Zhua ngxie Ba nyun C heliang ( )
( ) : : : ( 100013 10 ) : : : 1 9 9 9 8 2 1 9 9 9 8 2 1 : : 20 00 ISBN 7 114
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1986 6,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ( ) ( ) ( ),, ( ),,,,,, 1998 9
1 1 1 8 9 10 11 11 17 19 23 24 24 29 32 34 40 47 58 60 60 67 74 86 105 107 120 121 121 122 129 1
144 148 154 156 156 158 161 163 167 171 179 184 185 185 186 191 195 196 196 198 220 224 229 232 236 238 238 239 244 247 252 253 253 255 259 261 263 2
266 267 267 268 271 273 274 277 278 279 3
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,,,, : ( 0 2 ) ; ( 0 3 ),,,,,,, ( 0 4 ),,,,, 0 2 0 3 ( 0 5),, 3
0 4 0 5,,, 2 t,,,, 0 6 (2 ) 0 6,,,,,,,,,,, (3), 0 7,,,, 90,,, 0 8,,,, 2),, : 4
0 7 (1) ( 0 9 ), (2 ) ( 0 10a),,, ( 100 200mm),,,,, (3 ) ( 0 10b ),,,,,,, 2 t,, 0 8 5
0 9 0 10 3) ( ),,,,,,,,,, 4),, ( ) ( 0 11) 5) 0 11 6
0 12,,,, ( ),, ;,,,, 6) 0 12,, ( ), ; (1 ) ( 0 13),,, (2 ),,,,,, (3 ),, 90,,,,,,, 7
,, : (1 ),,,,,,, (2 ),,, (3 ),, 0 13 (4 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4 : (1 ),, ; (2 ),,, ; (3 ), ; (4 ),,, ( ), 8
,, 1.,,,,,,,, ( ) ;,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, ( ),,,,,,,,, : 1. 9
( ) ( ) : :,,,,, : 2. (1 ) ( ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) 3.,,, 1? 2?? 3?? 4?? 10
,,,,, : (1 ),, ; (2 ),, ; (3 ), ; (4 ), ; (5 ), ; (6 ) ; (7 ),, :, ; ;,,,,,,, 1.,,, ;,,,, 11
( KOH),, - - -,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 15, 1.25 1.27, 1.12 1.15, 2.1V 2V 2V,,, : : : U, V; E, V; I, A ; R, U = E + IR U = E - IR,,,, 2.7V,,, 2.1V, 1.75V,,,,, 2V, ( ) Q, A h : : I, A ; t Q = Id t Q = t, h 0 It,,,,,, 1 1 5h 3h 1h, 5h,,,,, 12
1 1 ( A h) ( A) 5h 3h 1h ( A h ) ( V) ( A) ( A h ) ( V) ( A ) ( A h ) DG 200 200 40 200 1.75 53 158 1.75 120 120 1.70 DG 250 250 50 250 1.75 69 208 1.75 150 150 1.70 DG 320 320 64 320 1.75 89 264 1.75 192 192 1.70 DG 360 360 72 360 1.75 100 299 1.75 216 216 1.70 DG 400 400 80 400 1.75 111 332 1.75 240 240 1.70 DG 440 440 88 440 1.75 122 365 1.75 264 264 1.70 DG 490 490 98 490 1.75 136 407 1.75 294 294 1.70 DG 560 560 112 560 1.75 155 465 1.75 336 336 1.70 :, D, G, 2., ( ), :,,,,, 24V, 48V 72V,,,,, : 24V, 1t 2t 48V, 72V,, ;,, P : P = Pt (1 - JC% )/ t + Pp JC%/ p kw : Pt, Pp, kw; t, p ; JC%,,, : Q = : T, h ; U, V ; P T 0.9 U 103 A h 0.9 ( V) 13
,,, ( - - 1.25V ), :, ;, ; ( ) ; 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, 1 1a), 1 1b),,,,,, 1 2 1, 2 3 4,,,,,, 1 1 1 2, ; ; 14
, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,, 2000 h, 8000 h,, ( ), Me Pe ge ne, ( ),, 1. 1 3, nmin,,,, n M, Me ma x,,, n P, Pe m ax,, 1 3,, nm np,,,, ( ) : = Me m a x/ MP : M em a x ; MP 15
,,, 1.20 1.40 : = n P/ n M n P n M, ( ),, 1.6 2.5,,, ( ), 2. :, Me Pe ge ne,,,,, 1 4a),,,,, 1.05 ;, 1.10 1.25 1.50 2.00 Pe Me ne,, Pe ne,, 1 4b),, nx 3.,,,, : 15min 15min ; 1h 1 h ; 12h 12h ;, 15min ;, ( ),,, 15min, 1h, 15min, 90%, 1h,,,, 10% 15%,,,,, ( 1 5) 16
1 4 1 5 I ; II,, : ( ), ;,,, : ;,,,, ; ;, ; :,, ;,,,,, ; :,,,, ;,,, ;,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, : ; : 1.,, 17
,,, ( ) 2.,,, 3., :,,, 4., :,, ;,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,, ;, ( ),,,, :, ;, ( ),,,,,,, 2.,,,,,, 3.,,,, 18
,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ;,,,, 4.,,,,,,,,,,,, 5.,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, ( ),,,,, ( ),,, 1.5 % 19
2% ( 20 % ),,, 30 % 35 %,,,, 4 5, 10 20,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, ( ), ( ),,,,,,,,,,, : 1), ( 1000 r/ min ),,,,, 2), : ;,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 1 6a), 1 6b) ;,,,, 1 7 20
1 6 a) ; b) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6, 1 8 1 7 1 8,,,,,, : (1 ), (2 ),,, (3 ) ( ), (4 ),, 21
;,,,,, (5 ),,, (6 ),, : ; ; ( ) :,,,, 1 9 1 9 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ;5,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, : ( ) 1 10, ( ),,,, 22
,,, 1 11, ; 1 10 1 ; 2 ;3 ; 4 ; 5 1 11 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5,,, ; ( ), ;,, 1? 2?? 3, 4?? 5 6?? 7 23
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, v vc v > vc,,, v < vc,,,,, vc - v,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,,,,,, 2 1,, OCA,, OCABO,, ADEO, 24
, ADEB,,,, : ; ; (, ) ; ( ),,, GW ( 2 2 ),,, G W, Z 2 1 2 2,,,,,, ( ), 2 1 OCA, ( ), 2 1 ADEO,,,,, 2 3a) Z ( ) G W,,, a, 2 3 Mf : Mf = Za ( 2 1), Z Mf, 2 3b ) 25
, Mf,,,,,,,,,,, Mf,, 2 4 F1, X1, X1, F1,,, Fr, r,, Mf1 = Z1 a, F1 r = Mf1 = Z1 a, : F1 = M f1 r = Z1 a r ( 2 2) f = a r, f,, : F1 = X1 = Z1 f ( 2 3) f,,,, 2 1 f 2 1 0.012 0.018 0.035 0.050 0.018 0.020 0.025 0.036 0.020 0.025 0.050 0.150 0.025 0.030, 2 5 Mf2 = Z2 a, M t,,,, X2,,, F2, : Mt = Mf2 + X2 r = Z2 a + X2 r ( 2 4) X2 = M t - Mf2 r = M t r - Z2 a r 26
X2 = M t r - Z2 f ( 2 5) 2 4 2 5,, : : M e ; M t i0 ; ig ; t, : Ft = M t r = Me i0 ig t ( 2 6) = M e i0 ig t r Ft ( ), : ( 2 7) X2 = Ft - Z2 f ( 2 8), ( Mf1 Mf2 ), : M j1 = J1 d w1 d t ( 2 9) : M j1 ; M j2 = J2 M j2 ; J1 ; d w2 d t J2 (,, ) ; d w 1 ; dt d w 2 dt (2 10) 27
, 2 6, 2 6 : a) ; b ) X2 X1 = M f1 + Mj1 r1 = M t - Mj2 - Mf2 r2 = Z1 f + J 1 = M t r2 - r1 J2 r2 d w 1 d t d w 2 d t (2 11) - Z2 f (2 12) Mt,,,, : : M je ; M t = ( Me - Mj e ) i0 ig t = ( Me - Je d e d t ) i 0 ig t (2 13) Je ( ) ; d e dt (2 12 ), : X2 = ( Me - Je d e d t ) i0 r2 ig t - d w 2 J2 d t - Z2 f (2 14),,,,, (1 ), r0, (2 ),, rs, rs,, 28
(3 ),,,,, rd, :,,,,,, rs rd (4 ) rr,, : : nw ; S nw rr = S 2 nw,,,, rr rd ;,,, rr < rd ;,, rr > rd,,, r,,,, :,,, : : = 0.930 0.935 : = 0.945 0.950 : = 0.960 0.980 r = r0 (2 15),,, 1 G, G0, G = G0 ;, Q, G = G0 + Q,, : Gcos ; Gsin, 2 Fw,,,, : Fw = C Av 2 r = K Av 2 r N (2 16) 29
: vr, vr = v + vw, vr = v, vr = v - v w, m/ s; v, m/ s; vw, m/ s; A, m 2 ;, kg/ m 3 ; C ; K = C,, 30 40km/ h,, 30km/ h,,,,, 3 Z1 X1 Mf1, Z2 X2 Mf2, 4,,,, : Fj1 = G g d v d t (2 17) : ( ),,,,, : M j1 = J1 d w1 d t M j2 M j e = J2 = Je d w2 d t d e d t, ( ),,,, 2 7, Mje, ( ), Mj e,, 2 8, Z1 Z2, ;, 30
2 7 2 8, 1 ( 2 7 ), : X2 = Ft - Z2 f X1 = Z1 f, : X2 = X1 + Gsin (2 18) Ft = Z1 f + Z2 f + Gsin = Gcos f + Gsin (2 19) Ff1 = Z1 f, Ff2 = Z2 f, Ff = Ff1 + Ff2 = ( Z1 + Z2 ) f = Gcos f, Ff1 Ff2 Ff ; Fi = Gsin,, : Ft = Ff + Fi (2 19 ),,, F, : F = Ff + Fi = G( fcos + sin ) = G (2 20) = f cos + sin i = tg,, cos 1, sin tg = i, : = fcos + sin f + i,,, : 2 ( 2 8 ), : Ft = F = G (2 21) X2 = X1 + Gsin + G g X2 X1 (2 14 ) ( 2 11 ), : Me i0 ig t r2 = Z2 f + Z1 f + Gsin + G g d v d t d v d t + Je d e d t i 0 ig t r2 (2 22) + J2 d w 2 d t r2 + J1 d w 1 d t r1 (2 23) 31
Ft = M e i0 ig t ; Ff = ( Z1 + Z2 ) f = f Gcos ; Fi = Gsin ; r2 Fj = G g d v d t + Je d e d t i 0 ig t + Fj : r2 J2 d w2 d t r2 + J1 d w 1 d t Ft = Ff + Fi + Fj (2 24),,, Ft Ff Fj,,, Fj r1 = d w2 i0 i g, : d t Fj = G g = G g = G g d v d t + Je d v d t d v d t 1 + g G d v d t i2 0 i 2 g t + r 2 2 J2 r 2 2 d v d t Je i 2 0 i 2 g t r 2 + J 2 2 r 2 2 + J1 + J 1 r 2 1 r1 d w 1 d t r 2 1 d v d t = r2 d w 2 = d v d t d t, d e d t,,,,,, ig,, G Je J2 J1,, :, : Ft = 1 + 0.03 + 0.025 i 2 0 i 2 g = f Gcos + Gsin + G g d v d t (2 25),,,, : X2 = X1 + Gsin X2 = X1 + Gsin + G g d v d t,, : 32
