?????????? 1 10 1 9 16 24 33 34 11 39 46 56 64 71 81 82 12 86 95 95 104 114

2 122 124 13 130 139 145 154 160 170 172 14 178 185 191 198 206 208 15 212 218 227 234 240 248 249

?????????? 16 253 3 258 264 269 269 276 279

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 櫨 1

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 2 3 10 15 4 1 nm 1nm = 10-9 m 2 櫨 櫨 10-1 2

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? 櫨 10-1 3 10-2 10-2 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 1nm = 10-9 m 0 1 ~ 100nm 100 1 /6

4 10-3 l l l : l l : l = 600: 1 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 10-3 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 0 1nm 0 1nm 10 10-4 10-4 1 2 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 1

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 22003 10 15 9 2003 10 16 6 23 3 檹 1 5 2 0 3 ~ 0 4 3 4 5 1 檹 1 10-5 10-5

2 3 10-6 10-6 4 10-6 5 6 F 1 F 2 F 3 A F 1 = F 2 = F 3 B F 1 > F 2 > F 3 C F 1 < F 2 < F 3 D 6

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 7 0 4 nm 7 檹 1 2 3

2003 10 15 9 10 16 6 23 8

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? 櫨 1 9 1 2 kg t g mg 1t = 1 000kg 1kg = 1 000g 1g = 1 000mg 3 1 2 a b c 3 a b c d 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 2 1 m = m - m 0 m 0 2 m 3

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨 櫨 1 2 櫨 1 10-7 10-7 2 A 0 06t B 6kg C 60g D 60mg 10 20

?????????? 1kg 0 05kg A C D A 60kg C 0 06kg D 0 000 06kg C 3 11 A B m C m - m 0 D m 0 E E D B C A D B 4 2 1 2 3 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 櫒

12 10-8 80g = m + 2 4g m = 77 6g 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 10-8 20m m M L = M m 20m 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 50g 5g 2g 50mg 3 10mg A 57 250g B 57 080g C 57 80g D 57 530g B 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 6kg A 6kg B 6kg C 6kg D 1kg 6kg C

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 檹 1 13 2 3 6 0 10 24 kg t 10g kg 45 5 6 4 a b 2kg c d 2kg e 100-10 f 5 10-9 10-9

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 14 6 200g 0 02g 檹 1 50g 20g 5g 2g 500mg 50mg 10-10 g 10-10 2 A B C D 3 A 600 B C D 4 A B 1kg 1kg C D 5 A B C D 6 A B C D

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 檹 1 2 A B 0 C D E F 15 G H 3 50g 1 20g 2 10-11 10-11 300 ~ 800mm 20 ~ 30mm 5 ~ 8mm 10-12 10-12 200g 100g 50g 20g 20g 10g 5g 2g 2g 1g 500mg 200mg 200mg 100mg

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨 1 2 1 2 3 ρ = m V ρ m V ρ = m V ρ = m V 16 4 / 3 kg/m 3 / 3 g/cm 3 1kg/m 3 = 1 10-3 g/cm 3

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? 1g/cm 3 = 1 000kg/m 3 ρ = 1 0 10 3 kg/m 3 1 1 0 10 3 kg 櫨 櫨 17 1 17 8kg 2 10-3 m 3 17 8kg 2 10-3 m = 8 9 3 103 kg/m 3 1m 3 8 9 10 3 kg 35 6kg 4 10-3 m 3 2 / 3 kg/m 3 / 3 g/cm 3 ρ = 7 8 10 3 kg/m 3 g/cm 3 7 8 10 3 kg/m 3 = 7 8 103 kg = 7 6 106 g 1m 3 1 10 6 cm = 7 3 8g/cm3 櫨 1 A 1 B 2

C D ρ = m V ρ m ρ V A B D C 2 kg/m 3 200cm 3 g kg/m 3 1 0 10 3 g ρ = 1 0 10 3 kg/m 3 = 1 0g/cm 3 ρ = m V m = 200g kg/m 3 200cm 3 200 10-6 m 3 200g 1 0 10 3 kg/m 3 1 10 3 kg/m 3 1cm 3 = 10-6 m 3 1kg = 10 3 g 3 10-13 A B C M V A B C ρ A ρ B ρ C A ρ A > ρ B > ρ C B ρ A > ρ B < ρ C C ρ A < ρ B > ρ C D ρ A < ρ B < ρ C 10-13 ρ = m V A B C 18 V ρ = m V

?????????? ρ A > ρ B > ρ C A 1 M V 2 A B C ρ A ρ B ρ C 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 19 1 ρ > ρ m > m 櫒 2 ρ = ρ m > m 3ρ < ρ m < m m > m m = m 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 1 A B C D 2 1 B 2 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 m = ρvm > m ρ > ρ

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 STS 10L 10 18kg ρ = 2 5 10 3 kg/m 3 10L 1m 3 V + V = 10L = 10-2 m 3 1 m + m = 10 18 kg 2 m 1 + m = 10-2 m 3 ρ ρ m 2 5 10 + m = 10-2 m 3 3 3 1 0 10 3 23 m = 9 88kgm = 0 30kg 10 L = 10-2 m 3 0 30kg 1m3 10-2 m = m 0 3 0 3kg m 0 = 30kg 30kg/m 3 20 檹 1 2

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 3 4 1 2 21 5 10-14 ρ ρ 6 V : V = 2 : 5 10-14 m : m = ρ : ρ = 檹 1 2 3 3 : 1 4 A ρ = m V ρ m B ρ = m V ρ V C ρ = m V ρ m V D ρ m V

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 5 3 A 3: 1 B 1: 3 C 2: 1 D 1: 1 6 A B C D 7 AB 2 A 3 B A A B 1: 1 B A B 2: 3 C A B 3: 2 D A B 2: 3 檹 1 200g 600g 520g 2 250L 0 8kg 15km ρ = 0 71 10 3 kg/m 3 3 54g 30cm 3 22

?????????? 100 t 23 1862 65 000 1 cm 3 200 t 1 10 8 t /cm 3 1 cm 3 1 0 000 09 kg/m 3 17 1 cm 3 0 000 000 000 01 g 1 ~ 2kg

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 24 櫨 1 1 2 1 = 1 3 1mL = 1cm 3 3 4 2 1 V 0 2 V 3 V = V - V 0 3 1 2 m 1 V m 2 m = m 1 - m 2

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? ρ = m V = m 1 - m 2 V 櫨 25 櫨 1 10-15 2 10-15 ρ = m/v

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨 1 1 m 2 V 1 3 V 2 4 ρ = m V = V 2 m ρ - V 1 V m ρ = m V 2 0 8 10 3 kg/m 3 100g A 250mL 5mL B 50mL 1mL C 100mL 2mL D 1000mL 10mL V = m ρ 26 100 V = m ρ = 100 10-3 kg 0 8 10 3 kg/m = 125 10-6 m 3 = 125mL 3 B C A D A A

?????????? 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 27 1 m 2 3 m 1 4 m 2 m = m - m 1 m = m 2 - m 1 V = V = m ρ ρ = m m - m 1 = = m - m 1 ρ V m 2 - m 1 /ρ m 2 - m 1 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 ρ < ρ V > V 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 4m 2m 1m 櫒

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 1 10-16 g 10-16 2 10-16 cm 3 3 kg/m 3 4 t 1 77 4g 2 30 3 2 58 10 3 4 20 64 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 24K 20g 1 2cm 3 ρ = 19 3g/cm 3 ρ = 16 7g/cm 3 < ρ 檹 1 2 28 ρ = m V

?????????? 50mL 1 50mL 1mL 10-17 29 10-17 10-18 2 10-17 3 10-18 g cm 3 cm 3 cm 3 kg/m 3 81 17 27 10 8 1 10 3 1 2 3 4 m 1 = 48 g V = 11 5 ml m 2 = 38 8 g g/cm 3 = kg/m 3

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 30 5 a b c d e f 檹 1 A B C D 2 8kg/m 3 1 4 A 4kg/m 3 B 6kg/m 3 C 8kg/m 3 D 3 125cm 3 A 50mL 5mL B 100mL 2mL C 25mL D 400mL 10mL 4 A 5: 4 B 4: 5 C 1: 1 D 5 1 2 A B m 1 C V 1 D V E m 2 F m 3 3

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 檹 1 0 5kg 10cm 1g 0 8g/ cm 3 31 2 500mL 45 ρ = 0 8g/cm 3 3

1848 392m 75km 15km 400m 70 5 227 ~ 275kg 190m 32

?????????? { { { { { { { { { 33 1 1 10 3 kg/m 3 500mL 505g 500mL 2 2 10 3 kg/m 3 ρ' = m' = 505g V' 500cm = 1 01 3 103 kg/m 3 < ρ m ρ = m V m' + m = V V= 500mL m = ρv- m' = 1 1 500-505 = 45g

