2013 3 45 2 ( ) ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearch (bimonthly ) Mar.2013 Vol.45No.2 Evans Levinson * 胡旭辉 : Evans Levinson : : [ 中图分类号 ]H0-06 [ 文献标识码 ]A [ 文章编号 ]1000-0429(2013)02-0276-12 1. Chomsky 50 1 2 2009 Behavioraland Brain Science Evans Levinson( E&L) :(1) ;(2) : ( Baker Pesetsky Rizzi Croft Goldberg ) ; 2010 Lin- * IanRoberts 276
胡旭辉 Evans Levinson gua ( Hudson Longobardi& Roberts Abels & Neeleman ) Lingua Rizzi Chomsky 3 E&L :(1) E&L ;(2) 2.E&L 2.1 对语言共性论的反对 E&L 4 (SubjacencyPrinciple) (BindingPrinciples) wh- wh- : (1) 5 a.wheredidjohnsaythatwehadtogetofthebus b.didjohnsaywhetherwehadtogetofthebus c. * WheredidJohnsaywhetherwehadtogetofthebus (1c) where whether : (2) * WheredidJohnsaywhetherwehadtogetofthebus E&L A (anaphor) (reflexive) (reciprocal) ; B (normalnon-reflexive) ( ) (3) (3a) B(3b) A (3c) A 277
2013 2 (3)a.Johnxsawhim y. b.johnxsawhimselfx c. * HimselfxsawJohnx/himx. 6 : (4)Hexsawhimx y B him he E&L : ( ) (constituency) (recursion) (pivot) ; Dyirbal (5)a. Thewomanslappedthemanand laughed.( ( ) ) b.dyirbal yibingguyarabunjun miyandanyu Thewomanslappedthemanandthemanlaughed ( ( ) ) E&L : (6)Ultima Cumaei venit iam carminis aetas. Last(Nom) Cumae(Gen) came now song(gen) age(nom) ThelastageoftheCumaeansonghasnowarrived ultima (last) aetas(age) (embedding) E&L BininjGun-wok [Theystood[watchingus[fight]]] theystood/theywerewatchingus/wewerefighting 278
胡旭辉 Evans Levinson eachother E&L 2.2 E&L 的语言观 : 语言多样性与 文化 - 生物 双轨进化机制 E&L - - (bio-culturalhybrid) E&L E&L E&L (populationgenetics) (evolutionarysynthesis) ( ) 2.3 E&L 对语言研究新体系的总结与建议 E&L E&L : 1) : 2) :(a) ;(b) 3) (possiblelanguages) 4) 5) 6) 279
2013 2 7) : ; 7 3. E&L E&L E&L Freidin(2009) E&L :Chomsky(19731977) (boundingdomain); NP CP TP Rizzi (1978) E&L TP CP Reuland & Everaert(2010) E&L ( ) E&L (structuralcase) (bundling) Baker (Baker20012010) ( V-S-O ) V-S-O Longobar- di& Roberts(2010) Everet Pirah (Everet 20052009;Nevinsetal.2009ab) Zwart(2011) Chomksy (2013) UG 280
胡旭辉 Evans Levinson : ( [SpecTP] ) E&L Dyirbal (ergative) ( Baker Pesetsky Rizzi ) E&L E&L E&L E&L : Baker ;Longobardi& Roberts(2010) ;Reuland & Everaert(2010) Longobardi& Roberts(2010) E&L E&L ( ) ; Longobardi& Roberts(2011) 4. 4.1 语言学研究方法 E&L :(1) 281
2013 2 (2)E&L E&L (3) 4.2 对语言共性的理解 E&L E&L ( Greenberg1963/2007;Haspelmathetal.2005) E&L (MinimalistProgram) (VP) 8 T : (PF) (Roberts&Roussou2002) T (head movement) (Roberts2010) :(1) ;(2) 4.3 语言学研究的层面 E&L 282
胡旭辉 Evans Levinson E&L E&L (Roberts2007) E&L E&L 5. : 5.1 功能 形式互动下的语言变异阐释 Chomsky ( 20052007) (UG) ( p rimarylinguisticdata) ( p rinciplesnotspecifictolan- guage) 283
2013 2 ( ) ( ) (Roberts& Roussou2003;Roberts2007;Roberts& Holmberg2010) 5.2 语言进化研究中的功能 形式互动 E&L ; Chomsky (Chomsky2013) UG E&L Chomsky ( 2013) : Chomsky Chomsky (Chomsky20002013) : ( ) (event structure) (Borer2005ab) 284
胡旭辉 Evans Levinson 6. E&L : ; 1. 2.2003 2005 ( 2006) Cognitive Linguistics 2009 1 Goldberg ( Lids& Wiliams 2009) E&L 3.Lingua E&L E&L 4.E&L Greenberg E&L 5. E&L 6. (4) E&L 7. E&L 8. (lightverbphrasevp) T vp VP Foli&Harley ( 2007) AbelsK.& A.Neeleman.2010.Nihilism masqueradingasprogres [J].Lingua 120: 2657-2660. BakerM.2001.AtomsofLanguage:The Mind s Hidden Rulesof Grammar [M].New York:BasicBooks. 285
