1 α par cle sca ering experiment α alternate current a α α particle scattering experiment ( 31 ) acceleration time graph ( 6 ) a t α ϕ α N activity ( 31 ) A A N A = kn k N = N 0 e kt absolute zero ( 1 ) 0 K 273 C acceleration ( 6 ) a m s 2 t a a = v u t v u A = A 0 e kt N 0 A 0 alternate current ( 25 29 )
2 alternator atmospheric pressure alternator ( 28 ) angular velocity ( 12 ) ω rad s 1 ω = θ t θ t antinodal line ( 15 ) apparent depth ( 17 ) ammeter ( 24 ) ampere ( 24 ) A amplitude ( 14 ) A m angle of incidence ( 16 17 ) i angle of re lection ( 16 ) r angle of refraction ( 17 ) r angular displacement ( 12 ) θ rad angular frequency ( 29 ) ω T f atmospheric pressure ( 1 ) = 1.01 10 5 Pa ω = 2πf = 2π T
3 atom Brownian mo on atom ( 30 ) 1 a.m.u. +e 1 a.m.u. 0 1 1800 a.m.u. e atomic mass unit ( 32 ) a.m.u./ u 1u = 1.66054 10 27 kg atomic number ( 31 ) Z audible frequency range ( 20 ) 20 Hz 20000 Hz average translational kinetic energy ( 5 ) K.E. avg K.E. avg = 3 2 kt k T Avogadro s number ( 5 ) N A N A = 6.02 10 23 mol 1 b background count rate ( 30 ) background radiation ( 30 ) becquerel ( 30 ) Bq bimetallic strip ( 1 ) boiling point ( 3 ) 100 C Boltzmann constant ( 5 ) k k 1.38 10 23 J K 1 Bourdon gauge ( 5 ) Boyle s law ( 5 ) p 1 pv = V Brownian motion ( 5 )
4 calibra on cooling curve c calibration ( 1 ) 14 carbon 14 dating ( 31 ) cathode ray oscilloscope ( 20 ) charging ( 21 ) Celsius scale ( 1 ) 100 0 C 100 C centre of gravity ( 8 ) centripetal acceleration ( 12 ) a = v2 r a = r ω 2 r v ω F = mv2 r m = mr ω 2 chain reaction ( 32 ) 235 235 235 charge-to-mass ratio ( 27 ) = Q m Q m Charles law ( 5 ) V T V T = circuit breaker ( 25 ) closed circuit ( 24 ) coherent ( 15 ) condensation ( 3 ) conduction of electricity ( 21 ) conduction of heat ( 4 ) conductor of heat ( 4 ) convection ( 4 ) cooling curve ( 3 )
5 corrected count rate current voltage characteris c curve corrected count rate ( 30 ) coulomb ( 21 ) C current voltage characteristic curve ( 24 ) I V Coulomb s law ( 21 ) Q 1 Q 2 F E F E = 1 Q 1 Q 2 4πϵ 0 r 2 Q 1 Q 2 r count rate ( 30 ) couple ( 8 ) critical angle ( 17 ) C 90 ( ) C = sin 1 n1 n 2 n 1 n 2 current balance ( 26 )
6 d.c. motor displacement d d.c. motor ( 26 ) diffraction ( 15 ) X Y C D data-logger ( 6 ) diffusion cloud chamber ( 30 ) direct current ( 24 29 ) discharging ( 21 ) dispersion ( 17 ) decay constant ( 31 ) k decay series ( 31 ) displacement ( 6 ) s m 238 92 U α 234 90 Th β 234 91 Pa... 206 82 Pb decibel ( 20 ) db degree Celsius ( 1 ) C
7 displacement distance graph dynamo displacement distance graph ( 14 ) s d d s double insulation ( 25 ) drift velocity ( 27 ) v v = I n AQ I n A Q dynamo ( 28 ) T t = 0 t = 1 4 T t = 1 2 T t = 3 4 T t = T s t A dose ( 30 ) Gy J kg 1 Sv Sv
8 earthing electric circuit e earthing ( 21 ) eddy current ( 28 ) ef iciency ( 29 ) = 100% (a) (b) = I sv s I p V p 100% I p V p I s V s elastic collision ( 10 ) electric charge ( 21 ) Q C 1.6 10 19 C electric circuit ( 24 ) I 1 = I 2 = I 3 I 1 = I 2 + I 3