STS STS 10-19 10-19 25g 10-19 t T 10-19 t / min 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 T/ 23 39 55 71 87 99 99 99 1 V= cm 3 2 m = g 3 ρ = kg/m 3 4 1 150 2 151 5 3 1 01 10 3 4 99 34 2 24 1 1 2 5 10 8 mg = kg = t 2 42mL = cm 3 = m 3 3 2 7 10 3 kg/m 3 = g/cm 3 2 ρ : ρ = 2: 1 4: 3 3

?????????? 4 5 200g 0 2g g g 35 6 A B 4: 3 3: 2 7 20cm 3 g gρ = 2 7 10 3 kg/m 3 89g 8 g/cm 3 7 9 10 3 kg/m 3 9 10mL 1 2 10 3 kg/m 3 10mL 10 5 6kg 0 7 10 3 kg/m 3 100 kgρ = 7 9 10 3 kg/m 3 11 10cm 3 25cm 3 9 0g 12 1kg 0 8 10 3 kg/m 3 17kgm 3 1 6 10 3 kg/m 3 kg 3 36 1 A 260mg B 260g C 0 026t D 0 26kg 2 4: 3 3: 4 A 9: 16 B 1: 1 C 16: 9 D

3 10-20 A B C D 4 10-20 A B C D 5 ρ = 2 7 10 3 kg/ m 3 ρ = 1 8 10 3 kg/m 3 ρ = 0 9 10 3 kg/m 3 A 1: 2: 3 B 3: 2: 1 C 2: 3: 6 D 6: 3: 2 6 A B C D 7 A B 3 B 2 A A A B 1 5 B B A 1 5 C A B 1 5 D B A 1 5 8 A B C D 9 ρ ρ 36 A ρ + ρ ρ ρ B ρ ρ ρ + ρ C ρ + ρ 2 D 2ρ ρ ρ + ρ

?????????? 10 80m 3 60t A B C D 11 10: 2: 3 A 1: 2: 3 B 3: 2: 1 C 6: 3: 2 D 2: 3: 6 12 A B C 1 2 3 3 2 4 4 5 4 16 D 37 1 10-21 cm 3 ml ml m 3 267g 2 10-21 3 4 5

8 24 1 1 8 10-3 m 3 20kg 8 9 10 3 kg/m 3 19 3 10 3 kg/m 3 2 ρ 1 ρ 2 m kg ρ = 1 2 ρ 1 + ρ 2 ρ 1 > ρ 2 3 10-22 A B A 10-22 B A B A A A kg m 3 kg/m 3 m 3 m 3 38

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? 1 39 2 v = s t 3 4 5 櫨 1 2 3

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 40 1 2 3 4 5 櫨 櫨 1 2

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? 櫨 1 A B C D 41 1 2 3 D 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 3

42 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 11-1 11-1 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 11-2 A B C 11-2 D C

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 43 檹 1 2 3 4

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 44 5 A B C D 6 A B C D 檹 1 A B C D 2 A B C D 3 A B C D 4 A B C D 5 1999 5 291 6m 17 3 A B C D

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 檹 1 45 2 11-3 11-3 11-3

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 46 櫨 1 1 2 1

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? 2 = v = s t 47 / m/s / km/h 3 1 1m/s = 1m 1s = 1000 km = 3 6km/h 1 3600 h 櫨 s v t 櫨 1 v = s/t v = s/t

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 2 1 2 3 v = s/t v 1 s 1 v 2 s 2 v v 1 + v 2 2 櫨 v = s t = s 1 + s 2 t 1 + t 2 = s 1 + s 2 s 1 v 1 + s 2 v 2 1 1 A B 3 v 1 2 3 v 2 A v 1 = v 2 v = v 1 B v 1 v 2 v = 1 2 v 1 + v 2 C v 1 v 2 48 v = s s s = = t t 1 + t 2 s + 2s = 3v 1 3v 2 A v 2 3v 1 v 2 + 2v 1 2 1 2 3

?????????? 49 3 1 2 v = s/t A v s B v t C v s t D v s t v = s/t v s t v vs t A B C D 1 2 1 A = B/C AB AC 2 4 180m 1 8km 30min 11-4

50 11-4 v = s/t s = 1 800m + 180m = 1 980m v = s = 1 980m = 1 1m/s t 1 800s 1 2 3v = s/t 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 2 5cm/s 360m 11m/s 30m 7 5m/s 1 359 25m 2 4 3 0 1m 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 11 30

?????????? 2181 8 30 8 38 9 52 10 19 12 00 T13 8 55 10 00 1397 9 00 9 29 10 29 1495 9 06 9 10 9 39 10 06 10 44 K847 9 29 9 35 10 04 10: 39 11 52 1511 9 40 51 T711 9 47 10 54 T137 10 10 12 10 39 11 25 5051 10 18 10 22 11 T701 10 32 10 35 11 44 T137 202: 73 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 1 2 11 A B AB l 2 t 3v = 2v = l t l t

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 40km/h 15min 6 A 51km B 58km C 61km D 66km 0 0 1 15min a = 15min 0 1 1a 2 5a 6 6a 7 6 t t = 1a 1 2 t = 2a 2 3 t = 5a 5 6 t = 6a 6 7 5a < t 6a s = vt 50km < s 60km A B 52 檹 1 20m/s = km/h 108km = m/s 2 100km/h 500km/h 300km min h 3 64 8km/h 30m/s 480m/ min 4 10s 200m 100m 5s 5 1s 4m 2s m 5s m 3s m

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 6 11-5 A 7 B 7 48 A B min A B km/h 53 11-5 7 30m/s 60m/s m/s 8 2min 120m 30s 30m 9 v = s t A B C D 檹 1 72km/h 20m/s 1min 1200m A B C D 3 2 A B C D

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 3 v = s/t A B C D 4 5s 10m 2s A 4m C 4m B 4m D 5 85 5m 30min 6 80km/h 90min 檹 1 A B C D 2 A B v 2v 2v A B 3 54

?????????? 55 2h 30 24h 360 2h 2 = 30 24 465m

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 56 櫨 1 2 s h min 1h = 60min = 3 600s 1min = 60s 3 m km dm cm mm μm nm 1 km = 1000 m = 10 3 m 1 dm = 0 1 m = 1 0-1 m 1 cm = 0 0 1 m = 1 0-2 m 1mm = 0 001m = 10-3 m 1μm = 0 000 001m = 10-6 m 1nm = 0 000 000 001m = 10-9 m 4 1 2 3

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? 4 1 2 57 櫨 1 2 櫨 15 2m = 5 2m 100cm = 520cm

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 2678mm = 678 1 = 6 78dm 100 336km = 36km 1 000 = 36 000m 4930m = 930 1 000km = 0 93km 4m = 4 10dm = 40dm 4cm = 4 1 dm = 0 4dm 10 58 123 4 15 2m = 5 2 100cm = 520cm 2678mm = 678 1 dm = 6 78dm 100 336km = 36 1 000m = 36 000m 4930m = 930 1 km = 0 93km 1 000 櫨 1 11-6 1 2 3 6 00cm 8 52cm l = 8 52cm - 6 00cm = 2 52cm 11-6 2 52cm 2 5cm 0 02cm 1 2 2 5cm 0 02cm3 2 52 10-2 m

?????????? 2 11-7 11-7 1 59 2 3 12 57cm 12 56cm 12 54cm 12 55cm 4 = 12 57cm + 12 56cm + 12 54cm + 12 55cm = 12 555cm 12 56cm 4 12 555cm 112 555cm 12 5cm 2 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 24 2 45 14 45 2 45 13 45 2 45 14 45 12h 11h 13h

櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 11-8 1 2 3 1 11-8 2 3 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 h l L H/L = h /l H 11-9 = hl/l 11-9 60

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 檹 1 2 540s = min = h300m = km = dm 200cm = m = μm3μm = mm = nm 3 11-10 400m 61 4 11-10 5 12 5s m/s 6 A 0 175 B 3 5 C 2 4 D 16 4 檹 1 A B C D

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 2 2 57cm 2 58cm 2 58cm A 2 58cm B 2 57cm C 2 576cm D 2 577cm 3 100m 150 330 4 26 1 2 54cm 300 檹 1 17 82cm 17 83cm 17 81cm 17 28cm 17 81cm 2 3 3 20m 75 20 100 120 80 62

?????????? 63 m 100 724 1791 4 000 1 000 1799 X 31 6 1898 1 0 1 4 1 000 1960 11

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 64 櫨 1 1 2 3 4 N 2 1 2 3 4 1 2 1 2 櫨 1

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? 2 65 櫨 1 2 3 1 2 3 櫨 1

1 2 2 3kg 30 20N F F 11-11 11-11 D 66 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 1 櫒 2 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 11-12 A B 11-12

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? A B 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 11-13 67 11-13 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 11-14 11-14 檹 1 2

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 3 4 10N A 10N B 5N C 3N 7N D 10N 5 11-15 F 1 F 2 A F 1 < F 2 B F 1 > F 2 C F 1 = F 2 D 3 檹 11-15 1 11-16 68 11-16

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 2 11-17 11-17 69 3 11-17 11-17 a b c 4 5 a b c d 6 A B C D 7 A B C D 1 檹

2 11-18 35 250N 11-18 Newton s third law of motion 11-19 P Q P P 1 P 2 Q Q 1 Q 2 P 1 Q 1 11-19 70

