.1750.250 mm (0.175 mm, 0. 250 mm),, 2) 25 %, ;,, 3) 15%,,,,,, 233
(2 ) 1),,, 2),, 3), 4), (3 ),,,,, 1),,, 2),,,,,, ( ), 3),,, GB/ T 15746. 21995,,, 2.,,,,,,,, (1 ),, ( ),,, (2 ),,,,,,,, (3 ),, ( ),, ( ), 234
(4 ),,,, : 1) ; 2) ; 3), ; 4),, ; 5), ; 6),, 23 3.,,, 9 4.,,,,, (1 ) 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) ; 6) (2 ) 1),,,,,, 2),,,,,,, 235
,,,,,,,,,, 5. (1 ) 1), :, 0. 25 mm 42 42 mm CA6102 E Q6100 E Q61001 BJ492Q 1.8 L 1. 6 L 0. 00 101. 6 + 0.02 100. 00 + 0.06 92.00 + 0. 036 81.00 + 0. 01 79. 50 + 0. 01 + 0. 25 101. 85 + 0. 02 100. 25 + 0.06 92.25 + 0. 036 81.25 + 0. 01 79. 75 + 0. 01 + 0. 50 102. 10 + 0. 02 100. 50 + 0.06 92.50 + 0. 036 81.50 + 0. 01 80. 00 + 0. 01 + 0. 75 102. 35 + 0. 02 100. 75 + 0.06 92.75 + 0. 036 82.00 + 0. 01 80. 50 + 0. 01 + 1. 00 102. 60 + 0. 02 101. 00 + 0.06 93.00 + 0. 036 + 1. 25 93.25 + 0. 036 + 1. 50 93.50 + 0. 036 + 0. 50 mm+ 1.00 mm+ 1. 50 mm,,,, : = - + -,,, 0.030.05 mm,,, 236
,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( T716 ) ( T8014),, : a. b.,,, ;, c. 6070 m/ min; 1520 m/ min, 2025 m/ min d., ( ) 15% 20% e.,,,, 0.007 5 mm, 0.01 mm,, 43 43 mm CA6102 E Q6100 E Q61001 BJ492Q 0.0150.035 0. 050. 07 0. 03 0. 05 0.050.07 0.0230.043 0. 025 0. 045 2),,,, 0.24 0. 50 mm,,, ;,, 0. 10 mm, 1 mm,, 1 mm, 5% 4%, EQ6100 4 ml, CA6102 2. 5 ml 237
mm,, ( 300400),,, 3), 100,, :,, (2 ) 1), :,, 0.02 0. 025 mm,, 3% 1. 50 mm, ) 0. 00+ 0. 50+ 1. 00+ 1. 50, 2) a., ( b., 0.002 5 mm, 10 g c. + 0.08+ 0.12+ 0. 20+ 0. 25,, 0. 002 50.007 5 mm, 75850. 0050.008 mm ;, 75%,,, 1/ 3,, 1/ 22/ 3,, 238
0. 20 mm,,,,, :,, 1/ 3 2/ 5,,,,,,,,,,,, 75% 3),,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, : 0.03 mm, 30, 60, 30 :, 44 44 mm CA6102 E Q6100 BJ492Q 0. 500. 70 0. 290. 49 0. 20 0. 40 0. 30 0. 45 0. 400. 60 0. 290. 49 0. 20 0. 40 0. 25 0. 40 0. 300. 50 0. 500. 70 0. 20 0. 40 0. 25 0. 50 0.0550. 087 0.0550. 087 0. 05 0. 08 0. 02 0. 05 0.0550. 087 0. 040. 072 0. 23 0. 67 0. 400. 80 0. 090. 20 0. 23 0. 67 0. 200. 90 0. 20 0. 60 0. 881. 335 0. 305 0. 745 0. 200. 40, 2 4 0. 15 0. 200. 30, 2 4 1. 00 4),, 239
, :,, V,, 416 416 a) b ), 100 mm 0.03 mm, 0. 06 mm 417 417 a) b ),,, 4004500.51. 0 h,, 5) ( ), a., ; b., ; c. 8085 240
a,, ; b.,,, ; c., 2/ 3, 0. 100. 25 mm ; d.,,,, 6), ;,, ;,,,,,, ( ),, CA6102,,,, 180,, 7),,, 45 45 g EQ6100 < 8 < 16 < 26 BJ492Q < 4 < 4 < 8 (3 ) 1) a. 0. 05 mm, ; 0.10 mm, ; 0. 10 mm, b. V, ( ), 1015, 2 min 10,,, c.,,, d. 241
mm,,,,, 0.025 mm,, a. 68, 1012 46 46 mm ( 1.8 L ) CA6102E Q6100 BJ492 Q 0. 00 54-0. 022-0. 042 47.80-0. 022-0. 042 75 0-0. 02 62 0-0. 02 64 0-0.018 58 0-0. 018-0.25 53. 75-0.50 53. 50-0.75 53. 25-0. 022-0. 042 47.55 - - 0 0.. 022 042 74. 75-0 0.02 61. 75-0 0. 02 63. 75-0 0. 018 57.75-0 0. 018-0. 022-0. 042 47.30 - - 0 0.. 022 042 74. 50-0 0.02 61. 50-0 0. 02 63. 50-0 0. 018 57.50-0 0. 018-0. 022-0. 042 47.05 - - 0 0.. 022 042 74. 25-0 0.02 61. 25-0 0. 02 63. 25-0 0. 018 57.25-0 0. 018-1.00 74 0-0. 02 61 0-0. 02 63. 00 0-0. 018 57.00 0-0. 018-1.25 62. 75 0-0. 018 56.75 0-0. 018-1.50 62. 50 0-0. 018 56.50 0-0. 018 0. 25 mm,, - 0. 50-1. 00-1. 50 b.,,, c. 4660 ( ZR1 ZR2 ), 47 47 ( m/ min) ( m/ min) ( mm ) ( mm/ ) ( mm/ s ) 2530 12 15 0. 010 0. 015 0. 02 0. 05 3040 15 25 0. 003 0. 005 < 15 d.,,,, 2 % 3%,,, 242
),,,,,,,,,,, 4060 r/ min 0. 015 mm; ; d + 0. 015-0. 020 ; 0.3 mm; 1 3 mm; 145 2),, 0. 05 mm, a.,,, b. ( 0.030.05 mm),,,,, : a. b., JCS007,,,,,,,,,,,,, V,,,, 0. 005 mm; ; 0.20 mm 0. 05 mm,, 85% c.,,,, 0.05 mm,,, 0. 0260.06 mm, 0. 050. 20 mm, 243
