焚化爐底灰再生利用之力學特性研究_國科會專題計畫成果報告_.doc

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育圭曹
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2 A study on the mechanics characteristic of recycled bottom ash from incinerator NSC 9-11-E method and then cements its surface by the / wet-binding method. This study establish the physical and chemical properties of IBA, AG, BF, BOF and the composite materials, and uses X-ray fluorescence (XRF), energy %4% dispersion spectrum (EDS) and scanning electronic / microscope (SEM) to analyze the transformation of the composite materials, and uses the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and the soil pollutant experiment to test the characteristic of heavy metal of IBA. Base on the criteria of AASHTO X T and CNS 14, the swelling test, the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and the direct shear (XRD)X (XRF) test are proceeded to understand the effect of the (SEM) wet-binding and the substitution method to the (EDS) swelling test, CBR, and the TCLP, and also to its (TCLP) physical and chemical properties. AASHTO T From the viewpoint of material, coarse of BOF CNS 14 CBR develops best CBR value, final swelling rate, TCLP and leaching amount of soil pollutants are minimum, CBR the next coarse and fine aggregate, the last is BF. From the viewpoint of methods, substitution/wet-binding method is best, it supplies maximum CBR value, final swelling rate is lowest, CBR substitution/wet-binding method gives the best outcome in solidification and chelating, the next is replacement, the last is substitution. Keywords: Incinerator Bottom Ash(IBA), X X Blast-Furnace slag (BF), Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag (BOF),Aggregate(AG), X-Ray Diffraction(XRD), CBR Abstract This study uses the replacement, substitution, and substitution/wet-binding methods to improve the characteristics of IBA. The replacement method employs fine aggregate, fine grains of blast-furnace slag, for that fine material of IBA, and substitution methods substitute % and 4% of the coarse grains of IBA with coarse aggregate, coarse grains of BF and coarse grains of BOF. The substitution/wetbinding method applied the concept of substitution X-Ray Fluorescence(XRF), Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersion Spectrum(EDS), Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure(TCLP), Soil Pollutants, Swell, California Bearing Ratio(CBR). 3 5

3 f-caomgo 1 f-caomgo 75% 5 :(1) () (3) (4) (5) (5) (1) () (3) (4) (5) 1, % ().5%(7) / % 4% (1) () Law Gordon5 (3) (4) (5) AgCdCrMnPbZn () (7)CBR (8)CNS 14 Sawell (9) XRD XRF (1) SEM EDS CdPbZn Cu (11)TCLP (1) (13) Buchholz Landsberg7 1 CdClCa Zn AlCdMnPb Cr Zn X (XRD) 3. 1 X (XRF) (EDS) XRD 1 CaOSiO Al O 3 MgO Fe O 3 Na OK O (SEM) 13 (1) 1 7 () C-S-H 7 (3) 8 (f-cao) f-cao 1.8 [Ca(OH) ] 1-3%MgO PH1.5 PH [Mg(OH) ] 77% 3

4 7 AASHTO A-1-a( ) 14 8 AASHTO T CBR 98%? dmax 95%? dmax CBR 1%15% 5 p =7.7 r = AASHTO A-1-a( 13 ( ) BOF) X (XRD) Ca(OH) Na 14 Mn O 9 CaCO 3 Al O 3 AASHTO T Fe O 3 5 X (XRF) CBR 98%? dmax 95%? dmax CBR (EDS) 1% 1% 8,9,1, kgf/cm XRD CaOSiO FeOMgONa O p =5.3 Al O 3 TiO 3 r= (SEM) (f-cao) 5. 1.%4.%.8% Ca(OH) 11-1 X (XRD) Ca Al SiO 7 SiO CaCO 3 1. Ca.8 Mn 8 O 1 CaTi 4 O 9 3 PH1.5 PH X (XRF) (EDS) 4 XRD CaO SiO Al O 3 MgOTiO 3 (SEM) 1 9. PH1.5 PH 4

5 7.7 r C u C d.7 (USCS ) GP( ) AASHTO %4% A-1-a( ) %4% 3.58.% 1.%.53% 7 % 4 4% AASHTO T18(D)AASHTO T99(D) (Cd) (Cr)(Pb)(Zn)(As)(Hg) (Ni).84g/cm 3.58g/cm %7.%CBR 145%11% CNS14.5% 5.71% 4% % 1.5% 5.5 / 1.89g/cm 3. %4% g/cm 3 CBR 1% 14% (chelating) p r (Cr) (Cr)(Cd)(Pb)(As)(Hg) 7 (Cd) (Cr) (1) (Cu)(Pb)(Zn)(As)(Hg) (Ni) 8 () (3) C-S-HC-(N/K)-S-H C 4 AH CNS (4).1% 1.5% C-S-H C-(N/K)-S-H 5.4 %4% / 1.89g/cm 3.9 g/cm 3 CBR 1% 345% g/cm 3.8 g/cm 3 3 p 5.3 CBR 1% 155% 1 59 r p

