Ξ,,,,,;,,,, ;, (1907),(1909), ( ),,,,,,,,, Ξ,,,,,,,,,,,, :,1946,205 ; :( ), 85,,,3 83
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gλυ,,,,, gλϖ, gλω,,,,,, 2008 2,,,,, ( 1999 1 ), William Ayers, Chang Chih2t ung and Educational Ref orm in China (Cambridge : Harvard University Press, 1971), pp. 248 251 ; :,1994,224 232 :,,1976 :, 2003,109 :, 1929,434 436 :,1995,178 179 :, 2000 3,80 91 :,,1983,228 238 :,:20, 2001,497 503 gλυ gλϖ gλω 84,,, 2003,156 163 :,1985,27 :,33 142
/ 85
2008 2 86
/,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 5000,,,5000 gλυ,,, 7 32,,,10 11, 8 9,,,11, 19,,, 10 11, 8 7,,,1 5 :,(),1920,29 ; ( ),,33,9 10, 9 13,,,15, 7 32,,,10 11 :, 1 4,,,1 2 ( ),,50,1 12 gλυ, 2,,,2 87
2008 2,,, 35,71. 8,,,,,,, 1710 10615, 85 %, 1910 1271, 639,,,, 584,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, ( ),,50,39 41 ( ),,50, 13 17, 1 019596 114084, : (),,51,24 26 43 47 71 73 85 91 93 94 112 117 ;52,7 8 14 18 19 21 36 40 46 58 () ;54,6 21 26 31 32 45 49 55 67 72 78 89 95 ;55,19 26 30 43 55 58 61 72 76 ;56,17 21 36 41 58 62 69 74 10 ( 7. 1 ),79 : ( ),,50,22 23 ( ),,50,1 12 42 43 46 59 120 126 103 117 ( ),,50,18 21, 4,,,4 ( ) ( ) ( ),,50,18 23 78 79 88
,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 800,70, 50 75,25, 10 1 90 %, 50,,,133,50, 20,,,,,,, ;, gλυ 20 34,,,,, gλϖ,,, / :(), 4,,,2 : ( ),: 2, 1987,582,, ( ),,50,68, 8 9,,,11, 8 12,,,9 10 (),,37,9,,36,10 12 40 41 43 47 48 54 58 76 98 100 ( ) (),,37,4 9 : :,120 gλυ gλϖ,,,,36,3 9 13 19 27 39 43 48 52 53 96 97 98 100, ( ),,36,59 89
2008 2 90
/ 91
2008 2 92
/ 93
2008 2,,,,,, ( ),320 477,,,,,,,,,7800,322,477,, 1914,, 7 344,,, 20000,,, 10000 3000,,, 1600,,,,,,,,,37346,34166, 3180 gλυ,:,,, :, 1 4,,,1 2 (),,50,127 129 ( ),,8,7 8 1 4,, (),6,1913 1,,1, () 643 (1925 1 ),,9, 67 68 (1914 4 ),,9,17 18 (17 ) :(1875),,, ( ),,50,68 ( ),,33,9 10 gλυ 94 (),,33,29 35
,,, / (1912), 1913 7, : 3 ( ) : (1913 9 ),,26,68 88 91 95 3,,,,,,, (),,33,23 24,20 30 40,,,,, 2002 3 14 : (),,33,38 :, 10,1913 6,71,,, (:,1991,491 ) ( 4,,,4 ),,( ), ( ),,3,1 8 ; (1913 4 ),,1, 20 28, 95
2008 2,,,,,,,, ; ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 3,1998,1762 1766,,195/ 135 134 142 (),, 195/ 139, ( ), 6,4386 4396 :( ), () 43,,1965,1249,454 468 ( ),,( ),295 96
,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,, ( ),( ) ;,,,,,, ;, /,, :, : 11,,, : ( ),6,4391 ( ),,195/ 135 ;,158,,, :,,24 25 :,,2 5 :,:,22 : ( ),3,539 541 :, 1985 7,80 81 97
,,,, ( ) :,,, 1913,,, 1918,, 2008 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (1913 5 ),,26,40 43 ( ),,7,58 65,,:,1999,302 341 ( ),,11,6 7 :( ), () 43,1249,454 468 (),,195/ 139 (),,195/ 139 ( ) ( ),,11,8 10 33 34 ; (),,195/ 139 98
/,[ ],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 3 1, 1,,,21100, (),,195/ 139 (),: 2,382 393 ; :( ), () 43,1249,455 456 : ( ),3,1764 ( ),,195/ 139 : ( ),:,1993,100 101 (:(), 4,,,3 ),,, ( ),,50,68 (),,55,3 6 99
2008 2,,,,,, 17 8 ( 13 ), 6288,,,,,,,,,,, 13,,,3 2, 1,,,,, 800 :,,,, ( ),,58,2 4 ; ( ),,295,,38,6 7 9 14 : ( ),, 195/ 134,, :,121 ( ),, 307 324 (),,11,11 12 (),,36,73 75 ( ) ( ) (),,56,4 24 42 47 ( ),,33,33 100
/,,,,,,,20, 36 ( ) 43,,,,,,,,,, 1912 6,,,,, 11, (),,1912 10,, 10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1913 2,, (),,37,37 ( ),,55,55 58 72 76 ;56,17 21 36 41 58 62 69 74 79 80,43 1247 ( ),,56,81 84 ( ),,3,1 8 ; (1912 11 1 ),,6, 1 2 ;() (1912 9 ),,5,6 8 (1912 10 ), :3,, 1991,107, (1913 6 ),, 195/ 134, (1913 6 ),, 195/ 142 (1912 11 ) (1912 11 ),,7,1 99 102 (1913 3 ),,26,10 14 101
2008 2, 1913,, 6 17,,,,,,,,, 10,,,,,,,,, 2,, 1919 1927,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,;,,610064 ( : ) 1913 8 1914 7 ( ),,1,40 42 (1913 6 17 ),,195/ 139 (1913 6 24 ),,7,3 5 (1913 10 7 ),,6,8 11 (1913 12 7 ),,7,6 (1912 1915) ( ),,1,66 (7 37 ) (1918 12 31 ),,7,86 ;,,,373 102