Abstract Common standards in learning technology will have a profound impact on the relationships among educators, learners, institutions, venders and

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1 SCORM Learning Technology Standards and SCORM Wen-Jye Hsu Director, Media Division, Information Technology Service Center, ITRI Pe-Chieh Lin Engineer, Media Division, Information Technology Service Center, ITRI (Keywords) (Digital Learning Standards) (Web based Learning Standards) (Distant Learning Standards) (E Learning Standards) (Learning Technology Standards) (Online Learning Standards)(Scorm, Sharable Content Object Reference Model) (Reusability) (Accessibility) (Durability) (Interoperability) (Adaptability) (Affordability) (Manageability) E-Learning ADL ( Advanced Distributed Learning ) SCORM(Sharable Content Object Reference Model ) SCORM AICC CMI IEEE Meta-data Dictionary IMS Content Packaging Metadata XML Binding and Best Practice 圖書館學與資訊科學 29(1):15 28 ( 民九十二年四月 ) 15

2 Abstract Common standards in learning technology will have a profound impact on the relationships among educators, learners, institutions, venders and publishers. Standards help to ensure Reusability Accessibility Durability Interoperability Adaptability Affordability and Manageability will protect e-learning investment. The SCORM of ADL ( Advanced Distributed Learning ) provides a foundational reference model upon which anyone can develop models of learning content and delivery. It is widely accepted as a major specification for the development of interoperable content and systems. The SCORM is built upon the work of the AICC, IMS, IEEE, and others to create one unified "reference model" of interrelated technical specifications and guidelines designed to meet DoD's high-level requirements for Web-based learning content. The current SCORM is a collection of specifications, includes the "Content Structure" and" CMI Computer-Managed Instruction Specification" from AICC, "Meta-data Dictionary" from IEEE, "Content Packaging" and "Metadata XML Binding and Best Practice" from IMS. The future of LT standards would depend on the development of advanced information technology, business models and content creation. (Interoperable) Internet Intranet (Groupware) (Collaboration Software) Internet e Learning e Learning (Interoperable) (Learning Content) (packaging) (Sequencing) (Delivery) (The MASIE Center e-learning consortium, 2002 CBT (Computer-based 2001) Training) CMI (Computer-managed Instruction) CAI (Computer-aided Instruction) (Reusability) (Multimedia CDROM) WBT (Web-based Training) (Accessibility) (Authoring Software) Internet Web-based (Durability) (Learning Management System) (Interoperability) 16 Journal of Library and Information Science April, 2003

3 z 彈性(Adaptability) 可隨學習者之經驗調整其學習內容達成彈性化學習 z 經濟性(Affordability) 能以經濟有效的方 Authoring and Distribution Networks for Europe) Dublin Core IEEE AICC ( Aviation Industry's CBT Committee ) 及 EDUCAUSE IMS Consortium 這些組織同時在數位學習的各個面向上各自建立相關的規範或標準直到美式開發教材國國防部(The U.S.Department of Defense)出面統合綜整 z 可管理性(Manageability) 能追蹤及移轉學員和課程的記錄各個標準組織的成果才得以推出共享式內容元件參考模式 SCORM (Sharable Content Object Reference Model) 得到普遍性的認同 ᇴҜጯ௫ᇾ ؠט! 標準的成型大約經過幾個階段的發展(見圖 1) 在 e-learning 這個詞彙未出現之前世界各國即研究需求階段標準始於使用者需求的醞釀並已相繼投入數位學習相關技術的規範(Specification)與透過研究社群或組織的討論辯證探討可能的方標準(Standards)的研究與建立如元資料 (meta-data) 案如 PROMETEUS (PROmoting Multimedia in 學員記錄 (learner profiling) 內容編序 (content Education and Training in EUropean Society) CLEO sequencing) 網路課程(web-based courseware) 電腦教計劃 (Customised Learning Experience Online project) 學(computer managed instruction)等早期投入的組織以及各大學各公司各種聯盟(consortia)的先導研有歐洲的 ARIADNE (Association of Remote Instructional 究計劃都是扮演這樣的功能圖 1 數位學習標準制定過程示意圖資料來源 The ADL Story: A Discussion on the Process and Reason for the SCORM presentation by Philip Dodds. ( 圖書館學與資訊科學民九十二年四月 17