X2 X1 + Fi (2 26),,, X2 F, : X2 F (2 27),, F,,, ;,,, : : = X ma x Z = F Z F = Z2, : X1 + Fi X2 Z2 (2 28) (2 28 ) X1 = Z1 f, X2 = Ft - Z2 f, : Ff + Fi Ft Z2 ( + f) (2 29) f < <, : Ff + Fi Ft Z2 (2 30) (2 30 ), Fc,, : Fc + Ff + Fi Ft ( Z1 + Z2 ) = G,, ( ), ;, ;,,,,,,, 2 2 2 2 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.75 33
,,,, Ft va Me : va Ft = M e i0 ig t N r = 2 rn e 60 i0 ig 1000 ne km/ h (2 31) : M e, N m; ne, r/ min; Ft, N; v a, km/ h; i0 ; ig ; t ; r, m, M e ne, Ft v a,,,,,, Ft va, Ft v a, Ft va, ( 1 2 ),, 2 9 1, 2 3 4,,,,, ( ig = 1, i0 ),, Me ne, ( 2 10 3 ),,,,,, 2 10,,,,, 34
2 9 2 10,, ( 2 25) : Ft = Ff + Fi + Fj = f Gcos + Gsin + G g (2 25 ),,, 2 11,, ( Ft v a ), ( f i ) ( Ff va ) ( Fi v a ),, Ff va Fi va ; ( Ff + Fj ) va d v d t, ( 2 11 c ),, v c, ( f i, ),,,,,, ( Ft - Ff - Fi ), Fj, ( 2 11 v1 ),,,,,,, ( 2 11 Ft ), a,,, : 1 Fi = 0, Ff = Gf ( f = 0.015),, 35
( 2 12),,,,, vm ax ; ( ),,,,,,,, 2 12 Ft 2 11 2 12,,, - Ff,,, 2, : Ft = Ff + Fi = f Gcos + Gsin G f + Gi : F t i = - f (2 32) G ( f ),,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 3,, 36
2 11 ab v1, : Ft - F = Fj = G g a = d v = g d t G ( F t - F ) (2 33) G,,,, a va ( ) 2 13,,,, vmin, : dt = d v a = 1 a d v d v d t v 2 t = 1 d v (2 34) v 1 a a v a, 1 a v a ( 2 14 ),, 1 a v a v1 v2 A v1 v2, v a 1,,, a, 2 13, v1 = vmin, v2 va, : 2 14 1 a v a v a t = 1 v min a d v = ( v a ) (2 35),,, t v a ( 2 15) 37
,, : v = d S d t S = t d S = 0 vd t (2 36) 2 15 v1, t = 0 t = t1 t, v a, S va ( 2 16 ) 2 15 2 16,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2 17,,,,,,,,,, D ( ) D = F t - Fw G 38 ( ) D = Ft G (2 37)
, ( D v a ),, 2 18 2 17 2 18 : D = f + i + d v g d t (2 38),,, : : Pw ; : Pf ; Pi ; Pj Pw = Pf + Pi + Pj (2 39), Pw va = Pe = 2 n e r i0 ig 60 1000 kw km/ h (2 40) Pw va,, 2 19a) Pe ne ; 2 19b ) Pw va ; 2 20 Pw va : ; 2 20b) Pf = F f va 3600 = Gf v a 3600 kw (2 41) Pi = F i va 3600 = Giv a 3600 kw (2 42) 39
Pj = F j va 3600 = 1 3600 G g dv dt v a kw (2 43) 2 19 2 20,,, Pf va Pi va Pw va Pf va Pi va,,, Pf va Pw va,, ( Pw - Pf ),,,,,, ( i0 ig t ),, :,,,,,, 40
,,,,,,, : (1 ),, ( x0, y0 ), ( l, hg ) (2 ) (3 ),, 1 vm ax 8 12 km/ h, 14 15km/ h : (1 ),,, ( ),,, (2 ),,,,,,, 10% 13%,,, 15% ( = f + i = 0.12 0.15) ( = f = 0.02), 6 8,, 2 : : P, kw; G, N; P = vm ax, km/ h; t, t = 0.85 0.90 ; f Gv m ax 3600 t (2 44) f,, f = 0.02,,,,,,,,, : 41
P = P 2 1 t1 + P 2 2 t2 + + P 2 n tn t : P1 P2 Pn ; t1 t2 t n ; t, kw (2 45),,, 60min,,, Pe = ( 1.5 2 ) P, 3 i0,, ( P n ), nv, : i0 = 0.377 r nv vm a x (3 46) : vma x, km/ h; nv, r/ min; r, m, nv = 1.5 ne, ne 4,, ( ) 2 2.5,, 4 4 I = 2 Ie ( Ie ) M m ax,, 5min Mm a x,, I = 2 Ie,, : : Ft m ax = i = F t m ax G M ma x i0 t r - f,, 42 1 vma x
im ax Dm ax = f + ima x ;,, D0,,,,,,,, vm a x 20 27km/ h, vm ax = 14 18 km/ h = 25 37km/ h,, vma x 20% 30%,,, Dm ax = 0.30 0.35,,, Dm ax + f, 50% 60%,,, f = 0.02 0.025, 0.04 0.05,, 2t, D0 = 0.08 0.12; 3 5t D0, D0 = 0.04 0.06 2 = 0.05 0.08;, ( ),,,, 2/ 3,,,,,,,,, 1) D0, : F0m a x = GD0 = M e m ax i0 t r Me m ax MP = GD 0 r i0 t = M e m a x = GD 0 r i0 t : F0 m ax, N; D0 ; Me m ax, N m; N N m N m (2 47) 43
i0 ( ) ; t, t = 0.85 0.9; r, m; MP, N m;, = 1.05, = 1.25 2), : vma x = 2 rn v i0 nv = v m ax i0 0.377 r : vma x, km/ h; 60 1000 = 0.377 rn v i0 nv, r/ min; i0 ; r, m, : : np, r/ min; : km/ h r/ min nv = n P,, = 0.8 0.9;, = 1 np = n v = v m ax i0 r/ min (2 48) 0.377 r 3) : Pe m a x = M P np 9549 kw (2 47 ), (2 48), Pe m a x = 1 9549 GD 0 r v m a x i0 i0 t 0.377 r Pe m a x = GD0 vm a x kw (2 49) 3600 t, 15% 20 % 3 i0 : : vma x = 0.377 rn v i0 i0 = 0.377 rn v vm ax, : 44 = 0.377 r n P vm a x (2 50)
: im ; if ; ip i0 = im if ip, i0 12,,, if = 1 ; i0 > 12, ;,, ig n 1, 4, ( ) ig n = 1 1) ( ) ig1, Dm a x : : Ft m ax = M e ma x i0 ig1 t GDm a x r : ig1 GD m a x r Me m a x i0 t,, : : Ftm a x = M e m a x i0 ig1 t Z2 r ig1 Z 2 r Me ma x i0 t (2 51) (2 52) (2 51 ) ig1 (2 52) ig1,, ig1,, ; 2),,,, 2 21, ( ),, ( 2 21 v v ), ( ),,,,,, ( 2 22a), ( 2 22b),,,,,,,, 2 3 4 3,,,,,,,,, n1 n2, 45
2 21 2 22 2 23, ( Pe ne ( va ne ), ), va = 0.377 rn e ( ig ), va ne,, v a ne, i0 ig nmin, n2, va ne v 1, ;,,, n2 n1, n2, va ne v2, n2 n1,,, va ne,,, n1 n2,,, v a ne,, n1 n2, n3, n3 n2,,,? : n, 2 23,, v 1 v 2,, v 1 = v 2 ; v 2 = v 3, : 46 va = 0.377 rn e i0 ig = A n e ig A = 0.377 r i0,
: v 1 = v 2 A n 1 i g1 = A n 2 i g2 i g1 ig2 = n 2 n1 v 2 = v 3 A n 2 i g2 = A n 1 i g2 i g2 ig3 = n 2 n1 vn - 1 = vn, A n2 ig( n - 1 ) = A n 1 ign i g( n - 1 ) ig n = n 2 n1 ig1 ig2 = i g2 ig3 = = i g( n - 1 ) = n 2 ign n1 = q, q, : 2 23 ig1 = ign q n - 1 (2 53) n, 1, i gn = 1, ig1 = q n - 1, : q = n - 1 ig1 (2 54) 3, q = i g1,, q,, q 1.4 1.8, 2,,,,,, : 1 300 500 r/ min,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,,,, ( ), 3 47
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, D,, 2 24 1, M p M T : : D ; ; g ; np ; P ; T M p MT = P g D 5 n 2 P (2 55) = T g D 5 n 2 P (2 56),, K : K = M T MP = T P K, n T it P :,0 it P 1 it P = n T (2 57) np, np (2 58), P T K, it P,,,, : = P T PP = M T n T MP n P 48 = KiT P (2 59) P T K, it P,
, 2,, D,,,,, n P,, MP n T,, 2 25a) ; ( 2 55) ( 2 56 ) (2 58 ) P - it P T - it P ( 2 25b), (2 57) ( 2 59 ) K - it P - it P, 2 26 2 24 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 2 25 a) ; b) P, P ( 2 26a), P ( 2 26b ),, ( ),, P,,,, T : : P0 it P = 0 ; k = 1 K = 1 T = P0 k = 1 T = 0.9 1.1, (, T = 1) ; T > 1.1, ; T < 0.9,,, it P it P = 0, n T = 0, K = K0,, = 0 ( it P 1 ), m a x 0.85 0.9, ma x K0 i ( 2 27 ), m a x i 49
,, > 0.75 0.8, it P = i1 it P = i2 it P < i1, K, it P > i2, K,, 2 26 a) ; b) 2 27,,, M T = MP, K = 1;, it P < 1 C : C = M T n T MP np = n T np = it P (2 60) ( 2 27 ),, :,,,,,,,, K = 1, MT = M p,,,,,,,, 2 28,, K0,,, : ;, ; 2 29,,,,,, 3,,, 50
2 28 a) ; b) 1 ; 2 ; 3 2 29 a) ; b) 1 ; 2 ; 3 I 3 II 1) D, : MP = P gd 5 n 2 P = Pcn 2 P ( c ) it P, P, MP np i T P P, ;, i T P P,, - ( M e - ne ),, 2 30a), K - it P - it P, P - it P : P - it P, P ; P - it P, it P P, i T P = i P 2 30b) - ( Me - ne ), P,, 2 30b) MP - n P,, Me - ne G, G ;,, 5, M e - ne, Me - ne EI,, it P,,, it P MP = Me n P = ne 2 31, Me - ne, 51
2 30 a) ; b) g D 5 n 2, ne e, e - ne ( ) MP = Me, P = e Me - ne Me ne e = e, it P, P ( K, ), P, e - ne e, e, Me - ne Me, Me ne it P, it P, 2) MT n T,, it P, MP np, K, nt = it P n P M T = KMP, M T - n T - n T it P, M T - n T - nt MP - n T np - n T, 2 30, 2 32,, : (1 ) it P P, MP, n T M T,,,, (2 ) it P,,, n T, (3 ),,,,,,,,,, 2 33 - Me 52
2 31 2 32, nt, MT, 2 33 a) ; b) ; c) 53
( M T - n T ), : Ft v a = M T i0 i g t/ r N (2 61) = 0.377 n T r : M T n T i0 ig km/ h (2 62) 2 34,, : (1 ),,,,, (2 ),,, (3 ),, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, ( ),,,,, = 0.68 0.74,,,,,,,, 1, 2 35 MP - np, 4 - ( M e - ne ), 1 4, 54