a. 0. 5 mm,, 2 mm, b. 0.035 mm,,,,, c. ( 0.20 mm),, d.,, 30%,, 0.25 0. 97 mm 350400, 3, 2, a.,, 0. 20 mm,, b., 0.40 mm,, 4),,, : 0. 736 Nm, 0. 343 Nm; : 0. 981 Nm, 0. 491 Nm; : 0. 981 Nm, 0. 687 Nm,,,,, ( 3 ), 6.,,, (1 ),,, : 1),,,,, 2),,, 0.040.30 mm, 244
mm, 120, 0.10 mm 3),,,, 0. 170. 33 mm;, 60 Nm, 0. 40 mm 4),, 0. 100.20 mm,, 1015 Nm, 5),,,,,,,,,, 3, 6),,, 2 3, 100120 Nm 0.60. 7 mm, 2535 Nm 7),,,,, 0. 350. 45 mm,,,,, ( ), 8) ( ),,,, 7898 Nm 9),, (, ),,, 10 ),,,,,,,,,, 245
(2 ) 1) ; :,,, a., 48 48 ( r/ min) 500600 600800 8001 000 1 000 1 200 ( min) 3045 3045 30 45 30 45 b., 6 15%, LAN32 90,, 2 h,,, 5 min,,, a., ; 1 h; 7595; 75 85,,, b. 10% 15% 200 r/ min 3. 68 kw 1.5 h 2),, 10%,, 49 49 CA1091 E Q1090 BJ2020 / ( kw/ r min - 1 ) 99/ 3 000 99.29/ 3 000 66/ 5 200 55. 16/ 4 000 ( g/ kwh) 306 305.83 285 326. 22 ( L ) 26. 5 26.5 7.9 17 246
: GB379983 a., 5 s ; b.,,, ; c.,, ; d. 90% ; e., ; f. ; g.,, ; h. ; i. ; j. :,,,,, 1. (1 ),,, 1) D D 2) ; (2 ) 1) d d ; 2) D = 0.001 2 D D = 0.000 6 D D = 0.000 7 D D = 0.000 4 D d = ( 0. 000 50. 000 75) d d = ( 0. 000 80. 001 2 ) d 247
: 1) 2 ), 2. d = ( 0. 000 750.001 0) d 3) ( ),, (1 ) min : min = C1 E1 + C 2 E2 dp C1 C2 E1 E2 d1 d d2 p C1 = d2 + d 2 1 d 2 - d 2 1 ; ; () ; ; ; ; 1 2 (2 ) P f, 0.080.14; L (3 ) M - 1, C2 = d2 2 + d 2 + d 2 2 - d 2 2 P = fdlp M = 1 2 fd2 Lp (4 ) p p = 2 M fd 2 L ; p = C1 + C 2, 0.050.10 mm (5 ) 1 = - 1 ; 2 d 2 d 2 - d 2 1 E1 E2 d p, 2 = d2 2 + d 2 p d 2 2 - d 2, 1 2, (6 ) t,, 248 t = t0 + / d
t0, t0 = 20; 3., GB/ T 15746. 21995 (1 ) 1),, 2) GB/ T 15746.2 1995 B,, 17 (* ) ( * ) (2 ), : 0 ; i ni mi i Ki ; ; ; 3 0 = i = 1 Ki i i = n i 100% mi, 123, ;, 0. 20.60. 2 (3),, 410 410 3 100 % 100 % 100 % < 100 % 0 0 95 % 85 % 0 < 95 % 70 % 0 < 85 % 0 < 70 %,,, 249
(1 ),,,,, (2 ) (3) ( ),,,,,,, (4 ),,,,,,, (5 ),,,,, 1) ; ;,, 2),,,, 3),,,,,,,, 4),, ;,,, 2.,,, 250
(1 ),,, (2 ) 1),, 2), (3 ) 1) 2) 3) 4) ; ; (4 ),, 1) 411 412, 411 412 ( ) : 2) 413,, 251
13 ( ) : 3), 414 414 ( ) :,,,, 3., (1 ),,,,,,, ( ),,,, (2 ) ( ) ;,,, 1) ( ) 252
,, 2),,,, 3),,, 4),,, (3 ) : ;, ; ;,, 1. (1 ), ;, (2 ),, 253
, (4 ) ;, (5 ),, 2. GB379883, (1 ) 1), 2), 3% 3),, 4), 5) : 10 mm, 20 mm 6) 7),,,,, 8), ( ) : 4 500 kg 30, 4 500 kg 15 9) 10 ), 11 ) 12 ) 13 ) 14 ), (2 ) 1), 2), 3) 4) 5) 30 km/ h, 220 m 6),, 20 km/ h 40 km/ h 415 254
15 ( kw/ t ) 7. 3511 > 1114. 7 > 14. 7 18.4 > 18. 436. 8 > 36. 8 ( s ) < 30 < 25 < 20 < 15 < 10 7),, 85%, 8),, 200 mg/ m 3, 25% 9) 10 ), 1. 418 : (1 ), (2 ), (3 ),,,, 419 (4 ), O, 420 (5 ),, (6 ),,, 421, 100 kpa,, (7 ) : O ( 422 ), O,, 424, 423, 255
18 1 2 3 4 419 1 2 3 420 1 2 3 4 5 O 421 422 1 2 O 3 423 1 2 O 3 4 256
425,, O, 426,,,, 427,,,, 428 424 1 2 425 1 2 3 426 O 1 O 2 O 3 427 1 2 3 4 5 6 428 2. 429, : (1 ) 1), 2), 3), O, 4), 257
29 122 2 3 28 4 5 6 71920 25 2729O 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 21 23 24 26, 4 5) O, 6) ( 430 ),, (2 ) 1) O, 2), 3 3. (1 ),,,, 431 (2 ),,, (3 ),,, 1 500 kpa (4 ),,, (5 ) ( 5 s),, 6 4007 400 kpa,,, 258
30 1 2 3 4 ( ) 431 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1.,, 2., ( ), 3.,,,, 1., 3 0007 000 kg, 2. (1 ) 432,,,,,,,,, 259
(2 ) 433, 432 1 2 3 4 5 6 433 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. (1 ) 1), ; 2) ; 3),, ; 4), (2 ) 1), ; 2), ; 260
2. (1 ) 1) ; 2) ;, 3),, ; 4), ; 5), ; 6),, ; 7), ; 8), (2 ) 1), ; 2),,, ; 3), ; 4), ; 5), 3. (1 ) 1), ; 2),, (2 ) 1), ; 2),, 4. (1 ) 1), 2),, ; 3), ; 4) ; 5) ; 6), (2 ) 1) ; 2), ; 3),, () 5. (1 ) 261