2013 2 BakerM.2009.Languageuniversals:Abstractbutnotmythological[J].Behavioraland BrainScience32:448-449. BakerM.2010.Formalgenerativetypology [ A].InB.Heine&H.Narrog ( eds.).the Oxford HandbookofLinguistic Analysis [C].Oxford:OUP.285-312. BorerH.2005a.In Name Only [ M].Oxford:OUP. BorerH.2005b.The NormalCourseofEvents [M].Oxford:OUP. Chomsky N.1973.Conditionsontransformations [A].InS.Anderson&P.Kiparsky (eds.).a Festschriftfor Morris Hale [C].New York:HoltRinehart& Winston. 232-286. Chomsky N.1977.Onwh-movement[A].InP.Culicoveretal.(eds.).FormalSyntax [C].New York:AcademicPres.71-132. Chomsky N.2000.Minimalistinquiries:Theframework[A].InR.MartinD.Michaels &J.Uriagereka(eds.).StepbyStep : Esayson MinimalistSyntaxin Honorof Howard Lasnik [C].CambridgeMA.:The MITPres.89-156. Chomsky N.2005.Threefactorsinlanguagedesign [J].LinguisticInquiry36:1-22. Chomsky N.2007.Approaching UG from below [A].In U.Sauerland& G.G rtner (eds.).interfaces + Recursion = Language [C].Berlin:MoutondeGruyter.1-29. Chomsky N.2013.Problemsofprojection [OL].htp :// dx.doi.org / 10.1016/ j.lingua (accesed03/12/2012). CroftW.2009.Syntaxismorediverseandevolutionarylinguisticsisalreadyhere [J]. Behavioraland BrainScience32:453-454. EvansN.&S.Levinson.2009.Themythoflanguageuniversals:Languagediversityand itsimportanceforcognitivescience[j].behavioraland BrainScience32:429-448. EveretD.2005.CulturalconstraintsongrammarandcognitioninPirah :Anotherlook atthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage[j].currentanthropology46:621-646. EveretD.2009.Pirah cultureandgrammar:aresponsetosomecriticisms[j].lan- guage85:405-442. FoliR.&H.Harley.2007.Causationobligationandargumentstructure:Onthenature oflitlev [J].LinguisticInquiry38:197-238. FreidinR.2009.A noteon methodologyinlinguistics[j].behavioraland BrainScience 32:454-455. Goldberg.A.2009.Esentialismgiveswaytomotivation[J].Behavioraland BrainScience 32:455-456. Greenberg J.1963/2007.Someuniversalsofgrammarwithparticularreferencetotheor- derofmeaningfulelements[a].ini.roberts(ed.).comparative Grammar.Vol.1 [C].41-74. HaspelmathM.M.DryerD.Gil&B.Comrie (eds.).2005.world AtlasofLanguage Structures [C].Oxford:OUP. HudsonR.2010.Reactionto: ThemythofLanguageUniversalsandcognitivescience : Onthechoicebetweenphrasestructureanddependencystructure [J].Lingua 120: 2676-2679. LidsL.&A.Wiliams.2009.Constructionsonholiday [ J].CognitiveLinguistics20:177-286
胡旭辉 Evans Levinson 189. LongobardiG.&I.Roberts.2010.Universalsdiversityandchangeinthescienceoflan- guage:reactionto Themythoflanguageuniversalsandcognitivescience [J].Lin- gua120:2699-2703. LongobardiG.&I.Roberts.2011.No-argumentsaboutnon-universals[J].LinguisticTy- pology15:483-495. NevinsA.D.Pesetsky& C.Rodrigues.2009a.Pirah exceptionality : A reasesment [J].Language85:355-404. NevinsA.D.Pesetsky&C.Rodrigues.2009b.Evidenceandargumentation:Areplyto Everet(2009)[J].Language85:671-681. Pesetsky D.2009.Againsttakinglinguisticdiversityat facevalue [J].Behavioraland BrainScience32:463-464. ReulandE.& M.Everaert.2010.Reactionto: Themythoflanguageuniversalsandcog- nitivescience EvansandLevinson scabinetofcuriosities:should wepaythefee [J].Lingua120:2713-2716. RizziL.1978.Violationsofthewh-islandconstraintinItalianandthesubjacencycondi- tion [J].Montreal WorkingPapersin Linguistics11:155-190. RizziL.2009.Thediscoveryoflanguageinvarianceandvariationanditsrelevancefor thecognitivesciences[j].behavioraland BrainScience32:467-468. RobertsI.2007.DiachronicSyntax [M].Oxford:OUP. RobertsI.2010.Agreementand Head Movement:CliticsIncorporationand Defective Goals [M].CambridgeMA.:The MITPres. RobertsI.&A.Holmberg.2010.Introduction [A].InT.BiberauerA.Holmberg I. Roberts& M.Sheehan (eds.).syntactic Variationinthe MinimalistProgram:The NulSubjectParameter [C].Cambridge:CUP.1-58. RobertsI.& A.Rousou.2002.Thehistoryofthefuture [A].In D.Lightfoot(ed.). SyntacticEfectsof MorphologicalChange [C].Oxford:OUP.23-56. RobertsI.&A.Rousou.2003.SyntacticChange:A MinimalistApproachto Grammati- calization [M].Cambridge:CUP. ZwartJ.2011.Recursioninlanguage:Alayered-derivationapproach [J].Biolinguistics 5:43-56. 2006 = 2003 2005 [J] (2):64-72 :2012 09 05; 2013 01 11 :Dept.ofTheoreticalandAppliedLinguisticsUniversityofCambridgeSidgwick AvenueCambridgeCB39DAUK. 287