The State of Wildlife Trade in China Information on the trade in wild animals and plants in China 2008 中国野生动植物贸易状况 2008 年中国野生动植物资源贸易信息 4 Illegal trade

Transcription

1 The State of Wildlife Trade in China Information on the trade in wild animals and plants in China 2008 中国野生动植物贸易状况 2008 年中国野生动植物资源贸易信息

2 The State of Wildlife Trade in China Information on the trade in wild animals and plants in China 2008 中国野生动植物贸易状况 2008 年中国野生动植物资源贸易信息 4 Illegal trade in Asian big cat products in western China Xu Ling 中国西部地区虎豹产品非法贸易的现状 徐玲 8 Analysis of China-Japan Customs timber trade data Liu Xueyan 中日海关木材贸易数据的研究 刘雪雁 11 Wildlife trade on the China-Myanmar border Xu Ling 中缅边境野生动物及其制品的贸易 徐玲 13 A preliminary study of freshwater turtle farms in China Timothy Lam,Xu Ling 中国淡水龟养殖场的初步研究 林峰毅, 徐玲 19 Sustainable utilization of traditional medicinal plants: Training campaign under the EU-China Biodiversity Programme ECBP 中国 欧盟生物多样性项目培训活动 : 可持续利用传统药用植物 Liu Xueyan 刘雪雁 21 Analysis and application of wildlife trade information Timothy Lam 香港野生生物贸易信息的分析和使用 林峰毅 24 Corallium trade in East Asia Joyce Wu,Soyo Takahashi 东亚地区红珊瑚的贸易 吴郁琪,Soyo Takahashi 28 China enhances management of coral and ivory trade 中国加强红珊瑚和象牙贸易的管理 31 China-Nepal visit exchange: Cracking down on cross-border illegal wildlife trade 中国 - 尼泊尔两国互访 : 加强 CITIES 执法, 保护濒危动植物 33 Stopping illegal online wildlife trade Xu Ling 国家濒管办和公安部网络安全监察局召开 控制濒 徐玲 危物种网上贸易研讨会 34 Public awareness campaign: Advocating sustainable wildlife consumption 宣传运动 : 倡导野生生物消费的可持续性 The State of Wildlife Trade in China contains information and original papers on the subject of trade in wild animals and plants in and around China, and strives to be a source of accurate and objective information. The State of Wildlife Trade in China is available free of charge. Quotation of information appearing in the news sections is welcomed without permission, but citation must be given. Reproduction of all other material appearing in the State of Wildlife Trade in China requires written permissions from the publisher. Managing Editors: Xu Hongfa and James Compton Editors and Compilers: Priscilla Jiao and Richard Thomas teachina@wwfchina.org The designations of geographical entities in this publication, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of TRAFFIC or its supporting organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Any opinions expressed are those of the writers and do not necessarily reflect those of TRAFFIC, WWF or IUCN. Published by TRAFFIC East Asia China Programme. Cover photos (clockwise from top right): Red Coral Guanyin at Taipei Airport James Compton/TRAFFIC; Felled logs in north China TRAFFIC; Burmese Star Tortoise in Guangzhou Qingping Market Xu Ling/TRAFFIC; Snow Leopard skin for sale on the China-Myanmar border Xu Ling/TRAFFIC Funding for the printing and distribution of the State of Wildlife in China report is generously provided by WWF Netherlands. 中国野生动植物贸易状况 是国际野生物贸易研究委员会 野生动植物贸易检测网络 的年度报告 该组织的使命是致力于确保野生动植物贸易不对自然保护构成威胁 国际野生物贸易研究委员会是世界自然基金会和世界自然保护联盟共同建立的一个联合项目 中国野生动植物贸易状况 收录了有关中国及其周边地区野生动植物贸易的专题信息和最新报告, 力求成为准确客观的信息源泉 中国野生动植物贸易状况 免费赠阅, 其新闻章节中的信息欢迎引用, 无需另行批准, 但务请注明出处 复制所有其他材料需要获得出版者的书面许可 执行编辑 : 徐宏发和 James Compton 编辑撰稿 : 焦蓓和 Richard Thomas teachina@wwfchina.org 本刊中的地域名称和内容表达方式不代表国际野生物贸易研究委员会或其支持组织就任何国家 领域或地区或其当局的法律地位, 或者就其边境或便捷的定界的任何意见表示 本刊中表达的任何观点均系作者本人观点, 未必代表国际野生物贸易研究委员会 (TRAFFIC) 世界自然基金会(WWF) 或世界自然保护联盟 (IUCN) 的观点 出版人 : 东亚野生物贸易研究委员会中国项目 封面图片 ( 从右上顺时针开始 ) 台湾机场的红珊瑚观音 James Compton/ TRAFFIC; 中国北方砍伐的木材 TRAFFIC; 广州清平市场的缅甸星龟 徐玲 /TRAFFIC; 中缅边境出售的雪豹皮 徐玲 /TRAFFIC 世界自然基金会荷兰办公室 (WWF Netherlands) 资助了 中国野生动植物贸易状况 的印刷和出版

3 中国野生动植物贸易状况 WELCOME! Xu Hongfa, TRAFFIC East Asia, China Programme Co-ordinator James Compton, TRAFFIC International Asia-Pacific Programme Co-ordinator Welcome to the 2008 edition of the State of Wildlife Trade in China, the third in our annual series on emerging trends in China s wildlife trade that aim to highlight wildlife trade trends in threatened and at-risk wildlife, with an emphasis on the impact of China s trade on globally important biodiversity hotspots. These hotspots have a crucial influence on the survival of endangered species, where conservation action to reduce wildlife trade threats can bring about the greatest benefit. While these hotspots might be problem areas at present, they offer great opportunities for conservation success if action is effective. Over-exploitation of wildlife for trade has affected countless species, with Tiger and other Asian big cats some of the best known examples. Despite law enforcement efforts, the lucrative nature of such trade has continued to drive illegal activity. TRAFFIC s market surveys in 18 cities and counties during 2008 found that illegal trade in Tiger products had shrunk compared to 2007 surveys, but the current trade is more covert, organized and insidious, making it harder to detect and crack down on. Moreover, trade in leopard products has risen, which warrants further investigation by relevant authorities. Research indicates that some of the timber imported into China was illegally felled in source countries in Africa and South-East Asia. Customs statistics, when compared with source countries, demonstrate a 10-30% discrepancy between the timber import volume recorded by China s Customs and export volumes recorded by exporting countries Customs. In this report we examine discrepancies in China-Japan Customs timber trade statistics, and compare and analyse the root causes for such discrepancies, in order to provide information for curbing illegal felling and trade in timber. China s border areas have long been considered a hotbed for illegal trade, with remote locations often making surveillance a thorny problem to resolve. TRAFFIC has collected market survey results of illegal trade in towns on the Myanmar side of the China-Myanmar border. The research points to the need for both countries to scale up international enforcement collaboration and not to rely solely on regular border inspections. In southern China, the substantial consumption of freshwater turtles threatens the survival of many wild populations. TRAFFIC s 2008 wild meat market surveys identified 26 species of turtles for sale, many of which do not breed successfully in captivity so presumably are solely derived from the wild. However, the majority of animals observed on sale were claimed to be supplied from freshwater turtle farms. The scale of turtle farming in China is likely to grow as the supply of freshwater turtles and the value of the trade increase, although the emergence of a greater variety of turtle species in farms is cause for concern. In addition to concerns of farms laundering tortoises and freshwater turtles sourced from the wild, or operating non-closed cycle breeding operations, increased farming production could easily catalyse greater demand, and thereby increase the largely unsustainable demand from wild populations. In 2008, TRAFFIC carried out important training on harvesting of wild medicinal plants and monitored traditional Chinese medicine markets in order to pave the way for sustainable harvesting of wild medicinal plants. Other topics in this issue include the analysis of wildlife trade information from Hong Kong SAR, the coral trade in East Asia, cross-border enforcement efforts, the illegal online wildlife trade, China s new management regulations covering the coral and ivory trades, and a public awareness campaign aimed at sustainable wildlife consumption. This report aims to continue TRAFFIC s efforts to encourage sustainable wildlife trade trends in China, informing policymakers, enforcers and consumers. Together, these stakeholders can achieve the vision of a world in which usage of wild plants and animals is managed at sustainable levels while making a significant contribution to human needs. 欢迎! TRAFFIC 中国项目主任徐宏发 TRAFFIC 亚太地区主任 James Compton 欢迎阅读 2008 年 中国野生动植物贸易状况, 这是我们第三辑关于中国野生动植物贸易趋势的年度报告 本报告的主要内容是 2008 年的濒危野生生物的贸易趋势, 重点分析野生动植物贸易对全球生物多样性影响的 热点 问题 这些 热点 是非法野生物贸易对濒危物种生存的危害特别明显 也是采取行动特别有意义的地方 虽然这些热点是产生 问题 的策源地, 但如果对此采取有效的措施加以控制, 则是能够实现野生生物保护重大胜利的机遇 对野生动植物的过度开发利用已经对无数物种的生存造成了不良影响, 偷猎虎豹生产虎豹制品就是非常明显的例子之一 由于虎豹制品的非法交易可获取高额利润, 致使一些不法分子铤而走险 尽管多次进行打击, 公开或地下的非法贸易始终存在 2008 年在 18 个县市的调查发现 : 虽然非法虎豹贸易, 特别是虎皮贸易有所收敛, 但比较 2007 年的调研结果, 虎豹非法贸易呈现更隐蔽 手法更狡猾 更有组织的特点, 打击的难度越来越大 在所发现的虎豹非 2008 年中国野生动植物资源贸易信息 3

