The State of Wildlife Trade in China Information on the trade in wild animals and plants in China 2008 中国野生动植物贸易状况 2008 年中国野生动植物资源贸易信息 4 Illegal trade

Transcription

1 The State of Wildlife Trade in China Information on the trade in wild animals and plants in China 2008 中国野生动植物贸易状况 2008 年中国野生动植物资源贸易信息

2 The State of Wildlife Trade in China Information on the trade in wild animals and plants in China 2008 中国野生动植物贸易状况 2008 年中国野生动植物资源贸易信息 4 Illegal trade in Asian big cat products in western China Xu Ling 中国西部地区虎豹产品非法贸易的现状 徐玲 8 Analysis of China-Japan Customs timber trade data Liu Xueyan 中日海关木材贸易数据的研究 刘雪雁 11 Wildlife trade on the China-Myanmar border Xu Ling 中缅边境野生动物及其制品的贸易 徐玲 13 A preliminary study of freshwater turtle farms in China Timothy Lam,Xu Ling 中国淡水龟养殖场的初步研究 林峰毅, 徐玲 19 Sustainable utilization of traditional medicinal plants: Training campaign under the EU-China Biodiversity Programme ECBP 中国 欧盟生物多样性项目培训活动 : 可持续利用传统药用植物 Liu Xueyan 刘雪雁 21 Analysis and application of wildlife trade information Timothy Lam 香港野生生物贸易信息的分析和使用 林峰毅 24 Corallium trade in East Asia Joyce Wu,Soyo Takahashi 东亚地区红珊瑚的贸易 吴郁琪,Soyo Takahashi 28 China enhances management of coral and ivory trade 中国加强红珊瑚和象牙贸易的管理 31 China-Nepal visit exchange: Cracking down on cross-border illegal wildlife trade 中国 - 尼泊尔两国互访 : 加强 CITIES 执法, 保护濒危动植物 33 Stopping illegal online wildlife trade Xu Ling 国家濒管办和公安部网络安全监察局召开 控制濒 徐玲 危物种网上贸易研讨会 34 Public awareness campaign: Advocating sustainable wildlife consumption 宣传运动 : 倡导野生生物消费的可持续性 The State of Wildlife Trade in China contains information and original papers on the subject of trade in wild animals and plants in and around China, and strives to be a source of accurate and objective information. The State of Wildlife Trade in China is available free of charge. Quotation of information appearing in the news sections is welcomed without permission, but citation must be given. Reproduction of all other material appearing in the State of Wildlife Trade in China requires written permissions from the publisher. Managing Editors: Xu Hongfa and James Compton Editors and Compilers: Priscilla Jiao and Richard Thomas teachina@wwfchina.org The designations of geographical entities in this publication, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of TRAFFIC or its supporting organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Any opinions expressed are those of the writers and do not necessarily reflect those of TRAFFIC, WWF or IUCN. Published by TRAFFIC East Asia China Programme. Cover photos (clockwise from top right): Red Coral Guanyin at Taipei Airport James Compton/TRAFFIC; Felled logs in north China TRAFFIC; Burmese Star Tortoise in Guangzhou Qingping Market Xu Ling/TRAFFIC; Snow Leopard skin for sale on the China-Myanmar border Xu Ling/TRAFFIC Funding for the printing and distribution of the State of Wildlife in China report is generously provided by WWF Netherlands. 中国野生动植物贸易状况 是国际野生物贸易研究委员会 野生动植物贸易检测网络 的年度报告 该组织的使命是致力于确保野生动植物贸易不对自然保护构成威胁 国际野生物贸易研究委员会是世界自然基金会和世界自然保护联盟共同建立的一个联合项目 中国野生动植物贸易状况 收录了有关中国及其周边地区野生动植物贸易的专题信息和最新报告, 力求成为准确客观的信息源泉 中国野生动植物贸易状况 免费赠阅, 其新闻章节中的信息欢迎引用, 无需另行批准, 但务请注明出处 复制所有其他材料需要获得出版者的书面许可 执行编辑 : 徐宏发和 James Compton 编辑撰稿 : 焦蓓和 Richard Thomas teachina@wwfchina.org 本刊中的地域名称和内容表达方式不代表国际野生物贸易研究委员会或其支持组织就任何国家 领域或地区或其当局的法律地位, 或者就其边境或便捷的定界的任何意见表示 本刊中表达的任何观点均系作者本人观点, 未必代表国际野生物贸易研究委员会 (TRAFFIC) 世界自然基金会(WWF) 或世界自然保护联盟 (IUCN) 的观点 出版人 : 东亚野生物贸易研究委员会中国项目 封面图片 ( 从右上顺时针开始 ) 台湾机场的红珊瑚观音 James Compton/ TRAFFIC; 中国北方砍伐的木材 TRAFFIC; 广州清平市场的缅甸星龟 徐玲 /TRAFFIC; 中缅边境出售的雪豹皮 徐玲 /TRAFFIC 世界自然基金会荷兰办公室 (WWF Netherlands) 资助了 中国野生动植物贸易状况 的印刷和出版

3 中国野生动植物贸易状况 WELCOME! Xu Hongfa, TRAFFIC East Asia, China Programme Co-ordinator James Compton, TRAFFIC International Asia-Pacific Programme Co-ordinator Welcome to the 2008 edition of the State of Wildlife Trade in China, the third in our annual series on emerging trends in China s wildlife trade that aim to highlight wildlife trade trends in threatened and at-risk wildlife, with an emphasis on the impact of China s trade on globally important biodiversity hotspots. These hotspots have a crucial influence on the survival of endangered species, where conservation action to reduce wildlife trade threats can bring about the greatest benefit. While these hotspots might be problem areas at present, they offer great opportunities for conservation success if action is effective. Over-exploitation of wildlife for trade has affected countless species, with Tiger and other Asian big cats some of the best known examples. Despite law enforcement efforts, the lucrative nature of such trade has continued to drive illegal activity. TRAFFIC s market surveys in 18 cities and counties during 2008 found that illegal trade in Tiger products had shrunk compared to 2007 surveys, but the current trade is more covert, organized and insidious, making it harder to detect and crack down on. Moreover, trade in leopard products has risen, which warrants further investigation by relevant authorities. Research indicates that some of the timber imported into China was illegally felled in source countries in Africa and South-East Asia. Customs statistics, when compared with source countries, demonstrate a 10-30% discrepancy between the timber import volume recorded by China s Customs and export volumes recorded by exporting countries Customs. In this report we examine discrepancies in China-Japan Customs timber trade statistics, and compare and analyse the root causes for such discrepancies, in order to provide information for curbing illegal felling and trade in timber. China s border areas have long been considered a hotbed for illegal trade, with remote locations often making surveillance a thorny problem to resolve. TRAFFIC has collected market survey results of illegal trade in towns on the Myanmar side of the China-Myanmar border. The research points to the need for both countries to scale up international enforcement collaboration and not to rely solely on regular border inspections. In southern China, the substantial consumption of freshwater turtles threatens the survival of many wild populations. TRAFFIC s 2008 wild meat market surveys identified 26 species of turtles for sale, many of which do not breed successfully in captivity so presumably are solely derived from the wild. However, the majority of animals observed on sale were claimed to be supplied from freshwater turtle farms. The scale of turtle farming in China is likely to grow as the supply of freshwater turtles and the value of the trade increase, although the emergence of a greater variety of turtle species in farms is cause for concern. In addition to concerns of farms laundering tortoises and freshwater turtles sourced from the wild, or operating non-closed cycle breeding operations, increased farming production could easily catalyse greater demand, and thereby increase the largely unsustainable demand from wild populations. In 2008, TRAFFIC carried out important training on harvesting of wild medicinal plants and monitored traditional Chinese medicine markets in order to pave the way for sustainable harvesting of wild medicinal plants. Other topics in this issue include the analysis of wildlife trade information from Hong Kong SAR, the coral trade in East Asia, cross-border enforcement efforts, the illegal online wildlife trade, China s new management regulations covering the coral and ivory trades, and a public awareness campaign aimed at sustainable wildlife consumption. This report aims to continue TRAFFIC s efforts to encourage sustainable wildlife trade trends in China, informing policymakers, enforcers and consumers. Together, these stakeholders can achieve the vision of a world in which usage of wild plants and animals is managed at sustainable levels while making a significant contribution to human needs. 欢迎! TRAFFIC 中国项目主任徐宏发 TRAFFIC 亚太地区主任 James Compton 欢迎阅读 2008 年 中国野生动植物贸易状况, 这是我们第三辑关于中国野生动植物贸易趋势的年度报告 本报告的主要内容是 2008 年的濒危野生生物的贸易趋势, 重点分析野生动植物贸易对全球生物多样性影响的 热点 问题 这些 热点 是非法野生物贸易对濒危物种生存的危害特别明显 也是采取行动特别有意义的地方 虽然这些热点是产生 问题 的策源地, 但如果对此采取有效的措施加以控制, 则是能够实现野生生物保护重大胜利的机遇 对野生动植物的过度开发利用已经对无数物种的生存造成了不良影响, 偷猎虎豹生产虎豹制品就是非常明显的例子之一 由于虎豹制品的非法交易可获取高额利润, 致使一些不法分子铤而走险 尽管多次进行打击, 公开或地下的非法贸易始终存在 2008 年在 18 个县市的调查发现 : 虽然非法虎豹贸易, 特别是虎皮贸易有所收敛, 但比较 2007 年的调研结果, 虎豹非法贸易呈现更隐蔽 手法更狡猾 更有组织的特点, 打击的难度越来越大 在所发现的虎豹非 2008 年中国野生动植物资源贸易信息 3

4 The State of Wildlife Trade in China 法贸易中, 豹产品贸易有所抬头, 值得有关部门引起高度关注 研究表明, 在一些木材生产国, 非法木材砍伐量占出口量的很大份额, 因此我国进口的一部分木材被怀疑在原产国可能是非法采伐的 据海关的统计与出口国的数据比较, 中国海关统计的木材进口量与出口国海关统计的出口量存在差别, 差别在 10%-30% 之间 在报告中, 我们特别研究了中日两国之间海关木材进出口数据的差异, 并对其差别进行对比分析, 深入探究产生差异的原因, 为打击非法采伐和非法木材贸易活动提供信息支持 边境地区被认为是非法野生动植物贸易滋生的温床, 跨边境的非法贸易很难根除 本报告公布了中缅边境非法贸易调研结果 : 在与中国接壤的缅甸边境城市, 非法野生物贸易仍然很活跃, 很多濒危动物及其产品在公开出售 报告建议, 除了开展定期的边境检查之外, 两国还应该加强国际执法合作 在一些南方城市, 淡水龟的消费量巨大, 已造成对野生龟类生存的重大威胁 2008 年对野味市场进行了调查, 发现在市场上有 26 个龟种出售 许多种类没有人工饲养, 明显来自野外 然而, 商贩声称市场上出售的多数龟类都来自淡水龟养殖场 市场的淡水龟供应量和贸易额在逐年增加, 因此养龟的规模很有可能会随之扩增 令人担忧的是, 在养龟场规模不断发展的情况下, 很多新龟种出现在养殖场 除了对养殖龟类来自野外以及养殖场采用闭合养殖法的担心外, 养殖场对市场供应的增长会激发更大的市场需求, 从而刺激对野生龟种的不可持续利用 为了保护长江中上游地区的生物多样性,TRAFFIC 与 WWF 和 IUCN 继续合作, 开展中国 - 欧盟生物多样性项目的研究 2008 年,TRAFFIC 开展了一些重要的培训活动, 如野生药材可持续采集技术, 药材市场调查和监测技术的培训已顺利完成, 为开展野生药材的可持续采集提供了坚实基础 本期的其他内容还包括香港野生物贸易信息的分析 东亚的珊瑚贸易 跨边境非法贸易的打击 网络上的非法野生物贸易 中国加强象牙和红珊瑚的贸易管理, 以及倡导可持续消费的宣传活动等 本报告的目的是为各有关方面, 包括决策者 执行者和消费者提供信息, 为确保可持续的野生动植物贸易而开展更深入的工作 结合各方面的力量, 以实现在世界范围内的人类所需要的野生动植物资源的健康发展和可持续利用 Illegal trade in Asian big cat products in western China Xu Ling, Programme Officer, TRAFFIC East Asia The illegal trade in Asian big cat products threatens the survival of wild Tigers and leopards. Despite several crackdowns, the lucrative nature of such trade has continued to drive illegal trade. During 2008, TRAFFIC, along with members from the China Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network (CWTMN), surveyed markets for animal fur, traditional clothes, traditional jewellery, agricultural produce, tourist souvenirs and flowers and birds in six types of markets in major cities of western China. The major objective was to collect actionable information for law enforcement officers to crack down on illegal trade in Tiger and leopard products. The surveys covered 18 counties and cities in Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces, and revealed that the observable illegal Tiger and leopard trade had shrunk substantially compared to earlier surveys. Only two markets were found selling Leopard, Snow Leopard and Clouded Leopard skins in 2008: Bei Da Jie of Linxia City, Gansu Province, and Jinta Jie, Ta er Temple, Huangzhong County of Xining City, Qinghai Province. 1) Bei Da Jie in Linxia is a commercial street, specializing in fur, fur accessories and tourist souvenirs. It borders Chengjiao Temple to the west and connects with a local traffic hub to the east. One store open1y displayed a Leopard skin costing CNY (USD1466) and another showed two Snow Leopard skins costing CNY (USD ). They were also selling Tibetan accessories made of red coral (Grade 1 state protected species, banned from trade), beeswax and Turquoise (legally traded). The store owners did not allow the surveyors to take pictures. According to local taxi drivers, the Bei Da Jie Market had been refurbished and under regulatory improvements following the 2008 Spring Festival (Chinese New Year, February 2008) had resulted in nearly one-third of stores specializing in furs closing or switching to other businesses. This market was surveyed on four occasions during ) Nine Leopard skins and one Clouded Leopard skin were openly displayed for sale at five tourist souvenir stores on Jinta Jie, Ta er Temple in Xining City, four of the stores with only a single Leopard skin each. Other leopard skin products displayed in these stores on Jinta Jie were decorative skin strips. The store owners said these were purchased from Tibetans who no longer wore chubas and removed the fur trim to sell to merchants. Collarand-cuff leopard skin strips from a Tibetan chuba cost CNY300 (USD44). No leopard skins for sale carried legal certificates. This market was surveyed four times in Information on the trade in wild animals and plants in China 2008

5 中国野生动植物贸易状况 In 2007, TRAFFIC also conducted regular market surveys in Linxia, Gansu province. The survey results between 2007 and 2008 were compared as follows (Table 1). Table 1 Tiger/leopard skin products for sale in Linxia, Gansu Province, October November 2008 Survey date Bei Da Jie Market, Linxia Leopard skins, 1 Snow Leopard skin None Tiger skin, 5 Leopard skins, 2 Snow Leopard skins Leopard skins, 2 Snow Leopard skins Leopard skin, 2 Snow Leopard skins constitute severe violations of the law, and are subject to imprisonment ranging from five to 10 years plus a fine or, for severe cases, more than 10 years imprisonment plus a fine and/or seizure of property. Local enforcement authorities are therefore in a position to be able to strengthen enforcement efforts and punish repeat violations so as to deter crime more effectively. 2) Organized crime and hard enforcement Linxia in Gansu Province has long been a traditional centre for the animal skin trade, with more than people engaged in the business, mainly trading sheepskin and cow leather, as well as skins from fox andotter. Although very few traders engage in Tiger and leopard trade, the rare animal skin business is many times more lucrative than sheepskin and leather. Organized criminals and their operations are likely to go underground but resurface once enforcement intensity fades. Tiger and leopard skins were observed during all except one (January 2008) of the five surveys at Bei Da Jie Market carried out between October 2007 and November Merchants generally displayed leopard skins openly, but kept Tiger skins hidden even when they claimed to have them. Only one shop was overtly selling a genuine Tiger skin and five Leopard and two Snow Leopard skins were also found for sale there during the visit in March Return visits in May and November 2008 found up to nine leopard skins on sale, but no Tiger skins. The information on illegal trade from each survey was passed on to the regulatory authorities who had previously confiscated illegal Tiger and leopard skins based on information supplied by TRAFFIC. Several crackdowns, together with awareness campaigns on Tiger and leopard conservation have failed to completely eliminate the illegal big cat skin trade in Xining City, Qinghai Province, and Linxia City, Gansu Province. TRAFFIC identified the following three reasons why such illegal trade continues in Linxia despite various regulatory efforts: 1) Insufficient and irregular law enforcement China s authorities have conducted campaigns to crack down on illegal activities threatening wildlife in recent years, such as Feiying and Spring Thunder action. The local forestry police identified the illegal sale of wild animal skins and skin-decorated apparel in Linxia s fur market as a priority for monitoring and enforcement efforts. However, the frequency of the crackdowns has remained insufficient. As a minority area with an underdeveloped economy, the usual enforcement measures include product confiscation and education before perpetrators are released. However, criminal charges are rarely filed due to difficulties in identifying perpetrators. According to China s Criminal Law Articles 151 and 341, the smuggling, illegal purchase, transport and sale of Tiger/leopard products 3) Underdeveloped economy Another cause of the continuing illegal trade in Tiger/leopard skins in Linxia is the underdeveloped economy and low living standards. In 2004, the per capita rural net income was CNY1847 (USD271), far lower than the national average of CNY2936 (USD430). Under such economic conditions, some local residents rely on illegal trade in threatened animal products for a livelihood. Each successful sale of a whole Leopard skin commands a net profit of several thousand Chinese Yuan; a huge income for residents in underdeveloped areas. Although the surveys found that illegal trade in Tiger/leopard products in western China has shrunk tremendously since 2005, illegal trade nevertheless persists in some hotspots. Merchants still have stock and the trading channels remain, and it is quite likely illegal trade may thrive again when opportunity allows. TRAFFIC therefore recommends relevant authorities attempt to combat such illegal trade by carrying out regular market inspections and closely monitoring the Tiger and leopard skin markets, particularly in these hotspots. Any illegal big cat skins should be confiscated and legal penalties enforced. Apart from strengthened supervision and control over the domestic market, it is crucial to cut off the smuggling routes in an attempt to eliminate Tiger and leopard trade. The survey results have indicated that Tiger and leopard skins in the domestic markets are sourced in India and Nepal. Therefore, the governments of China, India and Nepal should step up cross-border law enforcement in order to cut off smuggling routes and rein in illegal poaching and smuggling of wild animals through bilateral and multilateral co-operation 年中国野生动植物资源贸易信息 5