; ; 2), ; 3), ; 4), ; 5) ; 6),, (2 ) 1),, ; 2),,,, 3),,,,,, : 1.,,,, 2., ( ) 3.,, ;, ;, 4.,, 1.,, (1 ),, 262
,,,,,,,, ( ), (2 ),, ( 40),,,,,,, 434 2. 3 :, 435 (1 ),,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,, 434 435 1 2 3 4 (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 263
,, (1 ) ( ), : 3, 436,, 3,,,,,,,,, 437,, 438 436 a) b ) 437 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 1) (),,,,,, 2),,,,,,,,, 3% 3),,,,,, 264
38 439 (2 ), 439 ; 440 441 265
40 441 266
( SEM ) ( TEM ) ( EPMA),, EPMA,,,, ; 1., : 3 (1 ) 1),,, 442, 24 mm,,,,, 2),,, 443,,,,,,,,, (2 ), 444, 267
42 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 443 1 2 3 4 n 1 5 n 2 6 7 8 444, : 1), ;,, ;, ;, ; -,, ; J, J 2) 8090;, 3), ; 268
, ;, ( ),, ; ;,, 3, 5),,,, EQ61001 0. 31 s0.36 s0. 46 s 99.3 kw88.3 kw66.2 kw 2.,,, : (1 ) 1),, 445 :, 445 ;, : 2) ( 7585, 8090) ;,, 200250 r/ min 3),, ;, ; ;, 35 s,, ;, ; 23, 4),,, 8%, 10 % 25%, (2 ) 1),,, 35 s 269
A/ D, 2),,,,, WFJ1, 3),,,,,,,,, ;, 3., QDSG, : (1 ) 50 V, 8 V (2 ) 300 A ( ) 300 A, 300 A, 300 A, 4. (1 ),,, ;,,,, ( ), CO, 446 CO RH RH,,, 270
,, (2 ),,,, 3, 1) QFC4 WFJ1, 1 :,, 46 COR H,,,, (8001 000 r/ min),, 2),, 1,,,, 1, 1,,, 1,,,,,,,,, (3 ), 447 1),,, 60,,, ;, 2) 120,, 447 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 271
40; 1060 (4 ), 1),, 100 200, 200 r/ min 600 r/ min, 1/ 2 3,,,,,,,,, 150200 r/ min 2),, : = - 100 % = 1 2 (+ ) : < 3% ; 7% ; < 5 % < 5 % ; <,,, 12, 1. 448, ( ),,,,,, 448 1 2 3 4, 1 5 6 130 L/ min, : 24 L/ min, 1622 L/ min; 38 L/ min, 1828 L/ min 272
,,,, 449 QLY1 : 449 a) b ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (1 ),,, ; (2 ),, 392 kpa ; (3 ),,,, ; ; ; (4 ), 1,, 1 (5 ) 1, 1,, (6 ),, ( 5 ), ; (7 ), ;,, 246 kpa, ;, 3., ( kpa MPa),, 0,,, 100, 0 100,,,,, 30% 40%,,, 010% ; 10% 20% ; 20% 30% ; 30% 40%,,, 273
,, 0101.325 kpa ( 0760 mmhg),,, (, ), 450 (1 ), 5770 kpa ( 450a ),, 6. 7684. 44 kpa, (2 ) 3067 kpa ( 450b ), (3 ), 4060 kpa ( 450c ), (4 ), 3374 kpa ( 450d ), (5 ) 1013 kpa, 4760 kpa ( 4 50e ), ( 6) 2 000 r/ min,, 616 kpa, 83 kpa ( 450f ), (7 ) 33 kpa, ( 450g ),, 450 274
), ;, ( 45h ( 9 ) 2 000 r/ min,, 83 kpa 6 kpa, ( 450i ), (10) 4757 kpa ( 450j ), (11) 2750 kpa ( 450k ), (12) 4754 kpa ( 450l ),,,, 1 000 m, 10 kpa,, 1.,,,,, :,,,,,,, : (1 ), Me, Nm; Me = J d d t = J d n 30 d t J, kgm 2 n, r/ min; d d t, rad/ s 2 ; d n d t, r/ s 2 ;, rad/ s; Pe, Me n : Me Pe Pe = Pe = C1 = Me n 9549. 3 Jn 9549.330 ( kw ) J 9549.330 d n d t 275
Pe C1 n d n d t,, K, Pe = KC1 n d n d t C2 = KC1 Pe = C2 n d n d t,,,,,,, (2 ) : Pe = C2 n d n, d t d n Pe av = C2 na v d t av, Peav = C2 n2 + n1 2 1 t = 1 2 C2 ( n2 2 - n 2 1 ) C3 = 1 2 C 2 ( n 2 2 - n 2 1 ) ( n2 - n1 ) 1 t Peav ; Pe av = C3 1 t d n d t nav, na v = 1 2 ( n 2 + n1 ) ; av n1 n2 t ;, ; Pea v,, n1 n2,,,, 2.,,,,, 276
(1 ) 451, p S Q, p0 pm a x pbp r, :, pr, p0, p0,, pr,, 51 a) b) c),,,,,,,, pb, pm a x,,,,,, (2 ) CFC1 QFC4 WFJ1,,,,, 8001 000 r/ min,, 1) 360, 452 2) p r,,, 453 p0 pb pm ax 3),,,,, 454 4), p0 pb pm ax pr, 455 277
52 453 454 455,,,,,,, (3 ) 1), WFJ1 :, 456, ;,, 457 456 457,,,, 458 278
,, 459, 458 459,, 460,,,,,, 460, 2) pm ax p0 pb pr,,,,, 3),, pm a x pr, 279
, ; ;, 1., : (1 ) GB149579 ; (2 ) GB149679 ; (3 ) GB174379 ; (4 ) GB379883 ; (5 ) GB379983 ; (6 ) GB380083 ; (7 ) GB380183 ; (8 ) GB380283 ; (9 ) GB380383 ; (10) GB478584 ; (11) GB533685 ; (12) GB537285 ; (13) GB562485 ; (14) GB745487 ; (15) GB882388 ; (16) GB882488 ; (17) GB882588 ; (18) GB/ T1247890 ; (19) GB/ T1247990 ; (20) GB/ T1248090 ; 280