, 3,,,,, D, 2,, ;, 4,,, D,,, it P = 0 2 34 2 35,,,, D: D = : M ep ; nep ; 5 1 5 p g Mep P ne p 2 (2 63),, P,,, P, P D,,,, ( > 0.75 0.80 ) P T : n T2 MT nt dnt n T1 P T = n T 2 - n T 1 : n T1 n T 2 it P = i1 i T P = i2 ( it P = im ) ; 55
MT, PT,, D,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, ;,,,, : M nm a x = Me - Mg - Ms - Mw M nmin = Me - Mg - Ms - M w : M nm a x ; M nmin ; Me ; M g, ; Ms Ms ; Mw M w ( ),, Me - ne, M nm a x - ne M nmin - ne, 2 36,, Mn ma x - ne a ( 2 63), D1, i, ;, ( ), Mnmin - ne b, D2, i, ; Mn ma x c,,,,,, D3, D1 > D3 > D2, i M nm a x - ne A, ; M nmin - ne B,, 2,, 56 - ne
1) : i0 = 0.377 nt 2 r vm a x : r, m; n T2 ( 0.75 ), r/ min; vm ax, km/ h i0 : i0 = im if ip : im ; if ; ip 2) im ax ( ) : im ax = F m a x r MT1 t = GD m a x r MT 1 t : Fm ax,,, ; M T1 ( 2 37) ; t, t = 0.85 0.90 2 36 2 37 3) d = i m ax, d, ign i0 57
= ip, ig1 = ip d, i g1 = d ign, M T2, im a x, d 1,,,,, d = 1.4 2, d = 1.5 4, d = 4 8, 3 3, 4),,,,,, q = n 2,,,,,,, q = n T2 ( ) q = n T M ( ) n T1 nt 1 ig1 = ign q n - 1, q, d = ig1/ ign : d = q n - 1 n = ln d ln q + 1 n, q ( < q), : n1 ig2 ig3 = ip d/ q = ip d/ q 2,, 1?? 2,, 3? 4,, 5? 6? 58
7?? 8??? 9?? 10? 59
,, 3 : 1,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 300 500 r/ min),, 2,,, ( ),,, ( ),, ( ) ;,,,,, ( ),,,, 3,,,,,, 60
,,, 1, 3 1 1, 5 4 3 2 9,, 6( ),,,, 12, 10, 8 7, ( ) 11,,,, 3 1 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ;13,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, 2,,, ;,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ; 61
, ; 3,, : (1 ),, (2 ),,, ( ),,,,,, ( 6 ),, ( ) (3 ),,, (4),, ;,,, (5),,, 3 2 3 2 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 14 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 15 17 ; 16,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, : 3 3 Je ( 62
), e Me, ; Jn, M, n ; M C,,,, : Me - M C = Je M C - M = Jn d e d t d n d t (3 1 ) (3 2 ) MC e n, 3 3 ( e - n ), PC = MC ( e - n ), WC : W C t t = P C d t = 0 M C ( e - n ) d t 0 t, (3 1 ) (3 2 ) Je Jn ; M, M ; MC,, MC ; Me e, 3 4, a) e, Me M C b) Me, Me > MC, e, MC > Me, e, : ( M C = 0 ) MC = M,, n = 0, t1, M MC, e ;, MC, d n/ dt, n v, t1 t2,, M C Me,, : : W 2 W 1 t 1 = MC ed t ( 3 3) 0 t 2 = t 1 t 2 = M + Jn t 1 MC ( e - n ) d t d n ( e - n ) d t ( 3 4) d t : 63
( t2 3 4 : W c = W1 + W2 ( 3 5) (1 ) M,,, M, t1, W 1 W2 (2 ) Jn,, Jn, d n/ d t, n, - t1 ), W2, Jn,,, Jn, (3 ) MC,,, MC,,, (4 ) e,,,,,,, Me = MC, 3 4a),,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1 MC Me m a x : MC = Me ma x ( 3 6), :,,,, ;,,, 64
,,,,,,,,,,,,, = 1.6 2.5 2 MC, : MC = Fp RC z N m ( 3 7) : Fp, N; ; RC, m; z, z = 2, z = 4 Fp,, : Fp = p0 A = p0 ( D 2 - d 2 ) 4 N : p0 A, N m 2 m 2 ; D d, m,, R C = 1 3 Fp RC (3 7 ), d = cd, D 3 - d 3 D 2 - d 2 D = 1.56 3 MC p0 z (1 - c 3 ) ( 3 8) D d,, : 1) p0,, p0 ; p0, p0 3 1 p 0 3 1 p 0 / ( N m - 2 ) p 0 / ( N m - 2 ) ( 2.0-4.0 ) 10 5 0.15 0.20 ( 6.0 10 ) 10 5 0.03 0.09 ( 1.0 2.5 ) 10 5 0.25 0.35 (2.0 4.0 ) 10 5 0.07 0.15 (4 6) 10 5 0.4 0.55 ( 20 35 ) 10 5 0.09 0.12 2),, 65
,,,,, 3) c c c,, D,,,, c c,,,,,,, c, c 0.53 0.67, c, c, ( 3 8 ) D, ( JB1457),, d, D, 3, FP = Mc/ Rc z,, : 1), 200 250N, 100 150mm, 180mm; 2),,,,,,,,, ( ), 2 4mm,, ( 3 5a) ( 3 5b), ( ),,,,,,,, 66
3 5 a) ; b) 1 ; 2 ;3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 1, 3 : (1 ),, ; (2 ) ; (3 ),, 2 (1 ), ; (2 ),,, ; (3 ),,, ; (4 ),,, ; (5 ),,, 3 1),,,, 67
,,, ; ( ),, ;,, 2), : (1 ),, (2 ),, 3), : (1 ),,, (2 ), ( ), ;, 3 1 ( ) 1),,,,,,,,,,, 3 6a),,,, ; ;,,,, 2) ( 3 6b) ),, ( 3 7 ),,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 68
,, 3 6 a) ; b) 1 ; 2 ; a, a, b, b ; c, d ; e ; f 2 ( ) 3 7 1 ; 2 ; 3,, 3 8 CPC30 1 ; 2 ; 3 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 9 ; 10 ; 11 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 69
,, :,, 3,,, : (1 ) ( ), (2 ),,, 3 8, 1 11 12 14, 3 2 5 3 9, 2 2 14 17 13 6, 12 ( ) 16 11 5 : 5 19 ; 5 3 1, : (1 ) ; (2 ) ; (3 ),, ( ),,,,, ( ),,, ( ) 6,,,,,, 2,,,,,,,, 3 6b) 1, 2,,, a b c d,,, a - a 70
3 9 CPQ15 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18 ; 19 71
b - b, a b, c d, vc > vd,, 3 6b f c d :, ;, f, c ;, f,? f c, c, vf = vc > vd, vf vd, f d, vf vd, f, vf, d, vd,, vf = vd vf = vd,, d ;,,, 3 6b f d c : ; f d ; vf = vd < vc, f c, vf v c, vf = v c ; f, f,,, f ; vf v c,, ; vf vc,, f c ;,,,,,,,,, 3,,, ( ),,,,,, 3 10 5, ( )3 6,,, 9, ( ), 7 11,,,, 10, 4,, 10,, 3 11,, 11 9 3, n11 n9 n3, n11 > n9, n3 = n9 3, 72
3 10 ; 2 ; 3 6 ( ) ; 4 ; 5 ; 7 ; 8 ;9 ; 10 ; 11 3 11 ( 3 10) 11, 3 11a 11, ( 0.5s 1s), n11, n9 n3 n11, 4, 9, 10, 3,,,, 11,,,,, ( 3 11b),,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, ( 3 11c),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 3 11d),,, 11,,, 7, 73
,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 4,, :,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 3 12 1,,,, 2, 2 3 4 2,, 1,,, 1 10,, 74
3 13 2, 3,,,,,, ( ), 3 3 2,,,, 1 3 12 a) ; b) 1 ; 2 ; H J 3 14 3 3,,,, 3 4 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3, 3 15 ),,, : 1) M,, : : M i, ; ii M, M = M i ii ( 3 9),,, 2),,, ( ) 2, 3 16 ( ), n i : n i = ni/ ii 75
3 13 CPD - 50 a) ; b) 76
: ni, ; ii ( ), n o : n o = no i o : no ; i o,, n0 ni i : no = ni/ i n o : n o = ni i o i, n : n = n i - n o = ni - ni ii i o i = ni ii 1 - ii i o i 3 14 1 ; 2 = ni ii 1 - i i ( 3 10 ) 3 15 : i, i = ii i o, 2, : (1 ), i i, i, : i n = ni ii i i - 1 (3 11),, i i, i, : 77 i
3 16 n = ni ii i i + 1 (3 12), i,, i (2 ) i i,, i i < 1,, : i i, ( 3 11 ) n < i i, (3 12 ) n < 2 n i ii ni ii i i > 1,,, i i m ax = d, d i i, n ma x = ( d - 1 ) ni ii (3 13) i i, n ma x = ( d + 1 ) ni ii, (3 ) ii, (3 14), ii,, ;, ii = 1,,,,,, d, n ma x, ( ),, ;, 78
,,,,,, ( d + 1 ) ni ii ( d - 1 ) ni ii,,,, 1 3 17 3 17 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ( ) ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ( ) ; 10 ; 11,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 79
, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, ( 3 18 ) ( 3 19 ), 3 18 1 ; 2 ; 3 ;4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ;14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18 ; 19,,,,,,,, 1 1), 80
,, 2, ; 6, 3 3 : ( ) ( ) ( ), 3 19 1 ; 2 3 20 b), ; a), II,, a) I ( ) :, 3 20b),, ; 3 20c),,, 3 20,, ; 3 4, 81
, 4,, 3 14,,,,4, 2, 6 8 3,, :, ( 3), ;, ;,,, :,, ig1 ig3, d = i g1/ ig3, q = 0.3 < ig3 < 1, : d, 1 ig3 q, : ig1 = i1 i2 i3 = ig3 q q ig2 = i1 i2 i3 = ig3 1 q ig3 = i1 i2 i3 = ig3 1 1 ig1 = i1 i2 i3 = 1 ig1 ig1 ig2 = i1 i2 i3 = 1 ig3 ig1 ig3 = i1 i2 i3 = 1 ig3 ig3 : i1 ; i2 i3 2), : : M gm a x, N m; m, mm m = 0.33 3 M gm ax (3 15),,,,,, 3 14, Z7 Z10 Z12,,,, b, b,,, b, m, : b = m m = ( 4.5 8 ) m b = m mn = (6 8.5) mn, mn 82
, 0, 0,,, ; 0,, ( ) 1, : = bsin 0 1 mn sin 0 = b mn m n b = m m, 0, m 0 mn mn, 0 0 20 30,,,,,, : : 1 2 ; tg 1 = tg 2 r1 r2, 3), a : a = m n : z1 z2 ; i z1 zmin, z2 a r1 r2 ( z1 + z2 ) = m n (1 + i) z1 (3 16) cos 0 cos 0, 2 3,,, (3 16 ),,,,,,, 4), 83