4 The State of Wildlife Trade in China 法贸易中, 豹产品贸易有所抬头, 值得有关部门引起高度关注 研究表明, 在一些木材生产国, 非法木材砍伐量占出口量的很大份额, 因此我国进口的一部分木材被怀疑在原产国可能是非法采伐的 据海关的统计与出口国的数据比较, 中国海关统计的木材进口量与出口国海关统计的出口量存在差别, 差别在 10%-30% 之间 在报告中, 我们特别研究了中日两国之间海关木材进出口数据的差异, 并对其差别进行对比分析, 深入探究产生差异的原因, 为打击非法采伐和非法木材贸易活动提供信息支持 边境地区被认为是非法野生动植物贸易滋生的温床, 跨边境的非法贸易很难根除 本报告公布了中缅边境非法贸易调研结果 : 在与中国接壤的缅甸边境城市, 非法野生物贸易仍然很活跃, 很多濒危动物及其产品在公开出售 报告建议, 除了开展定期的边境检查之外, 两国还应该加强国际执法合作 在一些南方城市, 淡水龟的消费量巨大, 已造成对野生龟类生存的重大威胁 2008 年对野味市场进行了调查, 发现在市场上有 26 个龟种出售 许多种类没有人工饲养, 明显来自野外 然而, 商贩声称市场上出售的多数龟类都来自淡水龟养殖场 市场的淡水龟供应量和贸易额在逐年增加, 因此养龟的规模很有可能会随之扩增 令人担忧的是, 在养龟场规模不断发展的情况下, 很多新龟种出现在养殖场 除了对养殖龟类来自野外以及养殖场采用闭合养殖法的担心外, 养殖场对市场供应的增长会激发更大的市场需求, 从而刺激对野生龟种的不可持续利用 为了保护长江中上游地区的生物多样性,TRAFFIC 与 WWF 和 IUCN 继续合作, 开展中国 - 欧盟生物多样性项目的研究 2008 年,TRAFFIC 开展了一些重要的培训活动, 如野生药材可持续采集技术, 药材市场调查和监测技术的培训已顺利完成, 为开展野生药材的可持续采集提供了坚实基础 本期的其他内容还包括香港野生物贸易信息的分析 东亚的珊瑚贸易 跨边境非法贸易的打击 网络上的非法野生物贸易 中国加强象牙和红珊瑚的贸易管理, 以及倡导可持续消费的宣传活动等 本报告的目的是为各有关方面, 包括决策者 执行者和消费者提供信息, 为确保可持续的野生动植物贸易而开展更深入的工作 结合各方面的力量, 以实现在世界范围内的人类所需要的野生动植物资源的健康发展和可持续利用 Illegal trade in Asian big cat products in western China Xu Ling, Programme Officer, TRAFFIC East Asia The illegal trade in Asian big cat products threatens the survival of wild Tigers and leopards. Despite several crackdowns, the lucrative nature of such trade has continued to drive illegal trade. During 2008, TRAFFIC, along with members from the China Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network (CWTMN), surveyed markets for animal fur, traditional clothes, traditional jewellery, agricultural produce, tourist souvenirs and flowers and birds in six types of markets in major cities of western China. The major objective was to collect actionable information for law enforcement officers to crack down on illegal trade in Tiger and leopard products. The surveys covered 18 counties and cities in Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces, and revealed that the observable illegal Tiger and leopard trade had shrunk substantially compared to earlier surveys. Only two markets were found selling Leopard, Snow Leopard and Clouded Leopard skins in 2008: Bei Da Jie of Linxia City, Gansu Province, and Jinta Jie, Ta er Temple, Huangzhong County of Xining City, Qinghai Province. 1) Bei Da Jie in Linxia is a commercial street, specializing in fur, fur accessories and tourist souvenirs. It borders Chengjiao Temple to the west and connects with a local traffic hub to the east. One store open1y displayed a Leopard skin costing CNY (USD1466) and another showed two Snow Leopard skins costing CNY (USD ). They were also selling Tibetan accessories made of red coral (Grade 1 state protected species, banned from trade), beeswax and Turquoise (legally traded). The store owners did not allow the surveyors to take pictures. According to local taxi drivers, the Bei Da Jie Market had been refurbished and under regulatory improvements following the 2008 Spring Festival (Chinese New Year, February 2008) had resulted in nearly one-third of stores specializing in furs closing or switching to other businesses. This market was surveyed on four occasions during ) Nine Leopard skins and one Clouded Leopard skin were openly displayed for sale at five tourist souvenir stores on Jinta Jie, Ta er Temple in Xining City, four of the stores with only a single Leopard skin each. Other leopard skin products displayed in these stores on Jinta Jie were decorative skin strips. The store owners said these were purchased from Tibetans who no longer wore chubas and removed the fur trim to sell to merchants. Collarand-cuff leopard skin strips from a Tibetan chuba cost CNY300 (USD44). No leopard skins for sale carried legal certificates. This market was surveyed four times in Information on the trade in wild animals and plants in China 2008