GB/ T12481 90 ; (22) GB/ T1253690 ; (23) GB/ T1254090 ; (24) GB/ T1254390 ; (25) GB/ T1254590 ; (26) GB/ T1267690 ; (27) GB/ T384593 ; (28) GB/ T384693, ; (29) GB/ T384793 ; (30) GB/ T14761. 193 ; (31) GB/ T14761. 293 ; (32) GB/ T14761. 393 ; (33) GB/ T14761. 493 ; (34) GB/ T14761. 593 ; (35) GB/ T14761. 693 ; (36) GB/ T14761. 793 ; (37) GB/ T157461995 ; (38) GB72581997 ; (39) GB/ T167391997 ; (40) GB/ T176921999 2.,, : (1 ) JT310181 ; (2 ) JB402085 ; (3 ) JT311985 BJ212 ; (4 ) JT312186 EQ140 ; (5 ) JT312086 ; (6 ) JT/ T19895 ; (7 ) JT/ T19995 ; (8 ) JT/ T20195 ; (9 ) JT/ T27. 1893 () ; (10) QC/ T9001997 3.,,,,,, 4. GB/ T15746. 131995 ( ) 281
(1 ) 1), 2) 3) 4), (GB/ T15746. 21995) 5) :, 2) 5 ), (2 ),, 0 ; i ni mi i Ki ; ; ; 3 0 = i = 1 Ki i i = n i 100% mi, 123,, ;, 0. 20.60. 2 (3 ) 100 % ( ),, 51 51 3 = 100 % 3 = 100 % 3 = 100 % 3 < 100 % 0 95 % 85 % 0 < 95 % 70 % 0 < 85 % 0 < 70 % (4 ) CA1091, 1 95% ; 2 80 % ; 100%,? : 282
3 = i = 1 i i = K1 1 + K2 2 + K3 3 = 0. 2 1 + 0. 6 2 + 0. 2 3 = 0. 295% + 0.680% + 0. 2100% = 87% 51 : 3 = 100%, 85% 0 < 95%, 1. (1 ) GB/ T6583ISO8402 :, :,,,, 1),,,,,,,, 2),,,, 3),,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 283
,, : (1 ),,,, : 1),, 2) 3) 4), 5) 52, 7 52 ( % ) 882 882 35.8 435 1 317 53.6 410 1 727 70.3 326 2 053 83.6 192 2 245 91.4 109 2 354 95.8 101 2 455 100,,, (2 ),,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, : A 080%, ; B 80 % 90%, ; C 90% 100%, 52 51 (3 ), 51 284
,,, : 1) 2),, 3),, 52 4), (4 ),,,,,,,,,,,, 52, 1) 50, 50, 53 53 40 58 43 45 63 83 75 66 93 92 93 40 71 52 55 64 37 62 72 97 76 75 97 37 75 64 48 39 69 71 46 59 68 64 75 39 67 41 54 30 53 48 83 33 50 63 83 30 86 74 51 72 87 37 57 59 65 63 87 37 2), 50 5, 10,,, 53 3), 50100 610 ; 100 200 7 12 50 7 4), : = - = 97-30 9. 57 7, 10 5),, 1/ 2, 0.5 285
54 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 29. 539. 5 39. 549. 5 49. 559. 5 59.5 69.5 69. 579. 5 79. 589. 5 89.5 99. 5 5 7 10 12 9 4 3 6),, 7),, N, 53 (5 ),,,,,, 53 C, C = LC = C + 3 C LC = C - 3 C (C < 9, ) : 55, 55 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2 4 3 1 1 4 2 3 2 1 1 1 2 3 2 3 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 1 4 4 4 0 2 5 0 1 0 3 2 3 67 CLC LC:, 54 C = 67/ 312. 16 LC = 2.16 + 3 2.16 = 6. 57 2. 16 < 9, LC,, 55,, : 286
4 1) ; 2) 7, 5-5a ; 3) 7, 5-5b ; 4 ), 11 10, 5-5c ; 5), 5-5d 55 a) 7 b) 7 c) d) (6 ),,,,,, 56,, : y = a + bx, 57 3. (1 ),,,, 287
6 57 a) b ) c) d ) e) f ),,,,,,,,,, (2 ) 1),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3),, 288
; ;,,, 4),, ;, ;,,, 5),,, :, ;,, 6),, ;,, 7),,,,,,,,,,, 8),,, :,,,,,,,, 289
,,,,, 1. GB/ T16739.131997,, : (1 ),, (2 ), (3 ) ( ) ( ) :,,,,,,,,,,,,, 50, 15, 8 8 2.,,, (1 ) 1),,,,, 2),,,,,,,, 290
, 3),,,,,,,,, (2 ), 1),,,,,, 2),, ;,,,,,,, (3 ),, 1),,,,,,,, 2),,,,,, 3., 56,, 14% 17% ; 15% 18% ; 12 % 14% ; 4% 5%,,,,,, 4.,, ( PERT ) ( CPM), 1965 291
6, ;, ; 57,,, 1101 57 ( h ) 1 2.0 2 0.5 3 1.0 4, 3.0 5 2.0 6 3.0 7 5.0 8,,, 6.0 9 2.0 10 2.0 11 2.0 12 13,, 2.0 13 13,, 6.0 14 1 2.0 15 13 2.0 292