6 The State of Wildlife Trade in China 图 1 中国西部地区虎豹产品非法贸易的现状 徐玲 TRAFFIC 中国项目官员 虎豹产品的非法贸易是威胁野生虎豹生存的主要原因 由于虎豹制品的非法交易可获取高额利润, 致使一些不法分子铤而走险 尽管多次进行打击, 公开或地下的非法贸易始终存在 为了提供信息, 支持有关执法部门持久有效地打击虎豹产品的非法贸易,TRAFFIC 在野生动物贸易监测网络志愿者 (CWTMN) 的协助下, 于 2008 年 月对中国西部主要城市的动物毛皮市场 传统服装市场 传统珠宝工艺品市场 花鸟市场 农贸市场和旅游纪念品市场等六类市场进行了走访调查 本次调查走访了青海 甘肃 四川和云南四省共 18 个县市 调查结果显示, 虎豹非法贸易的现象大大减少, 仅在青海临夏市北大街和西宁市湟中县塔尔寺金塔街这两个市场上发现有金钱豹和雪豹皮公开摆卖 1) 临夏北大街是当地以出售皮毛 皮毛服饰和旅游纪念品的一条商业街, 西侧毗邻成角寺, 东连交通枢纽转盘, 店主均为当地的回民 该街有两个店铺分别公开出售金钱豹皮一张 ( 图 1) 和雪豹皮两张 每张金钱豹皮的价格为 1 万元, 雪豹皮 元 这两家店铺除了经营豹皮外, 还经营珊瑚 蜜蜡 绿松石等藏族配饰 店主见调查人员拍照, 立刻进行阻止 据当地的出租车司机反映, 北大街市场从 2008 年春节之后一直在改造与整顿, 近 1/3 的经营皮毛的店铺已经关闭或改行经营 这个市场在图 年被走访了四次 图 1: Common Leopard skin openly sold at Bei Da Jie market in Linxia City, Gansu Province Xu Ling/TRAFFIC 甘肃临夏北大街市场公开摆售的整张豹皮 徐玲 / TRAFFIC 图 2:Leopard skin products displayed for sale at Jinta Jie market, Ta'er Temple in Xining City, Qinghai Province Xu Ling/ TRAFFIC 西宁塔尔寺金塔街市场公开出售的豹皮制品 徐玲 / TRAFFIC 图 2 6 Information on the trade in wild animals and plants in China 2008

7 中国野生动植物贸易状况 2) 在西宁塔尔寺金塔街发现有五家旅游纪念品商店公开出售共计九件金钱豹皮和一件云豹皮 其中一家店铺既出售金钱豹皮又出售云豹皮, 数量较多, 其余四家各有一件豹皮 西宁塔尔寺金塔街出售的不是整张豹皮, 而是从藏袍上拆下来的条块豹皮 据店主反映, 这些豹皮是从藏民手中收购过来的 由于一些藏民现在已不穿有虎豹皮装饰的藏袍, 因而将虎豹皮装饰物拆卸下来卖给商贩 用于藏袍衣领和袖口的一套豹皮的售价为 300 元, 所有出售的豹皮都没有任何合法的许可证 图 2 为西宁塔尔寺金塔街市场公开出售的豹皮制品 这个市场在 2008 年被走访了四次 据悉, 青海西宁 海南州 临夏市常有虎豹皮出售 为此,2007 年 月我们对三地进行了走访, 发现甘肃临夏北大街市场有虎豹皮买卖, 海南州日月山景点的商店营业员说有, 但没有见到实物, 西宁市则没有发现有虎豹皮出售 为此, 我们对临夏市北大街进行了跟踪监测, 结果见下表 表 年青海省临夏州虎豹皮制品的出售情况 调查时间 临夏市北大街市场 张金钱豹皮,1 张雪豹皮 无 张虎皮,5 张金钱豹皮,2 张雪豹皮 张金钱豹皮,2 张雪豹皮 张金钱豹皮,2 张雪豹皮 从上表可见, 直 2007 年 10 月到 2008 年 11 月约每三个月调查一次, 共调查了五次, 除 2008 年 1 月未发现虎豹皮贸易外, 其后每次调查都有发现, 一般他们将豹皮公开摆卖, 而虎皮则隐藏起来 但是在 2008 年 3 月的再次回访中, 却发现临夏北大街的一家店铺有虎皮公开摆买, 经鉴定, 确定为虎皮真品, 同时, 还发现有五张金钱豹皮和两张雪豹皮出售 2008 年 5 月和 11 月的两次调查, 虽未发现虎皮出售, 但豹皮仍公开摆卖 民族地区, 在执法过程中, 一般处于没收产品的处分, 人员教育释放, 由于难于发现操纵犯罪的人员, 很少能追究刑事责任 据 中华人民共和国刑法 第一百五十一条和三百四十一条规定, 走私 非法收购 运输和出售虎豹制品, 情节应属严重或特别严重, 应处五年以上十年以下有期徒刑, 并处罚金或处十年以上有期徒刑, 并处罚金或者没收财产 因此, 执法部门应该加强处罚力度, 依法惩处屡教不改的犯罪分子, 才能有效地震慑犯罪活动 2) 有组织的团伙犯罪, 打击难度大 甘肃临夏州历来是动物皮毛的交易中心, 这里从事动物皮毛经营从业人员多达八万多人, 以羊皮和牛皮为主, 也兼营狐狸皮 水獭皮 虎豹皮等其他珍稀动物的皮张 由于经营后者所带来的经济利润往往是高于前者的数十倍, 引起不法分子铤而走险 这些活动已形成有组织的团伙犯罪, 打击力度大了, 就转入地下, 一有机会, 卷土重来, 这也是虎豹皮等制品非法贸易屡禁不止的原因之一 3) 经济落后 临夏虎豹皮非法贸易持续存在的另一个原因是当地经济落后, 生活水平低下 2004 年, 农民人均纯收入仅 1847 元, 远低于全国平均水平的 2936 元 在这样的经济条件下, 一些当地居民为了谋生, 会选择从事濒危动物制品的非法贸易 当地一张金钱豹皮的价格高达万元, 出售一张可获数千元收入, 对经济落后地区居民是一笔巨大的收入, 高额的利润导致一些人挺而走险, 贫穷也是导致非法贸易屡禁不绝的原因之一 调查发现, 虽然西部地区虎豹制品的非法贸易已大大萎缩, 但在原来虎豹非法贸易的热点地区仍存在非法的贸易, 商人手中仍有存货, 贸易渠道尚在 一有时机, 极可能卷土重来 我们建议各有关部门开展合作, 定期检查市场, 严密监控这些热点地区, 加大打击力度, 依法惩处贩卖虎豹皮的非法活动, 彻底消灭虎豹产品的非法贸易 除了对国内市场加强监管之外, 切断走私途径以遏制虎豹贸易的方法也是至关重要的 调查结果还表明国内市场的虎豹皮产品货源来自印度和尼泊尔 因此, 中 印和尼政府应该加强跨边境执法, 通过双边或多边合作, 以切断走私 路线, 遏制偷猎和走私野生动物 我们每次调查以后, 执法部门根据这一信息进行了执法, 没收非法销售的虎豹皮 但经过多次保护虎豹的法制宣传和对非法虎豹贸易的打击, 在青海西宁和甘肃临夏地区, 虎豹皮非法贸易仍屡禁不绝 到底是什么原因造成这种非法贸易很快又卷土重来一直存在? 我们认为主要有以下三个原因 : 1) 执法力度不够 近年来, 国家有关部门都会组织集中打击破坏野生动物资源违法犯罪活动的专项行动, 如 飞鹰 和 春雷 行动等 当地森林公安已把临夏皮毛市场非法摆卖野生动物皮张和服饰列为重点监控和整治的对象, 但是其打击的力度远远不够 据反映, 由于当地经济不发达, 又是 2008 年中国野生动植物资源贸易信息 7

8 The State of Wildlife Trade in China Analysis of China-Japan Customs timber trade data Liu Xueyan, Programme Officer, TRAFFIC East Asia I. Timber consumption and trade in China As a major timber processing country, China needs to import a large amount of timber to meet consumer demand in domestic markets, and processing for overseas markets. China became the world s largest importing country of industrial logs in 2000, when it was also second only to the U.S.A. as an importer of timber products. From 2000 to 2007, the value of China s imported rough wood, sawn wood, veneer and plywood rose from USD3.26 billion to USD7.43 billion, up 128%, and its import volume rose from million (RWE: roundwood equivalent) cubic meters to million (RWE) cubic meters, up 108%; China s exports of rough wood, sawn wood, veneer and plywood also grew, in value from USD430 million to USD4.17 billion, up 870%, and in volume from 2.46 million (RWE) cubic meters to million (RWE) cubic meters, up 847%. As a result, from 2000 to 2007, China was a net importer of rough wood, sawn wood, veneer and plywood. Table 1 Timber exports from China Source: China Customs. RWE volumes(million cubic meters) China's exports of timber Plywood Veneer Sawnwood Rough wood Table 2 Timber imports into China, Source: China Customs RWE volumes(million cubic meters) China's imports of timber Plywood Veneer Sawnwood Rough wood Among China s major timber supplying countries, illegal timber felling and trade are rife in Russia, Indonesia, Malaysia and Papua New Guinea, according to WWF estimates and Greenpeace reports. Illegally felled timber in Indonesia accounts for 70 80% of gross output, while the proportion is 10 20% for Russia. It is believed that some of the timber imported to China was illegally felled in source countries. Statistics demonstrate a substantial discrepancy between the timber import volume recorded by China s Customs and export volumes recorded by exporting countries Customs. Such a discrepancy exists between China and the major timber supply countries, and also between China and the major importing countries of timber felled in China, in part, possibly because illegally felled timber is excluded from the figures of supply countries. Illegal timber felling and trade is a high-profile issue, with many complex causes. To boycott such illegal trade, joint efforts should be taken in production, processing, transport, trade and consumption of timber and timber products. As a State law-enforcement agency, Customs plays a crucial role in cracking down on illegal timber imports and exports. To analyse differences in Customs data and what these mean as indicators of any illegal timber trade, TRAFFIC conducted an analysis of statistics between China and Japan. Results have been used in dialogues to improve bilateral Customs collaboration, improve statistical systems and methodology, strengthen law enforcement, and reduce statistical discrepancies as a means to stopping illegal timber import and export trade. II. Project Methodology In general terms, China is a processor and exporter of timber products in the global trade chain, while Japan is a major consumer of timber products and also a major export destination for China. Customs import and export data for rough wood, sawn wood, veneer and plywood during the period were selected for a comparative analysis. Additional information was gathered by visiting Customs officers, the World Customs Organization Regional Intelligence Liaison Office (WCO- RILO), the China Timber Distribution Association and other relevant authorities, either formally or informally. In addition, the findings and action plans have been enhanced through the input of two bilateral seminars between staff from government agencies in China and Japan, NGOs, research institutions and companies. On 16 January 2009, the first Chinese-Japanese Customs Seminar was held in Japan, where more than 20 representatives from the Japan Federation of Customs, the Forestry Association, Tokyo Customs, the Comprehensive Statistics Department of the General Administration of Customs of the People s Republic of China, WCO-RILO Asia- Pacific, and TRAFFIC met to discuss research findings. III. Findings and recommendations 1. Substantial discrepancies exist between China and Japan s Customs statistics: for rough wood exported from China to Japan, China s Customs statistics are generally lower than Japan s Customs records; for sawn wood exported from China to Japan, China s Customs statistics are higher than 8 Information on the trade in wild animals and plants in China 2008

9 中国野生动植物贸易状况 Japan s Customs records; for veneer exported from Japan to China, China s Customs statistics are lower than Japan s Customs records; for plywood exported from Japan to China, China s Customs statistics are higher than Japan s Customs records. 2. The discrepancies in Customs statistics between China and Japan are not large, mostly within 10 30%, and significantly lower than e.g. the differences in Customs statistics between Japan and Indonesia. However, there were cases of substantial differences in the figures in certain periods. For example, there were large statistical differences in rough wood exported from China to Japan during ; sawn wood exported from China to Japan during ; veneer exported from Japan to China in 2001 and 2002; and plywood exported from Japan to China during These differences were as high as %. To explore the root cause of discrepancies in Customs statistics between China and Japan, research staff made a comparative analysis of timber import and export processes, applicable laws and policies, as well as examining how Customs data is generated in China and Japan. They discovered that such discrepancies have little relation to external factors, such as timber import and export policies. The root cause is how Customs data are generated in the two countries. The data in both countries come from import and export declarations prepared by importers and exporters. However, Customs staff generally only check whether the declarations are consistent with other attached documents, and do not carry out timber scaling (the act of measuring timber to determine its volume or mass) on all imported and exported timber. This is likely to be a significant cause of data discrepancies. Moreover, Customs in both countries do not ask importers or exporters (depending on which side is in charge of Customs clearance) to present authoritative information issued by the Customs of timber export countries, thereby giving opportunities for importers or exporters to provide false volume of imported products This too might be a cause of data discrepancies. Therefore, it is advisable to step up co-operation and communications between Chinese and Japanese Customs agencies, and improve the import and export Customs clearance processes in an attempt to curb illegal timber imports and exports and trading activities. Reference Anon. (2007). The Russian-Chinese Timber Trade: Export, Supply Chains, Consumption, and Illegal Logging. WWF Russia Report. Felled logs in north China TRAFFIC 中国北方砍伐的木材 TRAFFIC 中日海关木材贸易数据的研究 刘雪雁 TRAFFIC 中国项目官员 一 中国木材消费与贸易 中国作为主要木材加工国, 每年需进口大量木材来满足国内外市场的消费需求 2000 年, 中国成为仅次于美国的第二大林产品进口国,2001 年成为世界上最大的工业原木进口国 从 2000 年到 2007 年期间, 中国原木 锯材 单板和胶合板的进口额从 32.6 亿美元上升到了 74.3 亿美元, 增长了 128%, 进口量从 2285 万 (RWE) 立方米上升到 4752 万 (RWE) 立方米, 增长了 108%; 中国原木 锯材 单板和胶合板的出口也出现了增长, 其出口额从 4.3 亿美元增长到 41.7 亿美元, 增长了 870%, 出口量从 万 (RWE) 立方米上升到 万 (RWE) 立方米, 增长了 847% 因此, 在 年中国野生动植物资源贸易信息 9