4 AICC, AICC ( The Aviation Industry CBT (Computer-Based Training) Committee) IMS( IMS Global Learning Consortium ) ARIADNE ( Association of Remote Instructional Authoring and Distribution Networks for Europe ) AICC ADL AICC (Co Labs) ADL SCORM plugfests AICC LMS AICC AICC IEEE LTSC, ADL, IMS, ( IEEE ) (ISO) CEN/ISSS( European Committee for Standardization/ IMS Information Society Standardization System) 1997 (The MASIE Center e-learning consortium, 2002) IMS E-Learning IMS IEEE AICC ADL IMS SCORM IMS Content Packaging Specification Reusable Learning ARIADNE Objects PROMETEUS CEN/ISS / IMS Meta-Data(IMS Learning Resource Meta-data Specification) ( IMS Content Packaging Specification ) EDUCOM IMS(Instructional Management System) 1999 IMS IMS Global Learning Consortium 150 E-Learning 1600 QTI ( IMS Question & Test Interoperability Specification) Enterprise( IMS Enterprise Specification), LIP(IMS Learner Information Package Specification) AICC 1988 CBT 18 Journal of Library and Information Science April, 2003

5 1. ( IMS Question & Test Interoperability Specification) Working Group draft 6.4 Final Draft LOM 1.0 XML assessment systems IEEE 2. (IMS Content Packaging Specification) 3. (IMS Learning Resource Meta-data Specification) IMS Meta-Data 4. ( IMS Enterprise Specification) (Accessibility) ADL SCORM ADL (ASTD) SCORM 5. (IMS Learner Information Package Specification) ADL SCORM AICC CMI IEEE Meta-data Dictionary IMS Content Packaging metadata XML Binding and Best IMS Learning Design Practice 2000 ADL SCORM Accessibility Digital Repository Simple Sequencing ADL SCORM ADL Competencies IMS SCORM 1.2 SCORM 1.3 SCORM 1.3 (Learning Design) IMS (Educational Modeling Language) (Simple Sequencing Specification) P ADL elearning ISO IEEE LTSC ISO IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) Learning Technology Standard Committee JTC1 (Joint Technical Committee 1) 36 LOM ISO/IEC JTC1/S36 Learning Object Metadata SCORM IEEE ISO LTSC JTC1/S36 JTC1 ISO/IEC JTC1/S36 IEEE DCMI(Dublin Core Metadata IEEE Initiative) IEEE LTSC CEN/ISSS/LTWS 1484.x Learning Objects metadata 圖書館學與資訊科學 29(1):15 28 ( 民九十二年四月 ) 19

6 DCMI Standardization/ Information Society Standardization (Dublin, Ohio) System / ) Online 1999 Computer Library Center OCLC National Center for Supercomputing Applications NCSA CEN/ISSS Learning Technology Workshop IEEE LTSC Learning Object Metadata LOM (Educational modelling languages) (Repository of taxonomies/vocabularies for a European Learning Society) (The Dublin Core Metadata CEN/ISSS( European Committee for (A Quarterly Electronic Newsletter) Element Set) PROMETEUS (Promoting Multimedia Education and Training in European Society ) 1999 DC PROMETEUS DC PROMETEUS DC ARIADNE (Association of Remote Instructional Authoring and Distribution Networks for Europe ) 1 IMS ADL/ SCORM CEN/ ISSS Dublin Core Prometeus IEEE Learning Technology BSI/ ISO ARIADNE AICC Metadata Yes - Yes Yes - Yes Yes Yes - Content Yes Yes Yes - - Yes Enterprise Yes Yes Learner Yes Yes Yes - - Information Question & Yes Yes - - Test Accessibility Yes Learning Yes Yes Design Collaboration Yes - - User requirements Yes Yes CETIS, Feb. 2002, 20 Journal of Library and Information Science April, 2003