9 electric current electric poten al electric current ( 24 ) (a) (b) electric ield ( 22 ) electric ield strength ( 22 ) E q N C 1 Q A Q B E = F E q F E q electric force ( 21 ) F E electric potential ( 23 24 25 ) V V J C 1 V = U q U q Q r V = 1 Q 4πϵ 0 r
10 electric poten al energy electrosta c induc on 3 10 8 m s 1 m 10 1 10 4 10 3 10 1 10 6 10 3 4 10 7 7 10 7 10 9 10 8 X 10 10 10 12 electromotive force ( 24 ) ϵ ϵ = W Q W Q electric potential energy ( 23 ) U electromagnetic induction ( 28 ) electron-volt ( 32 ) ev 1 ev = 1.60218 10 19 J electrostatic induction ( 21 ) electromagnetic wave ( 19 )
11 electrosta c precipitator extra high tension supply exponential decay ( 31 ) N 0 N t N = N 0 e kt k electrostatic precipitator ( 21 ) electrostatic spaying ( 21 ) energy ( 9 ) equilibrium ( 8 ) extra high tension supply ( 21 ) 0 5 kv 1. 2. equilibrium position ( 14 ) equivalent resistance ( 24 ) N R R = R 1 + R 2 + + R N N R 1 R = 1 + 1 + + 1 R 1 R 2 R N
12 Faraday s law of electromagne c induc on fusion / f Faraday s law of electromagnetic induction ( 28 ) ϵ = Φ t Φ t ish-eye view ( 17 ) 97.6 luid resistance ( 7 ) focal length ( 18 ) f force ( 7 ) F force sensor ( 7 ) force time graph ( 10 ) F t free body diagram ( 7 ) Fleming s left hand rule ( 26 ) freezing point ( 3 ) frequency ( 14 ) f Hz friction ( 7 ) full-scale reading ( 24 ) fuse ( 25 ) Fleming s right hand rule ( 26 ) / fusion ( 3 )
13 gamma ray hertz g gamma ray ( 19 ) 10 12 m gas ( 1 ) h half-life ( 31 ) Hall effect ( 27 ) Geiger Müller counter ( 30 ) (a) (b) hall probe ( 26 27 ) Hall voltage ( 27 ) V H general gas law ( 5 ) pv T pv T = (a) (b) p V T gravitational constant ( 13 ) G 6.67 10 11 m 3 kg 1 s 2 gravitational ield strength ( 13 ) g N kg 1 m s 2 g = GM r 2 G r M gravity ( 7 ) gray ( 30 ) Gy grid system ( 29 ) V H = B I nqb B I n Q b heat ( 2 ) heat capacity ( 2 ) C J K 1 J C 1 C = Q T Q T hertz ( 14 ) Hz
14 household wiring iner a household wiring ( 25 ) i ideal gas ( 5 ) ideal gas law ( 5 ) p T n V pv = nrt = NkT R N N = nn A N A k image ( 14 16 ) image distance ( 18 ) v impulse ( 10 ) F t F t = F t = mv mu m u v inertia ( 7 )
15 infrared radia on isotope infrared radiation ( 19 ) 10 6 m 10 3 m insulator of heat ( 4 ) interference ( 15 ) inverse-square law ( 21 ) ionization ( 30 ) ionizing power ( 30 ) isolated system ( 2 ) isotope ( 31 ) 0 λ 2λ 1 2 λ 3 2 λ 3 2 λ internal energy ( 2 5 ) U ϵ U = K.E. +P.E. ϵ ϵ = 3 2 nrt = 3 2 pv n p V R internal resistance ( 24 ) r r = ϵ V I ϵ I V
16 joule kine c energy j joule ( 2 ) J joulemeter ( 2 ) k kelvin ( 1 ) K Kelvin scale ( 1 ) = + 273 Kepler s third law of planetary motion ( 13 ) T 2 = 4π2 GM a3 T a G M kilogram ( 7 ) kg kilowatt-hour ( 2 ) kw h 1 kw h= 3.6 10 6 J kilowatt-hour meter ( 2 ) kinetic energy ( 9 ) K.E. K.E. = 1 2 mv2 m v
17 kine c theory laws of reflec on kinetic theory ( 5 ) l latent heat ( 3 ) law of conservation of charge ( 21 ) law of conservation of energy ( 2 9 ) = law of conservation of momentum ( 10 ) A B m A u A + m B u B = m A v A + m B v B m u v law of universal gravitation ( 13 ) F = Gm 1m 2 r 2 F m 1 m 2 r laws of re lection ( 15 16 ) 1. 2. r i