10 The State of Wildlife Trade in China 年 年中, 只从原木 锯材 单板和胶合板进出口贸易来看中国属于木材的净进口国 ( 见图 1 和图 2) 出口量 ( 单位 : 百万立方米 RWE) 进口量 ( 单位 : 百万立方米 RWE) 中国木材出口趋势 胶合板 图 1. 中国出口的木材, 年 来源 : 中国海关 中国木材进口趋势 单板 锯材 原木 胶合板 图 2. 中国进口的木材, 年 来源 : 中国海关 在中国的主要木材供应国中, 俄罗斯 印尼 马来西亚和巴布亚新几内亚国内木材非法采伐和贸易活动猖獗 据 WWF( 世界自然基金会 ) 统计以及绿色和平的相关报告, 印尼的非法采伐木材量占到了总产量的 70%-80%, 俄罗斯占 10%-20%, 因此中国进口的一部分木材被怀疑在原产国是非法采伐得来的 经初步研究统计, 中国海关统计中的木材进口量与出口国海关统计的出口量存在重大差别 这种差别不但存在中国和主要木材供应国之间, 还出现于中国和主要林产品进口国之间, 这可能是因木材原产国非法的木材采伐而采伐量没有纳入官方的统计之中而造成的 非法木材采伐和相关贸易是一个普遍存在的问题, 也是国际上讨论的热点话题, 其背后的原因错综复杂 因此, 为了抵制非法木材采伐和相关贸易, 需从生产 加工 运输 贸易和消费等环节上联合采取行动 海关作为国家执法机构, 在打击非法木材进出口中有着举足轻重的作用 单板 锯材 原木 为了能更好地分析海关数据差异及其与非法木材贸易的联系,2008 年,TRAFFIC 日本与 TRAFFIC 中国项目办公室共同启动了中日海关项目, 目的是通过研究, 以制订出一套有效方案推动中日双边海关协作, 来共同改进统计系统, 达到加强执法, 减少统计数据差异并杜绝非法木材进出口贸易 二 项目的进展状况 中国是国际林产品贸易链中的主要加工出口国, 而日本是主要木材产品消费国, 同时也是中国出口木材的主要目的国 选择中日两国海关统计差别对比分析, 可以了解中日木材国际贸易的真实情况, 为打击非法采伐和相关贸易活动提供支持 为了更好的集中分析反映问题, 项目选取了 2000 年至 2006 年间原木 锯材 单板和胶合板四个重点林产品海关进出口数据, 进行了对比分析 两国研究人员通过正式与非正式的拜访海关 世界海关组织亚洲太平洋地区情报联络中心 (RILO) 中国林业协会等有关机构, 获得相关信息来进行对比分析 此外, 还通过举办中日两次国家级研讨会, 对我们的研究以及方案进行讨论和补充 2009 年 1 月 16 号第一次中日海关研讨会在日本召开, 来自日本海关联合会 林业协会 东京海关 中国海关总署统计司 RILO 国际野生物贸易研究组织 (TRAFFIC) 等共 20 多名相关人员参加了会议, 对项目前期的研究成果进行了讨论并对下一步的开展提出了建议 第二次中日海关研讨会于 4 月 21 和 22 日在中国北京召开 国家林业局 TRAFFIC, 世界自然保护联盟 (IUCN) 中国项目以及森林趋势 (Forest Trend) 等共同主持了会议, 有 60 多名来自两国政府 研究组织和非政府代表出席了会议 会上, 我们发布了研究成果与最终报告, 得到了与会者的热烈响应与积极反馈 三 项目的发现以及建议 1. 中日两国海关统计数据存在重大差别的包括 : 从中国出口到日本的原木, 中国海关统计数据普遍小于日本海关记录 ; 出口到日本的锯材, 中国海关统计数据则高于日本海关记录 ; 从日本出口到中国的单板, 中国海关统计数据小于日本海关记录 ; 出口到中国的胶合板, 中国海关统计高于日本海关记录 2. 虽然中日两国海关统计数据有差别, 但差别不大, 多数在 10%-30% 之间, 明显小于日本和印尼两国海关统计差别 但中日两国之间也存在有重大差别的情况, 但这种情况只发生在某些林产品的某一段时间段内 如从中国出口到日本的原木, 在 年间中日两国统计差别大 ; 从中国出口到日本的锯材在 年, 统计差别较大 ; 从日本出口到中国的单板, 年统计差别较大 ; 而从日本出口到中国的胶合板在 年差别较大 这些统计差别程度高达 200%-300% 为了探索中日海关统计差别的根本原因, 研究人员对中日两国木材进出口流程及相关法律政策 海关数据产生过程进行了对比分析 分析发现两国海关统计数据差别 10 Information on the trade in wild animals and plants in China 2008

11 中国野生动植物贸易状况 与外部因素, 如木材进出口政策相关性不大, 其根本原因在于中日两国海关数据的产生过程 中日两国海关数据都来源于进出口报关单, 而进出口报关单是由进出口商准备的 一般情况下, 海关人员只会检查报关单与其它随附文件内容是否相符, 不会对所有进出口木材进行检尺, 这可能是产生数据差别原因之一 再者, 两国海关都不要求进口商出具木材出口国海关出具的权威资料, 这给进口商弄虚作假创造了机会, 也是可能产生数据差别的原因之一 因此, 建议加强中日两国海关合作和沟通, 改善进出口报关流程, 以充分发挥海关在打击非法采伐和相关贸易活动中应有的作用 参考资料 世界自然基金会俄罗斯办公室,2007 年, 俄中木材贸易 : 出口, 供货渠道, 消费和非法采伐 Wildlife trade on the China-Myanmar border Xu Ling, Programme Officer, TRAFFIC East Asia Wildlife trade on the China-Myanmar border has long been extensive; rare and endangered wild animal and plant species are poached in Myanmar, or sourced from neighbouring countries, and then smuggled into China through many small trails without checkpoints. Aside from a substantial timber trade, the smuggled products are used in traditional Chinese medicines, and also transported to wild meat markets in southern cities of China. In December 2008, TRAFFIC conducted wildlife trade market surveys in Baoshan, Tengchong and Xishuangbanna in China and Muse and Mongla in Myanmar. Near Mongla Stadium was a shop called Burma Yu erma Tiger-bone Wine where Tiger-bone wine was openly displayed for sale. A 335 g bottle was priced at CNY600 (USD88) and a 700 g bottle at CNY1200 (USD176). To prove the wine was genuine, the shop owner showed the surveyors a whole animal skeleton, which was identified as being from a Tiger after careful study. The shop owner and his wife were Myanmar nationals, speaking fluent Chinese. They claimed that buyers were mostly Chinese tourists and a telephone ordering service was available for the wine (Figure 3), which could be delivered to Daluo port along Daluo River in China. It is important to recognize the role non-government controlled areas in Myanmar play in facilitating wildlife trade into China. Myanmar laws have banned poaching of endangered wildlife, but enforcement is non-existent in Special Region 4 as it is an autonomous state within Myanmar controlled by the NDAA (National Democratic Alliance Army) and subject to its own laws. This is also the case with other non-government controlled regions in Myanmar bordering China. The UWSA (United Wa State Army) located north of Special Region 4 also facilitates wildlife and methamphetamine trade into Yunnan and northern Thailand from their base at Panghsang opposite Menglian in Yunnan Province. Unless these groups are directly engaged and persuaded to adopt effective conservation law the trade in wildlife will continue. On the China side, due to intensified law enforcement, no open sale of wildlife was found at markets. With a long border of more than 1000 km between the two countries, there are many segments without checkpoints and it is easy to transport wildlife products across the border from Myanmar into China. Myanmar businessmen usually acquired orders from Chinese consumers and offered door-to-door delivery thanks to the easy entry and exit across the national boundaries. The surveys found no illegal trade in endangered wild species in the three Chinese cities of Yunnan Province, or in Muse market in Myanmar. However, many wildlife products were found for sale in Mongla, in Special Region 4 of Myanmar s Eastern Shan State, opposite Daluo port in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, China. In the Mongla agricultural produce market, 1500 m from the China-Myanmar border checkpoint, outdoor stalls selling wildlife products were mostly ethnic Chinese and products of endangered species identified in the survey included: a Clouded Leopard skin, on sale for CNY1000 (USD147); several pieces of elephant skin costing CNY800 (USD117) each; three batches of bear bile costing CNY800 (USD117) each; three kilos of pangolin scales (unprocessed), at CNY1600 (USD235) per kilo; one dead Silver Pheasant priced at CNY1200 (USD176); one bear paw, costing CNY1200 (USD176); and a monitor lizard foot. (See photo) Monitor Lizard foot at Mongla Market, Myanmar Xu Ling/TRAFFIC 小勐拉市场销售巨蜥爪 徐玲 /TRAFFIC 2008 年中国野生动植物资源贸易信息 11

12 The State of Wildlife Trade in China 中缅边境野生动物及其制品的贸易 徐玲 TRAFFIC 中国项目官员 中缅边境野生动物贸易历来十分猖獗 据悉, 珍稀濒危的野生动物在缅甸被偷猎捕杀后, 通过众多不设关卡的边境小道, 走私进入中国 这些野生动物产品不仅用作中药材, 也供应一些南方城市的野味市场 2008 年 12 月, TRAFFIC 对中国境内云南省保山 腾冲 瑞丽和西双版纳边境地区以及缅甸境内木姐和小勐拉市场进行了走访 调查结果显示, 在中国云南境内的四个市镇和缅甸的木姐市场没有发现公开的珍稀濒危野生动物的非法贸易, 但在中国打洛口岸对面的缅甸掸邦东部第四特区的小勐拉, 发现大量的野生动物及其产品出售 在距离中缅边境关口约 1500 米的小勐拉农贸市场上, 出售野生动物的露天摊位集中分布在市场入口的左侧, 摊主都是中国籍边民 调查中发现的濒危动物及其产品主要包括 :1) 云豹皮 1 张, 价格为人民币 1000 元 ;2) 象皮若干片, 每片 800 元人民币 ;3) 熊胆 3 个, 每个 800 元人民币 ;4) 穿山甲片 ( 未炮制的 )3 公斤, 每公斤 1600 元人民币 ;5) 白鹇死体 1 只 ( 图 1),1200 元人民币 ( 图 3);6) 熊掌 1 只,1200 元人民币 ;7) 巨蜥爪 1 只 ( 见上页图 ) 在小勐拉体育场附近有家 缅甸玉儿马虎骨酒 商店, 我们发现该店在公开出售虎骨酒 规格 355 克 / 瓶的售 价是每瓶 600 元,700 克 / 瓶的价格为每瓶 1200 元 为了向顾客证实是正宗的虎骨酒, 特地将一副完整的动物骨架显示给调查人员看, 经仔细辨别, 确是一具大型猫科动物的骨架 该店的店主是一对能说流利中文的缅甸夫妇, 店主称, 购买虎骨酒大多是来缅甸游玩的中国籍游客 如果有意购买虎骨酒的话, 通过电话就可以预订 ( 图 2), 他们可以负责送到对面的中方打洛口岸 被称为 丛林中的拉斯韦加斯 的小勐拉, 非法野生动物贸易猖獗 据缅甸法律, 濒危的野生动物是被禁止猎杀的, 但执法力度很低 在小勐拉, 没有看到对这些非法买卖有任何管理措施 在中国一侧, 由于执法力度大, 市场上看不到非法的野生动物贩卖 由于中缅边境很长, 许多地段未设边防检查, 携带野生动物制品出入境十分容易 缅甸商人为了规避风险, 利用出入境便利的条件, 预先获得消费者的订单, 直接送货上门 中缅边境线长达上千公里, 仅仅依靠边检来遏制濒危动物的走私难度很大 中缅两国有关部门应联合起来, 通过正式或非正式的会谈, 交流执法信息, 加强国际合作, 共同打击濒危动物产品的走私活动 在缅甸一侧, 当地政府必须立即关闭虎豹等野生动物产品的公开摆卖, 没收这些产品 并经常巡视市场, 发现问题, 及时处理 两国边防海关要严格检查进出边检口岸的人和货物, 采取有效措施杜绝一切可能的走私野生动物的犯罪活动 对不设卡的小路, 可以通过树立告示牌的形式, 警告过境者, 走私濒危野生动物是犯罪行为, 要面临的严厉的处罚, 加强宣传, 让游客自觉遵守两国的法律 图 1 图 1 图 2 图 1. Silver Pheasant at at Mongla Market, Myanmar Xu Ling/ TRAFFIC 小勐拉市场销售的白鹇 徐玲 /TRAFFIC 图 2. Yu'erma Tiger-bone wine near Mongla Stadium, Myanmar Xu Ling/TRAFFIC 小勐拉市场上销售的玉儿马虎骨酒 徐玲 TRAFFIC 12 Information on the trade in wild animals and plants in China 2008

13 中国野生动植物贸易状况 A preliminary study of freshwater turtle farms in China Timothy Lam, Senior Programme Officer, TRAFFIC East Asia Xu Ling, Programme Officer, TRAFFIC East Asia Farming of freshwater turtles in China began with the rearing of softshell turtles in the 1970s. Severe competition between the farms led to a sharp fall in the price of the turtles and dwindling profits, which led to the cultivation of other freshwater turtle species in the late 1980s and early 1990s (van Dijk, 2002; Wu, 2008; Zhou, 2006). Zhou and Huang (2006) estimated the total area of turtle farms in China had reached ha distributed across 16 provinces, with Guangdong, Zhejiang, Hainan and Jiangsu being the key provinces. The turtles were farmed to supply the demand for food and pets, primarily in Chinese markets. In 2006, it was estimated that there were around two to four million turtles in these farms, with the dominant species being the Red-eared Slider Trachemys scripta elegans, a species native to the Americas. The 2006 survey also reported that 49 species of freshwater turtle were held in stock by the farms, although only seven species (14%) of freshwater turtles are known to have been captive bred successfully in commercial numbers (Zhou and Huang 2006). Commercial freshwater turtle farming was worth about CNY8 billion (USD1.3 billion) in 2005 and was estimated to increase in value to CNY10 15 billion (USD billion) in The scale of turtle farming in China was expanding in terms of area and species diversity (Zhou and Huang 2006). A provincial level report on freshwater turtle farming at Zhejiang, mentioned that some of the supply of farmed turtles were processed as canned or frozen food (Anon, 2006). Findings from turtle farm visits At the five freshwater turtle farms surveyed in five different locations, different types of farming operations were observed. All the visited farms bred or reared primarily freshwater turtles, but breeding tortoise species was also attempted in the farms (Table 1). Species reared in farms Several species previously unrecorded in farming/captive breeding operations were observed, mostly believed to be targeted at the pet trade (e.g. Geoemyda spengleri (Black-breasted Leaf Turtle), Geochelone pardalis (Leopard Tortoise), Malayemys subtrijuga (Ricefield turtle)). This increased species diversity reflects the growing demand for new and threatened freshwater turtle species, especially for the pet trade (Shepherd and Nijman 2008, Schoppe 2009). A side from the two turtle farms specializing in pet market supply, the species found in the largest quantities were Trachemys scripta elegans, Mauremys mutica, Chelydra serpentina and Chinemys reevesii. Sources of freshwater turtles and the trade network The three farms visited in eastern China (Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang) claimed they bought the breeding stock from farms in southern China. This information was supported by findings from visits to Guangdong and Hainan Provinces, where farms sold juvenile turtles and breeding stock to other farms, but did not rear adult turtles for sale at markets. However, the sources of bred freshwater turtles in farms in Guangdong and Hainan Provinces were not clearly known. The farm owner visited in Hainan Province knew that middlemen were involved in illegally importing turtles from South-east Asia. A farm operator in Guangdong Province also mentioned that individual turtles in the markets were probably all illegally imported from other countries. Records held in the UNEP- WCMC CITES trade database showed that only 137 individuals of one turtle species (Terrapene carolina) and five tortoise species (Chelonoidis carbonaria, Geochelone spp., Testudo hermanni, Testudo horsfieldii and Testudo marginata) were reported as legal imports to China in The other non-native species with no record of successful captive breeding were suspected to be from illegal sources. Trend and development of freshwater turtle farms The supply of tortoises and freshwater turtles and the value of the trade are increasing according to the literature (Zhou and Huang, 2007; Shi et. al., 2008), and it is likely that the scale of turtle farming in China continues to grow. The farms visited were all exploring greater species diversity in their farms, particularly those involved in supplying the pet trade. In Hainan Province it was claimed that the top priorities for breeders are to establish and develop captive operations for new turtle and tortoise species. A farm owner in Hainan stated that with the large numbers of farmed turtles being produced, the industry is exploring possibilities to export to other countries and to use turtles as an ingredient in manufacturing tonics and Chinese medicines. Market observations and links to turtle farms Supported by Ocean Park Conservation Foundation (OPCF Hong Kong), market surveys were carried out at five key wild meat markets in China in 2007, in the cities of Guangzhou, Haikou, Nanning, Fuzhou and Kunming. These recorded a total of 26 tortoise and freshwater turtle species with Trachemys scripta elegans, Mauremys mutica and Chinemys reevesii the most numerous. Market vendors stated that these three species were successfully bred from captive farmed stock, indicating a link between captivebred freshwater turtles and meat market supplies. However, nine turtle species observed had not been recorded from captive breeding operations and five others were known not to have been successfully captive bred. This suggests that more than half of the recorded species were from wild sources. Most were CITES-listed species and could well be illegal stock smuggled into China, including species such as Orlitia borneensis, Melanochelys trijuga, Geochelone platynota. Some of these species are protected by law in their countries of origin, and there are no CITES trade records showing import, indicating that these species have not entered China legally. Guangzhou is the most important freshwater turtle market in terms of species diversity and numbers. Many turtle shells are found in Chinese medicine markets, mainly derived from Trachemys scripta elegans, Mauremys mutica and Chinemys reevesii. As these three species are known to have been successfully captive bred, turtle farms may also be directly supplying traditional Chinese medicine markets. Other species identified included Ocadia sinensis, Geochelone platynota, Manouria impressa and Heosemys grandis. Prices ranged from CNY50 120/kg (USD ) 年中国野生动植物资源贸易信息 13