7 IMS Metadata IEEE ARIADNE Knowledge Pool System (European Knowledge Pool) 1 DLTS IEEE/P1484 XML Distance Learning SABA Technology Standards DLTS ULF(Universal Learning Format) 内 8 TMML(Teaching Material Markup Language) CELTSC (Chinese e-learning Technology Standardization Committee) 2 ISO JTC1/SC36 IEEE LTCS 2 elearning CELTS-1 CELTS-2 CELTS-3 CELTS-9 CELTS-10 CELTS-11 CELTS-13 CELTS-14 CELTS-17 CELTS-20 CELTS-31 IEEE 1484 IEEE elearning/teaching/ teaching_standard. Htm 圖書館學與資訊科學 29(1):15 28 ( 民九十二年四月 ) 21

8 ALIC (Advanced Learning Infrastructure Consortium) (Asia Elearning Network) E-learning Competency Centre metadata SingCORE Schema(Chew, 2002) SCORM SCO(Sharable Courseware Object) IMS E-Learning (content packaging) metadata E-Learning ADL 1.3 (Simple Sequencing) SCORM 2002 E-Learning SCORM IMS 2 SCO A C SCO A SCO C SCO B SCO C e-learning XML DTD DTD SCO A SCO B SCO C Advanced Distributed Learning(ADL) ADL 50% 80% ADL SCORM 1.4 (assessment) IMS AICC IEEE Sharable Course Object Reference Model SCORM SCORM 2004 SCORM 2.0 (Don't reinvent the wheel) (complete rewrite of SCORM) E-Learning ADL CoLab SCORM 2.0 (content model) PlugFest SCORM LMS SCORM Plugfest ADL SCORM SCORM ADL SCORM 1.0 (conformance test suite) Shareble Content Object SCORM ADL 1.2 (learner profile) (digital repositories) 1. Book 1 (SCORM Overview) ADL SCORM Book 2 (Content 1.1 Aggregation Model, CAM) CAM 22 Journal of Library and Information Science April, 2003

9 SCORM BOOK 1: The SCORM Overview BOOK 2: The SCORM Content Aggregation Model BOOK 3: The SCORM Others: Applications, Runtime Environment Conformance etc. Metadata Dictionary (from IEEE) Content Packaging (from IMS) Content Structure (derived from AICC) Meta-data XML Binding and best Practice (from IMS) Data Model (from AICC) Launch, Communication API (from AICC) 1. (Launch) LMS LMS SCO Assets CAM (learning content) LMS 3. Book 3 (Run-Time Environment, RTE) (pretest) A B Book 3 AICC (interoperability) API 2. (Application Program Interface, adaptor LMS API) API SCO RTE API data model LMS LMS LMS API 3. (Data Model) SCO SCORM SCO LMS SCO (pretest) SCO LMS LMS SCORM SCO LMS (Run-Time Environment) (data model) LMS SCO (launch) (API) (data model) LMS SCO (student profile information) 圖書館學與資訊科學 29(1):15 28 ( 民九十二年四月 ) 23

10 SCO (state information) AICC (assessment objects) SCORM AICC CMI metadata 2. (Sharable Content Object, SCO) (instructional (Learning Resource) material) SCO LMS SCORM SCORM (Content Model) (Metadata) SCO SCO (Content Packaging) (assets) SCO A 內容模式(Content Model) (assessment) SCORM SCO (Assets) 4 (SCO) SCO (delivery) (track) 1. (Asset) Web SCORM SCO HTML GIF (plugin) LMS SCO (Learning Object) 24 Journal of Library and Information Science April, 2003

11 1. 9. Classification SCO C 課程內容包裝(Content Packaging) 2. SCO SCORM (repository) LMS B 元資料(Metadata) SCO Assets 5 Metadata SCORM 1. coursename.html Metadata IEEE IMS 2. coursename.xml metadata (Asset) (SCO) (Aggregations) Metadata 3. imsmanifest.xml SCORM Metadata metadata SCO Assets 1. General PIF(Package 2. Lifecycle Interchange File) ZIP SCORM LMS PIF 3. Meta-metadata metadata metadata SCORM 4. Technical (plugin) SCORM 5. Educational SCORM SCORM e-learning SCORM 6. Rights SCORM 7. Relation SCORM SCORM 8. Annotation 1. SCORM 圖書館學與資訊科學 29(1):15 28 ( 民九十二年四月 ) 25