2,,, 1) Mc, : : M ma x, N m; M c = M m a x = M T0 ii (3 17) MT 0, N m; ii ;,,, 2) :,, = 1.05 1.25 Mc :, 3 1 ; Fp ; p0, 3 1; D ; d ; = Fp R0 zk = 4 p 0 ( D 2 - d 2 ) cr0 zk (3 18) c, :, c = 0.5 0.55;, c = 0.6 0.65;, c = 0.8 0.9; c = 0.4 0.6 ; R0, R0 = 1 D 3 - d 3 3 D 2 - d 2 ; z, z = 2 zi, zi ; K,,,, 3 2 3 2 z 2 4 6 8 10 16 20 K 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.925 0.91,,,, d = ( 0.6 0.8 ) D ( 3 18 ), D d Fp : Fp = 3) 84 M c R0 zk (3 19)
,, v : v = 2 Dnx m a x 60 m/ s (3 20) : n x m a x, r/ min, ( 3 13 ) ( 3 14 ) ; D, m v 50m/ s 4) ( ) pm Ap sp sp z, sp = z,,, = 0.0015 D( D mm), = 0.4 0.6mm pm Ap,,,,, : ( ),,, ( 3 21 ) 3 21 : pm ; pc ; Ap ; r1 r2 ;, : Fm + Fc = Fp + Fs (3 21) : Fp, (3 19) ; Fm Fc r ; Fs ; Fm ; Fc : Fm = pm Ap = p m ( r2 2 - r1 2 ) (3 22) Fc = r 2 pc rd r r 1 = r 2 = 2 4 [ r 4 2 r0, ; ; 4 - r1 ( 2 r 2 - r 2 0 ) rd r r 1-2 r0 2 ( r22 - r12 ) ] (3 23),, 85
, ;,,,,, Fs Fc,,,,, ( ),, 0.1 0.15MPa : Fs = (0.1 0.15) Ap 10 6 N Ap, m 2,,,, ( 3 17) :,,, ;,,,,,,,, Fs = 800 1000N, : pm = F p + Fs Ap = F p Ap + F s Ap (3 24), Fs ; F s ( 0.1 0.15 ) M Pa,, r1 r2 Ap, pm pm ( 0.85 1.6) MPa,,,,, pm Ap, Fp, pm Ap,, ( ), S R C ( ), ( 86
),,,,,, 3 22 3 22 a) ; b) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4, ;,,,,,,, 3 6 ; 2 4 1 ( ), K = iz = Z r Zs = D r Ds (3 25) : K ; iz,,, iz,, iz ; Zr Zs ; Dr Ds ;,,, 4/ 3 K 4.5( 1.5 K 4), 1.7 K 4.5 2 87
, : ns - nc nr - nc = iz = K : ns n r nc, K, : ns + K nr - ( 1 + K ) nc = 0 (3 26), K, : ns - K nr + ( K - 1 ) nc = 0 (3 27), : np = ( n r - nc ) : np ; zp ; 3 zr zp = - ( ns - nc ) zs z p (3 28),,,,, : Ms + Mr + Mc = 0 (3 29) Ms Mr Mc, 1),, Fs Fr Fc ( 3 23 ),, : 3 23 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 88
: Fs Fr Fc = 1 1-2 R s Rr Rc Ms = Fs R s = 1 K 1 + K 2 Mr = Fr R r = KFs Rs Mc = Fc Rc = - (1 + K ) Fs R s M s 1 = M r K = Mc - ( 1 + K ), : (3 30) Ms 1 = M r - K = Mc K - 1 (3 31),,,,,,, 2), ( ) ( ), ; ( ), 1 = 0.99, 0 = 0.98,, : Mr =, : : Ms ; Mr ; KMs 0 1 = KMs z (3 32) Mr = KMs 1 = KMs 1 0 1 z z, z = 0 1 = 0.98 0.99 = 0.97,, (3 33) Ms + Mr + Mc = 0 (3 34),, ( 3 32 ) (3 33 ) : Ms = M r = 1 K z Mc - ( 1 + K z ) (3 35) 89
, ( 3 33) (3 34) : Ms = Mr z K = M c - ( z + K ) (3 36), :,, 2 0 z = 1 = 0.98 2 0.99 = 0.95 4 Ms = M r = 1 - K z Mc K z - 1 Ms = M r z - K = Mc K - z (3 37) (3 38),,,, : : Po ; Pi ; = P o = - M o o Pi M i i M i, ; Mo, - Mo ; i o,, : Mo, : (3 39) - Mo 0 = M i i (3 40) = - M o o = - M o o = M o M i i - Mo o Mo (3 41),,, (3 26 ) ( 3 27 ),,,,,, ( ), 1,, 90
, 6 3 3 6 ( ),,, ( 3 26 ), (3 31 ) ( 3 34 ) (3 35), ( 3 41 ) 3 3 1,,, ( ), ( ) nr = 0 (3 26 ), : ns - (1 + K ) nc = 0 ns = ( 1 + K ) nc i = n i no = n s nc = 1 + K, Ms Ms, Ms = Ms, ( 3 31 ) Mo = - Mc = (1 + K ) Ms ;, (3 35 ) Mo = - Mc = (1 + K z ) Ms, : = M o = ( 1 + K z ) Ms = 1 + K z Mo (1 + K ) Ms 1 + K (3 26 ), 0, ns = nr = nc,,,, 1,, 3 3 3 3 i = n i n o K = 1.5 4 i 1 1 + K 2.5 5 1 + K z 1 + K > 0.975 2 1 + K K 1.25 1.67 K + z 1 + K > 0.988 91
i = n i n o K = 1.5 4 i 3 K 1 + K 0.6 0.8 ( 1 + K ) z K z + 1 > 0.975 4 1 1 + K 0.2 0.4 ( 1 + K ) z > 0.988 K + z 5 - K - 1.5-4 z 0.97 6-1 K - 0.25-0.67 z 0.97 7 1 1 1 1 7,,,,, ( 3 4),,, 92
3 4 i = n i n o K = 1.7 4.5 i 1-1 K - 1-0.29-1.43 K - 1 K/ z - 1 > 0.88 2 - ( K - 1) - 0.7-3.5 K z - 1 K - 1 > 0.88 3 3,, 1.25 1.67 2.5 5, 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8,,,,,, 2 :,,,,,,,,,,,, :, ( 3 24a) ;, ( 3 24b), 3 24 a) ; b ) I ; O ; M ; B,,, 93
3 24a), K1, K2, ( 3 26 ), ni + K1 nm - ( 1 + K1 ) n0 = 0 ni + K2 nb - (1 + K2 ) nm = 0 : ni ( ) ; n0 ( ) ; nm ( ) ; nb ( ) nb = 0 : i = n i n0 = 1 + K1 + K2 (1 + K1 ) ( 1 + K2 ) K1 K2 1.5 4, 1.56 2.78, 3 24,, 6,, 6,, 6,, 6 (6 + 6) = 72 36 36,,,,, ;, 3 5,, ;,,,,,,, ;, ( ),, 3,,, 3 25, ( ) (, ), ( ),, 94
3 5 i ( 1 ) ( 2) 1 i = ( 1 + K 1 ) ( 1 + K 2 ) 1 + K 1 + K 2 1.56 2.78 0.97 2 1 + K 1 + K 2 i = ( 1 + K 1 ) ( 1 + K 2 ) 0.36 0.64 0.97 3 i = 1 + K 2 + K 1 K 2 1 + K 2 1.9 3.4 4 i = 1 + K 2 1 + K 2 + K 1 K 2 0.29 0.53 5 i = - ( K 1 K 2-1 ) - 1.25-15 0.91 6 i = 1 K 1 K 2-1 - 0.07-0.8 0.91 7 i = - K 1 ( K 2-1) K 1 + K 2-0.33-1.65 0.91 : 1 K 1 = 1.5 4, K 2 = 1.5 4 K 2 = 1.7 4.5 2 K 1 = K 2 = 3, z = 0.97, z = 0.95 3 25, : 95
i3 = n = n ( 1 + K1 ) (1 + K2 ) ( 1 + K3 ) 1 + K1 + K2 + K3 + K1 K2 + K2 K3 + K1 K3,,,,, ;, ;, 2 3 3 25 2 ( ), 3 2,,, 1 :,,, ;, (,, ), 2,,,,,,,,, n,,, n 2 n ; n - 1,,, 2( n - 1), : F = 2 n - 2( n - 1 ) = 2 2, 2,,, 1,, n? n 3 n,, : 96 m = 3 n - 2( n - 1 ) = n + 2
( ) ( ), : b = m - 2 =, n n, n, n n,,, 1, n + 1,,,, K, 3 26,, 3, ( ) C,, 4,, i 3 6 n 3 26 4 T 1 T 2 T 3 ; C, ( ) ( ), K1 K2 K3, 4 3 6 i F 1 1 T 1 i 1 = 1 + K 1 F 2 2 T 2 i 2 = (1 + K 1 ) (1 + K 2 ) 1 + K 1 + K 2 F 3 3 C i 3 = 1 97
i R T 3 i 4 = ( K 1 K 3-1) 2,,,,,,, 1) n ( n + 2),, n n,,, j, : : ni ; ij j ; n0 j = ni/ ij ( j = 1, 2, n ) n0 j j j n kj nkj ni n0j, ( - nkj ),, k ( ni - nkj ) ( n0 j - nkj) 0, k 0, k ik, : ni - nkj n0j - nkj = ik : ni - ik n0j + ( ik - 1) nkj = 0 : nkj = i k n0j - ni i k - 1 (3 42) n0j = ni, : ij ik nkj = ij ik - 1 j = 1, 2, n - 1 ni k = 1, 2, n (3 43) k = j, nk j = 0,, n n,, 98
,, ni, n0 = 0( ), n0 = 0 ( 3 42) noj, k : nko = - n i (3 44) ik - 1 2), ( ) ( ),, k k nkj j, nkj,, k,, 3) ( ) k ( ) h j ( j = 1, 2, n ), k : nkj = ik ni - 1 ( i k ij - 1 ) h : nhj = ih ni - 1 ( i h ij - 1 ) : n j = nkj - nhj = ik - ih ( ik - 1) ( ih - 1 ) ( 1 ij - 1 ) ni (3 45),, ij =,,, ( 3 45 ), : n 0 = nko - nho = i h - ik ( ik - 1 ) ( i h - 1 ) ni (3 46), ( h), : n j = nkj - ni = i k i k - 1 ( 1 ij - 1) ni (3 47) n 0 = nko - ni = 3 ik ik - 1 n i (3 48),,, ( ),, ( ),,, 99
, ; ;,,, : : ;,,,,,, : : ( ) ; ( ),,,,, 3 27,, ;, A 2 3 = 6 1 : 1), 3 27,,, 2),, K 3), K, 4) K, K, 100 5),
,,, 6),, 7), 2 K, : 1) : Dr = Ds + 2 Dp m zr = m zs + 2 m zp zr = zs + 2 z p (3 49) : Dr Ds Dp ; zr zs zp ; m 2) n, : : N ;, zs + zr N = (3 50),, 3),, : : h, zp m + 2 hm < ( zs + zp ) msin N (3 51), ;,,, : : 1), K 2 zp = zr - zs = ( K - 1 ) zs 101
zp zs = K - 1 2, K > 3, K - 1 2 2) K > 3,,, : K < 3, zs = zs + zr zs = N 1 + K N 1 + K z p zs > 1,, K < 3, K - 1 2 = zs ( 1 + K ) = N = K - 1 2, : zp = N ( K - 1 ) 2 (1 + K) K N,, zs, z min > 17,, z min > 14 3) (3 52) < 1, (3 53) (3 54) z p,, 4),,, K 1,,,,,,,, :, ;,,, ;,,,,, c, c = 0.75 0.85, 0.9, 2,,, ;,,,, 102
, ( ), ( ), : 1) ( ), :, ; ( ),,,, ;,,, ( ) 2),,, ( ), ( ),, 0. 4 1 s 3) ( ), 4), 3 28 3 28 3 27 ),, 7, 8 9 13, 10 11 12, ( ), ( ) 4 5,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 103
( 0.4 1 s ),,,, 0.85 1.5 MPa,,,,,,,,,, 3 28 1 ; 2 ; 3 ;4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 1 ; 11 2 ; 12 3 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ( ) ; 18,,,, 3 28, ;,,,,,, 104
,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,, : 1),, 2),,, 3),,,,,,, : 1) 2) ; ; ( ), 3 29, 2 6,,, 90,, 9 8, 9 1,,,,,, 3,,, 7 5,,,,,,,,, ;,, 105