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? 櫨 1 71 1 2 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 1

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 72 2 5 6 1 2 3 4 櫨 1 2 3

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? 櫨 1 73 2 3 4 5

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨 1 A B C D A B D C 2 A B C D C 1 2 3 3 500N 1 2 1 5m/s 3 2m/s 74

?????????? 500N 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 75 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 11-20 櫒

11-20 1 2 3 1 2 3 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 40km/h 12m 10m 12m 11-21 s m xkm/h s = 0 1x + 0 01x 2 s m xkm/h 11-21 12m s = 0 1x + 0 01x 2 x 1 = 30 x 2 = - 40 30km/h 12m > s > 10m s = 40km/h s > 10m 40km/h 76

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 檹 77 1 2 3 10N 2m/s N N 4 5N 1N 5 A B C D 6 A B C D 7 A B C D

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 78 8 170N 70N A 60N 10N 檹 B 50N 20N C 110N 60N D 120N 50N 1 11-22 F 1 F 2 F 1 F 2 11-22 2 20g 23g 3 4 A B C D 5 A B C D

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 6 A B C D 7 A B C 79 D 8 A B C D 檹 1 2 3 4 4 5

2 2 12 50 80

?????????? { { { { { { { { { { { { { { { { 81

M 50 7 M = 1 4 32km 1 2 15km 1 1713 6km/h 2 31 5s STS 82 2 24 1 2 2m/s 5m/s m/s m/s m/s 3 1 2 3

?????????? 4 2 000N 1 200N N 5 2 000N 1 900N N N 83 6 7 8 2m/s 1 10 4 N N 4m/s N 9 10N 0 2 N 10 20N N 16N 11 12 3 36 1 A B C D 2 A B C D

84 3 2: 3 5: 6 A 5: 9 B 5: 4 C 4: 5 D 9: 5 4 10m 10m A B C D 5 1cm A 9 8m B 0 98m C 0 9800m D 0 980m 6 A B C D 7 1 2 3 4 A 1234 B 2134 C 3214 D 2314 8 A B C D 9 A B C D 10 A B C D 11 A B C D

?????????? 12 A B C D 16 1 420N 5 85 2 5 3 1 000N 3s 3s 6 24 1 1 2m/s 15min 6 2 10s 150m 4 500m 8 3 20m 2s 2m/s 10 8km/h 1 2 10

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 1 2 9 8N/kg 3 4 5 86 櫨 1 1 2 3 4

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? 2 1 G/m =g G=mg g 1kg 9 81N 9 79N 2 87 90 3 櫨 1 2 3 4 櫨 1

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 2 3 m G m = ρv G = mg 88 櫨 G = mg g = 9 8 / 1 A B C D

?????????? 1 2 C 89 G = mgg = 9 8N/kg 2 1 47N 12-1 12-1 12-2 12-2 3 5 10 7 N 3 10 5 N

櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 12-3 12-3 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 櫒 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 8m 0 6m 20kg 15kg g = 10N/kg π 3 14 V = V = m 20kg = ρ 1 0 10 3 kg/m = 2 10-2 m 3 3 ρ = m 15 = V 2 10 = 7 5-2 102 kg/m 3 R = L 2π = 8 1 27m 2 3 14 V = 1 3 Sh = 1 3 πr2 h = 1 3 3 14 1 272 0 6 = 1 01m 3 90 m = ρv = 7 5 10 2 1 01 757 5kg G = mg = 757 5 10 = 7 575N 7 575N

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 12-4 A B C D AD BC 12-4 91 檹 1 2 3 G = mg g = 4 5 6 1kg N 1N kg 7 G = mg A g B g C g D g 8 g = 1 6 g 588N A 60kg C 588N B 360kg D 980N

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 9 12-5 A B C D 12-5 10 12-6 12-6 11 400N 100N 12 0 2dm 3 g 10N/kg 92 檹 1 A B C D 2 1 /6 72kg kg Ng = 10N/kg

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 3 ρ : ρ = 3: 2 48N N 4 1L 0 8 10 3 kg/m 3 98N 5 12-7 O 93 O 檹 12-7 1 A B C D 1kg 9 8N 2 12-8 15kg 3 8t 12-8 6 10 5 N

94

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? 櫨 1 95 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 3 1 a b 2 a b c d 櫨 1 2

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 96 3 櫨 1 2 3 4 1 櫨 A B C D

?????????? D 2 12-9 A B 700N 100N A A 800N B 600N 97 A A 100N 12-9 100N 700N C C 700N D 100N 3 12-10 M 12-10 A A B C B C D A B C 4 0 6kg 2N

98 2N 6N 6N 6N 1kg 10N 2N 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 50 1 2 1 4N 0 8N 2 6N 1 2N 3 6N 2 5N 1 2 2 3 1 2 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 99 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 F 0 4 20g g = 10N/kg Zn + 2HCl = ZnCl 2 + H 2 65g m 65g m = 2g m = 650g 20g 2g 20g G = mg = 0 65kg 10N/kg = 6 5N f = 0 4G = 6 5N 0 4 = 2 6N 2 6N 檹 1 2 230g 12-11 12-11 g g 10N/kg

3 3N N 4 19 6N 500g 100 5 12-12 F F 12-12 F ' F F ' 6 12-13 12-13 7 1 2 3 4 5 6

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 8 2 5 檹 101 1 3cm 5N 4 5cm N 2 10cm 0 5N 12cm cm 1 5N 3 A B C D 4 A B C D 5 5N 12-14 F = 15N A 0N B 5N C 10N D 15N 6 12-14

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 檹 1 2 12-15 5N F N N 3 12-16 A29 4N B 12-15 B A 19 6N B 1kg A B 2 94N B A B 12-16 4 12-17 12-17 102

?????????? 103

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 104 櫨 1 1 2 12-18 O F 1 F 2 L 1 12-18 L 2 2 = F 1 L 1 = F 2 L 2 F 1 /F 2 = L 2 /L 1 3 1 L 1 >L 2 F 1 <F 2 2 L 1 <L 2 F 1 >F 2 3 L 1 = L 2 F 1 = F 2 4 櫨

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? 1 2 3 4 5 櫨 105 1 2 3 1 櫨 12-19 O F 12-19 12-20 F A F O F B OB F L 12-20

OA F 2 12-21 12-21 O A B A B F 1 F 2 L 1 L 2 1 2 1 2 3 3 12-22 G = 500NAB = 10cmBC = CD = 30cm G 106 12-22

?????????? G A A D AD 107 AD A D AD F 2 F 1 = G= AB = 10 cm F 2 AC' D AD = 槡 AC' 2 + C' D = 50 cm L 2 F 1 L 1 = F 2 L 2 F 1 = L 2 L 1 F 2 = AB AD F 2 2 = BC 2 2 槡 +AB + CD= 槡 30 2 + 40 = 10cm 500N = 100N 50cm, 100N 2 1 2 3 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 T OC = 2OD AD = BD 12-23 12-23

櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 F 1 L 1 = F 2 L 2 F 2 L 1 L 2 F 1 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 A B O C B 1 2 50 g 12-24 a Nb a 3 12-24 1 B 2 0 49 N 3 108

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 12-25 AOB = 1 2 G 2 OB A 17 3cm B 30cm C 15cm D 21 2cm G 1 109 12-25 12-26, F 1 l 1 = F 2 l 2 l 2 = F 1 F 2 l 1 = G 1 G 2 OA = 1 2 30 cm = 15cm Rt OBC BOC = 30, OB = OC cos30 = l 2 cos30 = 15cm 槡 3 2 12-26 = 17 3cm A 檹 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 12-27 O A B 10NN 110 12-27 12-28 9 12-28 G = 14NAC = 8cmAB = 20cm F = N 10 12-29 AB AB = 6AO A 100 N G N 11 A 12-29 B C D

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 12 A B C D 13 12-30 L G 1 /4 A B 12-30 C D 檹 111 1 A B C D 2 A B C D 3 1 000 A 100 B 2 000 C 500 D 4 000 4 A B C D 5 A B C D 6 12-31 AOB A G A B G B AO = BO A G A = G B B G A < G B C G A > G B D 12-31

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 7 O F 12-32 F F A B C D 12-32 12-33 8 12-33 A B A C B 檹 D 1 12-34 12-34 A acg B abg C def D abh 112

?????????? 2 12-35 2m 3kg 2kg 12-35 113 0 1m/s 80 50

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨 1 1 12-36 L 1 = L 2 = R 2 12-36 L 1 L 2 2 12-36 12-36 114 F = 1 n G F = 1 4 G F = 1 5 G

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? 3 R r F 1 R = F 2 r F 1 = r R F 2 櫨 櫨 1 115 12-37 n = 5 2 n = G F 1 n 2 12-37 n 櫨 1 12-38 G F A 12-38 1 2 F B 2F C F D 1 2 G F