6 9 / CNS14.1% (Cd)(Cr)(Cu)(Pb).% 4% (Zn)(As)(Hg) (Ni).% / 1.5%.1%.51% CNS14.1%.5% /.%.3%.%.3% 1.5% 1.5% / 1. 1 (1) %4% (Cr) / CBR % (Cr)(Cd)(Pb)(As)(Hg) 3%.%.3% 7 () %4% / CBR 45% / 75%.1%.% (3) %4% (Cd) / CBR 8% (Cr)(Cu)(Pb)(Zn)(As)(Hg) 345%.3%.% (Ni) 8 / CBR CBR% CBR8% 1.5% / %4% / CBR.Cf (1)Cf / () 5. / / (3) CBR %1 4% 14% 11%155% / 4% 45%345% 3. : (1) (TCLP) / / CBR / () (TCLP) /

7 11.AASHTO, AASHTO T17, Plastic fines in graded aggregates and soils by use of the sand (3) / equivalent test, Standard Specification for Transportation Materials and Methods of 4. / Sampling and Testing, AASHTO, part II, pp (1998). 1.U.S.EPA., Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste Physical / Chemical Methods, Quality Control, (199). 5. / 1 8,9,1,11 1.5% / (mm) 5.( in) CBR(%) 8 5.(1 in) (%) (3/8 in) (%) 4.75(4#) (%) 1..(1#) (%).45(4#) (%) (1).75(#) # /3( 4# )CNS % (199) 3. 1 (9)3 (1) ( S31.3B ) ( R1.1C) 4. (mg/l) (Cr) pp (Cr) (Cd) Law, S. L., Gordon, G. E., Sources of Metals in (Pb) 1 5. Municipal Incinerator Emission, Environmental (As) - 5. Science and Technology, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. (Hg) (1979). (Cu) 4 - (Ni) 13 -.Sawell, S. E., Bridle, T. R., & Constable, T. W., (Zn) 1 - Heavy Metal Leach ability from Solid Waste Incinerator Ashes, Waste Management &Research, 3 Vol. 8, pp. 7-38(1988). 7.Buchholz B.A. and Landsberg S., Leaching Dynamics Studies of Municipal Solid Waste SiO FeO MgO K O Na O Al O 3 TiO SO 3 PH (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) CaO/SiO Incinerator Ash Air & Waste Management Association, Volume: 45, pp 579(1995). 8.AASHTO, AASHTO M147-5, Materials for aggregate and soil-aggregate sub-base, base and surface courses, Standard Specification for Transportation Materials and Methods of 3..9 Sampling and Testing, AASHTO, part I, pp (1998). 9.AASHTO, AASHTO T193, The California 4 bearing ratio, Standard Specification for Transportation Materials and Methods of (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Sampling and Testing, AASHTO, part II, pp.594-1(1998)..3. ()4.59 () A-1-a A-1-a.5 1.AASHTO, AASHTO T14, Soundness of () A-1-a 4. aggregate by use of sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate, Standard Specification for A-1-a 1. Transportation Materials and Methods of Sampling and Testing, AASHTO, part II, pp.315-3(1998). 7

8 5 7 (TCLP) CBR (%)? dmax(g/cm 3 ) Womc(%) (Cd) (Pb) (As) (Hg) (Cu) (Ag) (Cr) (Cr)? dmax*98%? dmax*95% (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) ND ND ND ND % ND CBR 4% ND ND AASHTO T CBR (%) CNS 14 % ND ? dmax W omc 98% 95% CBR (g/cm (%)? dmax? dmax (%) ) (%) 4% ND ND % ND % ND % ND % % ND ND 4% % % ND % % ND ND % 4% % ND % % ND % % (TCLP) % ( ) R39.1C R3.11C R3.11C R3.11C R31.11C R314.11C R3.11C R3.11C % % AASHTO T (Cd) (mg/kg (Cr) (Cu) (Pb) (Zn) (As) (Hg) (Ni) % 4% % % % % % % % % % % ( ) S31.1C S31.C S31.3C S31.4C S31.5C M317.1C M317.1C S31.8C f p Cp f r Cr % % % % % % % 4% % % % %

35 CaSiO 3 +Pb3 Si O 7 15 ä CaCO 3 +CaSiO 3 1 ä Ë 5 Ca Al SiO7 Na.91MnO CaCO3+ C.8Mn8O1 Ca.

SiO 7 15 Ñ 1 p r ä 5 1 1 3 4 -Theta() 5 7 3 4 5 7 8 -Theta( ) 8 圖焚化爐底灰能量分散光譜分析圖圖 1 焚化爐底灰 X 光繞射分析圖 l 圖 3

高爐石能量分散光譜分析高爐石能量分散光譜圖 Ð lp Ð 圖 5 新鮮轉爐石 X 光繞射分析圖圖 7 焚化爐底灰 SEM 晶相(1) 圖轉爐石熟化後能量分散光譜分析圖 9 河床料 SEM 晶相圖

1.1 1..1 1. 圖 13 焚化爐底灰粒徑分佈曲線圖 Shear Stress(kgf/cm) 1 1 8 4 95%γ dmax 98%γ dmax 1.5 1. 1.7 1.8 1.9.1.1 1. 1..1.1 圖 15 轉爐石粒徑分佈曲線 1 *:Peak &:Residual C p : φp =5.