,, 3 29 1 ; 2 6 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9, :,, 3 30, 1, 4,, 1 1 4 2, 1 2 :, 1 4 : tg 1 = tg 2 cos (3 55) 2 = 1 cos 1 - sin 2 cos 2 (3 56),,,,,,,, :,, : 1) ; 2) 1 2 3 31, 106
3 30 1 ; 2 1 ; 3 4 ; 4 ; 5 3 31 a) ; b ) 1 ; 2 ; 3,,,,,,, 3 32,,,,, 3 33,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3 7 ( ),,,,, 107
108 3 32
3 33,,,,, 3 34 3 7 i < 7,,, i = 7 12, (,, ) i = 12 38,,,, ( ) 109
3 34 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ;5 ; 6 1., ;, 90, : (1 ),,,, (2 ), (3 ), 2. :, 3 35,,,, ;, 110
,,,,,,, 3 35, ( im, < 7) 3 36,,,,,, :, ; ( ), 90,, ( spiral bevel gears), ( = 90 ) ( 3 37a) ),, ( ), ( ) 111
3 36 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 7 ; 6 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ( 3 38) : ( 1),, 5 6,,, (2 ),,,,,, 112 3 37 a) ; b)
3 38 ( hypoid gears),,,, E ( 3 37b) ),,,,,,,,, ;,,, 3.,,,,,,,, m :,, ;,, 3 8, 113
3 8 : : : : : : : : F t F t = M 1 d 1 m 10 3 = M 1 d 1-0.5 R d 1 10 3 F r F r1 = F r2 = F x F x1 = F x2 = F t F ( tg cos cos 1 - sin m sin 1 ) F r1 = t ( tg cos m cos 1 + sin m sin 1 ) m F t F ( tg cos cos 2 + sin m sin 2 ) F r2 = t ( tg cos m cos 2 - sin m sin 2 ) m F t F ( tg sin cos 1 + sin m cos 1 ) F x1 = t ( tg sin m cos 1 - sin m cos 1 ) m F t F t ( tg sin cos 2 - sin m cos 2 ) F x2 = ( tg sin m cos 2 + sin m cos 2 ) m : 1.F t ; F r > 0, ; F x > 0, 2. : ; m ; 1 ; 2 ; M 1, N m ; d 1 m, mm ; d 1, mm ; R, 90, 1 + 2 = 90, Fx1 = Fr2, Fr1 = Fx2,,,, l 2, m,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 1.,, ;,, 114
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2., 3 39 4, 3, 8 1 5, 6 3 39 1 5 ;2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8,,,,,,,,,,, 2;, 7,,,, 3.,, 4 40, 1 ( H), 3 ( ) 4,, 115
,,, : 1),,,,,, : nx = 0 nt = nr = nk : nx ; nt n r ( ) ; nk,, 2),,,,,,,,,,,, : nt = nk - nx zx zb nr = nk + nx : z x zb,, ( ) : nt + n r = 2 nk (3 57),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4 41,,,, Fp, FQ 1 FQ2, FQ1 FQ 2 Xl Xr Xl Xr, FQ 1 = FQ2 = F p,, 2, 116 zx zb
3 40 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 3 41 1 5 ; 2 ; 3 4 Xl Xr, FQ 1 FQ2,,, M m, FQ1 r1 - FQ 2 r1 = M m,,,,,,,,,, : M l = FQ1 r2 Mr = FQ 2 r2 : M l - Mr = ( FQ 1 - FQ2 ) r2 = M m : M m M l = Mr + M m r2 r1 = M m,,,, : : Ml Mr (3 58) 1),,,, 2) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 117
,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, 3 42a) 3 43 3 42a),,,,, X Y Z, X,,,,,, 3 43,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, 40Cr 40MnB 45,,,, 0.6 M2 m ax ( M2 m ax ),,,,, 118
,, ( ),,,, :,, 3 33, : ;, ; 3,,,,, 3 43 ( > 0.975 ), : iw = 1 + z r zr zs, zr/ zs, 2.5 4.5, 3.5 5.5,, ( ),,, ( 10), zs 3 43 3 42 a) ; b) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8,,,, 119
,, F : F = 2 M s 10 3 N ds = 1.2 M 2 m ax N ds 10 3 N (3 59) : Ms, Ms = 0.6 M2 m ax, N m; ds, mm; N, N = 3 4;, N = 3, = 1.33, N = 4, = 1.25;, = 1.15, = 1.1? 1? 2, 3,, 4?? 5? 3 8 6 7? 3 14 8 9? 10 11?? 12?? 13?? 14 15 120
, : 1), ( ), ;,,,, 2), ( ), :,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 4 1, Mb, ( 8 ) ( 10 9 ),, ( ), 1 2 4 1 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ;5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 121
, 8 9 10, 12, 12 11 13, 10 7 9 8,, 1, 2 3,, 5, 10 12,, 9 8, ( ) Mb, 1, 13, M b,,,,, ;,,,,,, 4 2a) G Z Mf, Mb,,, Mj,, ;,, F2,,, Xb,, : Xb = Mb + Mf - Mj - Xb r = 0 M b + Mf - Mj r = Mb r + Ff - Xb, : 122 M j r ( 4 1)
Fb = M b r ( 4 2), Ff - M j r : Xb, : Xb = Fb ( 4 1) Xb Z,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, Xb,, (4 1) Xb,, Fb Mb,,, Fb F, Xb, Xb = Z, Fb, Xb, 4 3 4 2 a) ; b) 4 3 F b X b F 4 2b ) G1 Z1, Mf1 Mj1, F1 X1 : X1 r + M j1 - Mf1 = 0 X1 = M f1 - Mj1 r = Ff1 - Mj1 r ( 4 3) Mf1 < M j1, F1 X1,,, 123
, 4 4, : Xb + X1 + Gsin = G g : Xb + X1 = G g : Xb = M b r2 X1 = Ff1 - M j1 = J1 M j2 = J2 (4 4), : Mb r2 : G g + Ff2 - Mj1 r1 d d1 d t d d2 d t d v d t + J1 d v d t = F j ( 4 4) d v d t = F j ( 4 5) Mj2 r2 + Ff1 + Ff2 + Gsin = G g d d1 d t + r1 J2 d d2 d t r2 = G g d v d t + J1 J1 d v d t + r 2 1 4 4 d v d t d d1 d t + r1 + J2 r 2 2 d v d t J2 d d2 d t r2 = G g d v d t = 1 + g G J r 2 Fb + Ff + Fi = G g d v d t ( 4 6), Fi,,, 4 5,, : Xb1 + Xb2 + Gsin = G g : Xb1 + Xb2 = G d v g d t : Xb1 ; Xb2 Xb1 Xb2, (4 6 ), d v d t ( 4 4) ( 4 5) Fb = M b1 r1 + M b2 r2 = M b r ( 4 2) : M b1 ; M b2 ; 124
r1 r2 (4 2 ),, Mb1 = 0, M b2 = Mb,, 4 5, Fi = 0, Ff, Ff 0, ( 4 6) : Fb = G g d v d t ( 4 7) : ab = dv dt ( m/ s2 ), tb ( s) sb ( m) 1 (4 7) : ab = d v d t = g G F b ( 4 8) ab Fb,, Fb, ab 2 tb (4 8) : d t = 1 ab dv = G g 1 Fb d v ( 4 9) ( v1 v2 ),, :, v2 = 0, : t b = G g : v1, m/ s 1 Fb v 1 tb v 2 d v = G g = G g v1 Fb 1 Fb ( v1 - v2 ) (4 10), s (4 11) (4 11 ), : 1) t1,,, t1 = (0.5 0.7) s; 2) t2,, t2 = 0.2 s; t2 = 0.4 0.8 s : t = tb + t1 + t2, s 3 sb 125
: v = d s d t, d s = vd t = v d t d v d v = v ab sb v 1 v = v 2 ab, v2 = 0, : d v = sb = G 2 g dv, ( v1 v2 ) ab 1 v 1 vdv = G v 2 2 g 1 Fb 1 Fb ( v 2 1 - v 2 2 ) v 2 1 m (4 12), t1 t2,,,,, X1,, ( 4 5 ) : G g d v d t : am a x = d v d t tmin = 1 sb min = 1 am a x v 1 = Xb = Z2 (4 13) v 2 d v = am a x v 1 v 2 vd v = = Z2 g (4 14) G G( v1 - v2 ) Z2 g G( v2 1 - v 2 2 ) 2 Z2 g G Z2, (4 15) (4 16),, (4 5) : G g d v d t : am a x = d v d t = Z1 + Z2 = G (4 13) = g (4 14) tmin = v 1 - v2 g (4 15 ) sb min = v2 1 - v 2 2 2 g (4 16 ),,,,,,,, 126
s Fb, ( 4 12 ) Fb : v, m/ s; = G v 2 2 g s = va, km/ h; s, m; G, G = G0, G = G0 + Q, N Gv2 a N (4 17) 254 s, :, 20 km/ h, 6 m;, 10 km/ h, 3 m (4 17 ),,,,,, x0, y0, 4 6a) 4 6 a) ; b) Xb,,,, Z2 m a x: : G0 ( L - x0 ) + Z2 ma x y0 - Z2 ma x L = 0 Z2 m ax = G 0 ( L - x0 ) L - y0 (4 18) Fbm a x = Xbm ax = Z2 m ax (4 19) ( 7 38) : Fj G = F b G < l 2 hg2 127
Fb < l 2 G hg2 (4 20) : l2 ; hg2,,,, Mb = Fb r2,,,,,,,,,,, Fj = G, : Z2 = b L G + G h g L = G L ( b + h g ) : Z2 ; Z1 ; G ; Z1 = a L G - G hg L a ; b ; hg ; L ; : = G L ( a - h g) Xb2 = Z2 Xb1 = Z1, : Fb2 Fb1 = X b2 Xb1 = Z 2 Z1 = b + h g a - hg (4 21), a b hg,,,,,,,,, 128
,,,,,, (, ),, ( 4 7a),,,,,,,, ( 4 7b),,,,, 4 7 a) ; b), ( 4 21),, ( = 0.6 0.7),,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 129
,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 1,, 4 8 1), 4 8a),,,,,, Fp,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, y - y,,, ( 0.25 0.5mm),,,,, 130 4 9 1 9 T,
11,,,, 4 10, 8, 7,,,, 4 9 1 9 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 10 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18 ; 19 2) 4 8b),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4 8c),,,,,,,, 131
,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, y - y,, ; 3) 4 8d),,,,,,,,,,,,, : Fp, Fs,,, Fs Fp Fs,, 4 8d),,,,, Fp,,,,,,, 4 8e),,, ;,,,,, 4 10,,, 8 10 9 :, ;,,,,,,, 4 11,, 132
4 10 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 6 ; 5 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 4 11 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 8 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7, ;, 5, 1, A, 3,,, 2, 4 12,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 133