14 The State of Wildlife Trade in China Table 1 Summary of findings from freshwater turtle farms visited Location Description Operation types Shanghai turtle farm Privately owned, medium sized farm, built in 2001, 6 ha in area, 10 workers Supplying adult sized turtles to Guangdong meat markets and juveniles to farms in Zhejiang. Sources of breeding turtles Turtle farms in Hainan Supplying markets Zhejiang, Guangdong markets Species found rearing in farm Mauremys reevesii,mauremys nigricans,cuora trifasciata,chelydra serpentina, Trachemys scripta elegans, Cistoclemmys flavomarginata, Cuora aurocapitat, Platysternon megacephalum, Sacalia quadriocellata Jiangsu turtle farm Government owned, large scale commercial turtle farm reached 200 ha in area. Started with soft shell turtle and later diversified into other species. Breeding stock bought from farms in Guangdong and Hainan, grow-out stock mainly supplied to meat markets of Guangdong and Jiangsu markets. Turtle farms in Hainan, Guangdong Red ear slider Emydura subglobosa,indotestudo and common elongata, Geochelone pardalis, Sacalia snapping quadriocellata,chelydra serpentina, turtle supply Graptemys kohnii, Mauremysreevesii, Guangzhou Mauremys sinensis, Trachemys scripta markets while scripta, Pelomedusa subrufa nigra, other species Malayemys subtrijuga, Mauremys supplying local mutica, Staurotypus sp., Chrysemys markets picta bellii, Chrysemys picta marginata Zhejiang turtle farm The smallest scale farming among all the farms visited, less than 0.5 ha in area Rearing turtles and tortoises for pet trade purpose only with the most diversified species that are not found in other visited farms. Most of the turtles were sold online. From internet, and Guangzhou markets Sell in the farm owner s shop and through Internet Emydura subglobosa, Indotestudo elongata, Geochelone pardalis, Sacalia bealei, Macroclemys temminckii, Graptemys kohnii, Mauremys reevesii, Mauremys sinensis, Trachemys scripta scripta, Pelomedusa subrufa nigra, Malayemes subtrijuga, Mauremys mutica, Staurotypus sp., Chrysemys picta bellii, Chrysemys picta marginata Guangdong turtle farm Hainan turtle farm One of the four farms in the province run by the same company, the visited farm is 15 ha in area A privately owned farm, operated since 1999, 13.3ha. with 50 ponds and more than 20 workers. The farm only breeds juveniles and supplies other farms with breeding turtles. Breeding juvenile turtles for pet trade purpose only. The species in captivity are mostly not native to China. The farm owner claimed they have obtained the import and export trading licenses from government and they hired a specialist to improve breeding techniques for different turtle species. Artificial breeding, tortoises bought from middlemen where the farm operator mentioned she know some stock are smuggled from South-east Asia Some turtles To turtle were purchased legally from South-east Asia. Some others were purchased from friends. The farm owners said those friends might smuggle turtles from South-east Asia farms and pet markets of Guangdong Mauremysnigricans, Macroclemys temminckii, Cistoclemmys flavomarginata, Cuora mccordi, Cuora trifasciata, Geoclemys hamiltonii, Mauremysreevesii, Geochelone elegans, Indotestudo elongata, Mauremys mutica, Cyclemys dentate, Geochelone pardalis, Chelydra serpentina, Cuora zhoui, Cuora aurocapitata, Cuora pani The farms reared the largest number of species, more than 30 species including Emydura subglobosa, Geochelone carbonaria, Geochelone sulcata, Malaclemys terrapin, Chelodina siebenrocki 14 Information on the trade in wild animals and plants in China 2008

15 中国野生动植物贸易状况 Conservation problems of turtle farm operations 1. Farm operators generally lack concern and knowledge of freshwater turtle conservation. The farming, including attempts at closedcycle captive breeding, of freshwater turtles, apart from softshell species, developed only recently and farm operators have little knowledge of national legislation protecting wild animals (whether native to China or other countries). Technical aspects of turtle farming are still in developmental stages, and it is not surprising that additional mortality will be caused to individuals in the process of harvest, husbandry, breeding and selling (Zhou, 2006; Wu, 2008). 2. Uncontrolled expansion of trial species. Because of consumers curiosity and interest of rearing rarely-seen species as pets, turtle farm owners are experimenting with a wider variety of species in captivity to meet the market demand. The desire to breed and trade the more lucrative rare species will pose increasing threats to remaining wild populations. Unplanned and unregulated ranching of wild-sourced turtles will place heavy burdens on some already over-exploited turtle populations. 3. Illegal sources of breeding turtles. The limited number of turtle species viable for commercial breeding suggests the turtle industry still relies heavily on wild populations for example, from South-east Asia (Schoppe, 2009) for breeding stock, grow-out, and to sell directly to market. There is no effective way to tell whether turtles in the market come from the wild or from captive-bred sources, thus turtle farms are potentially a laundering point for wild turtles being sent to market. 4. Stimulating market demands for freshwater turtles. Largescale turtle farming provides supply for both meat and pet markets. The abundant supplies of turtles and the continued diversification into new and rare species is likely to stimulate further demand in turtles. According to TRAFFIC s survey into Chinese attitudes to consumption of species for medicinal and food, consumers generally support using animals from captive bred sources. However, with the low number of turtle species viable for captive breeding, and the inability to distinguish the legitimacy of captive-bred claims, the rising demand for freshwater turtles could lead to greater exploitation of wild populations in China and other source countries. Recommendations 1. More in-depth research required: Only a limited number of freshwater turtle farms were visited during this pilot study. A thorough investigation of this trade requires more indepth research and a significantly larger sample size. 2. Regulate number of freshwater turtle species permitted to be reared: At present, among the 54 species China government permitted for captive breeding for commercial purposes, only three of them are freshwater turtles. Government authorities should evaluate which freshwater turtles are viable to be reared in captivity and specify those species that are allowed to be reared. The State Forestry Administration should keep an inventory of the species reared in the farms and empower local authorities to audit the turtle farms on a regular basis. Farms introducing any new species to their inventory should be required to obtain prior approval from the relevant government departments, including the CITES Management Authority for any CITES-listed species. 3. Reinforcing enforcement actions: The sources of some breeding turtles are from middlemen and allegedly include stock smuggled from outside China, particularly countries in South-east Asia and South Asia, and illegal trade in the meat markets still exists (Gong et.al 2009). China s law enforcement authorities should continue to monitor turtle farms and markets to encourage regulatory compliance, and take necessary enforcement actions as appropriate. 4. Increasing knowledge and awareness of turtle conservation among turtle farm operators and consumers: Tailor-made education programmes should be designed for turtle farm operators, market vendors and consumers. Materials should cover definitions of closed-cycle captive breeding, current problems with turtle farm operations, the necessity of legal and sustainable trade of freshwater turtles (including relevant legislation and regulations). As wild freshwater turtle populations are being depleted in China and other source countries, the general public should be discouraged from consuming species of unknown provenance, and be made aware of the conservation status and legal framework regarding trade in such species. References Anon. (2006). Zhejiang becomes the largest freshwater turtle farming province of China, producing 3.5 billion individuals per year. Hangzhou Daily News (in Chinese), 9 March. Gong, S. P., Chow, T., Fong, J. and Shi, H. T. (2009). The chelonian trade in the largest pet market in China: scale, scope and impact on turtle conservation. Oryx, 43(2), Schoppe, S. (2009). Status, trade dynamics and management of the Southeast Asian Box Turtle in Indonesia. TRAFFIC South East Asia, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. Shepherd, C. R. and Nijman, V Pet freshwater turtle and tortoise trade in Chatuchak Market,Bangkok, Thailand. TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 16 pp. Shi, H. and Parham, J.F. (2001). Preliminary observations of a large turtle farm in Hainan Province, People s Republic of China. Turtle and Tortoise Newsletter. 3: 4-6. Shi H., Parham, J.F. Lau, M.W.-N and Chen T.H Farming Endangered turtles to Extinction in China. Conservation Biology 21(1). Shi, H. Parham, J. F., Fan, Z., Hong, M. and Yin, F., Evidence for the massive scale of turtle farming in China. Oryx, 42(1), van Dijk, Peter Paul. (2002). Development of mid-and long-term conservation measures for Asian tortoises and freshwater turtles. TRAFFIC Southeast Asia Internal Report, 52pp Wu, J. (2008). Developing China s freshwater turtle farming benefits human beings. Ocean and Fishery (in Chinese) Vol. 2: Zhou Status and Development of turtle farming in Hainan Province. China Aquaculture. Vol. 6: Zhou, T and Huang C Status and Charateristics of Turtles Bred in China. Journal of Economic Animal (In Chinese) 11(4): 年中国野生动植物资源贸易信息 15

16 The State of Wildlife Trade in China 中国淡水龟养殖场的初步研究 林峰毅 TRAFFIC 香港项目高级官员 徐玲 TRAFFIC 中国项目官员 中国的淡水龟鳖类的养殖始于上世纪 70 年代, 开始主要养殖鳖类 随着养殖场之间的激烈竞争, 鳖类的价格大幅下跌, 利润减少, 因此, 从上世纪 80 年代末到 90 年代初开始发展其他淡水龟种的养殖 (Van Dijk, 2002 年 ; Wu, 2008 年 ; 周婷, 2006 年 ) 据周婷和黄成 (2007) 估计,2006 年, 中国养龟场的总面积达到 万公顷, 分布在中国的 16 个省, 其中广东 浙江 海南和江苏为主要养殖省份 龟类养殖的目的是食用和玩赏, 主要供应国内市场 2006 年全国饲养的淡水龟有 49 种, 但成功实现商业化人工繁殖的只有 7 种, 占饲养总数的 14% ( 周婷和黄成, 2006 年 ), 饲养数量最多的是来自美洲的巴西龟 据估计, 全国龟鳖的饲养量约 万只 2005 年产值 80 亿元人民币 (13 亿美元 ), 2006 年增至 亿元人民币 ( 约 14.6 至 22 亿美元 ) 近年来中国养龟鳖的规模正在不断扩大, 这体现在养殖面积和龟种的数量上 ( 周婷和黄成, 2007 年 ) 一份浙江淡水龟养殖的报告中提到, 有些养殖龟已被制成罐装或冷冻食品 ( 未名,2006 年 ) 中国养龟场的主要类型和经营方式 我们在 5 个不同的养龟地区各选择的一个淡水龟养殖场进行调查, 每个养殖场代表了不同类型的经营方式 调查表明 : 这些养殖场主要养殖淡水龟, 养殖的种类很多 ( 见表 1) 养龟场饲养的龟种 调查发现了一些以往未曾记录的养殖龟种, 多数都是用于供应宠物市场 ( 例如地龟, 豹纹陆龟, 马来食螺龟 ) 养殖场内龟鳖种类的增加表明市场对稀有淡水龟的需求正 在增加, 尤其是宠物龟种 (Shepherd and Nijman, 2008 年 ; Schoppe, 2009 年 ) 除了两个专门养殖宠物龟的养殖场, 其他养殖场内数量最大的龟种是红耳龟, 黄喉拟水龟, 蛇鳄龟和乌龟 淡水龟的来源和贸易网络 上海 浙江和江苏等地养殖场声称, 他们的种龟是从南方各省的养殖场购得的, 这与在考察中发现的广东和海南养龟场向其他养龟场出售幼龟和种龟, 而不是饲养成龟供市场销售的情况是一致的 然而, 广东和海南省的养殖场从何处购买种龟不得而知 海南养龟场的场主称, 有一些中间商从东南亚地区非法进口龟类 一个广东养殖场的经营者也提到, 市场上出现的龟类很可能都是从其他国家走私的 UNEP-WCMC CITES 的贸易记录显示, 中国于 2008 年总共进口了 137 只淡水龟 ( 卡罗来纳箱龟 ) 和 5 种陆龟 ( 红腿陆龟, 陆龟科象龟属, 赫尔曼陆龟, 四爪陆龟, 缘翘陆龟 ) 因此, 其他外来无记录的养殖龟被怀疑来自非法渠道 淡水龟养殖场的发展趋势据报道 ( 周婷和黄成, 2007 年 ; 史海涛等人,2008 年 ), 国内淡水龟和陆龟的供应量和贸易额都在不断增加, 同时养龟的规模也可能在继续增加 所考察养龟场的共同特征就是他们都在试养更多的新龟种, 尤其是以饲养宠物龟为主的养龟场 据了解, 海南省的养殖人员的首要任务是建立和发展淡水龟和陆龟的养殖项目 海南的一家养殖场场主声称, 由于养殖场饲养大量的龟类, 业内正研究向其他国家出口龟类用于生产营养食品和作为中药成分的可能性 市场观察结果以及与养龟场的联系 在香港海洋公园保育基金的资助下,2007 年我们对 5 个南方城市 ( 广州 海口 南宁 福州和昆明 ) 的野味市场进行了调查, 共发现 26 个龟种, 其中巴西龟 黄喉拟水龟和乌龟是市场上数量最多的龟种 调查表明这三种龟人工繁殖十 Freshwater turtle farm in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province Xu Ling/ TRAFFIC 广州淡水龟养殖厂 徐玲 /TRAFFIC Huaxia freshwater turtle farm in Guangdong Province Xu Ling/ TRAFFIC 广东华夏淡水龟养殖厂 徐玲 /TRAFFIC 16 Information on the trade in wild animals and plants in China 2008

17 中国野生动植物贸易状况 表 1 不同类型的龟类养殖场和经营活动类型 养殖单位 所有制性质和规模 经营类型 种源 供应市场 养殖的龟种 上海昌源 私有中型养殖 为广东肉类市场提 海南龟类养浙江, 广东市场 乌龟, 黑颈乌龟, 三线闭壳龟, 蛇 特种水产 场,2001 年建 供成年龟, 向浙江 殖场 鳄龟, 红耳龟, 黄缘盒龟, 金头 养殖有限公司 厂, 占地 6 公顷, 养龟厂提供幼龟雇佣 10 名员工 闭壳龟, 平胸龟, 四眼斑龟 江苏吴江华鑫龟鳖良种场 国有养殖场, 大规模商业化养殖, 占地 200 公顷 以养殖龟类起家, 后来发展到其他龟种 幼龟从海南和广东购入, 成龟向广东和浙江市场供给 海南和广东成年龟主要供应广东龟类养殖场肉食市场和本地市场 红腹侧颈龟, 缅甸陆龟, 豹纹陆龟, 四眼斑水龟, 蛇鳄龟, 密西西比地图龟, 中华花龟, 乌龟, 黄耳龟, 沼泽侧颈龟, 马来食螺龟, 黄喉拟水龟, 麝香龟, 西部锦龟, 中部锦龟 浙江绍兴空闲头人养殖场 私人所有, 养龟场占地不到半公顷 养殖宠物龟, 龟种繁多, 一些在其他养殖场未发现的龟种 大部分龟是在网络销售的 通过网购在养殖场的商店销买, 或来自售, 以及通过网络广州市场 红腹侧颈龟, 缅甸陆龟, 豹纹陆龟, 眼斑水龟, 大鳄龟, 密西西比地图龟, 乌龟, 中华花龟, 黄耳龟, 钢盔侧颈龟, 马来食螺龟, 黄喉拟水龟, 麝香龟, 西部锦龟, 中部锦龟 广东华夏龟类养殖场 私人所有, 养殖场面积 15 公顷 为同一公司在本省四家养殖场之一 只繁殖幼龟, 向其他养殖场供应龟种 人工饲养龟类, 从中间人那里购得幼龟, 养殖人员称有些是从东南亚走私的 红耳龟, 大鳄龟, 黄缘盒龟, 百色闭壳龟, 三线闭壳龟, 斑点池龟, 乌龟, 印度星龟, 缅甸陆龟, 黄喉拟水龟, 齿缘摄龟, 豹纹陆龟, 蛇鳄龟, 周氏闭壳龟, 金头闭壳龟, 潘氏闭壳龟 海南海口弘旺养殖场 私人所有, 自 1999 年开始繁殖龟类, 占地 13.3 公顷, 拥有 50 个龟池和 20 名工人 养殖幼龟供应宠物市场 大部分养殖的龟类都来自中国以外 养殖场主声称他们已经获得政府颁发的贸易进出口许可证, 并且雇佣专业技术人员提高个中规中的养殖技术 部分龟是通运送到广东的龟类养过合法途径殖场和宠物市场从东南亚购买 ; 另一部分从朋友处购买, 养殖场主称这些朋友可能是从东南亚走私进口淡水龟的 该养殖场是国内繁殖龟种类最多的养殖场, 现已繁殖圆澳龟 红腿陆龟 苏卡达陆龟 菱斑龟 西氏长颈龟等 30 余种 分成功, 是供应肉食市场的主要种类 考察中也发现, 有九种龟没有人工繁殖的记录, 另外五种龟被证明不能成功进行人工繁殖 这意味着已被记录的龟鳖种类中有一半以上是依赖于野生种群, 而且大部分是列入 濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约 的附录的保护物种, 被严格控制贸易, 或者禁止贸易的 推测它们很有可能是从外国走私进来的, 如马来巨龟 印度黑龟和缅甸星龟 其中有些龟类在原产地也受法律保护, 并且没有 CITES 进口贸易记录, 可以断定这些龟类是从外国走私来的 就龟种的多样性和数量而言, 广州是最重要的淡水龟市场 在国内的中药市场上也发现了大量的龟壳作为药材, 主要是巴西龟 黄喉拟水龟和乌龟 这些龟种已被成功地人工繁殖, 养殖场可能向传统中药市场供货 其他在市场上数量较多的有中华花龟 缅甸星龟 凹甲陆龟和大东方龟等, 龟壳价格从 50 到 120 元 / 公斤不等 2008 年中国野生动植物资源贸易信息 17