5 中国野生动植物贸易状况 In 2007, TRAFFIC also conducted regular market surveys in Linxia, Gansu province. The survey results between 2007 and 2008 were compared as follows (Table 1). Table 1 Tiger/leopard skin products for sale in Linxia, Gansu Province, October November 2008 Survey date Bei Da Jie Market, Linxia Leopard skins, 1 Snow Leopard skin None Tiger skin, 5 Leopard skins, 2 Snow Leopard skins Leopard skins, 2 Snow Leopard skins Leopard skin, 2 Snow Leopard skins constitute severe violations of the law, and are subject to imprisonment ranging from five to 10 years plus a fine or, for severe cases, more than 10 years imprisonment plus a fine and/or seizure of property. Local enforcement authorities are therefore in a position to be able to strengthen enforcement efforts and punish repeat violations so as to deter crime more effectively. 2) Organized crime and hard enforcement Linxia in Gansu Province has long been a traditional centre for the animal skin trade, with more than people engaged in the business, mainly trading sheepskin and cow leather, as well as skins from fox andotter. Although very few traders engage in Tiger and leopard trade, the rare animal skin business is many times more lucrative than sheepskin and leather. Organized criminals and their operations are likely to go underground but resurface once enforcement intensity fades. Tiger and leopard skins were observed during all except one (January 2008) of the five surveys at Bei Da Jie Market carried out between October 2007 and November Merchants generally displayed leopard skins openly, but kept Tiger skins hidden even when they claimed to have them. Only one shop was overtly selling a genuine Tiger skin and five Leopard and two Snow Leopard skins were also found for sale there during the visit in March Return visits in May and November 2008 found up to nine leopard skins on sale, but no Tiger skins. The information on illegal trade from each survey was passed on to the regulatory authorities who had previously confiscated illegal Tiger and leopard skins based on information supplied by TRAFFIC. Several crackdowns, together with awareness campaigns on Tiger and leopard conservation have failed to completely eliminate the illegal big cat skin trade in Xining City, Qinghai Province, and Linxia City, Gansu Province. TRAFFIC identified the following three reasons why such illegal trade continues in Linxia despite various regulatory efforts: 1) Insufficient and irregular law enforcement China s authorities have conducted campaigns to crack down on illegal activities threatening wildlife in recent years, such as Feiying and Spring Thunder action. The local forestry police identified the illegal sale of wild animal skins and skin-decorated apparel in Linxia s fur market as a priority for monitoring and enforcement efforts. However, the frequency of the crackdowns has remained insufficient. As a minority area with an underdeveloped economy, the usual enforcement measures include product confiscation and education before perpetrators are released. However, criminal charges are rarely filed due to difficulties in identifying perpetrators. According to China s Criminal Law Articles 151 and 341, the smuggling, illegal purchase, transport and sale of Tiger/leopard products 3) Underdeveloped economy Another cause of the continuing illegal trade in Tiger/leopard skins in Linxia is the underdeveloped economy and low living standards. In 2004, the per capita rural net income was CNY1847 (USD271), far lower than the national average of CNY2936 (USD430). Under such economic conditions, some local residents rely on illegal trade in threatened animal products for a livelihood. Each successful sale of a whole Leopard skin commands a net profit of several thousand Chinese Yuan; a huge income for residents in underdeveloped areas. Although the surveys found that illegal trade in Tiger/leopard products in western China has shrunk tremendously since 2005, illegal trade nevertheless persists in some hotspots. Merchants still have stock and the trading channels remain, and it is quite likely illegal trade may thrive again when opportunity allows. TRAFFIC therefore recommends relevant authorities attempt to combat such illegal trade by carrying out regular market inspections and closely monitoring the Tiger and leopard skin markets, particularly in these hotspots. Any illegal big cat skins should be confiscated and legal penalties enforced. Apart from strengthened supervision and control over the domestic market, it is crucial to cut off the smuggling routes in an attempt to eliminate Tiger and leopard trade. The survey results have indicated that Tiger and leopard skins in the domestic markets are sourced in India and Nepal. Therefore, the governments of China, India and Nepal should step up cross-border law enforcement in order to cut off smuggling routes and rein in illegal poaching and smuggling of wild animals through bilateral and multilateral co-operation 年中国野生动植物资源贸易信息 5

6 The State of Wildlife Trade in China 图1 中国西部地区虎豹产品非法 贸易的现状 徐玲 TRAFFIC 中国项目官员 虎豹产品的非法贸易是威胁野生虎豹生存的主要原 因 由于虎豹制品的非法交易可获取高额利润 致使一些 不法分子铤而走险 尽管多次进行打击 公开或地下的非 法贸易始终存在 为了提供信息 支持有关执法部门持久有效地打击虎 豹产品的非法贸易 TRAFFIC在野生动物贸易监测网络志 愿者(CWTMN)的协助下 于2008年11-12月对中国西部主要 城市的动物毛皮市场 传统服装市场 传统珠宝工艺品市 场 花鸟市场 农贸市场和旅游纪念品市场等六类市场进 行了走访调查 本次调查走访了青海 甘肃 四川和云南四省共18个 县市 调查结果显示 虎豹非法贸易的现象大大减少 仅 在青海临夏市北大街和西宁市湟中县塔尔寺金塔街这两个 市场上发现有金钱豹和雪豹皮公开摆卖 1 临夏北大街是当地以出售皮毛 皮毛服饰和旅游 纪念品的一条商业街 西侧毗邻成角寺 东连交通枢纽转 盘 店主均为当地的回民 该街有两个店铺分别公开出售 金钱豹皮一张 图1 和雪豹皮两张 每张金钱豹皮的价格 为 1 万元 雪豹皮 元 这两家店铺除了经营豹皮 外 还经营珊瑚 蜜蜡 绿松石等藏族配饰 店主见调查 人员拍照 立刻进行阻止 据当地的出租车司机反映 北 大街市场从2008年春节之后一直在改造与整顿 近1/3的经 营皮毛的店铺已经关闭或改行经营 这个市场在 2008年被 图1 走访了四次 图1: Common Leopard skin openly sold at Bei Da Jie market in Linxia City, Gansu Province Xu Ling/TRAFFIC 甘肃临夏北大街市场公开 摆售的整张豹皮 徐玲/ TRAFFIC 图2:Leopard skin products displayed for sale at Jinta Jie market, Ta'er Temple in Xining City, Qinghai Pr ov i n c e X u L i n g / TRAFFIC 西宁塔尔寺金塔街市场公 开出售的豹皮制品 徐玲 / TRAFFIC 图2 6 Information on the trade in wild animals and plants in China 2008

