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1 能源科技與環境概論太陽能電池導論 Hsing-Yu Tuan ( 段興宇 ) Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing-Hua University

2 J(mA/cm 2 ) 10 Solar cell efficiency :an example η and FF in this device? 9 8 Jsc η=p MP /P in x100%=ff*v oc J sc / P in x100% ( 輸出電功率 / 入射光功率 ) J MP (0.55,5.9716) P in =100 mw/cm 2 P MP =V MP *J MP =0.55*5.9716=3.28mW/cm η =3.28/100*100%=3.28% V MP Voc V(V) V oc =0.72 V J sc = ma/cm 2 FF=V MP *J MP /V oc *J sc =3.28/(0.72*7.14)=0.63 Voc: 開路電壓 (open circuit voltage), 當輸出電流趨近於零, 相對太陽電池兩電極端點沒有連接所得到的電壓 Jsc: 短路電流 (short circuit current) 如將照光的 pn 二極體兩端的金屬電極用金屬線連接, 造成短路, 此短路電流等於光電流

3 An example of vaccum-based CIGS film deposition Y. Hamakawa Thin-film solar cells,

4 Vaccum-based CIGS film deposition -Highest efficiency (lab scale: 18~20%) -Usually UHV/MBE -Cost prohibitive (but <cryst-si) General drawbacks: -Difficult to achieve controlled-stoichiometry over large device areas -Manufacturing equipment is very expensive (> NT 0.1 billion) -The deposition process is time-consuming -Poor materials utilization (30-50%) -Low throughput

$CIGS stoichiometry and deposit layer -Roll-to-roll manufractruing process$

5 Non-Vacuum Processing -Synthesize colloidal nanocrystals with controlled CIGS stoichiometry and deposit layer -Roll-to-roll manufractruing process 5

6 Nano solar- Nanoparticle as ink for printable solar cell CIGS particle ink Flexible solar cell Roll-to-roll processing Add a video has denmostrated a 1GW coater in a movie 6

7 Process Process Yield Materials Utilization Silicon Wafer cells Si wafer processing Vacuumbased thin film High vacuum depositon Roll-printed thin film Roll-to-roll printing Robust Fragile Robust 30% 30-60% Over 97% Throughput

9 Nanosolar, Thin-Film Solar Hype Firm, Officially Dead U.S. CIGS solar assets are being auctioned off after more than $400 million in VC investment. by Eric Wesoff July 12, 2013

10 CIGS Rocks! 2010/July 時報記者沈培華台北報導台積電 (2330) 新事業總經理蔡力行表示, 台積電將以 CIGS 薄膜產品進軍太陽能產業, 以五年期間朝全球前五大廠邁進, 產能規模將達 1GW 規模, 並看好此事業對台積電是有獲利與高成長潛力的新事業台積電今天舉行先進薄膜太陽能技術研發中心暨先期量產廠房動土典禮新事業總經理蔡力行表示, 全球太陽能電池市場將持續成長, 預期 2009 年至 2015 年全球太陽能電池市場年複合成長率可望達 23%; 其中, 銅銦鎵硒 (CIGS) 因具有薄膜的低成本價格等優勢, 成長率將最高, 年複合成長率將達 115% 台積電因此將以 CIGS 薄膜產品為主力, 進軍太陽能產業台積電先進薄膜太陽能廠第一期將投資約 79.2 億, 預計 2012 年量產 200 百萬瓦 (MW), 終期產能為 700 百萬瓦 (MW) 台積電董事長張忠謀並預估,2015 年太陽能佔台積電營收比重可望達 10% 蔡力行表示, 台積電三年內 CIGS 薄膜太陽能電池模組轉換效率將達 14%, 產能規模將約 300 至 500 百萬瓦, 預期 3 至 5 年轉換效率將進一步提升至 16%, 產能規模將達 1GW 規模

11 薄膜太陽能翻身台積電產能衝 3 倍全球龍頭廠轉盈產業前景漸撥雲見日 2014/Feb 台積電旗下銅銦鎵硒 (CIGS) 薄膜太陽能廠目前年產能為 40 百萬瓦 (MWp), 隨著整體市況轉佳訂單滿載且技術獲得重大突破, 台積電第 4 季 CIGS 年產能將擴增到 120MWp, 達到 3 倍規模, 太陽能業者透露, 以台積電在太陽能領域穩紮穩打風格來看, 這次產能出現大躍進, 凸顯 CIGS 接單情況明顯轉佳, 業界紛預期台積電太陽能事業可望邁向獲利不過, 台積電發言體系表示, 目前針對財務部分不予置評全球最具代表性的 CIGS 薄膜太陽能龍頭大廠是日本昭和殼牌石油旗下子公司 Solar Frontier, 年產能規模達 900MWp, 近年來一直陷入虧損困境翻不了身, 然近期財報終於首度轉虧為盈,2013 年旗下產能全數滿載, 年營收暴增 8 成, 並計劃在日本東北 (Tohoku) 擴增 150MWp 產能的 CIGS 新廠, 預計 2015 年投產