18 The State of Wildlife Trade in China 存在的保护问题 1. 养龟场经营者总体上缺乏对淡水龟保护的关注和认识 除了鳖类养殖外, 淡水龟类的人工繁殖是近年来才开始发展的, 因此经营者对国内外野生动物保护法律的意识非常淡薄 养殖技术还处于发展阶段, 比较落后, 因此在捕捞 养殖 繁殖和销售过程中可能造成龟类大量非正常死亡 ( 周婷, 2006 年 ; 吴遵霖 2008 年 ) 2. 试养龟种不受限制地增加 由于消费者对于市面上罕见的龟种非常热衷饲养收藏, 养龟场场主正试养更多的龟种来满足市场需求 养殖和贸易中经营者对高利润的追求, 消费者稀有龟种的需求, 对濒危龟类的生存造成很大的威胁 这些龟种都来源于野生种群, 而无计划 无序式养殖严重威胁已经过度开发的龟类种群 3. 有些种龟来源不合法 目前养殖场只有一小部分龟类可以人工繁殖, 其他许多龟类仍然依赖于野生种群甚至国外, 例如从东南亚走私 (Schoppe, 2009 年 ) 这些野生龟类有的用作繁殖亲本, 有的直接在市场上销售 目前还难于正确地区别养殖场和市场中的龟类是野生的还是人工繁殖的, 这对加强管理带来很大的困难, 有些养龟场有可能是野生龟类进入市场的暂养场或中转站 4. 刺激淡水龟的市场需求 养龟场大量的龟类上市和市场众多的珍稀龟类的销售会刺激公众的消费需求和兴趣 同时,TRAFFIC 最近的消费者态度调查表明, 从总体上看, 消费者可以接受人工繁殖龟 但目前能人工繁殖的种类比较少, 而且很难区分养殖龟和野生龟类, 对淡水龟需求的增长可能使中国和其他国家的龟类野生种群面临灭绝的危险 建议 1. 更深入的研究 : 由于经费的限制, 本调查的淡水龟养殖场较少 今后需要对龟鳖类养殖和贸易进行进一步的研究, 调查的面要更广 更深入 2. 管理淡水龟被养殖的种类 : 调查表明, 目前饲养场养殖的 54 种龟类中, 成功繁殖的淡水龟只有三种 管理部门应该进行评估, 指导养殖场哪种淡水龟适合养殖, 哪些龟种允许养殖 林业局可以保留一份合法养殖龟种的记录, 授权地方机构定期检查龟类养殖场 养殖场引进的新龟种前应该获得相关政府部门的许可, 例如 CITES 附录中的龟类应获得濒管办的许可 的野生龟类种群数量正在减少, 应劝导公众拒绝消费来源不明的龟种, 了解这些龟类的保护情况和相关法律规定, 提高野生动物保护的法律意识 参考资料 2006 年, 浙江成为中国最大的淡水龟养殖省, 每年养殖 35 亿, 杭州日报 ( 中文 ), hangzhou.gov.cn/main/zwdt/ztzj/xlcjs/sndt/t66650.shtml Gong, S.P., Chow, T., Fong, J. and Shi, H.T 年, 中国最大宠物市场的龟类贸易 : 贸易规模, 范围和对龟类保护的影响, 英国动植物保护国际,Oryx, 第 43 卷第 2 期 : 页 Schoppe, S 年, 印尼东南亚箱龟现状 贸易动态和管理, 东南亚报告, 第 90 页 Shepherd, C.R., Nijman, V, 2008 年, 泰国曼谷恰图恰市场的宠物淡水龟和陆龟贸易,TRAFFIC 东南亚报告 : 第 16 页 Shi H. 和 Parham J.F.,2001 年, 中国海南省某大型养龟场的初步观察, 龟鳖通讯 第 3 期 :4-6 页 Shi H., Parham J.F. Lau M.W.N 和 Chen T.H.,2007 年, 中国濒临灭绝的龟类, 保护生物学 第 21 卷第 1 期 : 2007 年 2 月 Shi, H., Parham, J.F., Fan, Z., Hong, M., Yin, F., 2008 年, 中国大规模龟类养殖的迹象, Oryx, 第 42 卷第 1 期, 页 Van Dijk, Peter Paul, 2002 年, 亚洲陆龟和淡水龟的中长期保护方法,TRAFFIC 东南亚内部报告 : 第 52 页 吴遵霖, 2008 年, 发展中国淡水龟养殖对人类有益, 海洋渔业,2008 年第 2 期 ( 中文 ):18-20 页 周婷,2006 年, 海南省龟鳖养殖业现状及发展预测, 中国水产 2006 年第 6 期 ( 中文 ):68-69 页 周婷, 黄成,2007 年, 我国养龟业现状及特点, 经济动物学报 第 11 卷第 4 期,2007 年 12 月 ( 中文 ): 页 3. 增强执法措施 : 一些养殖场或市场上出售的龟类来源于境外走私, 如从东南亚和南亚地区走私 野味市场的非法贸易依然存在 (Gong 等, 2009 年 ) 执法机关应继续监管养殖场和市场, 推动合法经营, 采取必要的措施禁止非法贸易 4. 增进养龟场经营者和消费者有关龟类保护的知识与意识 : 制订宣传教育计划, 提高养殖场经营者, 市场摊主和消费者的龟类保护意识 宣传材料应包含封闭式养殖的定义 养殖场经营的问题 淡水龟可持续性合法贸易的必要性 ( 包括相关的贸易法律法规 ) 中国和其他种群国家 18 Information on the trade in wild animals and plants in China 2008

19 中国野生动植物贸易状况 Sustainable utilization of traditional medicinal plants: Training campaign under the EU-China Biodiversity Programme Liu Xueyan, Programme Officer, TRAFFIC East Asia The middle and upper Yangtze River is regarded as a priority region for biodiversity conservation. The Chinese government implemented the Natural Forest Conservation Project in 1998 to prohibit the felling of natural forests, reducing the income sources of the local farmers. The collection of traditional medicinal plants helps local farmers earn additional income by exploiting natural resources. At the same time, the increasing demand from domestic and overseas medicinal plant markets has led to over-exploitation of some medicinal plant resources, impaired the balance of ecosystems, and threatened the survival of some rare and endangered plants. However, little systematic information is currently available on the trade dynamics of medicinal plants. The EU-China Biodiversity Programme (ECBP) is currently the largest overseas biodiversity conservation programme financed by the European Union (EU). It is a joint initiative by the EU, the Ministry of Commerce of China (MOFCOM), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China (MEP). The five-year ECBP was launched in November 2005, aiming to conserve special ecosystems in China by strengthening biodiversity management, improving the capacities of the MEP (as the secretariat of the Coordination Group for the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity), establishing effective monitoring and information feedback mechanisms, as well as increasing the effectiveness of the ECBP Coordination Group. EUR21 million of the EUR30 million project fund from the EU is earmarked for 19 field demonstration projects, one of which is the sustainable management of traditional medicinal plants in high-biodiversity landscapes of the Upper Yangtze Ecoregion. As one of the executing parties to ECBP, TRAFFIC s China Programme is working together with WWF, IUCN and many other partners to collect trade data on medicinal plants. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) college students in the project areas of Chengdu (Sichuan Province), and Xi an (Shaanxi Province), are being trained in market research and monitoring methods through a series of training courses. These stakeholders will play a crucial role in future utilization and conservation of Chinese medicinal plant resources. As one of the executing parties to ECBP, TRAFFIC s China Programme has worked together with WWF, IUCN and many other partners to collect trade data on medicinal plants. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) college students in the project areas of Chengdu, Sichuan Province and Xi an, Shaanxi Province, are being trained in market research and monitoring methods through a series of training courses. They will play a crucial role in future utilization and conservation of Chinese medicinal herb resources. Training at Shaanxi College of TCM (SCTCM) In December 2008, TRAFFIC trained more than 30 students from the School of Pharmacy at SCTCM. SCTCM s Professor Hu Benxiang, who has many years of research and teaching experience in the identification of Chinese medicinal materials, pharmaceutical botany and TCM cultivation, introduced the status and conservation of rare plant resources in Mount Taibai, so that the students could understand the significance of these species and the importance and urgency of conserving them. Dr Vivienne L. Williams from South Africa s University of Witwatersrand introduced market research, data collection, compilation and analysis methods used when dealing with traditional medicinal plants, with a focus on how to apply statistical methods to the analysis of market research findings. Training at Chengdu University of TCM (CDUTCM) Again in December 2008, TRAFFIC organized training for 60 students at the CDUTCM. TCM experts Professor Wan Deguang and Dr Guo Jinlin introduced the current status of endangered medicinal plants, the degree and causes of endangerment, as well as the conservation measures taken by the Chinese government. Dr Vivienne Williams explained how to use EstimateS (software used for statistical analysis of biodiversity) to analyse market survey results. TRAFFIC plans to hold a series of training courses for frontline workers in local forestry departments and organizations in second half of 2009 to strengthen the awareness of sustainable collection and management of Chinese medicinal resources. Students of both TCM colleges will also be involved, and will complement the local medicinal plants farmers knowledge with their professional knowledge acquired during training. ECBP 中国 欧盟生物多样性项目培训活动 : 可持续利用传统药用植物 刘雪雁 TRAFFIC 中国项目官员 长江中上游地区不仅是中国生物多样性丰富地区, 也被认为是中国生物多样性保护的优先区域 1998 年中国政府实施了天然林保护工程, 禁止采伐天然林, 当地农民收入来源减少 传统药用植物采集是当地农民利用自然资源增加收入的主要方式之一 近年来, 随着国内外药用植物 2008 年中国野生动植物资源贸易信息 19

20 The State of Wildlife Trade in China Training at Shannxi College of TCM in Xi'an TRAFFIC 陕西中医学院的培训现场 TRAFFIC 市场需求不断增长, 刺激了药用植物资源的过度采集, 造成原生态系统平衡的破坏, 并威胁当地珍稀濒危野生动植物的生存 要制定有效的管理措施来遏制这种不可持续的利用, 需要了解有关中药材贸易的信息 然而, 我们却对药用植物市场贸易方面信息却知之甚少 中国 欧盟生物多样性项目是目前欧盟资助的最大规模海外生物多样性保护项目, 资金总额为 5100 万欧元 该项目是由国家商务部 环保总局和欧盟 联合国开发计划署四方共同发起的 项目于 2005 年 11 月启动, 为期五年, 旨在通过加强生物多样性管理, 保护中国特殊的生态系统 ; 加强履行 生物多样性公约 的协调组 秘书处以及国家环保总局的能力 ; 建立有效的监测和信息反馈机制, 提高协调组的有效性 在欧盟援助的 3000 万欧元项目资金中,2100 万欧元专门用于 19 个地方示范项目, 其中之一就是长江中上游生物多样性丰富区内传统药用植物的保护与可持续经营管理项目 为此,TRAFFIC( 国际野生物贸易研究组织中国项目 ) 作为该项目的执行方之一, 与 WWF IUCN 以及很多的合作伙伴一起展开了很多工作, 以收集必要的药用植物贸易信息, 用以建立贸易监测网络 其中很重要的一个工作是对中医学院大学生进行定期培训 这些中医学院大学生是对未来中草药资源利用与保护影响起着重要作用的主要群体 通过这种系列的培训, 使当地中医药大学学生对传统药用植物可持续性采集和市场调查方法有一定的认识, 以提高他们的市场调查 监测能力, 并且为他们以后将要进行的广泛市场调查做好铺垫工作 本次活动选择了项目区域内 成都和西安当地中医学院的学生作为培训对象 陕西中医学院培训 2008 年 12 月 12 日上午,TRAFFIC 在陕西中医学院对 药学院院选拔出来的的 30 多名学生进行了培训 来自陕西中医学院的胡本祥教授是长期从事中药材鉴定 药用植物学和中药栽培学的研究和教学工作的专家, 在培训班上介绍了陕西秦岭太白山珍稀植物资源状态及其保护相关知识 使学生了解了太白山地区濒危珍稀植物的种类 地理分布 性状特征 标本的制作等知识, 特别强调了保护野生濒危植物的重要性和急迫性 而来自南非金山大学 (University of Witwatersrand) 的 Vivienne L. Williams 博士, 介绍了传统药用植物市场调查 数据收集 整理 分析等方法, 特别介绍了如何应用生物多样性统计方法来分析市场调查的结果 实践活动培训班学生还到西安万寿路中药材专业市场进了市场调查, 并收回 150 份市场调查问卷 大多数学生对此次培训结果非常满意, 愿意继续参加药材市场调查工作, 以提供正确的信息为有关部门的管理决策提供依据 成都中医药大学培训班 2008 年 12 月 13 日和 14 日, 对成都中医药大学 60 名学生进行了培训 成都中医药大学中药学家万德光教授和国锦林博士为此次培训专门编写了教材 两位教授在培训班上介绍中国濒危药用植物现状 濒危程度 濒危原因及中国所采取的保护措施 外国专家 (Vivienne) 介绍了如何使用 EstimateS 软件 ( 一种专门用于生物多样性统计分析的软件 ) 对市场调查结果进行分析 除了对中医药大学学生进行培训以外,TRAFFIC 计划对当地林业人员以及中药采集者进行中药资源可持续采集和管理方面的培训, 以提高他们保护和可持续采集的意识 初步确定于 2009 年春季和秋季, 对林业管理一线工作人员和当地社团开展系列的培训 已参加过培训的两所中医药大学学生也会参与到培训活动中, 并用他们学到的专业知识在培训中起到与当地农民知识互补的作用 20 Information on the trade in wild animals and plants in China 2008

