100m 2 000m 4 150m 2 000m 50m 1700 1 C H O N P S Ca ATP 20 8 DNA RNA DNA RNA ATP 2
3 4 5 6 DNA 7
1 1970 Winniwarter 47 46 23 X Winniwarter 1921 Painter Y 48 46 XX 46 XY 20 50 1954 Hansen-Melander 46 48 50 46 X Y X 2 19
10
10 16 19 20 80 STM IBM Binning Rohrer 1981 1986 STM STM 0.001nm
STM DNA RNA STM RIPA RIPA 80 B
B RNA 1997
1-1 8nm 10nm 1-2
1-3 K Na
ph 95 RNA mrna RNA DNA
1-4 DNA 1-1
1-1 DNA 2 DNA DNA a a b
25nm RNA rrna r 40 RNA 60 rrna mrna mrna mrna
1-5 mr-na 40 10 1-6
Ca Ca 50 1-7
1-8 1-9 0.2 m 0.5 m 7.5nm ph 5
10 120 10 1928 Klotzoff 0 4 1963 1 7nm
24nm 15nm 10nm mrna mrna 2 70 Berezney Coffey 1
3 10nm RNA DNA RNA
ATP ATP 1 1-10 0.5 m 1.0 m 1.5 m 3.0 m 40 m 30 50 2
1-11 8.5nm ATP ATP 95 1 C6H 12O 6 + 6H 2O + 6O 2 6CO 2 +12H 2O + ATP glycolysis ATP
A ATP 2 C6H 12O 6 2C2H 5OH 2CO 2 + C6H 12O 6 2C3H 6O 3 + ATP DNA DNA
DNA DNA 10 DNA
ATP 4 m 6 m 2 m 3 m 50 200 40 300 500 10 CO 1-12 DNA RNA 40 60
DNA RNA 10 DNA 1 a b
4 2 6CO 2 +12H 2O C 6H12O 6 + 6H 2O + 6O 2 ADP ATP ATP ATP RuBP CO RuBP RuBP PGA ATP ATP RuBP RuBP
1 2 3
1-13 90 95 10
100 DNA S S M G M S G G S G M S DNA 1-14 1
1-15 2 3 4
0.2 m 0.5 m 5 4 8 8 16 12 24 39 78 23 46 G G G A G
1-16 50 60 1951 Henrietta Lacks Hela
1-17
Stewand 1958 1970 1-18
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 DNA 20
DNA
1mm 2mm 1 2 2-1 1
1 0.15 m 0.20 m 2-2
2 3 2n n 4 DNA G S G S S S DNA 99.7 0.3 2 n 2n 1
2 3 4 DNA 2n n n DNA C 1C DNA DNA 2C DNA DNA 4C DNA 2C DNA 1C 3 n 2n
1822 1843 1843 10 1851 1853 4 1854 12 2-3 8 1856-1864 1865 35 1900
7 1 P 2-4 F F F F F F
5 2-1 2-1 2 F F F F F 1064 787 277 3 1 2-4A
F F 929 705 224 3 1 5 2-2 1 F 2 F F 3 F 3 1 2-2 F 787 277 2.84 1 5474 1850 2.96 1 6022 2001 3.01 1 651 207 3.14 1 705 224 3.15 1 882 299 2.95 1 428 152 2.82 1 F F 2.98 1 3 1 3 7 3 1 1 2 3 F
4 F 2-5 D d DD dd F D d Dd D d F F D d D d 1/2 DD Dd dd 1 2 1 3 DD Dd DD Dd dd DD dd
Dd D DD Dd dd DD Dd DD Dd 4 F F Dd D d dd d F Dd dd 1 1 2-6 Dd dd 64 30 34 1 1 1 1 5
1 F F F F 556 F 315 101 108 32 32 1 F
9 3 3 1 2-7 F 2 3 1 2-3 2-3 315+101=416 74.8 108+32=140 25.2 =3 1 315+108=423 76.1 101+32=133 23.9 =3 1 F F 3 1 3 1 3 1 9 3 3 1 3 YYRR Y R yyrr y r YYRR YR yyrr yr YR yr F YyRr