h ) 16 1 12 2.0 17 12 14 4.0 18 13 14 4.0 19 14 15 4.0 20 15 16 0.5 21 14 18.0 (1 ),,,, 57, 1101 (2 ) TE ( ij),,, Q < i < j T E (1 2) = T E ( 0 1 ) + te (0 1) = 0 T E ( i j) = max [ TE ( Q i) + te ( Q i) ] T E (2 3) = T E ( 1 2 ) + te (1 2) = 0 + 2.0 = 2. 0 T E (3 4) = T E ( 2 3 ) + te (2 3) = 2 + 0.5 = 2. 5 T E (4 5) = T E ( 4 6 ) = TE ( 4 7 ) = TE (4 10 ) = T E ( 3 4 ) + te (3 4) = 2. 5 + 1.0 = 3. 5 T E (5 9) = T E ( 4 5 ) + te (4 5) = 3. 5 + 3.0 = 6. 5 T E (6 7) = T E ( 4 6 ) + te (4 6) = 3. 5 + 2.0 = 5. 5 T E (7 8) = max [ T E (4 7) + te (4 7), TE ( 6 7 ) + te ( 6 7 ) ] = max [3.5 + 3. 0, 5. 5 + 2.0 ] = 7.5 T E (8 9) = T E ( 8 13) = T E (7 8) + te (7 8) = 9. 5 T E (9 13 ) = max[ T E ( 5 9 ) + te ( 5 9 ), T E (8 9) + te (8 9) ] = max[ 6. 5 + 6, 9.5 + 2. 0] = 12.5 T E (10 11) = T E ( 10 13 ) = TE ( 4 10) + te (4 10 ) = 8.5 T E (11 12) = T E ( 10 11 ) + te (10 11) = 8. 5 + 2.0 = 10.5 T E (12 14) = T E ( 11 12 ) + te (11 12) = 10.5 + 2. 0 = 12. 5 T E (13 14) = max [ T E (8 13 ) + te ( 8 13), TE ( 9 13) + te (9 13 ), T E (10 13) + te (10 13) ] = max [9.5 + 2. 0, 12.5 + 6, 8. 5 + 2 ] = 18. 5 T E (14 15) = max [ T E (12 14) + te (12 14), TE ( 13 14 ) + te ( 13 14 ) ] = max [12. 5 + 4, 18. 5 + 4 ] = 22. 5 T E (15 16) = T E ( 14 15 ) + te (14 15) = 22.5 + 4. 0 = 26. 5 T E (16) = T E ( 15 16 ) + te (15 16) = 26.5 + 0. 5 = 27 293
T L ( i j),,,, T L ( i j) = min [ T L ( j ) ] - te ( i j) Q < i < j <, j = nn - 1; TL ( n ) = TL ( n) = TE ( n), T E T L (16) = T E ( 16 ) = 27 T L (15 16) = T L ( 16 ) - te ( 15 16 ) = 27-0.5 = 26.5 ( i j), T L (14 15) = T L ( 15 16 ) - te ( 14 15 ) = 26. 5-4.0 = 22.5 T L (13 14) = T L ( 14 15 ) - te ( 13 14 ) = 22. 5-4.0 = 18.5 T L (12 14) = T L ( 14 15 ) - te ( 12 14 ) = 22. 5-4.0 = 18.5 T L (11 12) = T L ( 12 14 ) - te ( 11 12 ) = 18. 5-2.0 = 16.5 T L (10 11) = T L ( 11 12 ) - te ( 10 11 ) = 16. 5-2.0 = 14.5 T L (10 13) = T L ( 13 14 ) - te ( 10 13 ) = 18. 5-2.0 = 16.5 T L (9 13 ) = TL (13 14) - te (9 13 ) = 18. 5-6.0 = 12.5 T L (8 13 ) = TL (13 14) - te (8 13 ) = 18. 5-2.0 = 16.5 T L (8 9) = T L ( 9 13) - te (8 9) = 12.5-2. 0 = 10. 5 T L (7 8) = min[ TL (8 9), TL ( 8 13) ] - te ( 7 8 ) = min[10. 5, 16.5 ] - 2.0 = 8. 5 T L (6 7) = T L ( 7 8 ) - te ( 6 7 ) = 8.5-2. 0 = 6.5 T L (5 9) = T L ( 9 13) - te (5 9) = 12.5-6. 0 = 6.5 T L (4 5) = T L ( 5 9 ) - te ( 4 5 ) = 6.5-3. 0 = 3.5 T L (4 7) = T L ( 7 8 ) - te ( 4 7 ) = 8.5-3. 0 = 5.5 T L (4 6) = T L ( 6 7 ) - te ( 4 6 ) = 6.5-2. 0 = 4.5 T L (4 10 ) = min[ T L ( 10 11 ), T L (10 13) ] - te ( 4 10) = min[ 14.5,16. 5] - 5. 0 = 9.5 T L (3 4) = min[ T (4 5), TL (4 6), TL (4 7), TL (4 10 ) ] - te ( 3 4 ) = min[3.5,4.5,5.5,9.5 ] - 1.0 = 2. 5 T L (2 3) = T L ( 3 4 ) - te ( 2 3 ) = 2.5-0. 5 = 2.0 T L (1 2) = T L ( 2 3 ) - te ( 1 2 ) = 2.0-2. 0 = 0 (4 ) St ( i j),, 294 St ( 1 2 ) = TL (1 2) - T E ( 1 2 ) = 0-0 = 0 S t ( i j) = T L ( i j) - TE ( i j) St ( 2 3 ) = TL (2 3) - T E ( 2 3 ) = 2.0-2. 0 = 0 St ( 3 4 ) = TL (3 4) - T E ( 3 4 ) = 2.5-2. 5 = 0
St TL (4 5) - T E ( 4 5 ) = 3.5-3. 5 = 0 St ( 4 6 ) = TL (4 6) - T E ( 4 6 ) = 4.5-3. 5 = 1.0 St ( 4 7 ) = TL (4 7) - T E ( 4 7 ) = 5.5-3. 5 = 2.0 St ( 4 10) = T L ( 4 10) - T E ( 4 10) = 9. 5-3.5 = 6. 0 St ( 5 9 ) = TL (5 9) - T E ( 5 9 ) = 6.5-6. 5 = 0 St ( 6 7 ) = TL (6 7) - T E ( 6 7 ) = 6.5-5. 5 = 1.0 St ( 7 8 ) = TL (7 8) - T E ( 7 8 ) = 8.5-7. 5 = 1.0 St ( 8 9 ) = TL (8 9) - T E ( 8 9 ) = 10. 5-9.5 = 1. 0 St ( 8 13) = T L ( 8 13) - T E ( 8 13) = 16.5-9. 5 = 7.0 St ( 9 13) = T L ( 9 13) - T E ( 9 13) = 12.5-12.5 = 0 St ( 10 11 ) = TL (10 11) - T E ( 10 11 ) = 14. 5-8.5 = 6. 0 St ( 11 12 ) = TL (11 12) - T E ( 11 12 ) = 16. 5-10. 5 = 6.0 St ( 12 14 ) = TL (12 14) - T E ( 12 14 ) = 18. 5-12. 5 = 6.0 St ( 13 14 ) = TL (13 14) - T E ( 13 14 ) = 18. 5-18. 5 = 0 St ( 14 15 ) = TL (14 15) - T E ( 14 15 ) = 22. 5-22. 5 = 0 St ( 15 16 ) = TL (15 16) - T E ( 15 16 ) = 26. 5-26. 5 = 0 (5 ), 13 14 15 16,,,,,,, 1.,,,, :,, (1 ),,,,,,, 295