21 中国野生动植物贸易状况 Analysis and application of wildlife trade information Timothy Lam, Senior Programme Officer, TRAFFIC East Asia Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (Hong Kong SAR) and provinces of southern China are major destinations for many wildlife products, although the trade routes are not well defined and may vary from time to time. The volume of wildlife trade into Hong Kong and southern China has a significant impact on conservation of wild animal and plant resources in source countries. For instance, abalone from coastal South Africa and ivory from Africa have been widely reported as traded with Hong Kong and southern China, both legally and illegally and these trade dynamics exert a direct impact on the wild species conservation. By analysing wildlife trade flows into and through Hong Kong SAR and southern China, trends can indicate "early warning" regarding over-exploitation of wild populations, stock depletion and incidences of illegal trade. Developing a system for scientific monitoring and analysis is essential to influence policy initiatives on wildlife trade, so that remedial interventions can be established at an early stage. Hong Kong is a free-trade port, and wildlife trade data based on declared cargo are mostly transparent. This research is based on the following documents and records: 1) Unpublished records of the Census and Statistics Department (C&SD) of Hong Kong SAR; 2) Published Chinese Customs statistics yearbook, which records the import, export and re-export of commodity items to China; 3) The Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD) s estimates of imports by locally licensed vessels that transport/collect/fish live marine fishes into Hong Kong SAR; 4) Licence records of CITES-listed species to/from Hong Kong SAR; 5) Import and export seizure records of protected species compiled by the CITES Management Authority of Hong Kong SAR. Once compiled, the above-mentioned data were compared with global databases such as FAO s trade data set named FAO-STAT and the UNEP-WCMC CITES trade database, in order to provide a comparative context for wildlife trade in Hong Kong SAR. Findings The reviewed trade records suggest that Hong Kong SAR is a key consumer destination of abalone and live reef food fish. FAO statistics showed that Hong Kong SAR accounted for more than half of global abalone imports (all species), while CITES records showed that more than 90% of Humphead Wrasse specimens in recorded trade were imported into Hong Kong SAR since the species was listed in Appendix II in However, Hong Kong has a long history of being the gate for commodities entering mainland China, including various species of wild animals and plants. In general, this study found that the proportion of wildlife products reported as reexported from Hong Kong was found to be low compared with previous studies (Lau and Parry-Jones 1999, To et al. 2004), indicating that the role of Hong Kong as a re-export hub may be diminishing and many of the products are now consumed locallyin Hong Kong. For example, the overall quantity of all species of live reef food fish reported as imports remained steady between (average tonnes per year), but the proportion reported as re-exported has decreased from 17% to only 1% compared to a 1999 TRAFFIC study (Lau and Parry-Jones, 1999). It should be noted that even after Hong Kong returned to China in 1997, trading across the Hong Kong-China border still needs to be declared and recorded by Customs department. As a major destination of wildlife products, the trade records of Hong Kong SAR and southern China can act as an important tool to warn of changes in trade dynamics of supply and demand, and any link to potential over-harvesting of wild populations in source countries. For example, major source countries for frozen and dried abalones entering Hong Kong SAR include the Philippines and Indonesia (Figure 1). However, it is rare to see dried abalones in markets labeled as coming from the Philippines or Indonesia (To et al. 2004). Therefore, the impact of the abalone trade on wild populations of South-East Asian countries might not been adequately addressed and has not been evaluated. In fact, trade statistics show that quantities of frozen abalones imported from the Philippines have been decreasing in recent years, from 283 tonnes in 2000 gradually declining to 100 tonnes in This may be a sign of stock over-exploitation in coastal areas of the Philippines. Over similar time period, live abalone from South Africa increased gradually from 30 tonnes in 1999 to 256 tonnes in 2007, reflecting the sourcing countries changed to areas of more abundant supply. Information from seizure recordss Illegal trade of CITES species will worsen the already overexploited population. Although the seizures only represent a fraction of the total illegal wildlife trade being carried out, they can still be treated as an indicator of such trade. Seizure data help alert different stakeholders to the existence of illegal trade and can lead to strengthened co-operation among law enforcement agencies 年中国野生动植物资源贸易信息 21

22 The State of Wildlife Trade in China Seizures of ivory in Hong Kong since 2000 indicate Hong Kong still plays an important role as a trade hub in the movement of illegal ivory. As shown in Table 1, export countries for the seized ivory include range States in Africa, plus Middle Eastern and European countries; the latter two probably because the traded ivory was as finished products or an illegal shipment stopped at more than one intermediate port before arriving in Hong Kong. Strengths and weaknesses of trade data C&SD data provide up-to-date information on the quantity of traded items and list all source and destination countries. The dataset can be used to monitor trade trends, including changes or shifts in source countries, and an early signal of possible overexploitation in range States. Analysis of the trade data could be used to cross-check data from the export countries, and used to promote discussion and intelligence sharing among law enforcement agencies in countries involved in wildlife trade. One of the biggest limitations of the Customs data is the general lack of species-specific information. Without such information, conservation plans cannot be formulated solely based on trade data. For example, China Customs data do not specify freshwater turtles or live reef food fish. The general terms reptiles and live fish do not reflect the trade status of the two fauna groups, let alone to species level, or allow comparison with other data sources. Customs data commonly use weight to record the trade flow. However, from a conservation perspective, it would be more Figure 1 Main source countries of abalones imported into Hong Kong ( ) 1a.Frozen abalones(6,156 tonnes) meaningful to use the number of individuals in line with CITES permit records. CITES records are useful to document the trade status of protected species and the universal licence format allows data comparison between countries. But data discrepancy exists. The limitation of CITES trade records is that they do not cover non-cites species, some of which deserve more attention and conservation efforts. Accurate trade statistics can provide insights into supply and demand for an individual species or group of species, but further research and ground truthing in markets is required to verify observations from a desktop review. Table 1 Seizures of ivory in Hong Kong Year No. of seizures Previous export country/place of departure France, Netherlands, South Africa, Togo, Zimbabwe Cuba, Macau, Nigeria, Qatar, South Africa, USA Specimen quantity 52.9 kg 20.8 kg + 11 pieces South Africa, UAE 10.9 kg Australia, Kenya, Singapore, South Africa, Tanzania, USA, Zimbabwe Cameroon, France, Kenya, South Africa Mainland China, South Africa, USACongo, Kenya, Tanzania, UK Cameroon, Gabon, Germany, Singapore, South Africa, UK, Zimbabwe, Canada, Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon, Kenya, South Africa, Uganda 1,972.5 kg 26.8 kg kg 4,027.9 kg + 1 piece kg 20% 27% 7% 10% 20% 16% Australia Philippines South Africa Canada Malysia Others 1b.Dried abalones(2,951 tonnes) 20% 6% 10% 11% 15% 38% South Africa Australia Indonesia Japan Mozambique Others 22 Information on the trade in wild animals and plants in China 2008

23 中国野生动植物贸易状况 香港野生生物贸易信息的分析和使用 林峰毅 TRAFFIC 香港项目高级官员 香港和华南地区是多种野生动植物贸易商品的主要目 的地, 但贸易线路并未得到有效认定而且时常发生变化 香港和华南地区的野生生物贸易对这些贸易物种的产地资源保护有很大影响 例如, 有很多报道称产自南非沿海地区的鲍鱼和产自非洲各国的象牙在香港和华南地区的贸易十分活跃, 其中包括合法及非法贸易, 贸易量的大小直接会影响这些物种在产地的生存 因此应该密切关注香港和华南地区野生生物的贸易动态, 以便尽早发现诸如野生种群过度开发 资源储备枯竭或非法贸易的迹象, 为及早制定相应的保护政策提供必要的信息 为此, 以科学方式建立贸易监测和分析体系, 并及时提供野生生物贸易状况的信息, 对制定有效的政策至关重要 香港是一个自由港, 有关野生生物贸易的信息大多是公开透明的, 本研究的资料来源于下列文献和记录 : 香港特别行政区 (SAR) 调查统计部 (C&SD) 未公布的记录 已公布的中国海关统计年鉴, 其中记载了中国的进口 出口和转出口商品品种 香港渔农自然护理署 (AFCD) 对持有本地许可证的活体海洋鱼类运输船 / 收集船 / 捕捞船对香港进口量的估计 作为多种野生生物商品贸易的目的地, 香港和华南地区的贸易记录可以作为产地的野生种群是否被过度利用的警报器 例如, 在东南亚, 鲍鱼的主要产地是菲律宾和印度尼西亚等国, 这些国家是香港冷冻鲍鱼和干鲍鱼的主要供应国 ( 图 1) 每年香港有巨大的进口量却没有在香港市场上得到充分反映 很少在香港市场上看到标明产自菲律宾或印度尼西亚的干鲍鱼 (To 等人,2004 年 ) 因此, 迄今为止, 鲍鱼贸易对东南亚国家野生种群的影响可能被忽视了, 也没有得到充分评估 贸易统计资料显示, 近年来香港从菲律宾进口的冷冻鲍鱼数量有降低趋势, 如 2000 年进口量为 283 吨,2008 年仅为 100 吨, 这可能是菲律宾沿海产地资源被过度开发的信号 图 1. 香港鲍鱼的主要来源国 ( 年 ) 冷冻鲍鱼 (6156 吨 ) 7% 10% 20% 27% 16% 干鲍鱼 (2951 吨 ) 20% 澳大利亚菲律宾南非加拿大马来西亚其他国家 / 地区 香港 CITES( 濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约 ) 列入物种的许可证记录 香港渔农自然护理署 CITES 管理分署保存的受保护物种进出口收缴记录 本文将对比分析以上的数据和全球数据资料, 包括 FAO( 联合国粮农组织 ) 和 CITES 的贸易数据来分析香港野生生物贸易的现状 20% 6% 10% 11% 15% 38% 南非澳大利亚印度尼西亚日本莫桑比克其他国家 / 地区 研究结果 所考察的贸易记录表明香港是鲍鱼和活体珊瑚礁鱼类的主要消费城市 FAO 统计资料表明香港占全球鲍鱼进口总量的 50% 以上, 而 CITES 记录表明, 自 2004 年该物种列入附录 II 时起, 全球约 90% 以上的淡水苏眉鱼都出口到香港 香港长期以来都是贸易商品进入中国的大门, 其中包括各种野生生物 然而, 所考察的香港转出口商品品种的比例与部分先前研究相比较低, 这表明香港作为转出口中心的地位正在下降, 而且很大一部分商品都在本地被消费了 以活体珊瑚礁鱼类为例, 过去几年内活体珊瑚礁鱼类的进口量保持稳定 ( 平均每年 15,000 吨 ), 但转出口的比例与 1999 年相比, 从 17% 降为 1%(TRAFFIC 研究报告,Lau 和 Parry-Jones,1999 年 ) 收缴记录提供的信息 列入 CITES 附录的物种, 任何非法的交易都会影响野生种群的可持续生存状态 虽然收缴量只占已发现的野生生物非法交易的一小部分, 但仍然可以做为野生生物非法贸易的一项指标 收缴数据可为各利益相关者敲响存在非法贸易的警钟, 而且可以作为各国执法机关加强合作的交流工具 近期香港收缴的大量象牙表明香港仍是象牙非法贸易路线上的重要贸易中心 如上表所示, 象牙出口国的收缴记录不仅涉及非洲各国, 还涉及中东地区和欧洲各国 非原产国出现非法贸易的原因很可能是所买卖的象牙属于成品, 或者运输船只在抵达目的地之前在多个中间港停泊, 以避开检查 2008 年中国野生动植物资源贸易信息 23

24 The State of Wildlife Trade in China 贸易数据的优势和劣势 香港调查统计部的数据提供了有关贸易商品数量的快捷信息, 也注明了所有的来源国和目的地国 可以将整套数据视为对贸易趋势进行监控的工具, 包括来源国变化或转移情况, 并根据数量的上升或下降将其视为监控范围内国家过度开发的早期信号 同时, 贸易数据分析结果可用于对出口国的数据进行复查, 并作为参与野生生物贸易国家的执法机关进行探讨和信息分享的交流工具 海关数据最大的局限性之一就是总体上缺乏特定物种的信息 由于分类过于宽泛, 因此无法用于监控野生生物贸易 没有特定物种的信息就无法仅凭贸易数据来制订保护计划 就中国海关数据而言, 没有为淡水龟类或活体珊瑚礁鱼类设置具体品种 爬行动物类 和 活鱼类 这样宽泛的分类无法反映这两种动物种群的贸易状况, 也无法将整套数据与其他数据来源进行对比 海关数据通常以重量来记录贸易流量 但从保护的角度看, 如果以个体数目来记录贸易量, 则会更有意义 CITES 许可证记录和文献资料一般都以个体数目来记录数量的 CITES 许可证记录是记载了受保护物种的贸易状况的有用参考资料, 统一的许可证格式便于各国的数据进行比较 但是这些数据存在差异 CITES 贸易记录的局限性在于没有包含其他非 CITES 列入物种, 而其中一些物种是值得给予更多关注和保护的 香港进口的活体珊瑚礁鱼类的贸易记录只是从部分贸易商那里以自愿方式收集的 这就使得数据不太可靠, 而且往往对实际贸易量估计不足 贸易统计资料可以让我们深入了解了需要关注的物种或动物种群, 并向决策者发出早期预警 但必须在有关市场开展进一步研究和 实地调查 才能验证案头研究获得的观察结果 表 到 2007 年香港收缴的进口象牙数量 年份 收缴量 ( 单位 : 批次 ) 2000 年 年 7 原出口国或启运地 南非 多哥 法国 荷兰 津巴布韦 南非 古巴 尼日利亚 美国 澳门 卡塔尔 所涉样本 52.9 公斤 20.8 公斤 +11 件 2002 年 3 南非 阿拉伯联合酋长国 10.9 公斤 2003 年 7 津巴布韦 南非 新加坡 澳大利亚 坦桑尼亚 美国 肯尼亚 1,972.5 公斤 2004 年 6 南非 喀麦隆 法国 肯尼亚 26.8 公斤 Corallium trade in East Asia Joyce Wu, Taiwan Programme Officer, TRAFFIC East Asia Soyo Takahashi, Japan Fisheries Officer, TRAFFIC East Asia Red Coral Corallium, one of the most precious of coral genera, have been traded for more than 5000 years (CITES CoP 14, Proposal 21). In the late 1800s, Italy started to import Western Pacific Corallium from Japan and re-export to Asia and Africa (Torntore, 2002). After the 1870s, the centre for Corallium harvesting and processing moved to Asia, particularly Japan and Taiwan (Lai, 2006). Four Pacific Corallium species were listed in CITES Appendix III by China in July Currently, there is no specific Harmonized System Code (HS Code) for any Corallium species or precious coral commodity. Thus, direct comparison of Corallium trade between Hong Kong, mainland China, Japan and Taiwan is not possible. Customs administrations in East Asia, namely mainland China, Japan and Taiwan have followed the HS coding system on at least two Customs commodity codes including coral materials and products. Currently, the only Customs data set that can provide insight into the Corallium trade is the Japan Customs commodity code: worked bekko (marine turtle)/ coral and bekko (Marine turtle)/coral products (See Table 1). Table 1. Japanese Customs import data of worked bekko (marine turtle)/coral and bekko (marine turtle)/ coral products (kg) % Cameroon 8 0% China mainland , , % Hong Kong % Italy % Republic of Korea % Taiwan 2,559 2,450 2, , ,665 52% USA % Total 2,622 2,788 2,694 4,707 4,344 6,513 1, % Source: Japanese Customs statistics According to Taiwanese Customs data, between 2002 and 2008, Taiwan exported worked coral to Hong Kong, Italy, Japan, USA and Viet Nam 年 年 年 21 南非 美国 中国大陆 坦桑尼亚 刚果 英国 肯尼亚 南非 英国 津巴布韦 德国 新加坡 加蓬 喀麦隆 南非 刚果 肯尼亚 加拿大 乌干达 加蓬 埃塞俄比亚 公斤 4,027.9 公斤 +1 件 公斤 24 Information on the trade in wild animals and plants in China 2008

25 中国野生动植物贸易状况 Table 2. Taiwanese coral export worked coral and articles of coral (kg) % Cuba % Germany % Spain % Hong Kong 2, ,097 1, % Italy 3,640 8,326 3,995 2,348 3,599 3,428 1,199 24% Japan 5,886 3,329 2,848 4,313 4,084 3,642 1,443 23% USA 2,599 5,361 4,147 3,560 3,261 2,194 1,804 21% Viet Nam 4,410 3,896 2,272 3, ,221 3,575 18% Others % TOTAL 20,507 22,645 15,281 15,126 16,008 13,226 8,910 Source: Taiwanese customs (data include customs commodity code for worked coral and for articles of coral. Comparing Japan s import data of worked coral and coral products with Taiwan s export data of worked coral and coral articles (Fig.1), there are discrepancies in the records for some years. Although these differences cannot safely be attributed to illegal trade, it does show insufficient data management and indicates a huge challenge for effective trade monitoring, regulation and law enforcement. Figure 1. Customs data comparison between exports from Taiwan and imports to Japan Kg TW export to JP JP import from TW A snapshot survey by TRAFFIC in 2008 at the Panjiayuan curio market in Beijing, China, found a large number of Corallium products for sale. One of the Corallium specialist shops, originating from Taiwan, has operated a business in mainland China since 1996, currently with over 100 branches in more than 10 cities and provinces. Hong Kong hosts the largest jewellery fairs in Asia every year. Taiwan s export data on coral (Table 2) also indicate a steady trade with Hong Kong, but not with mainland China. As an important Corallium source region, East Asia has a significant Corallium trade, with Taiwan and Japan historical players, and Hong Kong and mainland China newly rising in the Corallium trade. China s listing of Corallium in CITES Appendix III in 2008 requires other countries to inspect coral imports from China, which could have an important influence on detecting illegal shipments. Recommendations Encourage States and markets involved in the harvest, processing and trade of Coralllium species to develop a species- and product-specific harmonized system code for monitoring the trade in raw, rough-worked, semi-finished and finished Corallium commodities. For an overall view of Corallium trade, in addition to recording and monitoring all coral imports, exports and reexports, the domestic trade of Corallium in East Asia should also be surveyed, recorded and monitored. All States and areas involved with the Corallium harvest should record fishery in detail and maximize public access to the fishery's harvest and trade data. Biologists, conservationists, history and culture researchers, social workers and government authorities from different countries should team up to conserve coral and sustainable trade. References Anon. (2007). CITES Conference of Party 14 Proposal 21. CITES. Lai, J.H. (2006). Coral Kingdom: Industry of Coral Gems in Taiwan. CCCB Coral Museum, ILan, Taiwan. 160pp. Torntore, S. J. (2002). Italian Coral Beads: Characterizing their Value and Role in Global Trade and Cross-Cultural Exchange. PhD dissertation, St. Paul: University of Minesota, USA. 259pp. Anon. (2009). China Joint Online. comp/12638.shtml. Viewed 27 April Source: Japanese and Taiwanese Customs data. Note: Volume of TW export to JP was calculated using two Customs commodity codes worked coral materials and articles of coral 年中国野生动植物资源贸易信息 25