F F' F 2F' = F 12-38 f F' f = F' f = F' = 1 F 2 A 1 F = 1 2 f f = 2F2 F G 1 2 3 2 1 600N 2 500N 2 3 n = G/F = 2 500N/600N 4 17 = 5 N = n - 1 = 2 N' = N + 1 = 3 12-39 2 12-39 1 F = 1 n G n = G/F 2 3 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 3 400N 700N 116

?????????? 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 12-40 117 12-40 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 1 n 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 118 檹 1 2 5 3 12-41 60N N 12-41 4 12-42 F = 3 000N N 5 4 12-42 A B C D 6 A B C D 7 12-43 3 F 1 F 2 F 3 3 A F 1 B F 2 C F 3 D F 1 F 2 F 3 12-43

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 8 12-44 F G 1 G 2 G 3 A G 1 B G 2 C G 3 D 檹 12-44 119 1 2 A B C D 12-46 12-45 3 12-45 G = 100N 0 2m F A 200N 0 1m B 200N 0 4m C 50N 0 1m D 50N 0 4m 4 12-46 A F = 180N A A 180N B 360N C 90N D

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 5 12-47 G F G A F = G/3 B F = G/2 C F = G D F = 2G 12-47 12-48 6 800N 12-48 G 1 900N 檹 1 12-49 100N 600N N 12-49 12-50 12-51 2 12-50 55N 500N N 3 12-51 120N 600N N 120

?????????? 121 12-52 O 10N 60N 12-52 12-53 12-54 12-53 1 200N 12-54

122 { G = mg { { O F 1 l 1 F 2 l { 2 2 F 1 l 1 = F 2 l { { 2 { { F = G n

?????????? 123 12-55 12-55 STS 12-56 12-56 12-57 12-57 F 1 r = F 2 R r < R, F 1 > F 2,

124 2 28 1 3: 4 6kg N 2 80N 60N N 3 4N N 8N N 4 2 000N 120kg N g = 10N/kg 5 6 100N 15N N 3N N 7 8 10N 0 2 N 9 10 11 12-58 196N G 0 2m 0 4m 12-58 F N

?????????? 12 12-59 120N n = F = N A N B N 0 2m F m 13 12-60 A B 4N 125 N 12-59 N 12-60 12-61 14 12-61 F 100N 1m/s 5N A N F N 3 36 1 A 0 5N B 10N C 650N D 2 000N 2 A B C D 3 A B C D

4 A B C D 5 100N 50N A 50N B 25N C 0N D 100N 6 A B C D 7 12-62 G > G A B C D 12-62 12-63 126 8 12-63 A B C D 9 12-64 1 B 2 12-64 B m m A m = m B m < m C m > m D

?????????? 10 A B C 127 D 11 12-65 800N A F = 200N A A 200N B 400N C 600N D 800N 12-65 12-66 12 500N 1 200N 12-66 A 500N B 900N C 1 200N D 1 000N 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

9 1 12-67 5kg A g = 10N/kg 3 12-67 2 12-68 6 17 12-68 1 80kg 12-69 1 /3 8 12-69 128

?????????? 2 80N 320N 0 3m 1 5m 1 129 2 100N 9

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 1 2 3 4 5 130 櫨 1 1 2 F N 2 1 1 2 2 p

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? 3 N/m 2 Pa 4 p = F S F S p 3 1 131 2 1 2 3 1 2 櫨 櫨 1 1 2 3 4

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 2 p = F S 1 F 2 S 3 F p F S S p F F p S 櫨 1 5cm 10N 1 50cm 2 2 20cm 2 3 1 /3 p = F S S S S 1 = 2 5 10-3 m 2 1 50cm 2 S 1 2 20cm 2 S 2 = 2 10-3 m 2 3 1 /3 1 /3 S 3 = 2 3 S 1, F = G = 10N 1p 1 = F S 1 10N = 2 5 10-3 m = 4 2 103 Pa 2p 2 = F S 2 10N = 2 10-3 m = 5 2 103 Pa 3S 3 = 2 3 S 1 = 2 3 2 5 10-3 m 2 132, p 3 = F S 3 = 10N = 6 10 3 Pa 2 3 2 5 10-3 m 2

?????????? 1 ρ = m V p = F S 2 p = F S S 2 0 5mm 2 1cm 2 2 10 5 Pa 133 F = p S = 2 10 5 Pa 10-4 m 2 = 20N F = F = 20N p = F 20N = S 0 05 10-6 m = 4 2 108 Pa 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒

櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 A B C D 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 134

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 檹 1 135 2 N/ m 2 p p 3 2Pa = N/m 2 Pa 4 p = F S F S S p F p S F F S p 5 3N 2N N 6 40mm 2 0 4mm 2 10 5 Pa A 0 04N B 4N C 0 4N D 40N 7 A B C D 8 p 1 A 2 p B 2 p 1 C 2 p D 2 p

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 9 A B C p A p B p C A C A p A < p B < p C B p A > p B > p C C p A = p B = p C D 10 A B C D 檹 1 13-1 13-1 2 S 3S 1 p 4 S A 4 p B p C 4 3 p D 3 4 p 3 13-2 136 13-2

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 1 2 3 1 2 4 3800t 9 31 10 4 Pa 137 5 96N 196N 4cm 2 20cm 2 檹 1 13-3 H 10cm 3 920Pa Pa kg/m 3 13-3 13-4 2 13-4 AB A B 3 B A B AB B A B A B A B A B A

3 0 5m 0 025m 3 3 10 3 kg/m 3 1 2 980Pa 5 10 4 Pa 1 0 10 3 Pa 20Pa 0 5Pa 10-4 Pa 1 0 10-12 Pa 10-6 Pa ~ 10-16 Pa 138

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? 櫨 1 139 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 3 1 2 櫨 櫨

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨 1 A B C D A 2 13-5 K K 13-5 1 2 3 4 140 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒

?????????? 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 13-6 141 13-6 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 13-7 13-7 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 13-8 V 10cm 20cm ABC AB BC AC BAC = 90 ABC cos ABC = 13-8 AB BC = 10cm 20cm = 1 2 ABC = 60

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 檹 1 2 3 4 13-9 13-9 13-10 142 5 6 7 13-10 P A P B P B > < = P A

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 8 A B C D 143 檹 1 13-11 A B C D 2 13-12 13-11 A B C 13-12 D 3 13-13 A B C A A B B C C D 4 13-14 A B C 13-13 13-14 13-15 5 13-15

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 檹 1 13-16 A A B B C C D D 13-16 2 A B C D 3 13-17 h S p = F S h 13-17 4 3m 0 02m 2 N g = 10N/kg 144

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? 145 11 515m 1 03 10 3 kg/m 3 Pa N 10m 5 Pa 4 m 10 8 Pa 5 000m 5 000m 櫨 1 1 1 2

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 146 2 3 760mm 1 01 10 5 Pa 10 5 Pa 2 1 2 3 1 01325 10 5 Pa 760mm 1 01 10 5 Pa101kPa 5 Pa100kPa 4 櫨 櫨 1 13-18 p 0 h AB AB p = ρ gh + ρ gh' AB p 0 p = ρ gh' + p 0 AB 13-18 p = p ρ gh' + p 0 = ρ gh + ρ gh' p 0 = ρ gh

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? 2 1 h L 2 147 3 櫨 1 1 200mm 13-19 1 2 1 p 13-19 p' p p 0 p = p' = p 0 - p = 760mm - 200mm = 560mm 2 2 100

148 1 100 1 100 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 13-20 13-20 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒

?????????? 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 13-21 A B A a C B b A 13-21 A a A 149 B b 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 13-22 13-22 B A C D B

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 檹 1 2 3 4 Pa 5 6 7 檹 1 1cm 2 10 5 Pa N kg 2 45m 2 N 1 3 100 4 150

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 5 74 5cm 1 013 10 5 Pa A 74 5cm 1 013 10 5 Pa B 151 C 74 5cm D 6 A B C D 7 A B C D 8 76 01cm 75 98cm A B C D 檹 1 m 2 13-23 a b b 3 5 13-24 13-23

13-24 A B C D 4 13-25 AB A A B B C D 13-25 5 1 10 5 Pa 2 10 5 Pa 10mm 2 g 10N/kg 152

?????????? 6 ~ 10 2 65 10 5 J /h 1 26 10 5 J /h 153 20 ~ 30km/s 2 3 10 4 Pa ~ 9 8 10 4 Pa 12 1 013 10 5 Pa 2 75 10 4 Pa

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 154 櫨 櫨 櫨 櫨 1

?????????? 2 13-26 155 13-26 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 13-27 13-27

13-28 13-27 櫒 13-28 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 13-29 13-29 156

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 1912 100 157 檹 1 2 3 4 13-30 13-30

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 檹 1 13-31 2 13-32 A B C S 13-31 A = S C > S B A B C h A = h C > h B 158 13-32 3 4

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 檹 1 13-33 B 159 2 13-34 A 13-33 13-34 3 4

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 160 櫨 1 1 2 3 4 G

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? F F = G - F 2 1 F > G 2 F = G 3 F < G 161 F = G 3 1 2 3 櫨 1 2 4 1 F = G - F 2 F = F - F 3 F = ρ gv 4 F = G F = ρ gv ρ V 櫨 1