7 中国野生动植物贸易状况 2) 在西宁塔尔寺金塔街发现有五家旅游纪念品商店公开出售共计九件金钱豹皮和一件云豹皮 其中一家店铺既出售金钱豹皮又出售云豹皮, 数量较多, 其余四家各有一件豹皮 西宁塔尔寺金塔街出售的不是整张豹皮, 而是从藏袍上拆下来的条块豹皮 据店主反映, 这些豹皮是从藏民手中收购过来的 由于一些藏民现在已不穿有虎豹皮装饰的藏袍, 因而将虎豹皮装饰物拆卸下来卖给商贩 用于藏袍衣领和袖口的一套豹皮的售价为 300 元, 所有出售的豹皮都没有任何合法的许可证 图 2 为西宁塔尔寺金塔街市场公开出售的豹皮制品 这个市场在 2008 年被走访了四次 据悉, 青海西宁 海南州 临夏市常有虎豹皮出售 为此,2007 年 月我们对三地进行了走访, 发现甘肃临夏北大街市场有虎豹皮买卖, 海南州日月山景点的商店营业员说有, 但没有见到实物, 西宁市则没有发现有虎豹皮出售 为此, 我们对临夏市北大街进行了跟踪监测, 结果见下表 表 年青海省临夏州虎豹皮制品的出售情况 调查时间 临夏市北大街市场 张金钱豹皮,1 张雪豹皮 无 张虎皮,5 张金钱豹皮,2 张雪豹皮 张金钱豹皮,2 张雪豹皮 张金钱豹皮,2 张雪豹皮 从上表可见, 直 2007 年 10 月到 2008 年 11 月约每三个月调查一次, 共调查了五次, 除 2008 年 1 月未发现虎豹皮贸易外, 其后每次调查都有发现, 一般他们将豹皮公开摆卖, 而虎皮则隐藏起来 但是在 2008 年 3 月的再次回访中, 却发现临夏北大街的一家店铺有虎皮公开摆买, 经鉴定, 确定为虎皮真品, 同时, 还发现有五张金钱豹皮和两张雪豹皮出售 2008 年 5 月和 11 月的两次调查, 虽未发现虎皮出售, 但豹皮仍公开摆卖 民族地区, 在执法过程中, 一般处于没收产品的处分, 人员教育释放, 由于难于发现操纵犯罪的人员, 很少能追究刑事责任 据 中华人民共和国刑法 第一百五十一条和三百四十一条规定, 走私 非法收购 运输和出售虎豹制品, 情节应属严重或特别严重, 应处五年以上十年以下有期徒刑, 并处罚金或处十年以上有期徒刑, 并处罚金或者没收财产 因此, 执法部门应该加强处罚力度, 依法惩处屡教不改的犯罪分子, 才能有效地震慑犯罪活动 2) 有组织的团伙犯罪, 打击难度大 甘肃临夏州历来是动物皮毛的交易中心, 这里从事动物皮毛经营从业人员多达八万多人, 以羊皮和牛皮为主, 也兼营狐狸皮 水獭皮 虎豹皮等其他珍稀动物的皮张 由于经营后者所带来的经济利润往往是高于前者的数十倍, 引起不法分子铤而走险 这些活动已形成有组织的团伙犯罪, 打击力度大了, 就转入地下, 一有机会, 卷土重来, 这也是虎豹皮等制品非法贸易屡禁不止的原因之一 3) 经济落后 临夏虎豹皮非法贸易持续存在的另一个原因是当地经济落后, 生活水平低下 2004 年, 农民人均纯收入仅 1847 元, 远低于全国平均水平的 2936 元 在这样的经济条件下, 一些当地居民为了谋生, 会选择从事濒危动物制品的非法贸易 当地一张金钱豹皮的价格高达万元, 出售一张可获数千元收入, 对经济落后地区居民是一笔巨大的收入, 高额的利润导致一些人挺而走险, 贫穷也是导致非法贸易屡禁不绝的原因之一 调查发现, 虽然西部地区虎豹制品的非法贸易已大大萎缩, 但在原来虎豹非法贸易的热点地区仍存在非法的贸易, 商人手中仍有存货, 贸易渠道尚在 一有时机, 极可能卷土重来 我们建议各有关部门开展合作, 定期检查市场, 严密监控这些热点地区, 加大打击力度, 依法惩处贩卖虎豹皮的非法活动, 彻底消灭虎豹产品的非法贸易 除了对国内市场加强监管之外, 切断走私途径以遏制虎豹贸易的方法也是至关重要的 调查结果还表明国内市场的虎豹皮产品货源来自印度和尼泊尔 因此, 中 印和尼政府应该加强跨边境执法, 通过双边或多边合作, 以切断走私 路线, 遏制偷猎和走私野生动物 我们每次调查以后, 执法部门根据这一信息进行了执法, 没收非法销售的虎豹皮 但经过多次保护虎豹的法制宣传和对非法虎豹贸易的打击, 在青海西宁和甘肃临夏地区, 虎豹皮非法贸易仍屡禁不绝 到底是什么原因造成这种非法贸易很快又卷土重来一直存在? 我们认为主要有以下三个原因 : 1) 执法力度不够 近年来, 国家有关部门都会组织集中打击破坏野生动物资源违法犯罪活动的专项行动, 如 飞鹰 和 春雷 行动等 当地森林公安已把临夏皮毛市场非法摆卖野生动物皮张和服饰列为重点监控和整治的对象, 但是其打击的力度远远不够 据反映, 由于当地经济不发达, 又是 2008 年中国野生动植物资源贸易信息 7

8 The State of Wildlife Trade in China Analysis of China-Japan Customs timber trade data Liu Xueyan, Programme Officer, TRAFFIC East Asia I. Timber consumption and trade in China As a major timber processing country, China needs to import a large amount of timber to meet consumer demand in domestic markets, and processing for overseas markets. China became the world s largest importing country of industrial logs in 2000, when it was also second only to the U.S.A. as an importer of timber products. From 2000 to 2007, the value of China s imported rough wood, sawn wood, veneer and plywood rose from USD3.26 billion to USD7.43 billion, up 128%, and its import volume rose from million (RWE: roundwood equivalent) cubic meters to million (RWE) cubic meters, up 108%; China s exports of rough wood, sawn wood, veneer and plywood also grew, in value from USD430 million to USD4.17 billion, up 870%, and in volume from 2.46 million (RWE) cubic meters to million (RWE) cubic meters, up 847%. As a result, from 2000 to 2007, China was a net importer of rough wood, sawn wood, veneer and plywood. Table 1 Timber exports from China Source: China Customs. RWE volumes(million cubic meters) China's exports of timber Plywood Veneer Sawnwood Rough wood Table 2 Timber imports into China, Source: China Customs RWE volumes(million cubic meters) China's imports of timber Plywood Veneer Sawnwood Rough wood Among China s major timber supplying countries, illegal timber felling and trade are rife in Russia, Indonesia, Malaysia and Papua New Guinea, according to WWF estimates and Greenpeace reports. Illegally felled timber in Indonesia accounts for 70 80% of gross output, while the proportion is 10 20% for Russia. It is believed that some of the timber imported to China was illegally felled in source countries. Statistics demonstrate a substantial discrepancy between the timber import volume recorded by China s Customs and export volumes recorded by exporting countries Customs. Such a discrepancy exists between China and the major timber supply countries, and also between China and the major importing countries of timber felled in China, in part, possibly because illegally felled timber is excluded from the figures of supply countries. Illegal timber felling and trade is a high-profile issue, with many complex causes. To boycott such illegal trade, joint efforts should be taken in production, processing, transport, trade and consumption of timber and timber products. As a State law-enforcement agency, Customs plays a crucial role in cracking down on illegal timber imports and exports. To analyse differences in Customs data and what these mean as indicators of any illegal timber trade, TRAFFIC conducted an analysis of statistics between China and Japan. Results have been used in dialogues to improve bilateral Customs collaboration, improve statistical systems and methodology, strengthen law enforcement, and reduce statistical discrepancies as a means to stopping illegal timber import and export trade. II. Project Methodology In general terms, China is a processor and exporter of timber products in the global trade chain, while Japan is a major consumer of timber products and also a major export destination for China. Customs import and export data for rough wood, sawn wood, veneer and plywood during the period were selected for a comparative analysis. Additional information was gathered by visiting Customs officers, the World Customs Organization Regional Intelligence Liaison Office (WCO- RILO), the China Timber Distribution Association and other relevant authorities, either formally or informally. In addition, the findings and action plans have been enhanced through the input of two bilateral seminars between staff from government agencies in China and Japan, NGOs, research institutions and companies. On 16 January 2009, the first Chinese-Japanese Customs Seminar was held in Japan, where more than 20 representatives from the Japan Federation of Customs, the Forestry Association, Tokyo Customs, the Comprehensive Statistics Department of the General Administration of Customs of the People s Republic of China, WCO-RILO Asia- Pacific, and TRAFFIC met to discuss research findings. III. Findings and recommendations 1. Substantial discrepancies exist between China and Japan s Customs statistics: for rough wood exported from China to Japan, China s Customs statistics are generally lower than Japan s Customs records; for sawn wood exported from China to Japan, China s Customs statistics are higher than 8 Information on the trade in wild animals and plants in China 2008