F F Y y R r 1 Y R YR 2 Y r Yr 3 y R yr 4 y r yr F YyRr F F 16 9 9 2-8 9 3 3 1 1YYRR 2YyRR 2YYRr 4YyRr 9 1YYrr 2Yyrr 3 1yyRR 2yyRr 3 1yyrr 1
4 F F yr F F 2-9 1 1 1 1 2-4 F 5 F 2-4 F F F 31 24 27 22 26 25 26 26 1 1 1 1
1 20 20 20 F 2 2 20 1048576 2 F 2
DNA DNA DNA
DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA 19 40 DNA DNA DNA 1928 1928 Griffith
Griffith 3 1 Griffith 10 DNA DNA DNA DNA
DNA DNA DNA DNA 19 50 DNA 3 2 DNA DNA DNA X DNA X X 3 3 X DNA X DNAX DNA DNA 3 4 DNA
A G C T DNA DNA G C A T C G T A G C
DNA DNA A T C G DNA 1953 4 DNA
DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA 500 DNA 30 23 46 DNA DNA 46 DNA 60 1000 DNA 10 DNA DNA DNA 1 DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA 3 5
2 DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA 3 DNA 10 DNA DNA DNA 1000 DNA
DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA 1972 X
DNA DNA RNA DNA RNA RNA mrna trna rrna mrna 3 6 DNA DNA mrna DNA DNA DNA mrna RNA RNA DNA DNA RNA RNA DNA RNA DNA RNA DNA mrna DNA A mrna U T mrna DNA mrna mrna mrna DNA mrna mrna 1
4 20 mrna 4 20 4 2 16 4 2 20 3 4 3 20 3 64 4 3 64 64 64 20 mrna 3 3 3 1 1959 Nirenberg Ochoa U mrna 20 mrna U 3 UUU AAA 3 CUCUCUCUCU mrna CUC UCU CU CU CU CU UC UC UC UC CUCU CUCU CUCU UCUC
UCUCUCUC mrna U G mrna 20 3 2 DNA DNA 64 20 UUA UUG CUU CUC CUA CUG UUA UUG UUA UUG 64 UAG UAA UGA AUG DNA UGA DNA UGA AUA 3 mrna mrna
mrna trna trna RNA mrna DNA trna 80 3 7 trna trna CCA A trna trna mrna trna 3 mrna AAA UUU trna UUU AAA trna trna trna trna trna 3 8 DNA mrna mrna trna mrna 5 trna mrna mrna mrna5 3 trna mrna
DNA DNA DNA mrna mrna 3 9 DNA RNA 1 RNA RNA RNA RNA RNA RNA RNA 2 1970 RNA DNA RNA RNA DNA DNA RNA DNA DNA RNA DNA
mrna DNA 3 DNA DNA DNA mrna DNA 3 10
3 11 DNA DNA DNA
9 DNA
3 12 1980 50
DNA 1995 1 3 13 20 002 500 100 200 2 5000
DNA DNA OTT OTT
1997 2 23 1958 Sfewsand 1970 Sfewsand
C H O N S P
4 4 1
60 4 2 4 3
1 5 1 2
5 2 5 3
5 4 1 5 5
4 4 2 3 2 2 10 4 1 2 7 12 3
5 6 4 1 2 3 4 2 4 5 7
3 5-8
5-9 4
3 B 12 K 1 2 ph 1.5 2.5 5-10
1 2 1889
75 25 3 4 5-11
5 100ml 0.08g 0.14g 100ml0.11g 5-12 O 2 CO 2
24 24
O 2 CO 2 O 2 CO 2 O 2 O 2 CO 2
6-1 6-2 1 2 3 4 5
6-3 400
6-4 1 2 6-5
10 3 4 6-6 5 PQRST P Q QRS T 6-6 A 6-6 B
P QRS P P 2 QRS 5 6 20 30
6-7
1.3kPa 6-8 4 m 12 m 1 6 1 1
