HPC 2003.10.14
Ghz CPU Intel Pentium 4: 3.2G Intel Itanium: 1.5G AMD Athlon XP: 2.2G AMD Operton: 2.0G IBM PowerPC 970: 2.0G IBM Power 4+: 1.7G Sun UltraSparc III: 1.2G
GHz Pentium 4: 800Mhz 64bit 6.4GB Itanium2: 400Mhz 128bit 6.4GB Athlon XP: 400MHz 64bit 3.2GB AMD Operton: 1600MT 16Bitx2 6.4GB PowerPC G5: 1Ghz 32x2bit 6.4GB
GHz DRAM
GHz DRAM-
AMD Opteron Or AMD Athlon AMD-8131 HyperTransport Dual PCI-X 32bits @ 33Mhz AMD-8111 TM I/O Hub LPC FLASH USB1.0,2.0 AC97 UDMA100 10/100 Ethernet SIO 10/100 Phy 100 BaseT
PCI x2.0 533Mhz Rapid I/O 1G /3.125G HyperTransport 1.6G/pin PCI Express 2.5G Infiniband 2.5G 3G
(PCB) 200~600MHz 3G (FR4 > 1 ) : 10G FR4 24 Inch : 40G SiGe IC
Attenuation [db] 0-10 -20-30 9" FR4 26" FR4-40 -50 9" FR4, via stub -60 26" FR4, via stub 0 2 4 6 8 10 frequency [GHz]
cable 10GBaseT: 5 100 10Gb/S ethernet 800Mhz PAM10 Cat 5e UTP < 20m Cat 6 UTP < 30m Cat 7 UTP 100m
10G Sun Proximity Interconnect: by Capacitance 50Gb / pin
800nm --- 375 THz 50T
4.0 OH absorption Peaks 1.39 µm 1550 nm window Lowest attenuation Low dispersion Optical Amps (EDFA) Compatibility Loss (db/km) 0.95 µm Total Absorption 1.24 µm 0.3 Rayleigh Scattering 1.31 µm Infrared absorption of silica 0.2 1310 nm window Low attenuation Lowest dispersion NO EDFA Compatibility 1.55 µm 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 Wavelength in µm
GaAs CMOS VCSEL: Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (250µm)
load/store Total optical link latency latency (ns) 7 6 5 4 3 2 TOF (10 cm) receiver intrinsic threshold parasitics buffer @ 1 mw 1 0 LED LED VCSEL VCSEL CMOS: 0.6 µm 0.25 µm 0.6 µm 0.25 µm
1x12 2.5~3.125G 10G 40G
1 2 20 10Gb/s CDROM Workstation WAN 4 10Gb/s 8 6 10Gb/s 1 1 2 16 1 2 16 200Gb/s 320Gb/s 1.6
320(x2)G 1.28(x2) 32 64 64 64x64 32 64x64 32 64 64x64 64 32 64x64 32 64 64x64 64 32 64x64 32 64 64x64 64 32 64x64
PCB/POB
/ 3G,10G VCSEL CMOS
DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing Merges optical traffic onto one optical fiber Allows high flexibility in expanding bandwidth Reuses existing optical signals Not dependant on signal, bit rate or format
DWDM 80G 200 10Tb /
OTDM 1Tb/s
OEO vs OOO / 40G,
NxN IQ OQ Switching Fabric CQ
XBar16 128 Myrinet Spine of the Clos Network 16x16 16x16 16x16 16x16 Clos spreader network 16x16 16x16 16x16 16x16 Host 8 Host 8 Host Host 8 8 Host 8 Host 8 Host 8 Host 8 Host 8 Host 8 Host 8 Ports to up to 128 hosts (line cards) Host 8 Host 8 Host 8 Host 8 Host 8
2.5~5Gbps 144x144x5G 1000 Tb/s
Future Optical Internet IP Optical Network ATM Sonet Network OADM OADM IP/ATM Sonet Network- QoS OXC OADM HDWDM OADM OADM OXC OXC OADM IP Sonet Network non QoS IP Optical Network with cross connect
Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer Tx Tx Tx Tx Adap λ1 λ2 λ3 λ4 Transponder Optical multiplexer λ1,2,3,4 λ1 Transponder - or wavelength adaptor needed if the Tx equipment does not generate WDM ready wavelength OADM Rx All optical network Tx λ1 Amp Optical Amplifier λ1 λ2 λ3 λ4 Optical Optical ADM Demultiplexer OADM Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer Allows one or more wavelengths to be dropped or added to the linear system Rx Rx Rx Adap Rx
Optical Cross-Connect(OXC).Free Space. Mechanical Liquid Crystal. holygraph.guided-wave Integrated Optics. Thermo-optic Electro-optic. AWGR.Guided-Wave Active Component. SOA space switches.mems
Waveguide Grating Router Fixed Laser/Modulator Detector Linecard 1 λ 1 λ 2 λ 1 1, λ 1 2 λ 1 N λ 1 1, λ Ν 2 λ 2 N λ 1 λ 2 Linecard 1 λ N λ N Linecard 2 λ 1 λ 2 λ N λ 2 1, λ 2 2 λ 2 N NxN WGR λ 2 1, λ 1 2 λ 3 N λ 1 λ 2 λ N Linecard 2 Linecard N λ 1 λ 2 λ Ν 1, λ Ν 2 λ Ν N λ Ν 1, λ Ν 1 2 λ 1 N λ 1 λ 2 Linecard N λ N λ N
MEMS: Micro- Electro-Mechanical- Systems
1296*1296 MEMS (lucent) 8x8 (10 ms) 32x32 (20 ms) ( OMM inc)
Crossbars Fixed lasers Multiplexers Static MEMS Switches 40x40 MEMS #1 Fixed Filters Crossbars Linecard 1 16x55 55x16 Linecard 1 Linecard 16 16x55 55x16 Linecard 16 Group 1 Group 1 Linecard 625 16x55 55x16 Linecard 625 Linecard 640 16x55 Group 40 40x40 MEMS #55 55x16 Group 40 Linecard 640
MEMS : : HP :TI DLP/DMD :Iridigm > 200 DPI Moore
Semicondutor Optical Amplifier(SOA) switch Active (2ns~200p s) /
ms / MEMS?
>= 16Gb/s / CPU Memory Memory OS
RWCP RHiNET-3 SW 8X8 10Gbps(1.25x12) crossbar 0.14 CMOS ASIC SW LSI Martini/DIMMnet-1 64bx133M
2.5Gbps 1x12 VCSEL/PIN 12 VCSEL 12 12 VCSEL 1xN VCSEL 45
From 12x2.5G VCSEL/PIN
12x 12x VCSEL PIN SERDES FPGA Buffer DDR 266Mx64b
PCIx 133Mx64b=8Gb/s AGP 8x: 32bx133Mx4=16.8Gb/s I/O ( /DMA) DDR 266: 133Mx2x64=16.8Gb/s DDR333 + /DMA Hyper Transport: N/A
FPGA DDR
Xilinx VirtexIIpro 2VP40 4 3Mb RAMbit 2 PowerPC 405 core 12 Rocket I/O(2.5G) FF1152 $$$!
1 1:1 16G 4x4 x8g