18 laws of refrac on linear mass density laws of refraction ( 17 ) 1. 2. i r sin i sin r = lens ( 18 ) lens formula ( 18 ) u v f 1 u + 1 v = 1 f f u v u > f + + + u < f + + u + Lenz s law ( 28 ) linear magni ication ( 18 ) m v u m = v u linear mass density ( 14 ) µ kg m 1 v µ v = T µ T
19 liquid magne c field liquid ( 1 ) m magnet ( 26 ) magnetic ield ( 26 ) T Wb m 2 longitudinal wave ( 14 ) loudness ( 20 )
20 magne c flux mechanical work magnetic lux ( 28 ) Φ Wb 1 Wb = 1 T m 2 Φ = B A cos θ Φ = NB A cos θ N B A θ magnetic lux linkage ( 28 ) N = NΦ magnetic force ( 26 28 ) F B = BQv sin θ B Q v θ / magnetization ( 26 29 ) mass ( 7 ) m mass number ( 31 ) A mass spectrometer ( 27 ) mass energy relation ( 32 ) E = mc 2 E m c 2.998 10 8 m s 1 mechanical energy ( 9 ) mechanical work ( 9 ) F B = B I l sin θ W = (F // )(s) W s F // B I l θ
21 mel ng point mutual induc on melting point ( 3 ) 0 C metre ( 6 ) m microwave ( 19 ) 10 3 m 10 1 m mole ( 5 ) mol 6.02 10 23 12 12 g moment ( 8 ) N m F = F d d momentum ( 10 ) p kg m s 1 moving-coil microphone ( 28 ) (a) (b) multimeter ( 24 ) mutual induction ( 29 ) p = mv motional e.m.f. ( 28 ) ϵ ϵ = Blv B l v moving-coil galvanometer ( 26 )
22 net force nuclear radia on n net force ( 7 ) neutral point ( 22 26 ) neutron number ( 31 ) N newton ( 7 ) N Newton s irst law of motion ( 7 ) Newton s second law of motion ( 7 ) a F m a = kf m F a m S.I. k = 1 F = ma nuclear ission ( 32 ) nuclear fusion ( 32 ) nuclear radiation ( 30 ) α β γ α > β > γ γ > β > α γ > β > α Newton s third law of motion ( 7 ) A B B A normal ( 16 17 ) normal reaction ( 7 ) R note ( 20 )
23 nuclear reactor overloading nuclear reactor ( 32 ) o object distance ( 18 ) u ohm ( 24 ) Ω Ohm s law ( 24 ) V I V = I R R optical ibre ( 17 ) nuclide ( 31 ) optically denser medium ( 17 ) overloading ( 25 )
24 parallelogram of forces pitch p parallelogram of forces ( 8 ) F 1 F 2 pascal ( 5 ) Pa peak value ( 29 ) penetrating power ( 30 ) period ( 12 14 ) T permeability of free space ( 26 ) µ 0 T m A 1 4π 10 7 T m A 1 permittivity of free space ( 21 ) ϵ 0 C 2 N 1 m 2 8.85 10 12 C 2 N 1 m 2 phase ( 14 ) T = 2π ω ω f A E B D T = 1 f periscope ( 16 ) phase difference ( 14 ) pitch ( 20 ) / Hz C 262 D 294 E 330 F 349 G 392 A 440 B 494 C 523
25 plane transmission gra ng poten ometer plane transmission grating ( 19 ) 100 500 potential gradient ( 23 ) potential difference ( 23 24 ) A B A B E V V + V = V r = E = V B V A potentiometer ( 24 ) = W Q W Q potential energy ( 2 9 23 24 ) P.E. P.E. = mg h m g h r Q q U = 1 Qq 4πϵ 0 r (a) (b)
26 power pulse principle of superposition ( 15 ) projectile motion ( 11 ) (a) (b) power ( 2 9 25 ) P P = W t = E t W E t P = V I = V 2 R = I 2 R V I R power cord ( 25 ) H = u2 sin 2 θ 2g T = 2usinθ g R = u2 sin2θ g u θ g pulse ( 14 ) pressure ( 5 ) p Pa N m 2 p = F A F A pressure law ( 5 ) p T p T = pressurized water reactor ( 32 ) principle of moment ( 8 )