26 The State of Wildlife Trade in China First international workshop on Corallium In mid-march 2009, the first international workshop on Corallium took place in Hong Kong. It was attended by 30 participants of relevant authorities, researchers and specialists from mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, USA, Italy, Spain, Morocco and representatives of nongovernment organisations. Presentations on science, management and trade of Corallium were given and further working group deliberations were conducted in terms of coral conservation, resource sustainability and management requirements and challenges. The workshop identified that further studies are needed to understand the status of Corallium better, especially Pacific Corallium. Research should concentrate on gathering biological information because the present data are not sufficient in determining where Corallium can be sustainably harvested, and cannot be used to develop harvest quotas. The fishery management working group collected current fishery management information from participants and made recommendations for better management practices. Recommended measures will be reviewed further at the next Corallium workshop later in An identification guide for Corallium based on morphological characteristics is under way, and the split genus of Corallium and Paracorallium was noted. 东亚地区红珊瑚的贸易 吴郁琪 TRAFFIC 台湾项目官员 Soyo Takahashi TRAFFIC 日本渔业项目官员红珊瑚是价值最高的贵珊瑚物种, 其贸易已有五千多年的历史 (CITES 第 14 届缔约国大会 21 号提案 ) 从 19 世纪末起, 意大利开始从日本进口西太平洋红珊瑚, 再转出口到亚洲和非洲 (Torntore,2002 年 ) 19 世纪 70 年代以后, 红珊瑚捕捞和加工中心延伸到亚洲地区, 例如日本和台湾 (Lai,2006 年 ) 根据 FAO( 联合国粮农组织 ) 的渔业统计数据, 台湾和日本分别从 1964 年和 1983 年起成为仅有的两个红珊瑚产区 2008 年 7 月, 中国将太平洋中的四种红珊瑚列入 CITES( 濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约 ) 附录三 目前, 红珊瑚物种或贵珊瑚商品仍未有明确的统一制度编码 (HS 编码 ) 海关商品编码中没有一个是特定于红珊瑚物种的, 因此目前无法直接比较香港 中国大陆 日本和台湾的红珊瑚贸易状况 目前, 东亚地区的各海关机构, 如香港 中国大陆 日本和台湾海关, 至少在两个海关商品编码中遵照 HS 编码制度, 包括珊瑚材料和制品 现阶段, 能让人们深入了解红珊瑚贸易状况的唯一海关数据是日本海关代表 已加工别甲 ( 即海龟 ) 或珊瑚及其制品 商品编码 ( 表 1) 日本从 2002 到 2008 年间, 主要从中国大陆 (44%) 和台湾地区 (52%) 进口了 已加工别甲 ( 即海龟 ) 或珊瑚及其制品 A stall displaying coral products at a jade market in Taipei Joyce Wu/TRAFFIC 台北市一个玉器市场上销售的红珊瑚饰品 吴郁琪 / TRAFFIC 26 Information on the trade in wild animals and plants in China 2008

27 中国野生动植物贸易状况 表 日本海关 已加工别甲或珊瑚及其制品 进口数据 ( 公斤 ) 喀麦隆 中国大陆 中国香港 意大利 2002 年 2003 年 2004 年 2005 年 2006 年 2007 年 2008 年 % 8 0% , , % % % 韩国 % 台湾地区 2,559 2,450 2, , ,665 52% 美国 % 总计 2,622 2,788 2,694 4,707 4,344 6,513 1, % 资料来源 : 日本海关统计数据 据台湾海关的数据, 年, 台湾主要向中国香港 意大利 日本 美国和越南出口了已加工的珊瑚制品 ( 表 2) 表 2 台湾珊瑚出口 - 已加工珊瑚和珊瑚制品 ( 公斤 ) 2002 年 2003 年 2004 年 2005 年 2006 年 2007 年 2008 年 古巴 % 德国 % 西班牙 % 香港 2, ,097 1, % 意大利 3,640 8,326 3,995 2,348 3,599 3,428 1,199 24% 日本 5,886 3,329 2,848 4,313 4,084 3,642 1,443 23% 美国 2,599 5,361 4,147 3,560 3,261 2,194 1,804 21% 越南 4,410 3,896 2,272 3, ,221 3,575 18% 其他国家 / 地区 % 总计 20,507 22,645 15,281 15,126 16,008 13,226 8,910 资料来源 : 台湾海关 ( 数据包括已加工珊瑚的海关商品编码 和代表珊瑚制品的 ) 如果以台湾海关记录的出口数与日本海关记录的从台 湾进口的珊瑚数据进行比较, 发现两者之间某些年份有比 较大的差异 ( 图 1) 虽然还不能将这种差异归结于非法贸 易, 但这表明数据管理中存在不足之处, 要实现良好的贸 易监管仍面临很大的挑战 % 图 1. 台湾出口与日本进口海关数据的对比 Kg 7000 台湾对日本出口量 6000 日本从台湾进口量 资料来源 : 日本和台湾海关数据. 注 : 台湾对日本的出口量是由已加工珊瑚材料的海关商品编码 和代表珊瑚制品的 相加而得 从北京潘家园礼品市场, 可以见到大量的红珊瑚制品出售 其中一家专营红珊瑚的店铺是在台湾起家的, 于 1996 年进入中国大陆市场, 如今已经在中国大陆 10 多个省市建立了 100 多个分销点 香港每年也都会定期举办亚洲最大规模的珠宝博览会, 台湾的珊瑚出口贸易数据 ( 表 2) 也显示了与香港珊瑚贸易的往来 东亚地区的红珊瑚贸易活动十分活跃, 其中台湾和日本是传统贸易大国, 而香港和中国大陆是红珊瑚贸易新兴的重要地区 东亚地区也是重要的红珊瑚原产地, 这次中国将红珊瑚列入 CITES 附录 III, 要求各国对来自中国的珊瑚进行严格的管理, 将会对红珊瑚的保护起重要作用 建议 有关方面应对红珊瑚捕捞 加工和贸易的所有国家和市场制定特定物种和制品的统一编码制度, 以便对所有红珊瑚原料 粗加工品 半成品和成品的贸易进行监管 为了全面了解红珊瑚贸易状况, 除对所有红珊瑚商品的进口 出口和转出口进行记录 监控外, 还应对东亚地区红珊瑚的国内贸易状况进行调查 记录和监控 红珊瑚捕捞的所有国家和地区应保存详细的红珊瑚捕捞记录, 并最大限度地允许公众获取捕捞和贸易数据 各国的生物学家 环境保护主义者 历史和文化研究者 社会工作者和政府机关, 应齐心协力为保护红珊瑚 使其可持续发展不懈努力 2008 年中国野生动植物资源贸易信息 27

28 The State of Wildlife Trade in China 参考资料 Anon(2007 年 ),CITES 第 14 届缔约国大会 21 号提案,CITES Lai,J.H.(2006 年 ), 珊瑚王国: 台湾的珊瑚宝石业,CCCB 珊瑚博物馆, 台湾宜兰, 第 160 页 Torntore,S.J.(2002 年 ), 意大利珊瑚珠: 论其在全球贸易和跨文化交流中的价值和作用, 明尼苏达大学圣保罗分校博士论文, 第 259 页 首届国际红珊瑚专题讨论会 2009 年 3 月中旬, 首届国际红珊瑚专题讨论会在香港召开 30 位参会人员来自中国大陆, 香港, 台湾, 美国, 意大利, 西班牙和摩洛哥 他们都是相关权威机构和非政府组织的 NGO 的研究人员和专家, 在会上做了红珊瑚的科学, 管理和贸易的报告 会议工作小组就红珊瑚的保护和方面的科学, 渔业管理和 CITIES 等课题探讨了资源的可持续性利用, 管理需求和挑战进行了深入的讨论 会议工作小组指出为了更好的理解红珊瑚状况, 特别是太平洋地区的红珊瑚的现状, 需要开展更充分的研究工作, 致力于为管理红珊瑚而获取更多的种生物信息 因为单凭现在的数据是不足以决定哪些地区的红珊瑚是可供可持续采集的捕获的, 用于设定捕获额度 渔业管理工作组已经从相关参会者那里收集了现阶段已知的渔业管理信息, 为更好地开展红珊瑚管理提出了建议 下届红珊瑚专题讨论会计划对提出的渔业管理方案进行深入研究 CITIES 的工作小组指出并讨论了附录三中的列表规定和酝酿中的附录四中的一些问题 利用形态特征识别红珊瑚的手册正在准备当中, 红珊瑚和类红珊瑚属已经引起重视, 将会被细致地研究考查 China enhances management of coral and ivory trade Red Coral Corallium spp. is a highly valuable lower marine invertebrate, distributed mainly in the East Sea, South Sea and Taiwan areas of China. In recent years, Red Coral resources have been seriously depleted due to over-harvesting and environmental pollution. Some illegal traders smuggle and trade red Coral and its products for profit, resulting in market disorder and management difficulties. China listed Red Coral as a Grade 1 protected species in 1988, and in 2008, China listed Red Coral in Appendix III of CITES in 2008 to warn fellow CITES Parties to be vigilant regarding any imports of Corallium from China. In order to enhance conservation and regulate the harvest and utilization of Red Coral, China s Bureau of Fisheries and the Ministry of Agriculture last July distributed a Circular on enhancing management of the species. The Circular demanded conservation of Red Coral habitats be strengthened; through implementing the Law on the Protection of Wildlife. The exploitation of Red Coral is now banned, and any harvesting and utilization of Red Coral be approved by the Ministry of Agriculture, and be subject to the Licence for Operation and Utilization of Aquatic Wild Fauna issued by the Ministry of Agriculture. It stated that companies and 28 Information on the trade in wild animals and plants in China 2008

29 中国野生动植物贸易状况 Ivory factory in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province Xu Ling/TRAFFIC 广州的象牙加工厂 徐玲 /TRAFFIC individuals with legal certificates must guarantee Red Coral is imported, and they are prohibited from coral export, processing and re-export. The designated operation and operating period of Red Coral must be in compliance with regulations. It is required that relevant authorities intensify market supervision and law enforcement efforts in an attempt to crack down on illegal trade in Red Coral. China has strengthened management of ivory processing and trade. As a result, China, following Japan, China was approved by the CITES Standing Committee in July 2008 to bid in the one-off sale for registered government-owned ivory stockpiles from four southern African countries: Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe (108 tonnes of ivory from the above four countries were approved for a one-off auction in 2007). In August 2008, the State Forestry Administration and the State Administration for Industry and Commerce announced a system of Special Labeling for China Wildlife Management and Utilization. The special labeling system applies to some products produced and stored (held) in compliance with the law. The scope of labeling includes Saiga Antelope horns, pangolin scales, prepared Chinese drugs containing rare snake ingredients, and other products made from rare snake raw materials, including musical instruments, leather goods, health foods, washing products and cosmetics (the above snakes refer to those protected by the State or listed in the Appendices of CITES); Tiger skin, leopard skin and their products, including clothes and accessories; specimens of wild animals. The announcement also updated pilot enterprises of labeling, including enterprises processing or selling ivory, wild animal furs and artwork. In December 2008, the State Forestry Administration distributed a circular on enhancing the regulation and management of ivory and its products. It approved the African Elephant as a Grade 1 national protected wildlife species, the same level of protection as native Chinese State protected species. The circular lays down legal requirements for all ivory raw materials and products in stock; spot check registration of ivory materials and ivory processing and operating activities. There are strict controls on new ivory processing enterprises and sales to improve pilot labeling of ivory products. These include restricting the annual consumption and optimizing the use of raw ivory materials, and instructions to improve the information management system of ivory raw materials and products. It also aims to strengthen the self-regulation of the industry, to improve the workmanship of carving and collaborative law-enforcement mechanisms, as well as intensify publicity on conservation issues 年中国野生动植物资源贸易信息 29

30 The State of Wildlife Trade in China 中国加强红珊瑚和象牙贸易的管理 红珊瑚是一种海洋低等无脊椎动物, 在我国主要分布 在东海, 南海和台湾海域, 具有较高的经济价值 为保护 这一珍稀濒危物种, 我国已于 1988 年将红珊瑚列入国家一 级重点保护动物 近年来, 由于过量捕捞, 环境污染等原 因, 其资源以遭到严重破坏 部分不法商户为谋求私利, 走私, 违法经营红珊瑚及其制品, 造成市场秩序混乱和管 理困难 2008 年, 濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约 (CITES) 根据中国政府的要求, 将红珊瑚列入附录 III, 限制其国际 贸易 为了加强红珊瑚的保护, 规范经营利用行为, 去年 7 月, 国家农业部渔业局发布 关于加强红珊瑚保护管理工 作的通知 图 1 图 2 该通知要求有关各部门加强对红珊瑚栖息地的保护, 要按照 野生动物保护法 规定, 采取措施, 加强保护, 严禁开采 经营利用红珊瑚必须经农业部批准, 取得农业部核发的 水生野生动物经营利用许可证 有经营利用资格的企业或个人, 所使用的原料必须来自进口, 禁止红珊瑚出口或来料加工再出口, 在定点经营, 经营有效期等方面必须严格遵守规定 并要求有关管理部门加强市场监管, 加大执法力度, 严厉打击非法利用红珊瑚行为 在象牙管理和合法利用方面, 中国加强了象牙加工和贸易方面的管理 为此,2008 年 7 月 15 日,CITIES 常务委员会投票同意中国作为特定的非洲国家库存象牙的贸易伙伴 中国继日本之后, 获得在博茨瓦纳, 纳米比亚, 南非和津巴布韦进行的象牙一次性拍卖的购买权 ( 上述四国的 108 吨象牙在 2007 年获得批准可一次性拍卖 ) 2008 年 8 月, 国家林业局和国家工商行政管理总局发布了中国野生动物经营利用管理专用表识公告 ( 八 ) 对依法生产经营或合法库存 ( 持有 ) 的一些产品, 全部实行 专用标识制度 标记的范围包括: 含赛加羚羊角 穿山甲片 稀有蛇类成分的中成药, 利用稀有蛇类原材料生产的其他制品, 包括但不限于乐器 皮具 皮件 保健食品 洗涤 化妆用品等 ( 上述两项蛇类是指国家保护的或者 CITIES 附录中所列的蛇类 ); 虎皮 豹皮及其制品, 包括但不限於服饰 ; 野生动物标本 公告 还公布了新增和变更的标识试点企业, 包括加工销售象牙, 野生动物皮毛, 工艺品的企业 图 1 和图 2. Ivory products at Panjiayuan curio market in Beijing Xu Ling/TRAFFIC 北京潘家园的象牙制品 徐玲 /TRAFFIC 野生动物及其产品进行管理 ; 全面核查库存象牙原料及 其制品, 对各地象牙原料统计, 注册情况, 将组织抽查 ; 对象牙加工经营活动开展清理整顿 ; 严格控制新增象牙加 工企业和象牙制品销售点 ; 进一步完善象牙制品标识管理 试点措施 ; 严格限定象牙原料年度消耗量, 优化原料配置 机制 ; 健全象牙原料及其制品信息管理系统 ; 加强行业自 律, 提高雕刻工艺水平 ; 完善执法合作机制, 加大保护宣 传力度 2008 年 11 月, 中日两国共拍得 103 吨合法象牙, 其中中国分到 62 吨 12 月, 国家林业局发布了 关于进一步加强象牙及其制品规范管理的通知, 通知中要求明确非洲象保护管理级别, 将非洲象核准为国家一级保护野生动物, 对其活体及其产品, 按原产我国的国家一级保护 30 Information on the trade in wild animals and plants in China 2008

