JBA
( ) 1 2 1 4 2 4 3 5 1 1 6 1 2 6 1 3 7 1 4 10 1 5 16 2 2 1 20 2 2 25 2 3 28 3 1 31 3 2 31 4 1 41 4 2 48 100 51 52 53 53 55 58 63 65
CO2 CO2 2010 3 1
1 2 1000 1 2 ( ) 1,300 2 ( 1) (1849 1922) 26 4
(8 9 ) 61 12 () 3 1940 308 1951 221 30 10 (1980 3 1) 1( 2) 1985 4 12 13 2 5 1 ( ) 2 2004 10 ( ) ( 3) 5
1 1 2009 4 Japan Biochar Association Biochar ( 4) 20 1970 1980 1986 ( 4) 1 2 2000 2007 IBI(International Biochar Initiatives) 2009 4 Japan Biochar Association 6
1 3 1 3 1 10 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 46 35 4 ( 6) 7
6 1 3 2 2 1 ( ) 8
3 9
1 4 17 20 ( ) ( 7) 1 4 1 ( ) 2 17 1 ( 18 20 ) 1( ) 10
40 500 700 11
1 4 3 4 500 5 5.5 8 500 / 1 4 4 21 2 8 4 71 13
1 0.3 1.5 3 3 71 6,7 1 6 71 7 71 14
1 4 5 15
1 5 1 5 1 21 3 4 4 1 4 ( ) 3 5 1 2 22 3 1 5 1 4 4 3 7 5 2 8 15 8 22 10 27 6 1 170 340 ( ) ( ) 1 3 5 2 12 1 5 4 15 3 19 16
4 1 4 1 2 1 90 250 110 320 4 1 8 9 3 7 28 77 17
6 1 18
1 5 2 1990 1 320 20 4 2.5 2 1 120 2,000 50 1.7kg 0.04kg 10 19
2 1 2 1 1 20 5 (1950 2004 ) 1940 1960 (1970 ) 19 ( 9) 6 6 20
( 5 10) 2 1 2 11 18 ( 11 ) ( 11) 2 1 2 1 () 7 ( ) 7 284 ( 17 ) 4 5 2 1 2 2 ( ) 20 21
30 8 8 4,800 0.17 2 1 3 9 10 2002 ( 11) 2004 12 10.3 8.0 7.2 1994 ( 11) 9 22 10
11 0.6 12 23
2 1 4 ( 12) 1991 5 5 1990 27 5 24
2 1 5 M-easy ( 10) 2 2 1 2 7,600 2 5,000 4 2 40 ( 13) 2005 ( -13,14) CH4 N2O CH4 CH4 N2O 2,700 CO2 1,400 4,100 CO2 2005 13 6,000 CO2 3 (2008 2012 ) 6 3.8 25
( 20 3 ) ( 13) 1.0 1.5 10 (10 15 1ha 10 15 ) 200 2,063 10 ( 15) ( ) 463 ( 20 ) 1ha 2 (200 ) ( ) 80 2 /ha 0.8 4,630,000ha 7,408,000 740.8 2063 0.36 36 ( 12 CO2 44 1.0 CO23.67 ) ( 16) Innovate Approach 17 2009 5 40 26
2009 30 2010 100 27
2 3 ( ) ( ) JAPIC 18 2 ( 19 3 ) 6 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 / 9 / 10 11 12 13 () 3 14 1 15 2 16 13 60 70 50 13 28
18 3 86 82 61 18 2 3 5 14 14 15 29
30
3 1 7,000 10,000 ( 16) 10 1 200 (1ha 2 ) 100,000 2 ha 50,000ha 10 463 ( 20 ) 1 3 2 21 4 ( ) 3 2 1 2005 ) 65 57.5 (2010 ) 60 5 31
3 2 2 ( 19 12 ) 1,100 1,400 10kg ( ) 3 2 2 1 8 50 100 32
3 2 2 2 7 1 7 60 100 6,000 0.34 68 1.1 1 1 1 1 2 583 1167 0.5 100 8.5 9 27,600 248,400 40 8,000 3.2 10 10 10 10 200 1 3 1 3 5 200 33
3 2 3 3 2 3 1 16 16 34