,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4 12 1 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9,,, 1,,,,, : (1 ) ; (2 ),, ; (3 ),,,, O ( 4 13 ), O,,, (, ), OO, r ma x = AA = OO r ma x, pm ax = E, E, y - y, x - x y - y, B r : 134 r = BB = BB cos( - ) = r ma x cos ( - ) - 2 (4 22)
p : p = pm a x cos( - ) - 2 ( 4 23 ) : x B OB,, ;, - <, 0, 4 13 2 C C, 0 2 4 13,, Fe, Fe N T, Fe 4 14, b, R, 4 14 d ( ) : d N = pbrd = pm ax brcos( - ) d (4 24) d T = dn = pm a x brcos( - ) d (4 25) : d N, d T d N, d N x y : d N x = - d Ncos = - pm ax brcos( - )cos d (4 26) 135
d N y = - d Nsin = - pm ax brcos( - ) sin d (4 27) N x y : 2 N x = - pm ax br cos( - )cos d 1 = - pm ax br 2 (cos 2 cos + sin cos sin ) d 1 Ny = - pm ax br [ Acos + Csin ] (4 28) 2 = - pm a x br cos ( - ) sin d 1 = - pm ax br 2 (cos sin cos + sin 2 sin ) d 1 : 2 A = cos 2 d = 1 = - pm ax br [ Ccos + Bsin ] (4 29) 1 2 [ 2-1 + cos( 2 + 1 ) sin( 2-1 ) ] (4 30) 2 B = sin 2 d = 1 1 2 [ 2-1 - cos( 2 + 1 ) sin( 2-1 ) ] (4 31) C = 2 cos sin d = 1 1 2 sin( 2 + 1 ) sin( 2-1 ) (4 32) x, 1 = - 2, 0 = 2-1,, : N x = - 1 pm a x br[ 2 0 ]sin (4 33) N y = - 1 2 p m ax br [ 0 - sin 0 ]cos (4 34) : x, : tg = N = N 2 x + N 2 y (4 35) N y Nx = 0 - sin 0 tg (4 36) 0 + sin 0 0 sin 0, 0 sin 0, tg tg, tg < tg, x, <,, T T x y : T x = 2 d Tsin = pm ax 1 br 2 cos( - ) sin d = - N y (4 37) 1 Ty 2 = 1 2 - d T cos = - pm a x br cos( - )cos d = Nx (4 38) 1 T = T 2 x + T 2 y = N 2 y + N 2 x = N (4 39) x : 136 T = 1 2 p m a x br ( 0 - sin 0 ) 2 sin 2 + ( 0 + sin 0 ) 2 cos 2
= 1 2 p m a x br( 0 + sin 0 )cos 1 + ( 0 - sin 0 tg ) 2 0 + sin 0 = 1 2 p m a x br( 0 + sin 0 ) cos cos (4 40) T N,, T T L, T L = M b0 M b0 : Mb0 0 2 = R - 0 2 0 d T = pm a x br 2 2 = 2 pm a x br 2 cos sin 0 2-0 2 cos( - ) d L = M 2 p ma x br 2 cos sin 0 b0 T = 2 1 2 p m ax br( 0 + sin 0 ) cos cos = : L0 = (4 41) 4sin 0 2 Rcos (4 42) 0 + sin 0 4sin 0 2 R (4 43) 0 + sin 0 : L = L 0 cos (4 44) L0, x L0, O ( 4 14a) N e, eo L, e N T, Fe,, T = N = N tg, Fe N, Fe x, x, v - v w - w ( 4 14b), v - v, ( 4 36) ( 4 43 ) ( 4 44 ), e, 3 : (1 ), Fe, e, L0 (4 43) (2 ) Fe N, ( 4 36 ) (3 ) Fe N ( = tg - 1 ),, T, 3,,,,, Fe,, ( ) ( ) 137
, C ;,, O CO OA, A ( 4 15 ) OA v - v, 0, ( 4 36 ) (4 43) L0, e Fe N, Fe, Fp Fs,, C, : : Fe Mb1 = T L = Fe OM = Fp = Fp BD CG BD CG OM = F e BD OC ; OM = L0 cos sin ; = + -, C1, : : Fe = Fp BD C1 G1 BD O M OCcos - OM (4 45) M b2 = Fe OM1 = Fp BD O M1 C1 G1 = Fp BD OM1 OC1 cos 1 + O M1 (4 46) OM1 = L0 cos sin = OM ; 1 = - + (4 45 ) ( 4 46 ), Fp, 138 4 15
, :, :, : M b = M b1 + M b2 (4 47) M - b = 2 M - b1 (4 48) M - b = 2 M - b2 (4 49),,,, 4 4 16, Fp, x,, Fs x, Fe x, : T y = Nx (4 51 ) : ( 4 28 ) (4 29), : Ny Nx Ny + T y = 0 (4 50) Ny + N x = 0 (4 51) ( Acos + Csin ) + Ccos + Bsin = 0 (4 52) = - = tg( - ) N x, x, N x,,,,,,, -, 2 2, 2 - = (4 52 ),, : 2 ( Asin 2 - Ccos 2 ) + Csin 2 - Bcos 2 = 0 (4 53) A = 1 2 2-1 + cos ( 2 + 1 ) sin( 2-1 ) : B = 1 2 2-1 - cos( 2 + 1 ) sin( 2-1 ) C = 1 2 sin( 2 + 1 ) sin( 2-1 ) 2 1, 1, 2, 2 1, 1 ( 4 17 ) 139
4 16 4 17 2 1 2, 0 = 2-1, v - v( 4 16 ), x = 1 + 2 v - v, : 2 L0 = 4sin 0 2 R (4 54) 0 + sin 0 N v - v = - -, N (4 51) N, N e, Fe N, x, : : Fe = Fp BD/ MD M b3 = Fe O M = Fe BD MD OM = Fe BD OM OD - OM (4 55) BD OD ; OM = L 0 cos sin 140, M b = 2 M b3
( 4 18 ), Fp, Fs, Fe, Fe Fe Fp, y, x, -, 0 = 2-1, ( 2 ) 0, Fe : Fe = Fe CM CG = F e CO + OM COcos - OM1 : M b4 = Fe OM1 = Fe CO + OM COcos - OM1 O M1 = Fe OM CO OM + 1 COcos - 1 OM1 = M b3 CO OM + 1 COcos + 1 OM1 (4 56) : OM = L0 cos sin ; OM1 = L0 cos sin 4 18 141
C y, x, = 0 x, = 0, =, : Mb4 = Mb3 CO L0 cos sin + 1 COcos L0 sin + 1 = Mb3 CO L 0 cos sin + 1 CO + 1 L0 (4 57) 5,,,,,,, : k = M b/ Fp R, 4 1,,,, : k1 Fp1 R = k2 Fp2 R Fp = F p1 + Fp2 2 k = M Fp R = k 1 Fp1 R + k2 Fp2 R Fp R, : = 4 k 1 k2 k1 + k2 (4 62) 0, h1 h2 h3, k, 4 19,,,, 4 19 k 1 ; 2 ; 3 ( ) ; 4 ; 5 1.,,,, R r : R/ r = 0.42 0.48,, t = 142
11 13mm,, 4 1 ( ) k 2 = h 1 h 2 cos l cos sin + 1 ( 4 58) k = 2 k 2 k 1 = h 1 h 2 cos lcos sin - 1 k 2 = h 1 h 2 cos lcos sin + 1 k = k 1 + k 2 ( ) k 1 = h 1 h 2 cos l cos sin - 1 ( 4 59) k = 2 k 1 k 3 = h 1 ( 4 60) h 3 l cos sin - 1 k = 2 k 3 k 3 = h 1 h 3 l cos sin - 1 k 4 = k 3 h 2 l cos sin + 1 h 2 cos lcos sin - 1 ( 4 61) k = k 3 + k 4 x, = 0, = 0, =, h 2 l cos sin + 1 k 4 = k 3 h 2 l - 1 : k 1 ; k 2 k 3 ; k 4 = tg - 1 = tg - 1 ( 0 - sin 0 tg ) = tg - 1 ( 0 - sin 0 0 + sin 0 0 + sin tg ) 0 = 2-1 0 = 2-1 = COD l = L 0 R = 4sin 0 2 0 + sin 2 4 17 0 l = L 4 sin 0 0 R = 2 0 + sin h 1 = BD/ R h 3 = OD/ R h 2 = OC/ R 0,,, 2., T,,, 5 8mm 143
,, b/ R = 0.32 0.52 3.,, 200,, 0.4 0.5,,,,, = 0.3,,,, = 6 16mm 0 90 120, 0 90 100,,,, 0, 4 : BD; OC, R ( 4 15), : h1 = BD/ R = 1.47 1.58, h2 = OC/ R = OD 2 + CD 2 / R = h 2 3 + b 2 1 h3 = OD/ R = 0.75 0.82, b1 = CD/ R = 0.15 0.20 ( 4 18 ), h1 = BD/ R = 1.26, h2 = OC/ R = 0.84, h3 = OD/ R = 0.8,, ;,,,,,, : (1 ), k,,, (2 ),, ;, (3 ),, (4 ), 144
: (1 ),, (2 ), 1, 4 20 1,, 8 2,, 15 6 6 mm 5, 7,, 3 4, 10, 11 12 13, 9,,,,,,, 4 20 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ;10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15,, 14 S,, 145
,,,, S,, S,,, 4 21 5, 1 3,, 7, 10 12,,, 10,,,, 7,, 0.1 0.2 mm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4 21 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ;12 4 22 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ;10 146
,,,,, 2, 4 22, : (1 ),, p,, (2 ),, (3 ), (4 ),, 1, : Mb = 2 Fp Re (4 63) : Fp ; ; Re ; Re = 2 3 R 3 2 - R 3 1 R 2 2 - R 2 1 = 2 (1 - c3 ) 3 (1 - c 2 ) R2 2 R R2 ; c R1/ R2 R2 R, (4 63 ) : : M b = 4( 1 - c3 ) 3( 1 - c 2 ) F p R (4 64) k = M b Fp R = 4 (1 - c3 ) 3 (1 - c 2 ) (4 65), k,, Fp, 2 : 1),, 147
R, R2 R1 2), [ p0 ],, = 0.3 0.45, = 0.3 [ p0 ] = 3MPa 3), Mb, ( 4 62 ) Fp Fp, A : A = Fp z[ p0 ] : [ p0 ] ; z,, z = 1 2 R2 R1, A 60,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 4 1 ( ) 1, 2 4 3,,, 5 6,, 7, 10 12, 8,,,,,,,,,,, 4 23 148
6, 16 9, 6, 8, 6 5 7 5, 14 11, 8, 9 4,, 6 ( 4 24a),,, 8, 5, ( 4 24b) 8, 5, 8 50 100 kpa, ( ),,, 4 24 a) ; b),, 4, 9 11,, ; 3,,,, 4, 9,,,,,,, 4 25, 1 4 23 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 149
, 2, 3 4, 4 5 6,, 7,, 5,,, 8, 9, 10, 9, 9 8,, 9 10, 9, 4 25 1 ; 2 ;3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10,,,, ( ) (50% ) (50% ),, :, ( p = 8 9MPa), ; ;,, 500N, 150mm,, 100 120mm, : ( ) ; (0.1 0.3 s) ;,,,,,,,,,,, 4 26, ( ) 1 3, 900 1000 kpa 4 7 150
8, 5, 6 8,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4 26 1 ;2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 4 27 16 22 4 10, 18 A, C 16 D ( ) 3, E F H G 17, 5 6 7 8 5 9,, 9 8,,, 14 19 2, 18 H, 5 4 27 151
4 27 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18 ; 19 ; 20 ; 21 ; 22, 4, 14 ( 4 28a), 5 2 ( ), ( ) A H, C, E, F 17 G G, 14, 17 5, 2, ( ), G,, ( 4 28b), ( ),,,,,,,,, ( 4 28c),,, 14 ( 4 27 11 ) 152