31 中国野生动植物贸易状况 China and Nepal delegates in Kathmandu TRAFFIC 中国和尼泊尔代表团在加德满都会面 TRAFFIC China-Nepal visit exchange: Cracking down on crossborder illegal wildlife trade A landmark visit by Chinese government officials to Nepal has laid the foundation for improved cross-border collaboration to stem illegal and unsustainable wildlife trade between the two countries. A three-person delegation from China s Endangered Species Import and Export Management Office (ESIEMO) visited Nepal in October 2008, led by the deputy executive director. The Chinese delegates met their Nepali counterparts from the Management Authorities for the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) for focused discussions on enhancing bilateral CITES law enforcement. China borders Nepal along a 1,400 km stretch of mostly remote snowcapped mountains rising up to m above sea level. However, cross-border smuggling of wildspecies of animals and plants continues, including wool from Tibetan Antelopes or Chiru, poached in China and smuggled into India via Nepal, processed into scarves and sold to Western countries as the prized shahtoosh. Numerous examples of Tiger and leopard skins and bones smuggled from India and Nepal into China have led to previous dialogue meetings between China, India and Nepal regarding multilateral co-operation on crossborder smuggling. The bilateral exchange between China and Nepal in 2008 built on a previous visit by Chinese officials to India in 2006, and missions from India and Nepal to China in The Chinese mission discussed cross-border management of trade in several species, including Tibetan Antelope, Red Sandalwood Pterocarpus santalinus, Asian big cats, and Cordyceps sinensis (Caterpillar fungus, a valuable ingredient in traditional oriental medicines) and how to crack down on illegal activities. Key agencies, including the Nepal General Administration of Customs, the Bureau of Flora Resources, the Forestry Bureau, the CITES Management and Scientific Authorities, were involved in discussions with the Chinese delegation. A field visit to Tatopani Customs (opposite Zhangmu in China) checkpoint enabled an assessment of the on-ground challenges faced by Customs to control the heavy traffic passing through the major land border between the two countries. The visit was co-ordinated by TRAFFIC and WWF-Nepal, with funding from WWF-UK 年中国野生动植物资源贸易信息 31

32 The State of Wildlife Trade in China 中国 - 尼泊尔两国互访 : 加强 CITIES 执法, 保护濒危动植物 中国政府官员对尼泊尔的访问为加强扩边境合作, 遏 制两国非法的和不可持续的野生物贸易打下基础 2008 年 10 月 日, 中国濒危物种进出口管理办公室 代表团一行三人在陈建伟常务副主任的率领下, 访问了尼 泊尔 访问期间, 代表团会见了尼泊尔 CITES 管理机构及 有关方面, 就两国加强 CITES 执法进行了会谈 双方一致同 意, 两国 CITES 管理机构应加强进一步合作, 打击非法的跨 边境野生动植物走私活动, 保护两国的珍稀濒危动植物 中国和尼泊尔都是 CITES 的缔约国, 长期以来, 两国 在合作打击跨边境的非法的野生动植物走私活动做出了巨 大的努力, 取得了世人瞩目的成绩 中尼两国有着一千四百多公里的边境线, 大多处于海 拔 米的高山雪原, 人迹罕至 跨边境的野生动物 走私活动曾一度猖獗 从中国境内偷猎的藏羚羊绒通过尼 泊尔走私到印度, 加工成围巾, 销往西欧各国, 造成中国 的藏羚羊被大量猎杀 而印度的老虎被射杀后, 毛皮和虎 骨走私进入中国, 也对印度老虎造成极大的威胁 为此, 中 印 尼三国 CITES 执法机构多次就打击跨边境野生物 走私活动展开会谈, 加强多边合作, 大大打击了野生动物 走私活动的嚣张气焰 早在 2006 年, 中国国家 CITES 管理机构 - 中国濒危物种 进出口管理办公室 - 首先访问了印度, 与印度 CITES 管理机 构进行了会谈 而后, 印度和尼泊尔派遣了代表团访问了 北京 这次, 作为中 印 尼三国互访回谈的一部分, 中 国国家 CITES 管理机构又访问了尼泊尔 在尼访问期间, 中国代表团还拜访了尼泊尔海关总署, 森林和土壤保护保护部的植物资源局, 森林局 CITES 植物管理机构等部 ; 参观了尼泊尔的 CITES 科学机构 - 自然历史博物馆, 访问了尼泊尔海关 Tatopani 口岸 ( 中国樟木口岸对面 ) 就目前跨边境的冬虫夏草(Cordyceps sinensis) 贸易管理, 如何打击藏羚羊绒的走私和红檀的跨边境走私等问题进行了讨论 代表团还参观了尼泊尔奇旺国家公园 (Royal Chitwan National Park), 它作为自然遗产被列入联合国教科文组织 世界遗产名录 该地区生活有珍稀的动物, 如大象 犀牛 老虎, 还建有大象繁殖中心 代表团对该国家公园的高效管理 打击偷猎的经验和丰富的大象圈养技术留下了深刻的印象 最后, 代表团还访问了尼泊尔自然基金会 (WWF- Nepal), 听取了他们在尼与政府紧密合作以及开展自然和环境保护方面的工作和取得的成就 尼泊尔自然基金会是尼泊尔最大的非政府环境保护组织, 目前有多个重大项目在开展 他们与尼泊尔政府紧密合作, 对尼泊尔生物多样性的保护起到很大的作用 目前, 尼泊尔自然基金会正帮助尼政府建立自然保护协会, 而中国政府将无偿地援助尼泊尔政府保护大楼的建设 中尼两国的友谊秉承传统, 历史悠久 这次中国代表团的访问必将进一步促进两国在 CITES 履约方面的合作, 更有效地保护该地区的生物多样性 国际野生物贸易研究委员会 (TRAFFIC) 和尼泊尔自然基金会 (WWF Nepal) 资助和参与接待了这次访问 中国代表团首先会见了尼泊尔 CITES 负责机构 尼泊尔国家公园和野生动植物保护局 会谈中, 双方交换了加强 CITES 执法的工作经验和相关信息, 一致同意加强合作, 打击非法跨边境野生动植物贸易 在访尼期间, 尼泊尔森林和土壤保护保护部部长 Kiran Gurung 和代理秘书长 Ananata Bijaya Parajuli 先生接见了中国代表团 部长先生对中国代表团的到来表示热烈的欢迎, 并高度评价了中尼两国在打击跨边境的野生动植物非法贸易中做出的努力和贡献 部长先生提议 : 两国应进一步加强合作, 形成一种长效的机制, 以便更有效地打击跨边境的野生动植物非法贸易 他还希望中国扩大喜马拉雅保护区, 与尼泊尔和印度北方的保护区连成一片, 从而保护该地区的珍稀濒危动植物 32 Information on the trade in wild animals and plants in China 2008

33 中国野生动植物贸易状况 Stopping illegal online wildlife trade Xu Ling, Programme Officer, TRAFFIC East Asia With the rapid advance of Internet technology, the illegal online trade in endangered species has become increasingly serious, including elephant ivory, rhinoceros horn and related products. A seminar on controlling the online trade in endangered species in China was hosted by the Endangered Species Import and Export Management Office of China (ESIEMO) and the Department of Public Information Network Security Supervision (PINSS), Ministry of Public Security in Hangzhou, Zhejiang on 11 January It aimed to discuss how to control online trade of endangered species effectively, regulate and improve the management capabilities of network information on endangered species, as well as crack down on illegal online trading activities. Thirty attendees came from ESIEMO, the Department of PINSS of the Ministry of Public Security, Bureau of Fisheries of the Ministry of Agriculture, the Bureau of Forestry Public Security of the State Forestry Administration, the Bureau of Anti-smuggling of the General Administration of Customs, the Bureau of Forestry Public Security of Zhejiang Province, Customs and forestry authorities, Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department of Hong Kong SAR, three major auction websites of taobao. com, eachnet.com and tencent.com, and two non-government organizations, TRAFFIC and IFAW (International Fund for Animal Welfare). The seminar reviewed law-enforcement experience and activities conducted by ESIEMO together with the public security, industry and commerce and forestry departments in recent years, such as the concentrated inspection of major network operators and the release of standard trading information. These law-enforcement activities have somewhat reined in illegal online wildlife trade. TRAFFIC introduced its monitoring and investigation of the two major Chinese websites of Yahoo and ebay in mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong SAR during , and exchanged experiences with Hong Kong SAR representatives on the monitoring of Hong Kong Chinese-language websites. A number of issues relating to online trading arose: Some online companies are illegally selling endangered species and their products including ivory; and species names on the Internet to get around Internet filtering. All attendees agreed the conservation of endangered species and law enforcement requires thorough collaboration between the public security, forestry, customs, and industry and commerce authorities, with assistance from Internet companies and technical support from international wildlife conservation organizations. The three major auction websites in China, taobao.com, eachnet.com and tencent.com, are interested in offering special training in cooperation with TRAFFIC. The training would equip management staff of Internet companies with knowledge of wildlife conservation and identification, enable them to discover, report, and reduce or even eliminate illegal online trade in endangered wildlife species. Internet shopping portal pledged to tackle illegal online wildlife trade The online shopping website, Taobao.com, pledged to step up management on illegal online trade in wildlife in November The company, with the highest online shopping turnover in China, launched a month-long campaign to rein in online illegal trade in endangered species including big cats, elephant, birds and primates. An e-commerce workshop was convened on illegal online trade in wildlife in Vancouver from 24 to 26 February TRAFFIC and representatives from countries, organizations, online shopping portal and NGOs took part in the workshop. TRAFFIC provided a presentation at the workshop. Participants divided into two working groups. One examined the problems or issues associated with monitoring and regulating legal trade in wildlife facilitated via the Internet or associated with e-commerce. The other examined the problems or issues associated with combating illegal trade in wildlife facilitated via the Internet or associated with e-commerce. Working groups met together in plenary sessions to discuss their findings and to consider ways in which problems and issues identified might be addressed. In addition to ivory, many species and their products are traded even though they are prohibited or controlled under CITES and national laws; After the law-enforcement agencies strengthened law enforcement actions, criminals continued engaging in illegal selling by publishing mis-declaration and false labelling 2008 年中国野生动植物资源贸易信息 33

34 The State of Wildlife Trade in China 国家濒管办和公安部网络安全监察局召开 控制濒危物种网上贸易研讨会 际野生保护组织合作, 举办专门培训班, 提高网络公司管理人员野生动物保护和识别方面的知识, 在工作中更好地发现, 过滤和举报濒危物种的网络非法贸易, 减少乃至消灭非法濒危野生动植物网上交易活动 徐玲 TRAFFIC 中国项目官员 目前, 由于网络技术发展的突飞猛进, 网上非法交易濒危物种及产品的问题也日益严重, 特别是象牙, 犀牛角等制品的非法贸易十分突出 2008 年 1 月 11 日, 由国家濒危物种进出口管理办公室和公安部公安信息网络安全监察局主办的 控制濒危物种网上贸易研讨会 在浙江杭州召开, 商讨如何有效地管理濒危物种的网上交易, 规范和提高网络濒危物种信息管理能力, 打击网上濒危野生动植物及其产品贸易的非法活动 与会代表约 30 人, 分别来自国家濒危物种进出口管理办公室 公安部公安信息网络安全监察局 农业部渔业局 国家林业局森林公安 海关总署缉私局 浙江省森林公安 海关和林业部门 香港渔农自然署 淘宝 易趣 腾讯三大拍卖网站, 以及国家野生物贸易研究组织 (TRAFFIC) 和国际爱护动物基金会 (IFAW) 两个国际组织 会议回顾了近年来国家濒管办与公安 工商 林业等部门联合开展的一些执法活动及其经验, 如对主要网络公司重点检查, 具体规范交易信息发布等, 这些执法活动在一定程度和范围内控制了网络野生动植物的非法贸易 在会上, 国际野生贸易研究组织 (TRAFFIC) 介绍了 年对大陆, 台湾和香港的 Yahoo 和 ebay 两大中文网站进行的监测调查情况, 会后还专门与香港代表就香港中文网站的监测情况作了交流 目前网络贸易存在着一系列问题 : 1. 一些网络公司还在非法发布和销售包括象牙在内的濒危物种及其产品的情况 ; 2. 除象牙以外, 许多 公约 和国家明令禁止贸易的物种以及产品也有许多交易 ; 3. 执法部门加强执法后, 不法分子继续利用变化信息发布内容, 更改物种名称等方式, 继续进行非法销售 会上, 代表一致认为 : 保护濒危物种和履约执法工作涉及面广, 需要公安 林业 海关 工商各个相关部门的通力协作, 也需要网络公司的配合, 国际动植物保护组织可以在技术上给予支持 中国的三大拍卖网站 淘宝 易趣 腾讯希望与国 购物网站狙击非法野生动物贸易 网络购物平台淘宝网于 2008 年 12 月开展了历时一月的加强网络非法野生动物贸易监管的活动 作为国内网络交易额最大的购物网站, 淘宝网的这次打击活动主要针对通过网络进行交易的濒危物种, 包括大洲大型猫科动物, 象牙制品, 鸟类和灵长类动物 主题为野生动物网络贸易的研讨会于 2009 年 2 月 24 日至 26 日在加拿大温哥华召开 各国代表 机构, 购物网站和非政府组织 ( 包括 TRAFFIC) 参加了会议 TRAFFIC 在会上作了报告 与会者分成两个工作小组进行分组讨论 一个小组审视了在监管野生动物网络贸易过程中出现的问题, 另一小组探讨了打击非法野生动物贸易中存在的障碍 两组人员会合交换了意见, 进而讨论了如何解决这些问题和障碍 Public awareness campaign: Advocating sustainable wildlife consumption China is one of the world s main consumers of wild animals and plants. In 2008, TRAFFIC s China programme carried out activities to raise public awareness among Chinese consumers so that they are aware endangered species involved in trade may become extinct. In the week before the 2008 Spring Festival, TRAFFIC broadcast an animated film entitled Don t Let This Be the End End of Tiger Evolution on the news channel of all Air China flights. During that period, the video was broadcast on an average 219 planes per day, and 4221 flights in total, reaching a total audience of passengers. The audience 34 Information on the trade in wild animals and plants in China 2008

35 中国野生动植物贸易状况 is characterized as being highly educated, with a high income level and consumption capacity from the mid- to high-end social classes. Shortly after the Chinese New Year, TRAFFIC sent 20,000 multimedia short messages featuring wild Tiger conservation to mobile phone users in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. Thirty thousand postcards depicting the end of evolution for Tigers, elephants and marine turtles were distributed in major restaurants, bars and clubs in Beijing city centre for consumers to learn more about the impacts of over-exploitation for meat, medicine and luxury goods. As the Beijing Olympics approached, TRAFFIC worked with Shan Shui Conservation Center to publish 30,000 copies of the Beijing Green Guide, advocating green and sustainable consumption. The bilingual (Chinese-English) Green Guide was disseminated to embassies, foreign residential area offices, luxury hotels and travel agencies where consumers could take them away freely. The Green Guide included a bilingual map, a briefing on endangered species, descriptions of "green zones"in Beijing, and information on organic vegetarian restaurants and travel around Beijing. The Beijing Green Guide effectively communicated the concept of sustainable consumption and raised public awareness about rejecting consumption of endangered species. 的用户均为收入高的社会中坚阶层 北京各餐厅 酒吧和俱乐部摆放了三万张诠释老虎 大象和海龟进化历程收到非法贸易威胁的明信片 2008 年奥运会之前,TRAFFIC 与山水自然保护中心合作, 出版了北京绿色指南 (Beijing Green Guide - Care about nature? Sustainable shopping, eating and fun in Beijing), 提倡绿色可持续消费和餐饮的出行新理念 指南共印刷了三万份摆放在各大使馆, 驻外机构, 高档宾馆和旅行社, 消费者可以随意取阅 指南包括一份中英文双语地图, 濒危动植物种的介绍, 北京的绿色区域, 有机素食餐厅信息以及在北京出行的实用信息 利用奥运会的契机,TRAFFIC 的绿色指南向公众有效地传达了可持续消费的理念, 提高了消费者避免消费濒危物种的意识 动画宣传短片 不要让这里成为终点 于 2009 年 5 月 18 日至 6 月 14 日在北京地铁 1 号和 2 号线列车厢内循环播放, 其中 5 月 22 日为国际生物多样性日 短片在 4600 个车厢内显示屏播出, 一天 16 次 据估计, 每天约有 300 多万乘客乘坐这两条地铁线路的列车 The animated film Don t Let This Be the End-End of Tiger Evolution was again aired from 18 May to 14 June 2009, including the International Day for Biological Diversity on 22 May. The film was shown 16 times per day on screens on Beijing subway Line 1 and 2 trains, and the estimated passenger flow volume reached per day. 宣传运动 : 倡导野生生物消费的可持续性 中国是世界上野生动植物最主要的消费国之一 为了保护濒危野生动植物, 在消费者中加强宣传力度, 使消费者逐渐认识到 : 消费濒危物种有可能造成这些物种的灭绝是非常重要的 2008 年,TRAFFIC 在提高公众野生动植物保护意识方面开展了很多活动 : 2008 年春节前一周,TRAFFIC 在中国国际航空公司所有的航班上的 空中新闻 播放 别让这里成为终点 老虎进化终结 的公益宣传片 在此期间, 平均每天播出的飞机数量为 219 架, 航班 4221 班, 旅客总人数 人 受众的教育水平, 收入都较高, 具备较强消费能力的社会中高阶层 春节之后,TRAFFIC 将 2 万条 老虎进化终结 的视频短信发送到北京 上海和广州的手机用户上 接收短信 The front cover of the Beijing Green G u i d e M a p TRAFFIC 北京绿色地图封面 TRAFFIC 2008 年中国野生动植物资源贸易信息 35