顆粒粒徑 mm 粒徑(mm) Shear stress (kgf/cm) 累積通過百分比 ( 8 圖 1 轉爐石熟化後晶相圖 1 Percent finer(%) 1 CBR 值(%) I nt en s ity(

+CaSiO 3 Pb 3 Si O 7 Int ensity( CP S) 3 *:Peak &:Residual φp =59. o C p = φr= 54. o C r= 8 4.

9 35 CaSiO 3 +Pb3 Si O 7 15 ä CaCO 3 +CaSiO 3 1 ä Ë 5 Ca Al SiO7 Na.91MnO CaCO3+ C.8Mn8O1 Ca.8Mn8O1 35 CaCO 3 +Pb3 Si O 7 +Na As4 O 11 3 Ca Al SiO7 ä CaAl SiO7 5 Ñ SiO p CaTi 4O9 SiO+CaTi 4O9 r Ca Al SiO 7 15 Ñ 1 p r ä Theta() Theta( ) 8 圖焚化爐底灰能量分散光譜分析圖圖 1 焚化爐底灰 X 光繞射分析圖 l 圖 3 高爐石 X 光繞射分析圖 l Ca(OH) +Na 14M n O S i O +MnO n CaCO 3 Ca(OH)+CaO 4 Ð Al O +Na Mn O p Fe O 3 n 圖 44 高爐石能量分散光譜分析高爐石能量分散光譜圖 Ð lp Ð 圖 5 新鮮轉爐石 X 光繞射分析圖圖 7 焚化爐底灰 SEM 晶相(1) 圖轉爐石熟化後能量分散光譜分析圖 9 河床料 SEM 晶相圖 8 焚化爐底灰 SEM 經相() 圖 11 轉爐石熟化前晶相圖圖 1 高爐石SEM 晶相累積通過百分比 4 ) 圖 13 焚化爐底灰粒徑分佈曲線圖 Shear Stress(kgf/cm) %γ dmax 98%γ dmax 圖 15 轉爐石粒徑分佈曲線 1 *:Peak &:Residual C p : φp =5.3o C r= φr= o 4 1. Diameter(mm) 圖 14 高爐石粒徑分佈曲線 1 1. 顆粒粒徑 mm 粒徑(mm) Shear stress (kgf/cm) 累積通過百分比 ( 8 圖 1 轉爐石熟化後晶相圖 1 Percent finer(%) 1 CBR 值(%) I nt en s ity( C P S ) 5 4 CaCO 3 +Na As4 O 11+CaSiO3 SiO + CaCO3 +Na As4O 11 SiO +Pb3 Si O 7 Ë CaCO 3 +SiO +Ca 3Si O 7 +CaSiO 3 Pb 3 Si O 7 Int ensity( CP S) 3 *:Peak &:Residual φp =59. o C p = φr= 54. o C r= 乾密度γdmax (g/cm3 ) 4 N ormal Stress(kgf/cm ) 圖 1 焚化爐底灰乾密度與 CBR 值關係圖圖 17 焚化爐底灰正向應力與剪應力關圖 17 焚化爐底灰正向應力與剪應粒關係圖 Normal s tress (kgf/cm) 圖 18 河床細料全取代正向應力與剪應力關係

10 CBR % dmax 95% dm ax dmax(g/cm 3 ) 19 CBR CBR %dmax 98%dmax dmax(g/cm 3 ) 1 4% 4% CBR CBR CBR CBR %dmax 98%dmax dmax (g/cm 3 ) 9 % CBR 5 5 % CBR CBR 3 4% CBR 8 4% CBR % dmax 98% dmax dmax (g/cm 3 ) CBR 1 dmax 95% dmax 98% dmax dmax dmax(g/cm 3 ) CBR CBR % dmax dmax(g/cm 3 ) dmax(g/cm ) 3 5 % CBR CBR 3 % CBR CBR % dmax 4 95%dmax 98% dmax dmax (g/cm 3 ) 4% 4% CBR CBR CBR %dmax 98%dmax dmax(g/cm 3 ) 9 % CBR CBR % dmax 98% dmax dmax(g/cm 3 ) 1 % % CBR CBR CBR %dmax dmax(g/cm 3 ) 4 4 4% CBR CBR %dmax 1 95%dmax dmax(g/cm 3 ) 7 % CBR CBR (%) %dmax 98%dmax dmax(g/cm 3 ) 3 4%CBR

AL O 2SiO 2H O AL O 2SiO + 2H O CaCO3 + CaO CO2 CaSO4 + CaO SO3 CaSO3 + CaO SO2 2AL O + 6SiO 3AL O 2SiO + 4SiO

AL Si O OH 4 2 2 5 K AL Si O 2 3 8 2 3 8 2 3 8 Na AL Si O Ca AL Si O AL O 2SiO 2H O AL O 2SiO + 2H O 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 CaCO3 + CaO CO2 CaSO4 + CaO SO3 CaSO3 + CaO SO2 2AL O + 6SiO 3AL O 2SiO + 4SiO 2 3 2