9 中国野生动植物贸易状况 Japan s Customs records; for veneer exported from Japan to China, China s Customs statistics are lower than Japan s Customs records; for plywood exported from Japan to China, China s Customs statistics are higher than Japan s Customs records. 2. The discrepancies in Customs statistics between China and Japan are not large, mostly within 10 30%, and significantly lower than e.g. the differences in Customs statistics between Japan and Indonesia. However, there were cases of substantial differences in the figures in certain periods. For example, there were large statistical differences in rough wood exported from China to Japan during ; sawn wood exported from China to Japan during ; veneer exported from Japan to China in 2001 and 2002; and plywood exported from Japan to China during These differences were as high as %. To explore the root cause of discrepancies in Customs statistics between China and Japan, research staff made a comparative analysis of timber import and export processes, applicable laws and policies, as well as examining how Customs data is generated in China and Japan. They discovered that such discrepancies have little relation to external factors, such as timber import and export policies. The root cause is how Customs data are generated in the two countries. The data in both countries come from import and export declarations prepared by importers and exporters. However, Customs staff generally only check whether the declarations are consistent with other attached documents, and do not carry out timber scaling (the act of measuring timber to determine its volume or mass) on all imported and exported timber. This is likely to be a significant cause of data discrepancies. Moreover, Customs in both countries do not ask importers or exporters (depending on which side is in charge of Customs clearance) to present authoritative information issued by the Customs of timber export countries, thereby giving opportunities for importers or exporters to provide false volume of imported products This too might be a cause of data discrepancies. Therefore, it is advisable to step up co-operation and communications between Chinese and Japanese Customs agencies, and improve the import and export Customs clearance processes in an attempt to curb illegal timber imports and exports and trading activities. Reference Anon. (2007). The Russian-Chinese Timber Trade: Export, Supply Chains, Consumption, and Illegal Logging. WWF Russia Report. Felled logs in north China TRAFFIC 中国北方砍伐的木材 TRAFFIC 中日海关木材贸易数据的研究 刘雪雁 TRAFFIC 中国项目官员 一 中国木材消费与贸易 中国作为主要木材加工国, 每年需进口大量木材来满足国内外市场的消费需求 2000 年, 中国成为仅次于美国的第二大林产品进口国,2001 年成为世界上最大的工业原木进口国 从 2000 年到 2007 年期间, 中国原木 锯材 单板和胶合板的进口额从 32.6 亿美元上升到了 74.3 亿美元, 增长了 128%, 进口量从 2285 万 (RWE) 立方米上升到 4752 万 (RWE) 立方米, 增长了 108%; 中国原木 锯材 单板和胶合板的出口也出现了增长, 其出口额从 4.3 亿美元增长到 41.7 亿美元, 增长了 870%, 出口量从 万 (RWE) 立方米上升到 万 (RWE) 立方米, 增长了 847% 因此, 在 年中国野生动植物资源贸易信息 9

10 The State of Wildlife Trade in China 年 年中, 只从原木 锯材 单板和胶合板进出口贸易来看中国属于木材的净进口国 ( 见图 1 和图 2) 出口量 ( 单位 : 百万立方米 RWE) 进口量 ( 单位 : 百万立方米 RWE) 中国木材出口趋势 胶合板 图 1. 中国出口的木材, 年 来源 : 中国海关 中国木材进口趋势 单板 锯材 原木 胶合板 图 2. 中国进口的木材, 年 来源 : 中国海关 在中国的主要木材供应国中, 俄罗斯 印尼 马来西亚和巴布亚新几内亚国内木材非法采伐和贸易活动猖獗 据 WWF( 世界自然基金会 ) 统计以及绿色和平的相关报告, 印尼的非法采伐木材量占到了总产量的 70%-80%, 俄罗斯占 10%-20%, 因此中国进口的一部分木材被怀疑在原产国是非法采伐得来的 经初步研究统计, 中国海关统计中的木材进口量与出口国海关统计的出口量存在重大差别 这种差别不但存在中国和主要木材供应国之间, 还出现于中国和主要林产品进口国之间, 这可能是因木材原产国非法的木材采伐而采伐量没有纳入官方的统计之中而造成的 非法木材采伐和相关贸易是一个普遍存在的问题, 也是国际上讨论的热点话题, 其背后的原因错综复杂 因此, 为了抵制非法木材采伐和相关贸易, 需从生产 加工 运输 贸易和消费等环节上联合采取行动 海关作为国家执法机构, 在打击非法木材进出口中有着举足轻重的作用 单板 锯材 原木 为了能更好地分析海关数据差异及其与非法木材贸易的联系,2008 年,TRAFFIC 日本与 TRAFFIC 中国项目办公室共同启动了中日海关项目, 目的是通过研究, 以制订出一套有效方案推动中日双边海关协作, 来共同改进统计系统, 达到加强执法, 减少统计数据差异并杜绝非法木材进出口贸易 二 项目的进展状况 中国是国际林产品贸易链中的主要加工出口国, 而日本是主要木材产品消费国, 同时也是中国出口木材的主要目的国 选择中日两国海关统计差别对比分析, 可以了解中日木材国际贸易的真实情况, 为打击非法采伐和相关贸易活动提供支持 为了更好的集中分析反映问题, 项目选取了 2000 年至 2006 年间原木 锯材 单板和胶合板四个重点林产品海关进出口数据, 进行了对比分析 两国研究人员通过正式与非正式的拜访海关 世界海关组织亚洲太平洋地区情报联络中心 (RILO) 中国林业协会等有关机构, 获得相关信息来进行对比分析 此外, 还通过举办中日两次国家级研讨会, 对我们的研究以及方案进行讨论和补充 2009 年 1 月 16 号第一次中日海关研讨会在日本召开, 来自日本海关联合会 林业协会 东京海关 中国海关总署统计司 RILO 国际野生物贸易研究组织 (TRAFFIC) 等共 20 多名相关人员参加了会议, 对项目前期的研究成果进行了讨论并对下一步的开展提出了建议 第二次中日海关研讨会于 4 月 21 和 22 日在中国北京召开 国家林业局 TRAFFIC, 世界自然保护联盟 (IUCN) 中国项目以及森林趋势 (Forest Trend) 等共同主持了会议, 有 60 多名来自两国政府 研究组织和非政府代表出席了会议 会上, 我们发布了研究成果与最终报告, 得到了与会者的热烈响应与积极反馈 三 项目的发现以及建议 1. 中日两国海关统计数据存在重大差别的包括 : 从中国出口到日本的原木, 中国海关统计数据普遍小于日本海关记录 ; 出口到日本的锯材, 中国海关统计数据则高于日本海关记录 ; 从日本出口到中国的单板, 中国海关统计数据小于日本海关记录 ; 出口到中国的胶合板, 中国海关统计高于日本海关记录 2. 虽然中日两国海关统计数据有差别, 但差别不大, 多数在 10%-30% 之间, 明显小于日本和印尼两国海关统计差别 但中日两国之间也存在有重大差别的情况, 但这种情况只发生在某些林产品的某一段时间段内 如从中国出口到日本的原木, 在 年间中日两国统计差别大 ; 从中国出口到日本的锯材在 年, 统计差别较大 ; 从日本出口到中国的单板, 年统计差别较大 ; 而从日本出口到中国的胶合板在 年差别较大 这些统计差别程度高达 200%-300% 为了探索中日海关统计差别的根本原因, 研究人员对中日两国木材进出口流程及相关法律政策 海关数据产生过程进行了对比分析 分析发现两国海关统计数据差别 10 Information on the trade in wild animals and plants in China 2008

