33 2 2014 201 215 Studies in the History of Natural Sciences Vol. 33 No. 2 2014 1 2 3 4 1. 100190 2. WC1H 0PY 3. 100083 4. 100081 N092 TF-092 A 1000-0224 2014 02-0201-15 327 6 1 2 5% 3 30% 4 5 6 7 PbS 8 2013-08-20 2014-04-11 1982 1987 1973 1987
202 33 Fe + PbS = FeS + Pb 9 1958 10 2009 11 2010 12 13 1 1 1757 14 1
2 203 450 190 100 675 225 1 1958 15 17 20 90 21 18 22 1996 20 90 23 1958 1 1 1 1 1. 14 2. 2. 1 15 1. 6 1. 15 100 3 2 2 2 43% 15% ~ 20% 50% 10% 5 ~ 6 3. 25% 50% 16 4. 2 10% ~ 15% 3% ~ 5% 5 ~ 8 16 1. 2 ~ 1. 4 5. 1. 8 2. 8 17 0. 95 1 6. 19 4 1. 7 0. 9 66 176 10% 2% ~ 4% 3 30% ~ 40% 4 7. 30% ~ 40% 20 1 245 248 4 6 ~ 8
204 33 1 1 1 ~ 2 1 3 1 5 ~ 10 5 ~ 10 10 1 ~ 2 1 1 20 247 2 35 ~ 50 10 ~ 16 25 32 2 3 30% 0. 5 ~ 1. 5 10% ~ 40%
2 205 2 20 246 CaCO 3 Na 2 CO 3 15 10 15 4 40 ~ 80 3 5 ~ 10 3 ~ 8 3 20 248
206 33 5 50% ~ 70% 30% ~ 50% 2 2009 9 12 11 2009 11 2013 4 24 500 25 ~ 70 25 2010 3 3 ~ 5 4a
2 207 8 ~ 9 3 ~ 8 1. 5 ~ 2. 2 20 7 ~ 10 6 ~ 8 4b 1 ~ 2 4 ~ 5 20 4 a b 20 2013 4 5 5 5 20
208 33 26 25% Al 2 O 3 FeO K 2 O CaO 2 1 ~ 2 2 wt% MgO Al 2 O 3 SiO 2 K 2 O CaO TiO 2 FeO QJ01 0. 4 26. 2 66. 5 1. 4 0. 7 1. 5 3. 2 07102 0. 7 23. 5 66. 5 2. 7 1. 5 2. 2 2. 9 07114 0. 6 25. 4 63. 0 1. 7 3. 7 1. 6 4. 0 TW01 0. 4 25. 5 66. 7 1. 4 0. 5 1. 2 4. 3 TBS1 0. 8 23. 1 67. 8 2. 9 1. 8 1. 0 2. 6 TBS2 0. 5 27. 7 61. 5 2. 4 1. 5 1. 1 5. 3 4 CaO - FeO - SiO 2 3 SiO 2 40% FeO CaO CaO 15% Al 2 O 3 SO 3 PbO ZnO 0. 1% 1 6 7 13% 1% ~ 3% 3 wt% 1 MgO Al 2 O 3 SiO 2 P 2 O 5 SO 3 K 2 O CaO TiO 2 MnO FeO ZnO PbO QJ01 1. 6 5. 9 49. 9 0. 7 1. 2 1. 7 5. 5 0. 4 1. 2 29. 3 1. 0 1. 6 07103 2. 1 7. 6 54. 9 1. 3 2. 0 10. 4 19. 0 2. 7 07105 3. 0 12. 6 61. 4 2. 1 7. 3 12. 1 1. 5 TW01 1. 9 6. 0 56. 8 0. 5 0. 8 1. 7 9. 6 0. 5 0. 6 19. 2 1. 2 1. 2 TW03 2. 5 8. 9 63. 1 0. 8 0. 4 3. 1 10. 8 0. 6 0. 6 7. 9 1. 3 TBS-1 2. 6 7. 3 54. 3 0. 8 1. 3 2. 2 12. 6 0. 6 0. 8 14. 1 3. 4 TBS-7 2. 7 15. 5 47. 5 0. 7 0. 9 3. 9 4. 1 0. 8 2. 2 20. 4 1. 3 1
2 209 6 2 7 800 70 7 8 20
210 33 8 200 100 3 1958 1958 1
2 211 27 28 20 1958 29 33 2 ~ 3 19 34 1958 35 Joseph Needham 1920 34 9 1958 36 43% 28% 30% ~ 40% 10% 1 24
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2 215 A Preliminary Study of Traditional Chinese Crucible Lead Smelting Technology ZHOU Wenli 1 LIU Siran 2 LIU Haifeng 3 CHEN Jianli 4 1. Institute for the History of Natural Sciences CAS Beijing 100190 China 2. UCL Institute of Archaeology London WC1H 0PY 3. Institute of History of Metallurgy and Materials USTB Beijing 100083 4. School of Archaeology and Museology PKU Beijing 100081 Abstract Crucible lead smelting a unique traditional Chinese lead smelting technology is a method using metallic iron to reduce lead from lead sulphide in crucibles. This paper summarises the documents on crucible lead smelting technology and presents a detailed description of the whole smelting process including furnace construction crucible making charge preparation smelting operation and silver and gold extraction. In addition crucibles and slag from two crucible lead smelting sites found in recent years are analysed to reconstruct the technology employed. This technology is then compared with other traditional crucible smelting technologies zinc distillation and crucible iron smelting and its technological characteristics are elaborated. Keywords crucible lead smelting iron reduction rectangular furnace