12 台積太陽能步上關廠業界 : 成本難敵矽晶 2015/08/25 16:36 ( 中央社記者張建中新竹 25 日電 ) 台積電 100% 持股子公司台積太陽能將於 8 月底結束工廠營運業界人士認為, 薄膜太陽能電池成本難敵矽晶太陽能電池, 是迫使台積太陽能走向關廠的主因台積電新事業發展接連遭逢重大挫敗, 旗下台積固態照明因較晚進入發光二極體 (LED) 產業, 業界專利障礙與通路開發不易, 考量短期難以轉盈, 台積電今年初決定將台積固態照明全部股份賣予晶電台積電今天又宣布, 旗下台積太陽能因是市場後進者, 缺乏經濟規模, 雖然轉換效率具領先優勢, 但在成本上不具競爭力, 即便執行最精進的成本減抑計畫, 也將難以逆轉成本劣勢, 將於 8 月底結束工廠營運台積電是於 2009 年成立新事業部, 並陸續成立台積固態照明與台積太陽能, 分別投入 LED 與太陽能產業, 由前總執行長蔡力行領軍隨著蔡力行轉往中華電信擔任董事長, 台積固態照明與台積太陽能董事長由左大川接任台積太陽能成立之初, 蔡力行曾表示, 台積太陽能將以技術領先為主要策略

13 碩禾電子材料太陽能電池導電膠

14 清大化工系友在光電業界的發展三大上游材料, 都是清大幫天下清大幫創業公司表公司名 : 晶電代表人物 : 董事長李秉傑畢業系級 :1985 年化工博士公司地位 : 台灣第一大 LED 磊晶廠公司名 : 璨圓代表人物 : 董事長簡奉任畢業系級 :1985 年化工系公司地位 : 台灣第二大 LED 磊晶廠公司名 : 上緯代表人物 : 董事長蔡朝陽畢業系級 :1987 年化工碩士公司地位 : 高性能樹脂材料大廠公司名 : 碩禾代表人物 : 蔡禮全化學工程公司地位 : 太陽能導電膠大廠副總經理

15 Comparison of three thin film solar cells Semiconductor Taiwan 2008

16 Tandom Junction Solar cells

17 Market distribution in 2009

18 Batteries Definition: devices that transform chemical energy into electricity Every battery has two terminals: positive cathode (+) and the negative anode(-) Procedure to produce electricity Device plug in chemical reaction started electron produced electron travel from (-) to (+) electrical work is produced

19 客廳

20 家用電話和暖爐設備

21 洗臉台等場所使用的電池設備

22 Mobile Mostly Lithium-ion batteries

23 Hybrid car 行進過程, 引擎本身附有大型發電機, 除了驅動汽車, 也會產生電力, 為電池充電

24 Electrical car

Electrochemical Cell An electrochemical cell : a negative electrode to which anions (-) migrate donates electrons to the eternal circuit as the cell discharge (anode) A positive electrode to which

25 Electrochemical Cell An electrochemical cell : a negative electrode to which anions (-) migrate donates electrons to the eternal circuit as the cell discharge (anode) A positive electrode to which cations migrate (cathode) Electrolyte solution containing dissociated salts, which enable ion transfer between the two electrodes, providing a mechanism for charge to flow between positive and negative electrodes. A separator which electrically isolates the positive and negative electrodes.

26 How Electrochemical Batteries Work REDOX Reaction Electron Flow Anode Oxidation, the loss of electrons, occurs at the anode Salt Bridge Cathode Electrolyte Electrolyte Reduction, the gain of electrons, occurs at the cathode.

27 The Periodic Table: choose the electrode Combination of electrodes to make a variety types of batteries: lithium ion battery nickel-zinc zinc air Nickel cadmium Ni iron Silver zinc Mer cell

28 The History of Battery Volta piles Baghdad battery Lithium ion battery -sony

Short battery life The Daniel Cell Invented in 1836 by John Daniell The lead-acid cell Invented

29 Electrochemical Battery History Cont d The Voltaic Pile Invented by Alessandro Volta in 1800 Zinc and Copper with a cloth soaked in brine Technical Flaws: Compressing of cloth created shorts Short battery life The Daniel Cell Invented in 1836 by John Daniell The lead-acid cell Invented in 1859 by Gaston Planté First rechargeable battery The zinc-carbon cell Invented in 1887 by Carl Gassner