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 162 2 F = ρ gv 1 2ρ V V = V 3 櫨 1 13-35 A B C D A A B B C C D D 13-35 A F = G A B F = G B A B D D C 1 2 2 13-36 0 5N A B C C 13-36

?????????? F = G + F 1 F + F' = G 2 F F' 0 5N 1 163 F > G 2 F < G B 3 13-37 S L a b V = a - b S F = ρ gv = ρ ga - b S G = F = ρ a - b S 13-37 V V 4 ρ > ρ

櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 14 7N 4 9N 2 7 10 3 kg/m 3 F = G - F = 14 7N - 4 9N = 9 8 N F = ρ gv V = F /ρ g = 9 8N/1 0 10 3 kg/m 3 9 8N/kg= 10-3 m 3 V = 10-3 m 3 ρ = m /V = G/gV = 14 7N/9 8N/kg 10-3 m 3 = 1 5 10 3 kg/m 3 ρ < ρ, 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 300N 1 06 10 3 kg/m 3 1 10 10kg/m3 F F G + G = F + F V ρ = m V G = mg V = m = ρ G 300N = gρ 9 8N/kg 1 06 10 3 kg/m = 28 9 10-3 m 3 3 V 164 F = ρ g 9 10 V

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? F = ρ gv G = 300N G = ρ gv G + G = F + F G + ρ gv = ρ gv + ρ gv V = 4 63 10-3 m 3 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 165 1 2 1 G 1 G 2 G 3 2ρ = G 1 - G 3 ρ G 1 - G 2 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 A B C D C ρ > ρ C 檹 1 15N 9N N 2 3

4 13-38 P P 13-38 13-39 5 3 13-39 6 F = G 1 2 3 4 5 V ρ F = F = 7 13-40 F 1 F 2 F 3 F 4 166 13-40

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 8 15m 3 8m 3 N 檹 167 1 2 3 ρ < ρ 4 15cm 50g N 5 150m 3 600m 3 N N g = 10N/kg 6 A B C D 7 A B C D 8 1 545t 2 060t 1

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 2 ρ =1 03 10 3 kg/m 3 檹 1 13-41 A B C D 13-41 13-42 2 13-42 A B A V 1 B A A B V 2 V 1 - V 2 = 2dm 3 A 4dm 3 B 3 10 3 kg/m 3 g = 10N/kg B A 10N B 20N C 30N D 40N 3 3 /4 2 5kg 4 168

?????????? 169

170 { p = F /S { p 0 = 1 013 10 5 Pa Pa F = F { F = G - G F = G F > G F < G {F = G 1

?????????? 2 3 171 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 STS 3cm 675g 1 5 10 4 Pa ρ = 0 9 10 3 kg/m 3 1 ρ = m V V = m = 675 10-3 kg ρ 0 9 10 3 kg/m = 0 75-3 m 3 3 2 S = 2S = 2 V d = 2 0 75 10-3 m 3 3 10-2 m = 5 10-2 m 2 3 p = F S F = ps = 1 5 10 4 Pa 5 10-2 m 2 = 750N 4 G = F = 750N

172 2 36 1 2 8 10 3 N 0 4m 2 Pa 3 4: 1 4 1 2 3 5 6 mm 7 8 9 10 11 1

?????????? 2 3 4 5 12 173 13 14 5 000t 3 400t N 2 000t Ng = 10N/kg 15 100cm 3 N N cm 3 g = 10N/kg 16 7 9N 6 9N N N Nρ = 0 8 10 3 kg/m 3 17 3: 4 1: 3 18 13-43 A A F 1 A F 2 S h 1 A V = 2 A ρ = 3 ρ = 2 32 13-43 1 A B C D

174 2 A B C D 3 A B C D 4 A B C D 5 76cm A B C D 6 4 41N 3 43N A 3 43N B C 0 98N D 7 A B C D 8 A B C D 9 A 1344 A F p A F p B F p C F p D F p 13-44

?????????? 10 A B C D 11 175 A B C D 12 13-45 A B C D 13-45 13 1kg A B C D 14 A B C D 15 A B C D 16 4 9N A 4 9N B 0N C 9 8N D 0N 4 9N

4 12 1 2 3 7 1 13-46 3 13-46 1 a b 2 b c 3 b d 2 13-47 4 GN F'NF NV cm 3 G N 176 kg/m 3 13-47

?????????? 13 1 13-48 1 0 10-3 m 3 0 06m g = 10N/kg 6 177 13-48 2 20m 25t 1 2 20kg 1m 3 20 1 03 10 3 kg/m 3 7

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 1 2 3 W = Fs 4 P = W t 178 櫨 1 2

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? 3 J 179 櫨 櫨 1 2 3

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 1 櫨 A B C D A B D C 2 A B C D C 180 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 1

?????????? 2 3 4 1 181 2 3 4 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 2 000m 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 1 2 3 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 2003 10 15 9 10 16 6 23

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 A B C D 182 檹 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 檹 1 A B C D

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 2 A B C D 3 183 A B C D 4 A B C D 檹 1 A B C D 2 A B C D

14-1 439km 2 384km 81km/s 6 3km/s 14-1 5 ~ 10 184

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? 櫨 185 1 2 3 4 { 櫨 櫨 1

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 186 2 櫨 1 2 14-2 ABC A A AB

?????????? B 14-2 187 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 A B C D 14-3 14-3 D

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 188 檹 1 2

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 3 189 4 5 14-4 AB B C 6 14-4 7 檹 1 A B C D 2 A B C D 3 A B C D 4 0 5 8 5

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 檹 1 A B C D 2 14-5 14-5 190 21 271 5 138 17 29 20 4 000 11 3 468 2 000 3 000 2 561 70 3 280 34 120 18 300

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? 櫨 1 191 1 2 = W = Fs 3 J 1J = 1Nm 2 3 1 2 P = W t 3 W 櫨 1 s F 2

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 192 櫨 1 1 2 100 3 2 1s 櫨 1 A B C 1m D A B C D D

?????????? C B 193 2 m a s = 10a 14-6 h h = 槡 2 2 a - 1 2 a = 1 2 槡 2-1 a a = Gh W 1 W 1 = Gh = mg 1 2 槡 2-14 - 6 1 a a s = 10a W = 10W 1 = 10mg 1 2 槡 2-1 a = 5 槡 2-1mga 10a 1 2 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 90 20 1 900m 1 2

1 f = F = P v 90 90 735W = = = 4 2 10 4 N s 1 900m t 20 60s 2 P = Fv v = P F P v 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 14-7 25kg 30 8m AC s 14-7 A B B C h = s sin30 = 8m 1 2 = 4m W = Gh = mgh = 25kg 10N/kg 4m = 1 000J 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 14-8 A B a b 194 14-8 A B a b b

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 14-9 P P A P > P B P < P C P = P D t 1 14-9 W > W P = W t P > P A 195 檹 1 2 100N 3 3 4 5 6 1 200N 2s 2m J 7 A 200N 10m B 200N 10N 10m C 200N 20m D 200N

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 196 8 1 3 A B C D 9 A { B { C { / / { 2 檹 1 A B C D 2 A B C D 3 A B C D 4 3min 50m 6min A B C D 5 8 8kW 500m 5min 400m 12min A 1: 3 B 3: 1 C 2: 3 D 4: 3 6 100N 5m 3m 1 2s J W

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 檹 1 100kW 4 000N 1 2 10 4 N 2 14-10 500N A 2m 1 200J 1 100N 197 20s 3m 14-10 18181889 19 1879 1840 22

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 198 櫨 1 1 W 2 W 3 W W = W + W 2 η η = W /W η < 1 η 1 2 櫨 1 櫨 1

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? W = Gh W = W + W 2 199 η = W W = W W + W 1 2 3 1 櫨 20N 50N 5m G = G - G = 50N - 20N = 30N W = G h = 30N 5m = 150J W = G h = 20N 5m = 100J 30N W = Gh = 50N 5m = 250J 2 2 540N 14-11 1 7m

1 F 2 3 800N Gn G F G n G n h s = nh 14-11 1 F = G n = 2 540N = 635N 4 2 s = nh = 4 1 7m = 6 8m 3 η = W = Gh W Fs = Gh Fnh = G nf = 2 540N 4 800N 79% W W η = W /W W = Gh W = Fs W = W - W 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 200 η = W W 100% = 100% W W W + W 1 G h F W = Gh W = Fs s s = nhn W = W +

?????????? W = G + G' h G' η = Gh Fs 100% = Gh Fnh 100% 2 F G W Gh f s W = fs W = Fns η = W W 100% = fs Fns 100% 201 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 14-12 A B 14-12 C D D 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 14-13 h G l F W = F2πl W = Gh

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 W = W F 2πl = Gh F = Gh 2πl 2πl h F G 14-13 F' η = W = W 櫒 Gh F' 2πl 2πl h F' G 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 h s η G A C Gh ηs + G Gh η + Gh s B Gh ηs - G D Gh η - Gh s F F' D 202 檹 1 2 1 3 100N 9m 60N