4 28 a) ; b) c) ; d) ( 4 27) 5 2 ( ), 5 D, ( 4 28d),,, 14 5 7, 14,,,,,,, 4 29 3 6 2, 1,, 5,,,,,, 4 29 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9,,,, 153
,,,,,, 4 30 1, 5 9,,, 8 4 30 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ;11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 4 31 2 7 2, 7, 13,, 19,,, 6 15 18 32,,,,, 1. 154
4 31 1 ; 2 ; 3 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ;15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18 ;19 2.,,, 3.?? 4.,,? 5.?? 6., 7.? 8.? 155
,,,,,,,, 5 1,, ;,,,,, O,, ( ) Z1, ( ) X1 = Z1 f,, F1 x ( 5 1b), Fx = F1 cos : F1 cos Z1 f F1, : 5 1 Z1 > F1, : > f cos ( 5 1) f < <,,, f = 0.02, = 0.8, = 88 30,,, f,,, :, ;, ; 156
, :,, 5 2 5 2 a) ; b) ; c) ; d ) 1. ( 5 2a), ( ),,, 2. ( 5 2b),,,,, 5 2b) : ctg - ctg = OD - OE = M ( 5 2) L L M L, (5 2) 3. ( 5 2c),,,,, : ctg - ctg = 2 M L ( 5 3), L ma x, O OA, OA,, 5 2 157
: R = OA = Lctg m a x ( 5 4) : R = OA = Lctg m a x + M 2 ( 5 5) : R = OA = L 2 ctg ma x + M 2 ( 5 6) : R > R, R > R,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, ;,, ;,,,,,,, ( 5 2d),,,,, :,,, 70 %, 20% : ;,,,, ( ),, ( ) ( ) 5 3,, ( ),,,,, 5 3 158
5 3 1 ; 2 ; 3 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12,,,,, ( 5 4 ),,,,,,, ;,,,,, 159
,,,, 1., ( 5 5a),, a b ( ),, Y, Y b, 5 4 a) ; b),,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, ( ), 3,,,, = 0 2.,, 5 5b),,, (,, ),,,,,,,,, Z1, Z1 sin esin,, e,,, ; e,, 8 3.,, ( 5 6a),,,,,, 160
,,, 1 1.5,,,,,,,,,, B A, A B,, 5 5 a) ; b) 5 6 a) ; b) ( ),,,, : 1.,, 2.5, 161
2.,, ( ),, ;, 3.,, (5 2),,,,,, ;,, ( ),,,,, 5 7, :,,,,,,, ;, ( ),,,,, ctg - ctg = M/ L,, 162 5 7 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8
( ) ( ) ( ),,,,,, ;,,,,,, :,,, 5 8,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 60 5 8,,,,,, 15,,, : is1 = = 2 = 2 R s s R :, ; s, mm; ( 5 7) 163
5 8 1 ; 2 6 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 164
R, mm 5 9 5 9 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ;8 ; 9, 23,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, e,, ( 5 9), : : s, mm; is1 = 2 R 2 s R2,, mm ( 5 8),, 165
,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, : + = - = : + ( ) ; - ( ) ; ; tg tg( + ) tg( - ) tg ( 5 9) (5 10), - = 0,,,,,,, :,, = 0.1, = 6, - = 0, + 0.5,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, ),,, (5 7) (5 8),,, s, : : d1, mm; s = d1 tg, mm (5 11),,,, = 0.005 0.01, = 18 36, = 6, + = 0.90 0.96, - = 0.89 0.94,,,, + 166 = 0.7 0.8,
,,,, ctg - ctg = M/ L, 4,,,,,,, : ( 5 10a), M ; ( ) ( 5 10b),, 5 10 ctg - ctg = M/ L, L M, :, m M m/ M,,, m, m, m/ M = 0.11 0.15 = 70 80 5 11a) : ctg = M 2 x L (5 12) x 1 M/ L m/ M, 5 11b) x,,, ( ), ( 5 2),, 1 2,, 167
5 11,, : 45, ( 5 2 ),,,, ( ),, ( ) 85, 6 ( 5 2 ) 6,,, ( 5 7 ),,,, 3, 5 12 5 12 a) ; b ) ; c),,,,,,,,,,, 6, M 5, m, 168
, O s, u ( 5 13),, ( m/ M s/ M u/ M )?,,, M/ L,,,,, 5 13, ( ),, 5 14,,, ( ),, 5 14, ;,,,,, M, 4, ( ) m,, l, ( ) ( ) e, M/ L = 0.48 0.62, : k0 = m/ L = 0.11 0.145, k2 = l m = 0.9 1.3, k 3 = e/ m = 0.045 0.078, = 82 95, 1,, 1. 169
( ) ( ), :,,,,,,,,, 5 15 5 15 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8,,, ( ), 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5 16,,,,, 3 5 16 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9,,, 9, 170
, 4,,,,,,,,,, ( ), ( ),,, 5 17, 5 18, 5 18 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ;7 1 5, ( ), 3, ( 2), ( ) ( ), 4,, ( ), 7, ( ), 5 7 6,,,,,,,,,, 7, 171
,,,,,,,, 7,, 7 6,,,, 7 5, 6,, 7, ( ), ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10 25N,,,, ;,, :,,, ( ),,,, : ( ),,, 4) 4, 5 18, 1. 5 19,,,,,, 5 20 172
5 19 1 ;2 ;3 ;4 ;5 ; 6 ;7 ;8 ; 9 5 20 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 173
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0.5mm,, 2mm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2. 5 21 :,, ;,,,,,, ; ; 5 21 1 ;2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ;6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10, ;,, ;, 5 22 1.,, ( ), ( ) ( ),, 174
5 22,,,,,, :, ; ( ), 5 23 5 18 : 5 23 1 ; 2,,,,,, 175
,,,,,,,,, 5 24 :,,,, 5 24 a) ; b) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ;4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 2., 5 25 5 25 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ;10 176
, C - C,,,,,, ( ),, ( ), z ( ), z,, 7,,,,,,, ( 5 26 ),, m n,,,,, 15,,,, 5 26 1 ; 2 ; 3, 4, P, O, A B c,, P O A B, P O A B, ; H h, c, d l,,, 5 27 177
5 27 a) ( I, II ) ; b) ; c) ( I, II ),,, p1 d,, l, III, o, a b, ( 5 27b),,,,,,, p2 I h, h II a, A B b III o, ( 5 27a) I),,,,,,,,,,, : p2 I h h II b B, A a III o,,,,,,,, 15,,,,, 15,,, ( 5 24 5 25 ), (, ), 5 27c),, ;,, 178
:, ( ), 5 28,,,,,,, ( ),,,, M z,,,,,, 5 28,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1/ 2 1/ 3, 1.,,,, B, p, Ms, : Ms Ms = Z1 B/ 2 = p 2 r 2 d r = 0 12 pb3 4 B2 p = Z1 B 3 = Z1 N m (5 13) 179
:,, = 0.7 ; Z1, N ;, = B 3, m, 2.,,, 5 29 O e, e, : : Z1, N ; ;, m; h, m Ms = Z1 e 2 + 2 = Z1 h N m (5 14),, e/ B 5 30 ( = 0.7 ) e/ B : e,,,, e, e, Ms, 5 29 5 30 e B,,,,,,,, 180
,,,,,,,,,,,, 5 31, 5 31 : O, O,, O O O,,, O, O, O O,,,,,, ( ),, :,,,,,,, 181
,,, O O,,,,, 5 31,,,,,,,,, 5 31,, O,, 5 31,,,, O,,,,,,,,, ( ) 100N, 5 ( 2.5 ),,,,, M s, ( 5 32a) ;, ( 5 32b) : M s = Ms 5 32 M s c a + c a M s = Ms 1 + a a : c c ; a) ; b ) (5 15) (5 16) a a, c c a a, M s 182
,, M s : Mh = Fh Rs : Fh, Fh = 100N ; R s, m, 400mm 450mm 500mm 550mm 4,,, : : ; M h s = M s (5 17) ; ; s, 1, +, s = 0.95, s = 0.9, s = 0.7, : is = = M s M h s (5 18) :, m a x m a x, : m ax = m ax is (5 19),,, : 2 m ax = ( ma x : m ax ; m a x m ax + ma x ) is (5 20) m a x,, is : : ; is1 ; is2 is = = = i s1 is2 (5 21) is2,, ( ), : : lf ; l is2 = = l f l (5 22) l lf,,, lf l, is2 1, is is1, is 16 32 183
is, ; is,,,, : ;,, ;, ;, ;,, ( ) 1. 2.?? 3.??? 4.?? 5., 6.?? 7. 8. 9.? 10.,? 184
,,, 6 1 6 1 a) ; b),,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, 185
,,, ( ),,,,, ( ),,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, 1. 6 2,,,, 3,, ( ), (, ),, ;,,,,,, 3,,,,,,,,,, 186
,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,, 0.7 0.75,, 0.8 0.85,,,,, 6 3, B - d, B, d, D B d, D, B, d, ( Ply Rating, PR ), : 9.00-16 PR14 7.0 6 3 6 2 a) ; b) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 3.,,,, 187
,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, ( ),,,, ( ),, ( ),,,,,, 1.,,,,, ( ),,,,,, ( 6 4 ) : ( DC) ( WDC) ( FB) ( WFB) ( SDC) ( TB ) ( DT ) 5, : - ( ), 5.50F - 15( FB),,,, 13-25( WFB), ( 6 5 ),,,,,,,, 2.,, ( ),, ( 6 6a) ),,, ( 6 6b) ), 188
6 4 a) ; b ) ; c) ; d ) ; e ) ; f) ; g ) 6 5 a) ; b ) c) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4,, 6 7,,,, 6 6 a) ; b ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 1. ( superelastic tyre),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 25 km/ h,, 189
6 7,, : D B - d, D, B, d,, : B - d, 2. 6 8 6 8 a) ; b) ; c) d),,,,,, 190