27 quality reac on me q quality ( 20 ) r radian ( 12 ) rad 1 = π 180 rad radiation ( 4 ) radio wave ( 19 ) 10 1 m 10 4 m radioactive decay ( 31 ) α β A Z X A 4 Z 2 Y +4 2 He A Z X A Z +1 Y +0 1 e γ A Z X A Z X + γ X Y radioactive waste ( 32 ) radioactivity ( 30 ) range ( 11 30 ) reaction time ( 6 )
28 reflec on ripple tank re lection ( 15 ) resistor ( 24 ) (a) (b) resolution of force ( 8 ) F = F x + F y F x = F cosθ F y = F sinθ F x 2 + F y 2 = F 2 refraction ( 15 ) refractive index ( 17 ) n n c v F x F x F y F y resultant ( 6 ) n = c v resistance ( 24 ) R V I R = V I Ω resistivity ( 24 ) ρ R p + q p q right-hand grip rule ( 26 ) R = ρl A l A ripple tank ( 15 )
29 root-mean-square speed solidifica on root-mean-square speed ( 5 ) v rms v rms 2 = 3 m kt = 3 m R N A T k R N A T root-mean-square value ( 5 19 29 ) {a 1, a 2, a 3,, a n } a rms a rms = a 1 2 + a 2 2 + a 3 2 + + a n 2 n s search coil ( 26 ) second ( 6 ) s short circuit ( 24 ) sievert ( 30 ) Sv Snell s law ( 17 ) 1 2 x = x 0 sin(ωt + ϕ) x rms x rms = x 0 2 x 0 x ω x ϕ V rms = V 0 2 I rms = I 0 2 n 1 sin θ 1 = n 2 sin θ 2 V 0 I 0 Rutherford s atomic model ( 31 ) solenoid ( 26 ) solid ( 1 ) solidi ication ( 3 )
30 sound intensity level sta onary wave sound intensity level ( 20 ) L ( ) I L = log 10 db I 0 I I 0 I 0 = 1 10 12 W m 2 sound wave ( 20 ) 0 C 330 m s 1 speci ic heat capacity ( 2 ) c J kg 1 K 1 J kg 1 C 1 spring balance ( 7 ) stationary wave ( 15 ) c = Q m T Q m T speci ic latent heat ( 3 ) l J kg 1 c g a e i l = Q m m Q 3.34 10 5 J kg 1 2.26 10 6 J kg 1 speci ic latent heat of fusion ( 3 ) l f speci ic latent heat of vaporization ( 3 ) l v spectrum ( 17 19 ) speed ( 6 ) m s 1 =
31 temperature turning effect t temperature ( 1 ) tension ( 7 ) T terminal velocity ( 7 ) terminal voltage ( 24 ) tesla ( 26 ) T thermistor ( 1 ) thermometer ( 1 ) thermometric liquid ( 1 ) thermometric property ( 1 ) threshold of hearing ( 20 ) I 0 1 10 12 W m 2 torque ( 8 ) τ total internal re lection ( 17 ) transformer ( 29 ) V p V s I p I s N p N s I p I s = V s V p = N s N p V s V p N s N p 1 1 transverse wave ( 14 ) turning effect ( 8 26 )
32 ultrasound voltmeter u ultrasound ( 20 ) 20 khz ultraviolet radiation ( 19 ) 10 9 m 10 8 m uniform circular motion ( 12 ) uniform motion ( 6 ) uniformly accelerated motion ( 6 ) s = 1 (u + v)t 2 v = u + at s = ut + 1 2 at 2 v 2 u 2 = 2as s u v a t universal gas constant ( 5 ) R R = 8.31 J mol 1 K 1 v vaporization ( 3 ) vector ( 6 ) velocity ( 6 ) v m s 1 = velocity selector ( 27 ) v = E B E B velocity time graph ( 6 ) v t visible light ( 19 ) 4 10 7 m 7 10 7 m volt ( 24 ) V voltage ( 24 ) V voltmeter ( 24 )
33 voltmeter ammeter method work voltmeter ammeter method ( 24 ) w watt ( 2 9 25 ) W wave ( 14 ) wavefront ( 15 ) R = V I R I wavelength ( 14 ) λ m weber ( 28 ) Wb weight ( 6 ) W W = mg m g work ( 9 ) W
34 X-ray X Young s double slit experiment x X X-ray ( 19 ) 10 10 m X y Young s double slit experiment ( 19 ) 1801