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 4 14-14 10N 30N 203 14-14 14-15 5 14-15 6m 2m 250N 80% 6 A B C D 7 4m 500J 70% A 350N B 87 5N C 125N D 280N 8 A 100% B C D 檹 1 14-16 500N 5m 2m F = 200N A 50% B 100% C 80% D 14-16

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 2 A 0 5 B 0 5 C 1 D 0 5 3 A B C D 4 14-17 A1 600N 80% F N 5 400N 4m J 200J 14-17 6 14-18 14-18 檹 1 14-19 200N 120N 1 14-19 2 600N 204

?????????? 2 14-20 60% 400N 2m 1 2 ρ = 8 2 10 3 kg/m 3 205 14-20 1 10 1 000 0 4 = 2 500 2 500 2 500 1 25 1: 400 400 2 500

206 { { { { { { 幑幐 { W = Fs J P = W t P = IU W η = W { W 14-21 A B 14-21 C D

?????????? CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 STS 207 14-22 M M 4t AB 10mBC 4mCD 1mg 10N/kg 1 14-22 2 1 8t 1 G 1 G 2 G 2 = Mg = 4 10 3 kg 10N/kg = 4 10 4 N B G 1 AB = G 2 BC + CD G 1 10m = 4 10 4 N 5m, G 1 = 2 10 4 N 2 1 h t P = W t = Gh t = mgh t 2 v P = W t = Gh t = mgv

208 1 33 1 2 15J 5J J 3 4 5 6 7 100N 500N 10m J 8 2s 100kg 2m 3s 9 2 10 11 12 2003 3 20

?????????? 2 10 1 2 3 4 5 3 30 209 1 A B C D 2 A B C D 3 A B C D 4 A B C D 5 A B C D 6 2 2 A 4: 1 B 1: 4 C 2: 1 D 1: 1

7 A B C D 8 F 10m F 10m A B F C F D 9 L h G F f A η = Gh FL B η = Gh fl Gh C η = F + fl D η = Gh Gh + fl 10 A B C D 22 1 200N 1 2m 2 2m 3 40N 2m6 210

?????????? 2 10cm 0 4 3 kg/m 3 5m g = 10N/kg 8 211 3 100N 306N 8 90N 5

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 212 櫨 1 1 10-9 1 6 10 21

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? 2 3 213 r 0 r 0 r 0 10 2 櫨 櫨 1 2 10-9

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 1 櫨 A B C D 10-10 m 2 A B C D A B C D 214 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 15-1

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 215 15-1 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 1 檹

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 216 2 3 4 A B C D 5 A B C D 6 A B C D 檹 1 A B C D 2 A B C D 3 A B C D

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 4 A B C D 5 217 A B C D 檹 1 2 1 + 1 = 2 1L 1L 2L1 + 1 < 2 10min

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 1L 1L 2L 218 櫨 1 2 3

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? 4 J 5 219 6 7 櫨 1 2 3 櫨 1

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 220 2 1 2 3 3 4 櫨 1 A 0 B C D 0 A B

?????????? C 221 D 2 A B C D A B C D 3

222 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 A B C CO 2 D D 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 15-2

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 20 80 223 15-3 15-2 15-3 檹 1 { 2 { { 3

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 224 4 A B C D 5 30 A B C D 6 A B C D 7 A B C D 檹 1 A B C D 2 A B C D 3 A B C D

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 4 A B C D 5 1 2 3 4 3 15-4 4 225 6 15-4 1 2 A 1234 B 2341 C 3412 D 4123 7 A B C D 8 15-5 檹 1 1994 7 17 ~ 22 9 30 000 15-5

2 226

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? 櫨 227 1 2 1 J /kg 3 4 2 10 3 J /kg 1 J /kg 4 4 2 10 3 Jkg 5 t 0 t c m Q Q t - t 0 Q = cmt - t 0 t 0 - t Q = cmt 0-6 Δt = t - t 0 Δt = t 0 - t

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 228 櫨 1 2 3 櫨 1 1 1 2 2

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? 1 櫨 229 2 A B C D A B B C 4 2 10 3 Jkg 2 1 10 3 kg D 3 3kg 15 90 90 1 5 10 6 J c = 4 2 10 3 J /kg - 15 = 9 45 10 3 J Q = cmt - t 0 = 4 2 10 3 J /kg 3kg 90 1 5 10 6 J Δt Q = cmt - t 0 = cmδt Δt = Q cm = 15 10 5 J = 11 9 4 2 10 3 J /kg 3kg

10 1 100 90 100 11 9 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 A B C D B 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 230 15-6 15-6

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 231 檹 1 2 3 4 5 A B C D

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 232 6 A 1 B C D 檹 1 2 2 1 10 3 J /kg 2 1 10 3 J J /kg J /kg 3 4 A B C D 5 A B C D 6 A 80 90 C D B 7 A B C D

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 檹 1 2 1 10 4 J 25 35 233 2 kg J 1 0 05 10 2 100 2 0 10 10 4 200 3 0 05 10 1 050 4 0 10 10 2 100 1 3 2 4 2 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 10 7 J 50% 50kg 30 c = 4 2 10 3 J /kg 1 300m 1 983m 185m 175m 393 m 3 221 50 m 3 2

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 234 櫨 1 2 3 1kg J /kg 4 5 1 2 {3 櫨 1 2

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? 櫨 1 1 235 1 1 1 1 1 / 2 1 15-7 櫨

15-7 2 280g 2 5kg 10 15min 4 5 10 7 J /kg 2 5kg 10 Q = cm 1 t - t 0 100 = 4 2 10 3 J /kg 2 5kg 100-10 = 9 45 10 5 J 15min 70g Q = qm 2 = 4 5 10 7 J /kg 70 10-3 kg = 3 15 10 6 J η = Q Q = 9 45 105 J 3 15 10 6 J = 30% q q = Q m 236 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 1 8 10 7 kw 24h 237 3 4 10 7 J /kg 4 574 10 7 kg 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 165 65mm 55mm 9 58 10 5 Pa 1 500r /min 1 2 1 5g 4 6 10 7 J /kg 2 2 10 3 W 10% 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 CO NO N 2 CO a b 2CO + 2NO = N 2 + 2CO 2 2CO + O 2 = 2CO 2 檹 1 2 4

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 238 3 kg 4 A B C D 5 A B C D 6 A B C D 7 A B C D 檹 1 2 600 / A 600 B 10 C 5 D 1 3 A B C D 4 3 4 10 7 J /kg A 3 4 10 7 J B 1kg 3 4 10 7 J C 1kg 3 4 10 7 J D 1kg 3 4 10 7 J

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 5 20cm 30cm 5 10 5 Pa 360 / 6 0 5m 3 100kg 20 100 8 4 10 7 J /m 3 檹 239 1 9 800N 2 7km 2kg 1 2 4 2 10 7 J /kg 2 1m 3 3 9 10 7 J 0 81 /m 3 1 7 10 9 J 6 8 10% 4

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 240 櫨 1 2 3 櫨 櫨 1

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? 2 241 櫨 1 15-8 15-8 A B C D C A

2 50N 10cm 50 80% W = Fs = fs = 50N 0 1m = 5J W' = 50W = 50 5J = 250J Q = 80% W' = 0 8 250J = 200J 80% 20% 20% 3 A B C D 242 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 1

?????????? 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 243 1 2 3 4 5 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 15-9 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 15-9

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 244 檹 1 2 3 4 A B C D E 5 A B C D 檹 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 3 A B C D

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 4 15-10 A B C AB BC 245 15-10 5 0 8m 18 15N 5min 75% J 6 檹 1 1m 2 8 4 10 4 J 20% 25m 2 A 7kW B 70kW C 4 2 10 5 kw D 0 14kW 2 5kg 40 20 50kg A 857m B 204m C 8 400m D 2 000m 3 42m 80%

246 1814-1878 365 / 1 9 8 1 4 2 10 3 1850 1818-1889 1840 1843 428 9 / 1845 1824-1907

?????????? 1847 15-11 21 247 15-11 1853

248 { J { Q = cmδt { / J /kg c = 4 2 10 3 J /kg { { / J /kg A

?????????? B C D 249 D STS 2003 10 15 9 N 2 H 4 N 2 O 4 2N 2 H 4 + N 2 O 4 3N 2 + 4H 2 O 1 37 1 2 3 4

250 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 10 2 3 36 1 A B C D 2 A B C D 3 A B C D 4 A B C D

?????????? 25 5 15 25 Q 1 35 Q 2 Q 1 Q 2 A Q 1 > Q 2 B Q 1 = Q 2 C Q 1 < Q 2 D 6 A B 251 C D 7 A B C D 8 A B C D 9 A B C D 10 A B C D 11 10 20 2 A 1: 1 B 2: 1 C 1: 4 D 4: 1 12 3 200g 6 400g A 2 B 9 C 12 D 18

10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 /2 9 10 17 1 200g 1 26 10 4 J 50 2 1 10 3 J /kg 5 2 500g 80 20 2 7 10 4 J 6 3 140g 20 70 3 0 10 7 J /kg 6 252