11 中国野生动植物贸易状况 与外部因素, 如木材进出口政策相关性不大, 其根本原因在于中日两国海关数据的产生过程 中日两国海关数据都来源于进出口报关单, 而进出口报关单是由进出口商准备的 一般情况下, 海关人员只会检查报关单与其它随附文件内容是否相符, 不会对所有进出口木材进行检尺, 这可能是产生数据差别原因之一 再者, 两国海关都不要求进口商出具木材出口国海关出具的权威资料, 这给进口商弄虚作假创造了机会, 也是可能产生数据差别的原因之一 因此, 建议加强中日两国海关合作和沟通, 改善进出口报关流程, 以充分发挥海关在打击非法采伐和相关贸易活动中应有的作用 参考资料 世界自然基金会俄罗斯办公室,2007 年, 俄中木材贸易 : 出口 供货渠道 消费和非法采伐 Wildlife trade on the China-Myanmar border Xu Ling, Programme Officer, TRAFFIC East Asia Wildlife trade on the China-Myanmar border has long been extensive; rare and endangered wild animal and plant species are poached in Myanmar, or sourced from neighbouring countries, and then smuggled into China through many small trails without checkpoints. Aside from a substantial timber trade, the smuggled products are used in traditional Chinese medicines, and also transported to wild meat markets in southern cities of China. In December 2008, TRAFFIC conducted wildlife trade market surveys in Baoshan, Tengchong and Xishuangbanna in China and Muse and Mongla in Myanmar. Near Mongla Stadium was a shop called Burma Yu erma Tiger-bone Wine where Tiger-bone wine was openly displayed for sale. A 335 g bottle was priced at CNY600 (USD88) and a 700 g bottle at CNY1200 (USD176). To prove the wine was genuine, the shop owner showed the surveyors a whole animal skeleton, which was identified as being from a Tiger after careful study. The shop owner and his wife were Myanmar nationals, speaking fluent Chinese. They claimed that buyers were mostly Chinese tourists and a telephone ordering service was available for the wine (Figure 3), which could be delivered to Daluo port along Daluo River in China. It is important to recognize the role non-government controlled areas in Myanmar play in facilitating wildlife trade into China. Myanmar laws have banned poaching of endangered wildlife, but enforcement is non-existent in Special Region 4 as it is an autonomous state within Myanmar controlled by the NDAA (National Democratic Alliance Army) and subject to its own laws. This is also the case with other non-government controlled regions in Myanmar bordering China. The UWSA (United Wa State Army) located north of Special Region 4 also facilitates wildlife and methamphetamine trade into Yunnan and northern Thailand from their base at Panghsang opposite Menglian in Yunnan Province. Unless these groups are directly engaged and persuaded to adopt effective conservation law the trade in wildlife will continue. On the China side, due to intensified law enforcement, no open sale of wildlife was found at markets. With a long border of more than 1000 km between the two countries, there are many segments without checkpoints and it is easy to transport wildlife products across the border from Myanmar into China. Myanmar businessmen usually acquired orders from Chinese consumers and offered door-to-door delivery thanks to the easy entry and exit across the national boundaries. The surveys found no illegal trade in endangered wild species in the three Chinese cities of Yunnan Province, or in Muse market in Myanmar. However, many wildlife products were found for sale in Mongla, in Special Region 4 of Myanmar s Eastern Shan State, opposite Daluo port in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, China. In the Mongla agricultural produce market, 1500 m from the China-Myanmar border checkpoint, outdoor stalls selling wildlife products were mostly ethnic Chinese and products of endangered species identified in the survey included: a Clouded Leopard skin, on sale for CNY1000 (USD147); several pieces of elephant skin costing CNY800 (USD117) each; three batches of bear bile costing CNY800 (USD117) each; three kilos of pangolin scales (unprocessed), at CNY1600 (USD235) per kilo; one dead Silver Pheasant priced at CNY1200 (USD176); one bear paw, costing CNY1200 (USD176); and a monitor lizard foot. (See photo) Monitor Lizard foot at Mongla Market, Myanmar Xu Ling/TRAFFIC 小勐拉市场销售巨蜥爪 徐玲 /TRAFFIC 2008 年中国野生动植物资源贸易信息 11

12 The State of Wildlife Trade in China 中缅边境野生动物及其制品的贸易 徐玲 TRAFFIC 中国项目官员 中缅边境野生动物贸易历来十分猖獗 据悉, 珍稀濒危的野生动物在缅甸被偷猎捕杀后, 通过众多不设关卡的边境小道, 走私进入中国 这些野生动物产品不仅用作中药材, 也供应一些南方城市的野味市场 2008 年 12 月, TRAFFIC 对中国境内云南省保山 腾冲 瑞丽和西双版纳边境地区以及缅甸境内木姐和小勐拉市场进行了走访 调查结果显示, 在中国云南境内的四个市镇和缅甸的木姐市场没有发现公开的珍稀濒危野生动物的非法贸易, 但在中国打洛口岸对面的缅甸掸邦东部第四特区的小勐拉, 发现大量的野生动物及其产品出售 在距离中缅边境关口约 1500 米的小勐拉农贸市场上, 出售野生动物的露天摊位集中分布在市场入口的左侧, 摊主都是中国籍边民 调查中发现的濒危动物及其产品主要包括 :1) 云豹皮 1 张, 价格为人民币 1000 元 ;2) 象皮若干片, 每片 800 元人民币 ;3) 熊胆 3 个, 每个 800 元人民币 ;4) 穿山甲片 ( 未炮制的 )3 公斤, 每公斤 1600 元人民币 ;5) 白鹇死体 1 只 ( 图 1),1200 元人民币 ( 图 3);6) 熊掌 1 只,1200 元人民币 ;7) 巨蜥爪 1 只 ( 见上页图 ) 在小勐拉体育场附近有家 缅甸玉儿马虎骨酒 商店, 我们发现该店在公开出售虎骨酒 规格 355 克 / 瓶的售 价是每瓶 600 元,700 克 / 瓶的价格为每瓶 1200 元 为了向顾客证实是正宗的虎骨酒, 特地将一副完整的动物骨架显示给调查人员看, 经仔细辨别, 确是一具大型猫科动物的骨架 该店的店主是一对能说流利中文的缅甸夫妇, 店主称, 购买虎骨酒大多是来缅甸游玩的中国籍游客 如果有意购买虎骨酒的话, 通过电话就可以预订 ( 图 2), 他们可以负责送到对面的中方打洛口岸 被称为 丛林中的拉斯韦加斯 的小勐拉, 非法野生动物贸易猖獗 据缅甸法律, 濒危的野生动物是被禁止猎杀的, 但执法力度很低 在小勐拉, 没有看到对这些非法买卖有任何管理措施 在中国一侧, 由于执法力度大, 市场上看不到非法的野生动物贩卖 由于中缅边境很长, 许多地段未设边防检查, 携带野生动物制品出入境十分容易 缅甸商人为了规避风险, 利用出入境便利的条件, 预先获得消费者的订单, 直接送货上门 中缅边境线长达上千公里, 仅仅依靠边检来遏制濒危动物的走私难度很大 中缅两国有关部门应联合起来, 通过正式或非正式的会谈, 交流执法信息, 加强国际合作, 共同打击濒危动物产品的走私活动 在缅甸一侧, 当地政府必须立即关闭虎豹等野生动物产品的公开摆卖, 没收这些产品 并经常巡视市场, 发现问题, 及时处理 两国边防海关要严格检查进出边检口岸的人和货物, 采取有效措施杜绝一切可能的走私野生动物的犯罪活动 对不设卡的小路, 可以通过树立告示牌的形式, 警告过境者, 走私濒危野生动物是犯罪行为, 要面临的严厉的处罚, 加强宣传, 让游客自觉遵守两国的法律 图 1 图 1 图 2 图 1. Silver Pheasant at at Mongla Market, Myanmar Xu Ling/ TRAFFIC 小勐拉市场销售的白鹇 徐玲 /TRAFFIC 图 2. Yu'erma Tiger-bone wine near Mongla Stadium, Myanmar Xu Ling/TRAFFIC 小勐拉市场上销售的玉儿马虎骨酒 徐玲 TRAFFIC 12 Information on the trade in wild animals and plants in China 2008