30 Electrochemical Battery History Cont d The Nickel-Cadmium Battery Invented in 1899 by Waldmar Jungner. The common Alkaline Battery Invented in 1955 by Lewis Urry The Nickel Metal-Hydrid Battery NiMH batteries for smaller applications started to be on the market in Lithium and Lithium-ion Batteries First lithium batteries sold in the 1970s First lithium-ion batteries sold in 1991 portable electronic devices First lithium-ion polymer batteries released in 1996

31 伏特電池的原理在稀硫酸中插入銅板和鋅版兩種電極鋅金屬變成鋅離子溶出 Zn+2 鋅變成負電銅板不會融化, 但因電子被 H+ 帶走帶著一點正電以導線連接鋅版和銅板則會產生電流, 直到鋅版耗盡

32 Various kinds of batterie

33 Primary vs. Secondary Batteries Primary batteries are disposable: their electrochemical reaction cannot be reversed. Secondary batteries are rechargeable, because their electrochemical reaction can be reversed by applying a certain voltage to the battery in the opposite direction of the discharge.

34 可逆化學反應與不可逆化學反應

35 Terminology and Units Primary Batteries Disposable Secondary Batteries Rechargeable emf Electromotive force, voltage Ampere hour (Ah) = 3600 coulombs, a measure of electric charge Watt hour (Wh) = 3600 joules, a measure of energy Ah = (Wh) / emf

36 Theoretical Cell voltage Anode (oxidation potential)+ cathode (reduction potential)=standard cell potential Zn+Cl 2 ZnCl 2 Zn Zn +2 +2e -(-0.76 V) Cl 2 2Cl - -2e 1.36V voltage E o = 2.12 V theoretical

37 Theoretical capacity Zn + Cl2 ZnCl Ah/g 0.76 Ah/g 1.22g/Ah 1.32g/Ah = 2.54 gah or 0.394/Ah/g

38 Primary Alkaline Batteries Can lose 8 20% charge every year at room tempurature. Discharge performance drops at low temperatures. AAA AA 9V C D Capacity (Ah) Voltage Energy (Wh)

39 Secondary Alkaline Batteries Self-discharge more quickly than primary batteries Low-Capacity NiMH ( mah) High-Capacity NiMH (2500+ mah) NiCd Charge Cycles Must not overcharge because that will damage the batteries. Quick charges will also damage the batteries. Must not over-discharge. NiCd has memory effect. NiCd is better for applications where current draw is less than the battery s own self-discharge rate. NiMH have a higher capacity, are cheaper, and are less toxic than NiCd.

Source: wiki Recharge-ability & the memory effect Recharge-ability: basically, when the direction of electron discharge (negative to positive) is reversed, restoring power.

40 Source: wiki Recharge-ability & the memory effect Recharge-ability: basically, when the direction of electron discharge (negative to positive) is reversed, restoring power. the Memory Effect: - The battery appears to "remember" the smaller capacity - the term 'memory' came from an aerospace nickel-cadmium application in which the cells were repeatedly discharged to 25% of available capacity by exacting computer control, then recharged to 100% capacity without overcharge. This longterm, repetitive cycle regime, with no provision for overcharge, resulted in a loss of capacity beyond the 25% discharge point. Hence the birth of a "memory" phenomenon, whereby nickelcadmium batteries purportedly lose capacity if repeatedly discharged to a specific level of capacity.

The electrodes are zinc and carbon, with an acidic paste between them serve as the

41 Types of Batteries Zinc-Carbon: used in all inexpensive AA, C, and D dry-cell batteries. The electrodes are zinc and carbon, with an acidic paste between them serve as the electrolyte (disposable) Alkaline: Curalcell or Energizer cell batteries. The electrodes are zinc and manganese-oxide, with an alkaline electrolyte (disposable)

42 Modern batteries Lead-Acid: used in cars: the electrodes are lead and lead-oxide, with an acidic electrolyte (rechargeable) Lithium-ion batteries - rechargeable and no memory effect Fuel cells

43 碳鋅電池電壓 :1.5V 正極 : 二氧化錳負極 : 鋅電解液 :NH4Cl ZnCl2

44 Battery Aspects Energy Density: total amount of energy that can be stored per unit mass or volume how long will your laptop run by a fully-charged cell. Power Density: Maximum rate of energy discharge per unit mas or volume. Low power: laptop, ipod high power car Safety: could sustain at high temperatures Life: stability of energy density and power density with repeated cycling is needed for the long life required in many applications. Cost: Must compete with other energy storage technologies

PowerPoint 簡報

PowerPoint 簡報能源科技與環境概論儲能電池導論 Hsing-Yu Tuan ( 段興宇 ) Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing- Hua University How Electrochemical Batteries Work REDOX Reaction Electron Flow Anode Oxidation, the loss of electrons,