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? 1 253 2 3 4 5 櫨 1 2 3 4 5 6

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 254 櫨 櫨 1 2 1 櫨 A B C D

?????????? 20% A 255 2 A B C D D 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 櫒

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 256 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 1973 1980 2003 3 檹 1 2 3 4 檹 1 A B C D E

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 2 A B C D 3 A B C D 4 A B C D 257 5 A B C D 檹 1 A B C D 2 A B C D 21

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 258 櫨 1 1 836 2 3 4 櫨

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? 櫨 235 2 ~ 3 16-1 259 16-1 16-2 16-2 1 2 3 櫨 1 A

B C D B 2 A 1kg 235 2 500t B C D D 260 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒

?????????? 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 261 1986 2000 8 12 m = 1 4 10 7 kg ρ = 1 0 10 3 kg/m 3 g = 10N/kg 1 2 v = 1 450m/s t = 0 146s h 3 V 0 = 10m 3 4 8 19 S = 0 5m 2 F 16-3 5 U 1 U 2 U 3 I 1 I 2 I 3 16-3 U 1 U 2 U 3 I 1 I 2 I 3 1 2

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 262 h = v t 2 0 146s = 1 450m/s = 105 85m = 106m 2 3 N F = mg F = ρgv = ρgnv 0 gnv 0 = mg, N = m 1 4 10 7 = ρv 0 1 0 10 3 10 = 1 4 103 p = ρgh 4 p { F = ps F = ρghs = 1 0 10 3 10 106 0 5 = 5 3 10 5 N 5 I 1 = I 2 = I 3 U 3 = U 1 + U 2 檹 1 2 1kg t 3 4 5 6 7 檹 1 2 3 4 A B C D

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 5 A B C D 6 A B C D 檹 263 1kg 8 5 10 13 J q = 3 4 10 7 J /kg 16-4

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 1 2 16-4 264 櫨 1 1 2 2 1

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? 2 3 4 櫨 櫨 265 22 8 1 10 13 kj 櫨 1 1 7 10 17 W E = Pt = 1 7 10 17 W 3600s = 6 12 10 20 J 3 4 10 7 J /kg 6 12 10 20 J m = 6 12 1020 J 3 4 10 7 J /kg = 1 8 1013 kg = 1 8 10 10 t P 2 5 6 10 4 J 15% 3m 2

P = 5 6 104 3 0 15 W = 420W 60 266 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 10h 80kg 60 90% 80kg 60 Q = cmδt = 4 2 10 3 J /kg 80kg 60 = 2 016 10 6 J W = 2 016 10 6 J W = W η = 2 016 106 J /0 9 = 2 24 10 6 J t = 10h = 3 6 10 4 s P = W /t = 2 24 10 6 J /3 6 10 4 s = 62W 62W 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 1 2 3 4 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 檹 1 267 2 3 4 5 檹 1 A B C D 2 A B C D 3 A B C D

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 4 檹 5 6 1m 2 1h 3 6 10 6 J 15 1 35m 2 50% 1 10h 100kg 20 c = 4 2 10 3 J /kg 2 1 500W 100kg 20 268 30 10 1904 5 100

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨?????????? 1 /5 ~ 1 /6 269 1 5 1 10 櫨 1 2 3 櫨

櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨櫨 櫨 1 30% 50% 1% 2 1 櫨 2 A B C D 270 D

?????????? 3 A B C D D 271 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 10 15 4 15 800 6 9 200 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 1 A B C D E F

2 1 6t 0 05 g = 10N/kg 2 300km 50% 2 285 8kJ 1 A C E D B F 2 m = 6t = 6 10 3 kg S = 300km = 3 10 5 m 1g E = 285 8 kj 2 1 F = f = 0 05mg = 0 05 6 10 3 10N = 3 10 3 N 2 W = FS = 3 10 3 300 10 3 J = 9 10 8 J W = W η = 9 108 0 5 J = 1 8 109 J m H = W E = 1 8 109 2 285 8 10 3 g = 1 26 104 g = 12 6kg 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 16-5 272 16-5

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹?????????? 櫒 櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒 273 16-6 16-6 檹 1 20 40 2 3 4

檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹 5 274 檹 1 2 3 4 5 6 檹 1 5 t 6 0 10 14 J q = 5 0 10 7 J /kg kg P = 1 0 10 6 W 108km/h km

?????????? 2 Q m 3 /s hm η 3 275 20m/s 300km 3 10 3 N 50% 1g 142 9kJ A - 2 1960 1970 3 2 /3 1 450m 3 100t

21 276 { { { { 6 7 1 4 0 10 6 J 16-7 A B C g = 10N/kg c = 4 2 3 J /kg q = 3 5 10 7 J /kg ρ = 1 0 10 3 kg/m 3

?????????? SQB mm m 2 L V W L SQB - 1 190 16 /1 2 1 250 1 35 100 100-176 /3 1 190 50-100 55-90 40-55 220 1 500 100 277 1 2 Q 16 1 35m 2 10 / 3 50% 20 16-7 4 60% 3 5 / kg 5 0 47 / 6 1 V = 100L = 10-1 m 3 m = ρv = 1 0 10 3 kg/m 3 10-1 m 3 = 100kg 2 E = 4 0 10 6 J /m 2 h A S = 1 35m 2 t = 10h E = E St = 4 0 10 6 1 35 10J = 5 4 10 7 J 3 t 0 = 20 η = 50% t

278 E η = Q = cmt - t 0, t = E η cm + t 0 = 5 4 107 0 5 4 2 10 3 100 + 20 = 84 3 4 t 0 t Q = E η = 5 4 10 7 0 5J = 2 7 10 7 J η ' = 60% = 0 6 m' qm' η' = Q, m' = Q η' q = 2 7 10 7 7 kg = 1 3kg 0 6 3 5 10 1 3 3 5 = 4 55 5 P = 1 500W t Q = W = Pt, t = Q P 2 7 107 = s = 0 18 10 5 s = 5h 1500 E = Pt = 1 5kW 5h = 7 5kWh 7 5 0 47 = 3 5 6 STS 1986 2000 8 12 m = 1 4 10 7 kg 1 2 16-8 1 2235 6 02 10 23 3 2 10 6 kwh

?????????? 279 16-8 3 2 10-11 J 3 1 21 2 η = 3 2 10 6 kwh 6 02 10 23 3 2 10-11 3 6 10 6 kwh = 59 8% 3 1 35 1 1 14 10 8 J /kg 3 10 7 J /kg 2 3

280 4 50 50 5 6 7 8 3 30 1 A B C D 2 A B C D 3 A B C D 4 A B C D 5 A B C D 6 A B C D 7 A B C D

?????????? 8 A B C D 281 9 A B C D 10 A B C D 15 1 7 2 16-9 8 16-9

20 1 10h 80kg 15 95 95% 7 2 8 4 10 4 J 15% 3m 2 6 3 11W 60W 7000 60W 1h 7 282

?????????? 283 1 2 1 0 10 3 kg/m 3 1 0 1 2 10 3 kg 3 nm 3 4 5 9 4608 10 12 4 1 2 3 5 > 6 1: 1 5: 2 4 5 6 B 1 7 0 8 10 4 nm 0 8 10-5 m 2 3 27: 1 27: 1 1: 1 4 D 5 D 6 A 7 C 1 0 8 10 3 kg/m 3 2 7 3 1 10cm 3 2 3 6 0 10 21 0 01 kg t 4 a b d e 5 6 1 200g ρ = m V 0 02g 6 B 1 77 95 2 D 3 D 4 A 5 B 1 2 C B A E H D G F 3 93 5g 86 5g 212 3 4 0 8 0 8 10 3 5 d b a f e c

284 1 C 2 B 3 D 4 B 51 2 m1 + ρ 2 3 2A E ρ 1 D F 3 ρ = m 2 - m 3 V 1 m = 12 6kg m = 7 4kg 1 0 25mm 2 455g 0 91g/cm 3 1 2 31 3 4 m 2 5 C 6 D m 1 3 m 2 4 ρ = 1 B 2 B 3 C 4 B 5 B m - m 2 ρ m 1 - m 2 1 11 2 5 10 2 2 5 10-1 2 42 4 2 10-5 3 2 7 2 32: 9 3 4 2 5 200 0 2 6 8 : 9 7 27 116 8 1 3 9 1 1 10 3 kg/ m 3 10 6 32 10 3 11 0 6g/cm 3 12 0 02 33 1 BD 2 B 3 A 4 D 5 C 6 A 7 A C 8 C 9 B 10 B 1 72 30 2 36 2 4 3 11 C 12 A 4 20m/s 20m/s 5 4 4 1 10ml 30 60 30 3 12 6 48 100 7 45 8 10-5 2 9 D V m 1 m 2 ρ = 1 D 2 D 3 D 4 D m 1 - m 2 5 2 85m/min 6 120 3 4 5 V