3 2 3 2 ( ) 30 27 70 20km 2009 12 3 1 4 1 1 42,000 10,400 11,500 1.3 83,000 3 14,000 42,000 2.9 10,400 4 11,500 1 1 2 4 5 0.8 2 10 500 83,000 10 500 8,800 1 12.5 3 0.45 5 2 2 500 hr 7 3 1.37 1.37 50 7 35
2 7 20 3 70,000,000 20 70,000,000 3 1 2 3,500,000 1,050,000 4,550,000 3 137,000,000 3 4,110,000 1 3 3 14,000 42,000 20 12 240 42,000 240 10,000,000 100 4,110,000 10,000,000 1,000,000 15,110,000 4,550,000 15,110,000 1.3 25,558,000 3 50 1 8 0.5 hr 8hr 240 960 1 300 960 300 288,000 288,000 10 2,880,000 10 1 2,880,000 4 2,880,000 2 5,760,000 0.8 5,760,000 0.8 7,200 5 7,200 8,800 63,360,000 25,558,000 63,360,000 25,558,000 88,918,000 71 36
3,500 12.5 0.28 30,000 12.5 2,880,000 36,000,000 30,000 960 28,800,000 36,000,000 28,800,000 64,800,000 64,800,000 88,918,000,000 27 24 23 3 2 3 3 3 30 27 70 37
21 21 5 51 50 24 8 38
kwh 860kcal 9,341kcal 10.9 kwh kwh 10.9 kwh 0.092 kwh 860kcal 1,900kcal 2.2 kwh 100 kwh 2.2 kwh 0.455 61 2009 12 kwh 61 0.092 5.6 3,500 12.5 100 800 2.8 280 kwh 12.5 0.455 5.7 33 200 300 39
Discounted Cash Flow 3 62 4 15 4 24 4 40
4 1 2010 2 4 1 1 32 (1957 ) 5 112km 1000km 3,500 18.3 2005 ( ) 2 ( 19 ) 5 60 41
4 1 2 1 2 1 1 1ha 1 1ha 5,000 ( 19) ( 21 20 ) 17 18 11 2009 4 42
17 ( ) 43
2009 2010 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 18 12 44
4 1 3 13 () 45
5 1,000 1 8 100 1 25 100 25 1 10 250kg 10 2 20,000 5 1,000 8 20,000 1.3 78,000 1kg 78,000 250 312 1kg 300 P33 7 21 46
17 59 47
4 2 4 2 1 17 2 53 4 44 1.8 8 14 4 2 2 20 8 48
21 9 15 16 17 18 19 20 49
1 60 3 1 500 7 2 1 50 12 3,500 1,000 30,000 4 5 50
5 3 31 100 1 1 1 2 3 35 7 20 8 9 100 3.8 51
4 46 3 4 5 52
1 10 2009 4 Japan Biochar Association JBA 82 (2000 18 ) 1 6 19) 2 ( 20 24) 53
1970 1980 1992 12 23 19 1994 2004 10 5.4 2006 15 40 54
19 5 1 5 2 30 55
21 20 2009 46 30 3.6 70 21 3 56
11 Japnese Agricultural Standard 57
10 Discounted Cash Flow 40 3 58
2008 3 90 35,980 13 1.7 22 10 10 4 800 30 22 23 59
30 24 25 21 24 25 21 5 26 26 27 7 9 27 60
5 20 3 21 3 28 28 22 29 61
30 1965 40 1989 2005 17 2003 15 1 1.5 19 80 130 5 10 30 15 253 18 6300 63
21 64
1989 3 2003 8 ( ) 2004 9 2009 4 2004 7 1987 8 ( ) 2009 3 1997 12 1997 7 10 10 2009 4 11 2008 1 12 2002 8 13 2008 3 14 2007.5 ( ) 15( ) 3 2008 1 16 2007 12 17 Biochar 2009 10 18 2007 3 19 2009 9 20 2009 4 21 2009 8 22 2007 7 65