13 中国野生动植物贸易状况 A preliminary study of freshwater turtle farms in China Timothy Lam, Senior Programme Officer, TRAFFIC East Asia Xu Ling, Programme Officer, TRAFFIC East Asia Farming of freshwater turtles in China began with the rearing of softshell turtles in the 1970s. Severe competition between the farms led to a sharp fall in the price of the turtles and dwindling profits, which led to the cultivation of other freshwater turtle species in the late 1980s and early 1990s (van Dijk, 2002; Wu, 2008; Zhou, 2006). Zhou and Huang (2006) estimated the total area of turtle farms in China had reached ha distributed across 16 provinces, with Guangdong, Zhejiang, Hainan and Jiangsu being the key provinces. The turtles were farmed to supply the demand for food and pets, primarily in Chinese markets. In 2006, it was estimated that there were around two to four million turtles in these farms, with the dominant species being the Red-eared Slider Trachemys scripta elegans, a species native to the Americas. The 2006 survey also reported that 49 species of freshwater turtle were held in stock by the farms, although only seven species (14%) of freshwater turtles are known to have been captive bred successfully in commercial numbers (Zhou and Huang 2006). Commercial freshwater turtle farming was worth about CNY8 billion (USD1.3 billion) in 2005 and was estimated to increase in value to CNY10 15 billion (USD billion) in The scale of turtle farming in China was expanding in terms of area and species diversity (Zhou and Huang 2006). A provincial level report on freshwater turtle farming at Zhejiang, mentioned that some of the supply of farmed turtles were processed as canned or frozen food (Anon, 2006). Findings from turtle farm visits At the five freshwater turtle farms surveyed in five different locations, different types of farming operations were observed. All the visited farms bred or reared primarily freshwater turtles, but breeding tortoise species was also attempted in the farms (Table 1). Species reared in farms Several species previously unrecorded in farming/captive breeding operations were observed, mostly believed to be targeted at the pet trade (e.g. Geoemyda spengleri (Black-breasted Leaf Turtle), Geochelone pardalis (Leopard Tortoise), Malayemys subtrijuga (Ricefield turtle)). This increased species diversity reflects the growing demand for new and threatened freshwater turtle species, especially for the pet trade (Shepherd and Nijman 2008, Schoppe 2009). A side from the two turtle farms specializing in pet market supply, the species found in the largest quantities were Trachemys scripta elegans, Mauremys mutica, Chelydra serpentina and Chinemys reevesii. Sources of freshwater turtles and the trade network The three farms visited in eastern China (Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang) claimed they bought the breeding stock from farms in southern China. This information was supported by findings from visits to Guangdong and Hainan Provinces, where farms sold juvenile turtles and breeding stock to other farms, but did not rear adult turtles for sale at markets. However, the sources of bred freshwater turtles in farms in Guangdong and Hainan Provinces were not clearly known. The farm owner visited in Hainan Province knew that middlemen were involved in illegally importing turtles from South-east Asia. A farm operator in Guangdong Province also mentioned that individual turtles in the markets were probably all illegally imported from other countries. Records held in the UNEP- WCMC CITES trade database showed that only 137 individuals of one turtle species (Terrapene carolina) and five tortoise species (Chelonoidis carbonaria, Geochelone spp., Testudo hermanni, Testudo horsfieldii and Testudo marginata) were reported as legal imports to China in The other non-native species with no record of successful captive breeding were suspected to be from illegal sources. Trend and development of freshwater turtle farms The supply of tortoises and freshwater turtles and the value of the trade are increasing according to the literature (Zhou and Huang, 2007; Shi et. al., 2008), and it is likely that the scale of turtle farming in China continues to grow. The farms visited were all exploring greater species diversity in their farms, particularly those involved in supplying the pet trade. In Hainan Province it was claimed that the top priorities for breeders are to establish and develop captive operations for new turtle and tortoise species. A farm owner in Hainan stated that with the large numbers of farmed turtles being produced, the industry is exploring possibilities to export to other countries and to use turtles as an ingredient in manufacturing tonics and Chinese medicines. Market observations and links to turtle farms Supported by Ocean Park Conservation Foundation (OPCF Hong Kong), market surveys were carried out at five key wild meat markets in China in 2007, in the cities of Guangzhou, Haikou, Nanning, Fuzhou and Kunming. These recorded a total of 26 tortoise and freshwater turtle species with Trachemys scripta elegans, Mauremys mutica and Chinemys reevesii the most numerous. Market vendors stated that these three species were successfully bred from captive farmed stock, indicating a link between captivebred freshwater turtles and meat market supplies. However, nine turtle species observed had not been recorded from captive breeding operations and five others were known not to have been successfully captive bred. This suggests that more than half of the recorded species were from wild sources. Most were CITES-listed species and could well be illegal stock smuggled into China, including species such as Orlitia borneensis, Melanochelys trijuga, Geochelone platynota. Some of these species are protected by law in their countries of origin, and there are no CITES trade records showing import, indicating that these species have not entered China legally. Guangzhou is the most important freshwater turtle market in terms of species diversity and numbers. Many turtle shells are found in Chinese medicine markets, mainly derived from Trachemys scripta elegans, Mauremys mutica and Chinemys reevesii. As these three species are known to have been successfully captive bred, turtle farms may also be directly supplying traditional Chinese medicine markets. Other species identified included Ocadia sinensis, Geochelone platynota, Manouria impressa and Heosemys grandis. Prices ranged from CNY50 120/kg (USD ) 年中国野生动植物资源贸易信息 13