,, ( ),, 2), 12 000,, ;, 1500 11 000, ; ; ; (2 ),, : 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) ; 6) ; 7) ; 8) ; 9) ; 10 ) (3 ),,,,, 296
; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) ; 6) ; 7) ; 8) () ; 9) ; 10 ) (4 ) ( ),,, : 1),, ;, 2),, 3), 4), 2. (1 ) ( ), 1) Z = L n L - L n La Z () ; L n L La Am Z = Am Kr - Ma () ; ; ; () ; Kr, L n/ L ; M a () 2),,,, K1 297
K 31 32 (2 ),,,,,, 1 000 (CA1091 EQ1090 ), 1 000, K3 K3 33 K3 = K3- K3- K3 ( Z - Z1 ) Z2 - Z1 K3 = K3+ K 3- K3 ( Z2 - Z) Z2 - Z1 : CA1091 1 500, 1 000, 500, 1 000, 35, : ti K3 1 000 t0, ti = K3 t0 1) Z = 1 500 + 1 000 = 2 500 () Z = 1 500 + 500 = 2 000 () Z = 1 500 ( ) Z = 1 500 + 1 0000. 21 + 5000.05 = 1 735 () 2) K3 1 000 1 500 1 735 2 000 2 500 4 000 K3 1 0. 96 0. 93 0. 91 0. 88 0. 80 3) t= 0.888 = 7. 04 ( h ) t= 0.912 = 1. 82 ( h ) t= 0.9612 = 11. 52 ( h ) t= 0.9325 = 23. 25 ( h ), : 30% ; 40% 50% ;, 10% Zi (3 ) : ti ; Q = Z i ti Tm : 298 Tm = [365 - ( dx + dj ) ] ty ( h)
dx dj ty, 104 ; ;, 8 h, 7 h 7, 254, Tm = 2 032 h, T m = 1 778 h T n : T n = Tm ( h) () ; ( ) 14, 95%, 86 % : Rm R m = Q/ Tm Rn Rn = Q/ T n,, 3 (4 ) 1) F = fr Rm ( m 2 ) f r, 812 m 2 / ; R m 2) F = f s Zj ( m 2 ) f s, 1826m 2 / ; Zj,, ;, 3) () F = f w N w KT ( m 2 ) f w, ; Nw KT ( ) ;, 46;, : N w = R m RBd R ; N w = ZtK B T w 299
Bd Z ; t ; KB 1. 11.4 ; T w () 4) ( ), : F = f a f a, m 2 / ; Za,, 1.5 t, Ka, 58 58 1. 5 t ( t) 1.5 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 K a 1. 00 1. 17 1. 30 1. 40 1. 48 : CA1091 1 500, 1 000, 59? Za 59 ( ) 1.5 t 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 ( m 2 / ) 22. 00 18. 00 15. 80 14. 00 ( m 2 / ) 0. 35 0. 28 0. 24 0. 21 ( m 2 / ) 0. 08 0. 05 0. 04 0. 03 : 5-13 CA1091 Z = 1 500 + 1 000 = 2 500 () Z = 1 500 () Z = 1 500 + 1 0000. 21 = 1 710 () 1. 5 t Za = 2 5001. 48 = 3 700 Za = 1 5001. 48 = 2 220 Za = 1 7101. 48 = 2 531 1. 5 t 5-13 f a, f a= 0.219, f a = 0. 048, f a= 16. 83 F= 0.2193 700 = 810. 3 ( m 2 ) F= 0.0482 220 = 106. 56 ( m 2 ) 300
F 2 531 = 42 596. 73 ( m 2 ) (5 ) 1), : Nj = tj Z Bd Tm r () tj, h/ ; Z, () ; Bd ; Tm, h; r, 0.800.85 2) Nj = t i ( Z1 + Z2 ) Bd T m r ( 1 + K ) () Nj, ; ti, h/ ; Z1, () ; Z2, () ; K, K = 0. 10 301
, ;,, GB/ T16739. 11997, ;,, 1. ( ),,, (1 ) 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) () ; 6) ; 7) (2 ) 1) ( ) ; ( ) ; ; ; ; 302
) ; ; 2) ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ( ) ; ( ) ; 1 ( ) ; 12 ( ) ; 13 ( ) ; 14 ( ) (3 ) 1) ; ; ; ; ; ( ) ; 2) ; ; ; ; ; ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) (4 ) 1) ; 303
; 3) (5 ) 1) ; 2) ( ) ; 3) CO2 ( ) ; 4) () ; 5) ( ) ; 6) ( ) ; 7) ( ) ; 8) ; 9) (6 ) 1) ; 2) ( ) ; 3) () ; 4) ; 5) ; 6) (7 ) 1) ; ; ; ; ; 90; 2) ; ; ; ; ; (8 ) 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 304
5) ; 6) ; 2.,, : (1 ),,, ( ), (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,, (4 ),, 1),,,,, 2),,, 3),, ;, (5 ) :,,,, 3. (1 ), : 305
(2 ), 34, 3% 4 % ; 4. 5% 6%,, (3 ),,,,,,,,, 1. () (1 ), ( ), (2 ) :,, (3 ) :,,, (4 ), ;, (5 ),, 2.,,,,, (1 ),, (2 ), (3 ),, (4 ) 3. ; 306