,,,,,,,,,,, 15 km/ h, :, A B C; mm, A/ B C, A, B, C, C, : km 8 km10 km15, km, 8 10 15 ; ks15/ 6 ks15/ 8, ks, 15 6, 15 8,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 6 9), ; 6 9 6 10 6 11 U,,, ; 191
6 10 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 6 11 1 U ; 2 U ; 3 ; 4 1. 4 : ; 192
; ;,, 1),,,, 6 12,,, M bm ax Xbm a x = Mb m ax/ r, Z2,,, 4 2),, 6 12,,,, 3), Z2 d, : : Z2 ; Z2 d = kd Z2 ( 6 1) kd,,, kd = 2.5,, 4), G2, Fy2,, : :, = 0.8 ; Z2, Z2 = G2 Fy2 = Y 2 = Z2 ( 6 2) Fy2 hg,,, Fy1 K ( K ), Fy1 ( hg - K ), ( 6 13) : Z2 L = G 2 2 + F y2 hg B = G 2 2 Z2 R = G 2 2 - Fy2 hg B = G 2 2 + F y1 ( hg - K ) B 1 + 2 hg + F y1 ( hg - K ) B B - 1-2 hg B Fy1 ( hg - K ) B - Fy1 ( hg - K ) B ( 6 3) ( 6 4) 193
6 12 6 13 : hg, m; B, m, : Y 2L Y 2 R = Z2 L = Z2 R Z2 L Z2 R Y 2 L Y 2 R,,,,,, ( 6 4 ) Z2 R, Fy2 Fy1, Z2 R 0,, 2.,,,,, 6 14, Z1 L Z1 R, : 1) : 6 14 Z1 L = Z1 R = kd : G1, N 2) Fy1 : : K m; B1 m, 194 G1 2 Z1 L = G 1 2 + F y1 K B Z1 R = G 1 2 - Fy 1 K B ( 6 5) ( 6 6) ( 6 7)
Y 1 L = Z1 L Y 1 R = Z1 R ( 6 8),,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, ;,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.?? 2.??? 3.?? 4.? 195
,,, ( ),,,,,,, ; 1 : ( 1) :, (2 ) :,,, (3 ) :,, :, 6 m, 196
( 4) :, :, (5 ) :, (6 ) : : (7 ) :,,,,,,,,, 2, : (1 ) :,, (2 ) :, m Q ( t) m Q < 1 1 m Q < 5 5 m Q < 12 12 m Q < 18 20 m Q 42 D( mm) 400 500 600 900 1250,,,,,,,,,,,, (3 ) :, (4 ) :, (5 ) :,, 197
,,, 0.5 m/ s (6 ) : vm ax km/ h, vm a x = 10 15 km/ h = 18 25 (7 ) :,, (8 ),,,,,, ( ), ( ),, (9 ), ( service mass service weight),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7 1, 198
a) b) 7 1 a) ; b ) ( ),,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, 6, 10 12,, 199
,,,,,, 7 2,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 7 2,, : h = 2 s vh = 2 vs ( 7 1) : h, m; s, m; vh, m/ s; vs, m/ s : : Q, N; Gh, N; FC = 2( Q + Gh + Fz1 ) 1 + Gs + Fz2 N ( 7 2) z z, z = 0.98 ; Gs, N; Fz1, N; Fz2, N, : Fc = 2( Q + Gh ) 1 q : q, q = 0.8 0.85 200 ( 7 3)
,,,,,, ;,,,, : Pq = F c vs = ( Q + G h ) vh kw ( 7 4) 1000 y 1000 q y : y, y = 0.7 0.8; 1,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,,, 7 3, : M h = Q( D + a ) + Gh b - S rl 7 3 = Q( D + a - rl ) + Gh ( b - rl ) N mm ( 7 5) : D,, mm; a, mm; b, mm; rl, mm; S,, S = Q + Gh, N,, : : F1, N; F2, N; Ag, mm F1 = F2 = M h 2 Ag, : ( 7 6) 201
Fz1 = 4 F1 f 1 N ( 7 7) : f 1, f 1 = 0.008 0.01 2, ( ) ( ), Hm ax, : HM = Hm a x + hg + hj = Hma x + Ag + Dg + hj ( 7 8) : Hm a x ; hg, hg = Ag + Dg ; Ag ; Dg ; hj, H = H M + ( 7 9) :,,,,,,,,,,,, : H M = H m a x 2 : + hg + hj = H m a x 2 + Ag + Dg + hj (7 10) H = HM + = H m ax 2 + Ag + Dg + hj + (7 11),,, ( ),,,,,, h, h 2,, 202
,,,,,,, 1, 150 300mm,,,,,, ( 7 23),,,,,,,,,,,,, : HG = H m ax 2 + hd + hl + hj (7 12) : Hm a x, Hm a x 2 ; hd ( ) ; hj ; hl ( 7 10 ), hl D, Ag hd, HM > HG, 100 200 mm,,,, 7 4,, ;, ( ), ;,,,, ( ),,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, 2, ( 7 11) full free lift,, 203
7 4,,, H m a x 2, ( ),, ( 7 5) 7 5 a) ; b)?, ( 7 6 ) 7 6a) ( 7 7) ( ), ( ), :, ;,,,,,, A, B,,,, vs,, vh = 2 vs, 204
,,,, H m ax 2, Hm ax,, 2,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 7 6 a) ; b),,,,, 7 6b),,,,,,,,,,,,, Hm ax,,, 2,,,,,,,, 205
,,, Hm ax,,, 8 m,,,,,,, : HM = H m ax 3 + hg + hj (7 13) : H = H m a x 3 + hg + hj + (7 14),, : 1, 7 8,,,,,,,,, 7 7 1 ; 2 ; 3 ( ) ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ;8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12, h, h,, h, 2 h,, 2 h, 3 h,,,,, : : Q ; 206 Fc = 3( Q + Gh ) + 2 Gn + Gz + Gs (7 15)
Gh ; Gn ; Gz ; Gs,,,, 3, 2 7 8 ( ) 7 9 ( ) 7 9,,,,,,, h, h,, 2 h;,, h s, 3 s, v, 3 v,, h,,, : Fc = 3( Q + Gh ) + 2 ( Gn + Gs ) + Gz + Gg (7 16) : Gg ; Q Gh Gn Gz Gs, 207
,,,, 2,,,, 2,,, 7 10,,,,, ;,,, 7 10 7 11 1 ; 2 ; 3,,,,,,,,, Fc = 2( Q + Gh ),, 1 3 H m a x,, 208
, ( ),,,,,,, Fc = 2 ( Q + Gh + Gn ) + Gz,,,,,,,,,, ( 7 11 ),,,,,,,,,,, : ( 7 12 ),,,, 7 12 a) ; b),,,,,,,, ( 7 12),, 209
: F0 S n (7 17) : F0, N; n, n 5 ; S, S = ( Q + Gh )/ 2, N,,,,,, 1 L,, ( 7 13 ),,,,,, ( 7 14 ),, 7 13 a) ; b) 7 14,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 7 13a) ( 7 13b), : ( ), L,,,, ( 7 15),,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 210
7 15, ( ),, 2 ( ) l,, ( a b), D, l 2 D, 2 D l,,,,,,,, 1),, 7 16a),,,,,, 7 16b) 7 16 a) ; b), F,,,,,,,, 2) 7 17,, 7 17 a) ; b) ;c) ; d),,,, 211
,, F = Q/ 2, n 1.5 3), ( F = Q/ 2 ), ( 7 18 ), f, f = l 50 7 18,,,,,,,,,,, 7 19 a) ; b),,,, 212
,, ( 7 19), ( 7 20 ),,,, 7 20,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7 19,,, 7 21 ( 7 22 ),,,,,,,,,,, 213
,, :,,, 1, ;,,,, 7 21 1 ; 2 7 22 1 ; 2 ; 3,, 7 23,, ( J ) ( L ) ( 7 24 ),,,,, 7 24a),,,,,,,,,,,, CC CI CJ CL II ( 7 24) CC, ;,,,, 214
CI CJ CL II :,,,,,,,,,,,,, CJ CL,,,,,, 0.5 2 mm,,,, 7 23 1 ;2 ;3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 (0.5 1 mm),,,,,,, 2,, 7 24 a) ; b) CC ; c) CI ; d) CJ ; e) CL ; f) II 1 ; 2 215
, 1) ( ),,,,, ( 7 25 26 ) R2 R1 : R2 = Q( D + a + e) + G h ( b + e) + Gm e lm R2x = R2 cos R2y = R2sin R1x = - R2 x R1y = - ( Q + Gh + Gm ) - R2 y : R2x R2 y x y ; R1x R1y x y ; Q Gh Gm 2),,, ( 7 25 ),,,,,,, (, S ;, 2 S ),, 7 26,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7 27,, F1 F2 ;, F3 F4,, 216
7 25 Ag, 4, : F3 = F4 = F1 = F2 = Q( D + a + re ) + Gh ( b + re ) 2 Ag D a b re Ag 7 27a), 7 28a), F2, M x = F1 Ag, Q = F2 = Fi, J I,,,, 7 27 A, M, F1 F2 F1 e1 7 26 217
F2 e1, F3 e2 F4 e2 ( 7 27b 7 28b), :,,,,,,,,,, F2, F2 7 27 a) ; b) ;c) 7 28 a) ; b ) F3 F4, R1 R2 S,,, F4 3),,,,, Fi,,, x ( ) z ( ) Fi, Fi 7 29 B, Fi, ( y ) t,,,,, ( ) I J,,, j: 218 j = 0.418 Fi E Br j MPa
: Fi, N; B, mm; r, mm; E, E = 2.06 10 5 N/ mm 2 4),,,, 7 29 a) F i ; b ) ; c) 7 30,,,, ( 7 30 ), : : f, mm; f 1, mm; 1, rad;, mm; f = f1 + 1 ( l2 - Ag ) + ( l2 - Ag ) + f 2 (7 18) l2,, mm; Ag, mm; f 2, mm f 1 f2 1 Ag 219
,,,,,, :,, 1,,,,,, OA ( 7 31) R,,,, m a x 85, ( 7 31 a), : : L ; M ; m a x R = Lctg m ax + M 2 7 31 a) ; b) ; c),,, 90,,, ( 7 31b) ;,, 90, O, R = 0,, 7 32 :,, 220
Rmin,,,, R min Rmin > R min,, R1 7 32,,,,,,,, R, ( ), L M,, 2, ;, K, Rmin R min R1 K,, R min, Rmin R min R1 K K( K ), ( 7 33 ) : ; R O; O Rmin R min ( R min ) R1 ; Rmin, R min ( R min ),, E ; E, R1 B ; B,, K( K ) R min R min, R1 K = Rmin,, - R1, R1, ( 7 33b), ( ), e = 100 mm,, 3,, 221
7 33,, 90, W R 1) R W 2 ( 7 34a) S = R min + L3 + B + 2 e (7 19) : S ; Rmin ; L3, ; B ; e 2) R < W 2 < ( R min - R) ( 7 34b) : S = Rmin + R2 + 2 e (7 20) : R2 : R2 = ( L3 + B) 2 + ( W 2 - R ) 2 3) W 2 > ( R min - R ) ( 7 34c) : S = W 2 + R + R 2 + 2 e (7 21), : 1. 1),, :,,,, 2),, 222
,, 7 34 3),, 4),, ( 7 35 ),,,,,,,,, 7 35,, 2. 1) (, ) 2),, 223
,,,,,, K : K = M M : M ; > 1 M,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, Fj, A Fj h, h ; G( G = G0 + Q, G = G0 ) A Gl( Ge), l( e) ; Fj h Gl Fj/ G l/ h (7 22),, Fj/ G, ( 7 22 ), l h,,,, tg i = Fj/ G,, l/ h = tg > tg i = Fj/ G, 7 36,,,,,,,, 224