14 The State of Wildlife Trade in China Table 1 Summary of findings from freshwater turtle farms visited Location Description Operation types Shanghai turtle farm Privately owned, medium sized farm, built in 2001, 6 ha in area, 10 workers Supplying adult sized turtles to Guangdong meat markets and juveniles to farms in Zhejiang. Sources of breeding turtles Turtle farms in Hainan Supplying markets Zhejiang, Guangdong markets Species found rearing in farm Mauremys reevesii,mauremys nigricans,cuora trifasciata,chelydra serpentina, Trachemys scripta elegans, Cistoclemmys flavomarginata, Cuora aurocapitat, Platysternon megacephalum, Sacalia quadriocellata Jiangsu turtle farm Government owned, large scale commercial turtle farm reached 200 ha in area. Started with soft shell turtle and later diversified into other species. Breeding stock bought from farms in Guangdong and Hainan, grow-out stock mainly supplied to meat markets of Guangdong and Jiangsu markets. Turtle farms in Hainan, Guangdong Red ear slider Emydura subglobosa,indotestudo and common elongata, Geochelone pardalis, Sacalia snapping quadriocellata,chelydra serpentina, turtle supply Graptemys kohnii, Mauremysreevesii, Guangzhou Mauremys sinensis, Trachemys scripta markets while scripta, Pelomedusa subrufa nigra, other species Malayemys subtrijuga, Mauremys supplying local mutica, Staurotypus sp., Chrysemys markets picta bellii, Chrysemys picta marginata Zhejiang turtle farm The smallest scale farming among all the farms visited, less than 0.5 ha in area Rearing turtles and tortoises for pet trade purpose only with the most diversified species that are not found in other visited farms. Most of the turtles were sold online. From internet, and Guangzhou markets Sell in the farm owner s shop and through Internet Emydura subglobosa, Indotestudo elongata, Geochelone pardalis, Sacalia bealei, Macroclemys temminckii, Graptemys kohnii, Mauremys reevesii, Mauremys sinensis, Trachemys scripta scripta, Pelomedusa subrufa nigra, Malayemes subtrijuga, Mauremys mutica, Staurotypus sp., Chrysemys picta bellii, Chrysemys picta marginata Guangdong turtle farm Hainan turtle farm One of the four farms in the province run by the same company, the visited farm is 15 ha in area A privately owned farm, operated since 1999, 13.3ha. with 50 ponds and more than 20 workers. The farm only breeds juveniles and supplies other farms with breeding turtles. Breeding juvenile turtles for pet trade purpose only. The species in captivity are mostly not native to China. The farm owner claimed they have obtained the import and export trading licenses from government and they hired a specialist to improve breeding techniques for different turtle species. Artificial breeding, tortoises bought from middlemen where the farm operator mentioned she know some stock are smuggled from South-east Asia Some turtles To turtle were purchased legally from South-east Asia. Some others were purchased from friends. The farm owners said those friends might smuggle turtles from South-east Asia farms and pet markets of Guangdong Mauremysnigricans, Macroclemys temminckii, Cistoclemmys flavomarginata, Cuora mccordi, Cuora trifasciata, Geoclemys hamiltonii, Mauremysreevesii, Geochelone elegans, Indotestudo elongata, Mauremys mutica, Cyclemys dentate, Geochelone pardalis, Chelydra serpentina, Cuora zhoui, Cuora aurocapitata, Cuora pani The farms reared the largest number of species, more than 30 species including Emydura subglobosa, Geochelone carbonaria, Geochelone sulcata, Malaclemys terrapin, Chelodina siebenrocki 14 Information on the trade in wild animals and plants in China 2008

15 中国野生动植物贸易状况 Conservation problems of turtle farm operations 1. Farm operators generally lack concern and knowledge of freshwater turtle conservation. The farming, including attempts at closedcycle captive breeding, of freshwater turtles, apart from softshell species, developed only recently and farm operators have little knowledge of national legislation protecting wild animals (whether native to China or other countries). Technical aspects of turtle farming are still in developmental stages, and it is not surprising that additional mortality will be caused to individuals in the process of harvest, husbandry, breeding and selling (Zhou, 2006; Wu, 2008). 2. Uncontrolled expansion of trial species. Because of consumers curiosity and interest of rearing rarely-seen species as pets, turtle farm owners are experimenting with a wider variety of species in captivity to meet the market demand. The desire to breed and trade the more lucrative rare species will pose increasing threats to remaining wild populations. Unplanned and unregulated ranching of wild-sourced turtles will place heavy burdens on some already over-exploited turtle populations. 3. Illegal sources of breeding turtles. The limited number of turtle species viable for commercial breeding suggests the turtle industry still relies heavily on wild populations for example, from South-east Asia (Schoppe, 2009) for breeding stock, grow-out, and to sell directly to market. There is no effective way to tell whether turtles in the market come from the wild or from captive-bred sources, thus turtle farms are potentially a laundering point for wild turtles being sent to market. 4. Stimulating market demands for freshwater turtles. Largescale turtle farming provides supply for both meat and pet markets. The abundant supplies of turtles and the continued diversification into new and rare species is likely to stimulate further demand in turtles. According to TRAFFIC s survey into Chinese attitudes to consumption of species for medicinal and food, consumers generally support using animals from captive bred sources. However, with the low number of turtle species viable for captive breeding, and the inability to distinguish the legitimacy of captive-bred claims, the rising demand for freshwater turtles could lead to greater exploitation of wild populations in China and other source countries. Recommendations 1. More in-depth research required: Only a limited number of freshwater turtle farms were visited during this pilot study. A thorough investigation of this trade requires more indepth research and a significantly larger sample size. 2. Regulate number of freshwater turtle species permitted to be reared: At present, among the 54 species China government permitted for captive breeding for commercial purposes, only three of them are freshwater turtles. Government authorities should evaluate which freshwater turtles are viable to be reared in captivity and specify those species that are allowed to be reared. The State Forestry Administration should keep an inventory of the species reared in the farms and empower local authorities to audit the turtle farms on a regular basis. Farms introducing any new species to their inventory should be required to obtain prior approval from the relevant government departments, including the CITES Management Authority for any CITES-listed species. 3. Reinforcing enforcement actions: The sources of some breeding turtles are from middlemen and allegedly include stock smuggled from outside China, particularly countries in South-east Asia and South Asia, and illegal trade in the meat markets still exists (Gong et.al 2009). China s law enforcement authorities should continue to monitor turtle farms and markets to encourage regulatory compliance, and take necessary enforcement actions as appropriate. 4. Increasing knowledge and awareness of turtle conservation among turtle farm operators and consumers: Tailor-made education programmes should be designed for turtle farm operators, market vendors and consumers. Materials should cover definitions of closed-cycle captive breeding, current problems with turtle farm operations, the necessity of legal and sustainable trade of freshwater turtles (including relevant legislation and regulations). As wild freshwater turtle populations are being depleted in China and other source countries, the general public should be discouraged from consuming species of unknown provenance, and be made aware of the conservation status and legal framework regarding trade in such species. References Anon. (2006). Zhejiang becomes the largest freshwater turtle farming province of China, producing 3.5 billion individuals per year. Hangzhou Daily News (in Chinese), 9 March. Gong, S. P., Chow, T., Fong, J. and Shi, H. T. (2009). The chelonian trade in the largest pet market in China: scale, scope and impact on turtle conservation. Oryx, 43(2), Schoppe, S. (2009). Status, trade dynamics and management of the Southeast Asian Box Turtle in Indonesia. TRAFFIC South East Asia, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. Shepherd, C. R. and Nijman, V Pet freshwater turtle and tortoise trade in Chatuchak Market,Bangkok, Thailand. TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 16 pp. Shi, H. and Parham, J.F. (2001). Preliminary observations of a large turtle farm in Hainan Province, People s Republic of China. Turtle and Tortoise Newsletter. 3: 4-6. Shi H., Parham, J.F. Lau, M.W.-N and Chen T.H Farming Endangered turtles to Extinction in China. Conservation Biology 21(1). Shi, H. Parham, J. F., Fan, Z., Hong, M. and Yin, F., Evidence for the massive scale of turtle farming in China. Oryx, 42(1), van Dijk, Peter Paul. (2002). Development of mid-and long-term conservation measures for Asian tortoises and freshwater turtles. TRAFFIC Southeast Asia Internal Report, 52pp Wu, J. (2008). Developing China s freshwater turtle farming benefits human beings. Ocean and Fishery (in Chinese) Vol. 2: Zhou Status and Development of turtle farming in Hainan Province. China Aquaculture. Vol. 6: Zhou, T and Huang C Status and Charateristics of Turtles Bred in China. Journal of Economic Animal (In Chinese) 11(4): 年中国野生动植物资源贸易信息 15