( ), : ;,,,,, (1 ) 1),,,, ( ), d = 36150 mm,, v1 = 70 m/ s, v2 = 150 m/ s, : nm a x = 1 000 v 2 nmin = dmin 1 000 v1 dm a x = 1 000150 1 327 ( r/ min) 3. 1436 = 1 00070 149 ( r/ min) 3.14150 2),,,,,, = 1. 26, 185230290365460 1 175 r/ min ( 33 ), 3 + 3 = 6 3),, 1,, 2, 1 2,, 61 61 1.06 1. 12 1.26 1. 41 1. 58 1. 78 2 1.06 1 1. 06 2 1. 06 4 1. 06 6 1. 08 8 1. 06 10 1. 06 12 40 10 20 10 10 10 20 3 10 5 10 4 10 10 3 10 12 2 6 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 6 5 2 1 2 1. 06, ; ; = 1.26 1. 41 4), : 307
n = n1 n3 = n2 = n1 2 n4 = n3 = n1 3 ni = ( ni - 1 ) = n1 i - 1 = i - 1 n2 n1 = z - 1 nm a x nmin, n m a x nmin = n 2,, n1 z,,, ;,, z,,,,, (2 ), ( ),,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,, 1),,,,,,,,, 2), : N, kw; N1, kw; N = N1 + N 2 = N 1 K N2,, kw;, = 0. 70 0.85, = 0.6 0. 7; K, K = 1. 52.0 : 308
V, m/ min; PZ, N N = P z V 625 ( kw) PZ = CP ts 0. 75 (N) CP, CP = 175, CP = 45; t, mm; s, mm/ r : N0, kw; N 2 = N0 + N m N m, kw; K0 N0 = K0 d m 974 000 ( n + Cn j ), K = 35, ; dm, mm; n, r/ min; nj, r/ min; C C = Kj Kj,, K = 1. 5, K = 2. 0; dj, mm dj dm :,,, s = 0.5 mm/ r, t = 0.4 mm, v = 6.5 m/ min, = 0. 8,? PZ = CP ts 0. 75 = 1750. 40.5 0. 75 N1 = P 2 V 625 = 41.6 ( N) 41. 66.5 = 0.43 ( kw) 625 N = N 1 K = 0.44 1. 75 0. 8 1 kw = 0. 551. 751 ( kw) LPG ( L PG) ; 309
1. L PG,, 61,,,,,,,, 62 1 LPG 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 62 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16,,,,, ( LPG ) ( L PG ) (1 ) ( LPG ) 63 : : LPG () :, : LPG :,, / :, / 310
3 LPG 1 2 3 4 / 5LPG 6 ( ) 7 8 ( ) 9 10 11 12 13 14 ( ) 15 16 L PG/ : / LPG; / :, LPG : LPG, / : ( ) : LPG, : LPG (2 ) ( L PG ),, LPG, LPG,,, ;, 2. L PG : ( ),, (1 ), 1. 6 MPa,,, ( ),, 64 311
LPG 115 L, 400 mm, 1 050 mm, 5.2 mm,, 64 a) b) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (2 ),,,,,,, 65 (3 ),,,,, 66 65 LPG a) b) 111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 66 1 2 3 4 5 6 71 LPG 67 312
7 1 2 3 4 16 2224 5 6 7 8 LP G 9 10 11 12 13 ( ) 14 LPG 15 17 18 19 20 21 23 25 26 27 28 LPG, LPG 8,, LPG 14, 0. 1 MPa (4 ) LPG, : ;,,, 68 : LPG,,, 69 68 1 2 3 69 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0. 31 kpa, 0. 2 kpa, - 0.2 kpa, 313
,, LPG,,,,, LPG, LPG (5 ) LPG 610 BRC. S. P. A LPG : 3 2 LPG, 2 1 4, 610 LPG 1 2 3 4 5 6 4 5 6 LPG, NOx, COCH 611 LPG,,, 3. L PG, LPG,,,,, L PG,,, LPG 612 LPG, :,,, 613,, ( AAS ) 400 850 r/ min,, AAS 614 (1 ) ( MAS ) LPG ( ) 314
11 LPG 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 612 1 2 3 E GR 4 5 6 12 13 14 7 ( AAS) 8 ( MAS) 15 9F1 ( A T ), MAS (614 4 ) MAS,, ( 100% ) ;,,, 20 P40 P 20 P, MAS : 2 7 8, 2 1 2, 20%, 613 1 1/ 4 2 (2) ( TAS ) 3 4 0. 5, EGR,, 614 1 ( AAS ) 2 3 4 ( MAS) 5EGR 6 7 8 9 10 11 315
, : 1/ 2, ( ), TAS,, 1/ 2,,,,, 615 :, 19.7 kpa, CO 1% 0. 2% ; 19. 7 kpa, CO 0. 5% 4. 615 ( ) ( ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 LPG, LPG, :,, ( LPG ) L PG, : LPG, ; ; ; ; CO HC, 1. L PG L PG,,,,,,,, 4 MPa, 8 MPa, 50120 L 4, 50 L, 5 316
L PG L PG,,, LPG, L PG,,,,, LPG,,,, LPG, L PG, 1.6 3 0. 2 MPa, 0. 5 MPa 1.6 MPa, 4. 8 MPa,, LPG,,, L PG, 3. L PG L PG, L PG :, ; LPG,, LPG, LPG (1 ) LPG 616 LPG 616 LPG 1 2 3 4 5 6LPG 7 8 9 LPG 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 317
: 9 (550900 kpa) LPG 8, 6, 2. 5 MPa, 19,, LPG, LPG, LPG,,,,,,, 560700 kpa,,,, (2 ) LPG,, : ; 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) LPG, 5), ; 6), LPG ; 7),,, ; 8),, ; 9), ; 10),, LPG 1. L PG L PG : ( LPG) ( L PG ) ( L PG ) (1 ) ( L PG) ( LPG),, (2 ) ( LPG ),,,, (3 ) ( L PG ), LPG, 318