17 S.Hales 2.5m 2.5m 14.7kPa 9.3kPa 5.4kPa 18.7kPa 0 6-9 1 Na + K + Mg 2+ HCO 3 Cl 2 SO4 7 9 r- 2
6-10 5.0 10 12 L 4.2 10 12 L 5 500m 8.3 10 12 L 6.0 7.0 10 12 L 3 8 m 2 m 8 m 90 280 280
2mm 3mm 20 l 0.1mol L 10 100ml 120g L 160g L 110g L 150g L Fe 120 4 300 4 4 10 9 L
40 3 m 60 m 100 300 9 L 6-11 3
6-12 4 17 1667 ABO A B a b A a B b
A a B b A b a B a b A B 4 O A B AB A A b B B a AB A B O a b O O AB AB 37 15 ABO Rh Rh 85 Rh 99 Rh Rh Rh Rh 1 Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh
5 + H HCO3 Ca 2+ O 2 100ml 20ml 50ml 100ml 0.2ml 0.3ml Fe Fe 4 6-13 100ml 18ml 100ml 12ml
CO CO O 2 CO O 2 Fe CO 0.5 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 2 CO 2 90 1 3 CO 2 2 3 CO 2 H 2 CO 3 HCO 3 H + H + ph O 2 HCO 3 Na + NaHCO 3 NaHCO 3 CO 2 ph O 2 CO 2 CO 2 NaHCO 3 HCO 3 H + H 2 CO 3 CO 2 H 2 O CO 2 6-14 CO 2
5 6-15 O 2 O 2 O 2 80
16 O 2 O 2 O 2 1 6-16 0.2 m 10 2 8 4 CO 2 6
2 6-17
6-18
200ml 1000ml 6-19
C C 93m 2 O 2 O 2 CO 2 O 2 500ml 1500ml 1000ml 3 500ml 3 000ml 1500ml O 2 21 3000m 7kPa 90 6 000m 4.67kPa 70 7 000m O 2 50
50 O 2 10m 101kPa 50m 1L 100m 10L N 2 100m 20 900m 75 2 3 2 N 2
37 ph 3.0 ph 10.0
7-1 NH 3 7-2
7-3 12
7-4 1
7-5 2 7-6
7-7 1 100 7-8
1200ml 2 1844
180L 4 180L 125L 1L 1.5g/L 1.5g/L
90 10-4 2 3 14 30 5 8 10 33 35 3 1
2 3
1 2 8-1 ml
50 3 1 2 3 3 8-1
8-2 T 4 T 3 1 T 4 T 3 100g 180mg 0.03mg 19 1914 T 4 T 4 T 3 T 3 T 4 T 3 T 4 8-3 T 3 T 4
2 T 3 T 4 1 T 3 T 4 80 X 131 I 131 I 131 I
1 1886 G.Mering O.Minkowski 1922 F.G.Banting C.H.Best A B A 21 B 30 A B 3 S S 81 86 8-4 A B C 3 A B
2 29 1 8-5
2 50 Na + K + Na + K + 20 3 8
8-6 1
2.72 2 8-7
8-8
80g/L 120g/L
8-9 8-10
mrna 8-11 camp 8-12 camp camp camp
100m 1cm 3 700
9 1
9 2
9 3 9 4
1m 1m 10m 9 5
19 30 1mm 100 9 6 20 1 70mV 9 7
20mV 200mV 2 Na + K + Na + K + Na + K + Na + K + ATP Na + K + ATP Na + K + Na + K + Na + K + Na + K + Na + K + 9 8 Na + K +
Na + K + Cl Ca 2+ 9 9 70mV Na + Na + Na + K + 70mv 67mv Na + Na + Na + Na + Na + 70mV 0 35mV
Na + Na + Na + 35mV 9 10 1 9 11 20nm 50nm
Ca 2+ Ca 2+ Ca 2+ Na + 9 12
2 9 13 3 100 10 000
9 14 1 9 15
Y 2 9 16
9 17
9 18 9 19
1 0.5m 2
9 20 9 21
1860 9 22
W Penfield 2
3 5 4
9 23 1 15 000 5 6 1.35kg 17
10 1 1 K + Na +
10 2 2
1 1017 3 4
10-3 10-4 1250 65
