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1 _01_

2 : : : : : [email protected] : : : : : [email protected] , ,000 15, (02) (02) [email protected] 1

3 100% % 100% 100% 10 2

4 3 2500mm 70% 1980 TAMEX

5 Typhoon Fujihara Effect Heavy Rain 4

6

7 Joint Typhoon Warming Center JTWC Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre RSMC

8 Vipa Wipha Megkhla Mekkhala Kularb Kulap Ramasoon Rammasun 2 Morakot Hanuman Aere Kodo Hanuman Kodo Peipah Vamei Matmo Chataan Nuri Rusa Molave Imbudo Typhoon Hurricane Cyclone - Willy-Willy Buquio 7

9 Damrey Kong-rey Nakri Krovanh Sarika Longwang Yutu Fengshen Dujuan Haima Kirogi Toraji Kalmaegi Maemi Meari Kai-tak Man-yi Fung-wong Choi-wan Ma-on Tembin Usagi Kammuri Koppu Tokage Bolaven Pabuk Phanfone Ketsana Nock-ten Chanchu Wutip Vongfong Parma Muifa Jelawat Sepat Nuri Melor Merbok Ewiniar Fitow Sinlaku Nepartak Nanmadol Bilis Danas Hagupit Lupit Talas Kaemi Nari Changmi Sudal Noru Prapiroon Wipha Mekkhala Nida Kulap Maria Francisco Higos Omais Roke 8

10 Saomai Lekima Bavi Conson Sonca Bopha Krosa Maysak Chanthu Nesat Wukong Haiyan Haishen Dianmu Haitang Sonamu Podul Pongsona Mindulle Nalgae Shanshan Lingling Yanyan Tingting Banyan Yagi Kajiki Kujira Kompasu Washi Xangsane Faxai Chan-hom Namtheun Matsa Bebinca Peipah Linfa Malou Sanvu Rumbia Tapah Nangka Meranti Mawar Soulik Mitag Soudelor Rananim Guchol Cimaron Hagibis Molave Malakas Talim Chebi Noguri Koni Megi Nabi Durian Rammasun Morakot Chaba Khanun Utor Matmo Etau Aere Vicente Trami Halong Vamco Songda Saola 9

11

12 Tropical storm 135 knots 1.3 V / V knots V 17.2 V V V V V V 100 V 16 knots=( / ) 1 = ( ) = 1 (knots) (m s) 1.15 mph 1.4 Tropical Depression Tropical Storm (hpa) ( / ) (knots) (mph) TD TS > (foot) < 920 > 69.0 > 135 > 155 >

13 Gray 1968 McBride

14 Vamei

15

16

17 eye eye wall spiral rain band

18 NASA 17

19

20 A B C % 15% 12% 12% 12% 12% 7% 19

21 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

22 )

23

24 1.3.4 ( ) ( ) 23

25

26

27 DCView GSMBOY

28

29

30

31

32 31 ( ) % Mei-yu 黄 mold rains ( ) 1998

33 Baiu Chang-Mai

34 33

35

36

37 Gloria

38 1947 (*) (*) ( 37

39 2. Herb /31-8/ ( ) ,266 2, :00 (*)

40

41 WAYNE

42 NAT Mireille 41

43 Nari LYNN ORA

44

45

46

47 LYNN LYNN Zeb

48 3. Xangsane SQ

49

50 Thelma

51 31 Vera ( ) 1959/08/ /09/ /09/ /09/

52 1977/07/ /07/ /07/ /07/ /08/ /08/08 ( ) 1996/07/ /07/ , % 51

53

54 Fujiwhare 1921 Fujiwhare effect Bopha Saomai 1994 Pat Ruth 1991 Nat Mireille 53

55 Aere Chaba

56

57 Foehn

58 2. Tornado Tornado waterspout Storm surge tide 57

59

60 ,089 34, , /31 1,095 7/31 8/ , ,

61 ( ) ( ) ,545 5,973 1,588 23, , ,083 2, , , ,873 2,417 1,074 10, , , ,031 49, ( )

62 *2, *121 *1,810 34,941 11,692 23, , ,501 21,146 7,497 13, * ,733 *13,950 10, ,917 10,513 13, , *38,156 6,624 *31, ,846 12,264 20, , , ,423 3,385 22, Aerosonde GPS 13 61

63 GPS Dropsond 62

64 GPS

65 2.5 Francis Beaufort = * ( ** (3/2)) m/s knots Kg/m**2 0 calm light air slight breeze gentle breeze moderate breeze fresh breeze strong breeze near gale <

66 gale strong gale storm violent storm hurricane

67 66

68 67

69

70 3.1 (1) (1) 73 69

71

72

73 GPS Dropsonde 100 Dujuan 3.7 ATSRA 100 GPS Dropsonde 72

74

75 World Meteorological Organization WMO 74

76

77 3.12 Weather Integration and Nowcasting System WINS 3.13 WINS WINS 4 76

78 Numerical Weather Prediction NWP 3.14 Fujitsu VPP

79 75% ~

80 SSB 8,117KHZ

81 Noguri Rammasun 2003 Morakot Melor 80

82 :00 8:40 10:00 11:40 14:40 16:30 17:40 20:40 23:

83

84 (2) 450 (2) 83

85

86

87

88 :30 10:30 16:30 22:30

89 p p p p p p p (TAMEX) Chang, C.P., Ching-Hwang Liu, and Hung-Chi Kuo 2003"Typhoon Vamei: An equatorial tropical cyclone formation." GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, vol.30, p.1150 Gray, W. M., 1968: Global view of the origin of tropical disturbances and storms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 88

90 96, McBride, J. L., 1995: Tropical cyclone formation. Global Perspectives on Tropical Cyclones, R. L. Elsberry Ed.,WorldMeteorologicalOrganization,

91 Unisys

92 93 / / ( ).. 91