?????????? 1 D 2 8: 9 3 1 2 2 3 4 A 5 C 285 1 1 s m 2 9 0 15 0 3 3000 2 2 10 6 3 10-3 3 10 3 3 1s 1h 1min 12h 4 4 5 a b c d 6 B 7 B 5 8 6 A 1 D 2 A 3 220m 4 622m 3125m/s 1 2 3 1 2 1 17 28cm 18 82cm 2 1 m 2 l 3 1 d 4 2 m 4m ρ = lπ d = 2 2 lπd 2 3 10 10 0 4 6N 4N 5 B 6 C 7 C 8 D 3 0 25m/s 0 208m/s 0 1

286 F 1 F 2 1 2 9 7 6 43 312 3 4 800 5 100 200 6 7 8 1 2 10 4 1 10 4 9 2 10 20 F 1 F 2 3 4 11 12 4 A 5 B 6 B 7 A 8 C 1 D 2 C 3 C 4 B 5 D 1 2 6 B 7 B 8 D 9 A 10 D 11 B 12 D 31 1 1 080m 2 300s 31 24s 2 2 48m 72m 4 1 2 5 3 9 8N/kg 1kg 9 8N 4 560N

?????????? 700N 5 6 9 8 0 102 7 A 8 B 9 D 6 10 C 11 12 5 4N 71 2 1 D 2 72 120 5 6 8 G = mg F = 1 6 G 3 ρ ρ, G G = m g m g = ρ V g ρ V g = G 48N = 3 2 G = 72N 4 V = 1dm 3 = 1 10-3 m 3 m = ρv = 0 8 10 3 kg/m 3 1 10-3 m 3 = 0 8kg G = mg = 0 8kg 9 8N/kg = 7 84N n = G' /G = 98 7 84 = 12 5 13 1 5 2 O 1 D 2 3 1 2 2 3N 500 3 3 4 5 6 287 3 4 1 7 5 2 16 3 B 4 A 5 B 6 1 F F ' 2 5 5 3 6 86N 4 3 4 5 F 1 l 1 = F 2 l 2 7 8 20 9 4

288 10 50 11 B 12 C 13 B 1 C 2 C 3 B 4 B 5 A 6 B 7 A 8 C 1 B 2 4s 1 1 2 1 2 5 3 2 0 5 4 3 180 4 6000 5 B 6 A 7 D 8 C 5 3 6 B 7 C 8 C 1 9 C 10 C 2 A 3 D 4 C 5 B 1 D 2 A 31 6 2 1 350 2 40 3 180 3 4 400m 2 1 3: 4 78 4 2 20 5 4 9 10 5 Pa 1 46 10 5 Pa 3 4 8 4 800 5 1 2 940 2 10 3 2 2: 3 3: 1 6 15 15 7 31 11 760Pa 2 1 0 10 3 kg/m 3 8 2 9 10 11 98 2 12 3 40 80 120 0 6 13 1 0 25 14 5 10 1 C 2 A 3 D 4 C 5 A 6 B 7 C 8 D 9 B 10 B 11 A 12 D 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 40kg 21 80N 2 100N 1 2 3 4 A B C 5 6

?????????? 7 < 8 C b b 3 1 C 2 B 3 C C 289 4 A C 1 2 A C 3 4 5 1 B 2 A 3 p = F S = ρvg S = ρgh 4 600 1 2 3 4 1 01 10 5 5 6 7 1 B A B A B 1 10 1 02 2 4 55 10 6 2 A 3 4 5 D 6 B 7 B A 4 B 5 m = 100g 1 2 v A = v C < v B p A = p C > p B 3 4 8 C 3 1 10 3 2 a

290 4 760 7 100 8 9 10 1 6 2 13 14 5 3 4 5 6 F 1 - F 3 = F 4 - F 2 7 24 ρgv 1 181Sh 2 F 1 Shg 3F 1 - F 2 Shg ρgv 8 2 1 D 2 D 3 C 4 B 5 D 6 C 7 C 8 B 9 B 10 A 11 D 12 C 13 D 14 D 15 A 16 B 0 1 2 3 4 0 49 5 1 5 10 6 4 5 10 6 6 D 7 C 81 500m 3 1 500m 3 2 5 047 10 6 N 1 C 2 B 3 0 75 10 3 kg/m 3 7 5kg 4 69 /79 1 2 20 000Pa 1 1 /2 3 1: 4 1: 1 41 23 2 5 6 11123 45 12 10 7 3 6 10 7 15 0 8 0 8 80 16 1 7 4 0 8 17 9: 4 1 2 3 11 3

?????????? 2 1 96 0 98 40 0 98 100 0 98 2 10 3 1 600Pa 6N G = 6N m = 0 6kg = 0 6 10 3 kg/m 3 ρ 21 3 03 10 5 Pa 3 2 22 4 1 W = Fs 2 5 3 1 = 1 000 6 2 400 1 200W 7 A 8 C 9 C 4 5 6 3 46 127 15 1 A 2 D 3 D 4 D 1 B 2 B G A + G G n B F' = 1 2 3 4 5 6 AC B B AC 7 5 1 BD 2 291 1 2 3 6 0 500 1 C 2 D 3 C 4 A 5 A 1 25m/s 8 33m/s 2 AW = Fs F = W s F = G B + G n v' = nh' t = 0 45m/sP = F' v' = 180W 1 1 BC 2 B 3 C 4 40 2

292 3 900J 1 080J 83 3% 4 50N 83 3% 5 600N 6 D 7 B 8 C 1 A 2 A 3 A 4 500N 6 5 1 600 80% 6 7 1 000 0 8 1 000W 0 9 W = W - W 10 11 η = Gh/2Fh 100% = 833% 2 G 0 2F = G + G 0 G 0 = 40N 1 2 3 4 G' G 1 5 F' F' = G 1 2F' = G' + G 0 G' = 2F' - G 0 = 1 160N 2 1W = Fs = F 3h = 400N 3 2m = 2 400J F' 720N + F' 2 η = W W = F' h F 3h = F' 3F, F' = 3ηF = 3 60% 400N = G = F + F' ρ gv = ρ gv F' V = ρ - ρ g = 720N 8 2 10 3-1 0 10 3 kg/m 3 9 8N/kg = 1 02 10-2 m 3 G = ρ gv = 8 2 10 3 kg/m 3 9 8N/kg 1 02 10-2 m 3 = 819 67N 1 2 10 3 4 5 1 11 12 1 ABD 2 B 3 C 4 AD 5 B 6 A 7 CD 8 C 9 AD 10 D 11 0 2 400J 2 30J 3 85% 3 80J 1 2 3 4 B 5 C 6 C 1 D 2 D 3 D 4 A 5 A 1 2

?????????? 1 1 2 1 c J /kg 2 3 4 2 10 3 J /kg 1kg 1 4 2 10 3 J 4 5 C 6 B 3 4 D 5 D 6 C 7 C 1 B 2 C 3 BC 4 AC 5 4 C 5 B 6 D 7 C 6 D 7 ACD 8 1 2 2 1 10 3 4 2 293 10 3 3 1 2 1 10 3 J /kg 1 9 Q = cmt - t 0 Q m = ct - t 0 = 2 1 10 4 J 2 1 10 3 J /kg 35-25 = 1kg 30 000 21 2 3 80 50% Q = 50% Q 2 cmδt, Δt = = cm 0 5 2 1 10 7 J = 50 4 2 10 3 J /kg 50kg t = t 0 + Δt = 30 + 50 = 80 1 2 3 1 /J /kg

294 4 C 5 B 6 C 7 A mgh 80% cmδt, Δt = = cm 1 2 C 10N/kg 42m 0 8 = 0 08 4 2 10 3 J /kg 3 C D 4 D 5 1 41 10 4 W 6 / n = 6 1 2 = 3 P = 2 psln = 5 10 5 Pa 3 14 0 1m 2 0 3m 3 = 1 41 10 4 W6 4 100 Q = 0 5m 3 8 4 10 7 J /m 3 = 4 2 10 7 J 5 1 100 Q = cmδt = 4 2 10 3 J / J /kg 6 7 kg 100kg 100-20 = 8 3 36 10 7 J Q < Q, 912 100 3 10 1: 1 1: 2 1 C 2 D 3 C 4 C 5 B 11 2 64 10 7 J 2 31 59 6 A 7 C 8 ABC 9 B 10 C 2 26 10 11 D 12 B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 20 2 0 9 10 3 J /kg 2 3 2 10 4 g 3 4 BE ACD 5 B 1 2 1246 3 5 3 A 4 AB BC 5 810J 6 1 1 A 2 A 3 0 08 m mgh 80% = 3

?????????? 2 4 3 5 4 1 ACD 2 C 3 A 4 C 5 D 1 D 2 D 295 1 1 2 2 3 4 2 500 3 5 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 5 6 7 1 2 10 7 kg 3 10 7 2 8 76 10 6 gqhηkwh3 12 6kg 1 2 3 1 2 4 A 5 B 6 CD 2 500t 1 B 2 A 3 B 4 1 77 9 2 4 5h 1 1 500 2 3 3

4 5 2 3 6 7 8 2 1 746W 785W 2 630W 1 C 2 C 3 D 4 B 5 A 3 1 25 10 9 kwh 6 D 7 B 8 C 9 C 10 ABCD 1 1 296