10-4 50cm + + 10-5
3 10-6 10-7 10-8
3 3 3 CaCO 3 3 10-9 V 3 1/30
10-10 10-11
50 10-12 4 4 50
1 5cm 10-13
10-14 2
10-15 I A A H I I Z Z Z I A
10-16 A H H I 10-17 Z A H 10-18 A A H I H I
H H H 10-19
11-1 1 1000 11-2 2 2 4 11-3 3
6m
11-4 11-5 200 I I 40 40 28 15 35 40 420 420 15 50 400 200
4
12 13 50 11-6 28 4 5 FSH 14 27
4 4 32 6 11-7 11-7 4 11-8
11-8 280 11-9 9 10 12
20
1.15 10 kg/ 1.70 10 kg/
27 12-1 12-2
12-3 4 12-4 425
12-5
12-6 12-7 12-8
12-9
12-10 12-11
12-12
2mm 3mm 2mm 3mm 12-13 12-14
12-15 12-16 12 17
12 18 1m 2.5m 22m 12m 12 19
12 20 CO 2
12 21 18 1771 8 28 10 1846 23
500nm 540nm
80 90 5 5 CO 2
3 0.5kg 3 200ml 100ml 100ml 50 50 200ml 3 20ml 12 22
12 23
2 5 10cm 12 24
1m 6m 40 45m
100 5 5 16 CO 2 H 2 O C H O 13 N P K S Ca Mg Fe Mn B Zn Cu Mo Cl 6 C H O N S P K 12 1
12 1 ph 20cm 12 4 250ml 4 1000ml NaNO 3 0.7g 0.3g K 2 SO 4 0.25g MgSO 4 0.25g 1L N P K3 3 4 K N P 12 25 K P N
12 26 12 27 + CO H HCO CO H O H + HCO 3 2 3 2 2
1 0.1 0.7 12 28 N P K Ca Mg Si 2 NO SO H PO 3 4 2 4 NH + 4 NO 3 30100cm h
N P Mg S
12 29 A 90 180
12 40 50 5 1cm 2cm 12 12 29B 5 20 3 3 1 2 3
1 20 2 20 1880 12 30 1910 Boysen Jensen 12 31 1928 Went 1 2 12 32
1942 3 IAA IAA 12 33 4 IAA
2mg ml GA 1935 1992 86
12 34 ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA 12 35 12 36 12 2
12 2 IAA IAA GA ABA ABA
1 2 3 12 37
12 38
5 5 12 37 5 1963 200m 80
1816 30cm 30cm 6cm 12cm 2n 3n 1
2 3n 3 12 39 5 1 50 60 5 6
14 1 6 4 1041 12 40
CharlesDarwin 1809 1882 22 1831 5 950 14 100 20 1859 Thomas Malthus 1776 1834 50 7 2 2 4 20 100
3
19 DNA
DNA DNA 1 10 10 10 5 2 A a A a 3 AA Aa aa 100 2 100 3 100
AA Aa aa AA aa AA Aa D D AA =D Aa =1 D aa =0.5 1 A a 2
3 4 1 2 1 1 1 1000 10 100 1 19
13 1 Geospiza fortis 1976 6 1978 1978 4 13 2
1
2
3 13 3
30 10
4 1980 Ir 200
1 2 3 13 4
1 UUU UUC UUU U C 2 DNA 3 DNA 1968
15 18 18 19
19
20 30
1 x 2
15 24 19 24 38 39 100 14 1
3 2 3 90 99 72 65 4 5 6H 2 O 6CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2
6 ph ph ph ph ph 8 ph ph ph
ph ph 7 ph 6 7 ph 8 1 3 3 2 3
4 5 1 2
3 4 5
1 2 3
14 2 3 1000 1983 1.862 4 5 1000 1983 0.708 4 5
1 1 1 1 14 3 14 3 K
1 100 2 400ml 10 3 20 4 1ml 1 5 14 4 0 14 1
14 1 0 0 0 0
1 2
14 5 14 5 14 5 = 1 10 1 10 14 6
1kg 10kg 100kg 1000kg 1 2
3