,, L PG, L PG,,,,,,,, LPG LNG () CNG (), L PG, ; LPG,, LPG,,, 2. LPG, L PG (1 ) 617 L PG 6, 294 kpa,, 13 11, 10, 7, 7,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ) 618 617 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 618 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 319
, LPG,,, (3 ), 619,,,,,,,, (4 ), 620 619 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 620 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9,,,,,,, 3.,, 621,,,,, 4., 622,,,,,,,, 320
21 1 2 3 4 O 5 622 1 O 2 3 4 5 6 L PG,,, 1.,, 623 (1 ) 624 : 1 2, 2 3,,, 5, 4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 321
23 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 624 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (2 ), : Me n Pe, Nm;, r/ min;, kw Pe = M e n 716. 2 = 1. 03 M e n10-3 ( kw ) 624 L1, P1 6 P 1 L2 9 G 7, G, L, 7 8,,,, Q,,, P1 L2 cos, GLsin, : : P1 L2 cos= GLsin, : Me = P1 L1, : Me = L L1 L2 Gtg, LL1/ L 2 0.716 2 m, P = Gtg, Me = 0.716 2 P = 7. 02 ( Nm), : Pe = 2. Me n 716. 2 = Pn10-3 = 735 Pn10-6 ( kw),,, 625 322
,,, 2025 s: (1 ), ; (2 ) 1, ; (3 ), 3, ( ),,,, ; (4 ) 2,, 1, : gr = 3.6 V t V, cm 3 ;, g/ cm 3 ; t V, s 626 25 626 1 2 3 4 5,, 2,,, 1,, 3,,,,,,, 2,, : G, g; t G, s; Pe, kw ge = 4 898 G tpe 1. 323
,,,, 2.,,,, (1 ),,,, (2 ),,,, (3 ),,,,, (4 ),, ( ) 3. (1 ),,, (2 ),,,,,, (3 ),,,, (4),,,,,, ( ), 1. 324
, : (1 ), 1),,,,,,, 102030 ( km/ h ), 50100200400 ( m) 3 4, 20 km/ h 30 km/ h,,,,,,,,,, 2) FMVCIR :,, 17 m,,, (2 ) ( F IA), F IA,, ( JIS ),,, 200 m,, 2.,,,, 0.7, 037 C,,, 3. 5 m 5 000 kg 12 000 kg, 100 C,,, 0.8 vm ax, 3 m/ s 2, 45 60 s, 1520 325
, 7%, 40 km/ h, 1. 7 km (, ), ( 80% ), 30 km/ h, 6%, 6 km, ( 75% ), 3.,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) :,,,,,,,, m/ km GB72581997, 5 m/ km 1. 62 2.,, : (1 ) (, ) ( ) : (2 ) :,,,,, :, ( ) ;, ;, 326
6 2 ( t) ( t/ m 3 ) ( m 3 / t ) ( m 2 / t) 100 km ( N ) ( km/ h ) ( km ) ( km ) ( / kkm ) ( h ) COHCND x ( L/ 100 tk m) ( L/ 100 km ) 327
db) (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, (4 ), :, ;,,, 10, 328
,,, 1.,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,, 6 %, 5% ;, 10% 15% ;, 30%, : 1., 2.,, 3.,, 329
, 4., ( ),,,, ; ( 2001 8 3 ),, ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) : 11 1. : : : (1 ) 1), ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5), ; 6), : ; 7) ; 8) ; 9) ; 10 ) (2 ) 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 330
5) ; ; 6), ; 7), ; 8), 2. : :,,,,, : (1 ) 1), ; ; 2), ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) ; 6) ; 7) ; 8) ; 9) ; 10 ) ; 11 ) ; 12 ) ; 13 ) ; 14 ) ; 15 ) 16 ), (2 ) 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) ; 6) ; 7), ; 8), 3. : 331
: (1 ) 1) ; 2) ; 3), ; 4), ; 5), ; 6) ; 7) ; 8),, (2 ) 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) ; 6) ; 7), ; 8), ; 9), 4. : : : (1 ) 1) ; 2), ; 3), ; 4) ; 5), ; 6),, ; 7), 332
1) ; 2) ; 3) (), ; 4), ; 5) 5. : : : (1 ) 1) ; 2) ; 3), ; 4) ; 5), ISO9000,, ; 6), ; 7), ; 8), (2 ) 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) ; 6) ISO9000 ; 7) ; 8) 1. ( ) 2., : 600 ; 500 ; 320 ; 200 333
120 3. ( ) : ; ;, 3 4. 20, 600 m 2,, 334
.. :, 1 99 9 2.. :, 1 99 9 3.. :, 1 99 9 4.. :, 2 00 0 5.. :, 1 99 5 6.. :, 2 00 1 7.. :, 2 00 1 8.. :, 1 98 9 9.. :, 1 99 5 10.. :, 19 99 11.. :, 19 93 12 [ ]... :, 19 87 13.. :, 1999 14.. ( ). :, 19 99 15.. :, 19 99 16. 20 00. :, 2 00 0 17.. :, 20 00 18.. :, 19 99 19. A U D I A 6 ( 1 00 ). :, 19 98 20. A6. :, 2 00 1 21 ( ) J.. R.... :, 19 99 22.. :, 19 98 23.. :, 19 96 335