12 Resource Reference <manifest> <organizations> <organization> <title> <item> </item> </organization> </organizations> <resources> <resource href = index.htm adlcp :Scormtype= sco identifier= R_01 <metadata> <schema>adl SCORM</schema> <schemaversion >1.2</ schemaversion> <adlcp:location>r_01.xml </ adlcp :location> </metadata> <file href = index.htm /> <file href = image1.jpg > <metadata> <schema>adl SCORM</schema> <schemaversion >1.2</ schemaversion> <adlcp :location>image1.xml</ adlcp :location> </metadata> </file> </resource> </resources> </manifest> Content Structure Information Model SCO Asset Actual Resource SCORM (full time) SQL (Collaboration) Server 4. SCORM (SCO) SCO 2. Metadata SCORM metadata 5. metadata 3. Rehak(2002) SCORM SCORM 26 Journal of Library and Information Science April, 2003

13 ADL (2001), SCORM version 1.2-The SCORM Overview, 2001, Advanced Distributed Learning Initiative. from www : ADLDOCS/Documents/SCORM_1.2_Overview.pdf ADL (2001), SCORM version 1.2-The SCORM Content Aggregation Model, 2001, Advanced Distributed Learning Initiative. from www : WEB (PDA ) ADLDOCS/Documents/SCORM_1.2_CAM.pdf XML ADL (2001), SCORM version 1.2-The SCORM Runtime RDF Resource Description Framework Environment, 2001, Advanced Distributed Learning Inference Languages Decentralization Initiative. from www : Partial Understanding Trust Engine Documents/ SCORM_1.2_ RunTimeEnv.pdf Berners-Lee, Tim ; Hendler, James ; Lassila, Ora The MOBIlearn Project 9 Semantic Web Scientific American May 2001; by; 10 Page(s) SCORM Chew, Lim Kin (2002), Charting elearning Standards Trends ADL & Uses presented in ITSC PlugFest July 2002 from www : ( 91) (digital right kinchew-charting-elearning-standards.pdf management) Cohen, Edward J. (2002), The emerging standards effort in E-learning: Will SCORM lead the way? E-Learning, Jan 2002 v3 i1 p26(3) SCORM Dodds, Philip. The ADL Story: A Discussion on the Process and Reason for the SCORM presentation ( 90) Mar 2001 from www : (Knowledge Object) WD_video2_rev.ppt (Knowledge Hodgins, Wayne & Conner, Marcia (2000), Everything Management) you ever wanted to know about learning standards but were afraid to ask, 2000, from www : wheyewtkls.htm. 圖書館學與資訊科學 29(1):15 28 ( 民九十二年四月 ) 27

14 Letts, Mike (2002), ADL and SCORM: Creating a Standard Model for Publishing Courseware. The Seybold Report, April 8, 2002 v2 i1 p3(6) The MASIE Center e-learning consortium (2002) Making Sense of Learning Specifications & Standards: A Decision Maker's Guide to their Adoption The MASIE Center, March from www : Nilsson, Mikael (2001), The semantic web: How RDF will change learning technology standards September 27, 2001 from www : Oakes, Kevin (2002), E-learning T + D, Apr 2002, Volume 56, Issue 4, Page 68 Rehak, Dan (2002), SCORM is not for everyone. from www : content/ Shackelford, Bill (2002), A scorm odyssey: the University of Wisconsin's journey through standards has lessons for anyone about to embark on e-learning. T&D, August 2002 v56 i8 p30(8) Smith, Reggie III (2001), Federal Strides in Learning Technology: How has the government impacted the e-learning world? E-Learning, Dec 2001 v2 i12 p22(4) Sonwalkar, Nishikant (2002), Demystifying Learning Technology Standards, Part I: Acceptance and Implementation 2002/3/1 Issue of Syllabus from www : com/article.asp?id=6134 Sonwalkar, Nishikant (2002), Demystifying Learning Technology Standards, Part II: Acceptance and Implementation 2002/4/1 Issue of Syllabus from www : com/article.asp?id=6240 (2002) from www : (2001) elearning 29 elearning 2001/10/2 from www : =451&mana=0&page=6&area=1 (2002) elearning /10/08 from www : uline.net/guestbook/dir_show.asp?file=638&mana=0 &page=1&area=1 (2002) E-Learning SCORM from www : _3.htm (2002) from www : IA/091/ IA-R htm (2002) from www : nctu.edu.tw/ (2001) Nov from www : cis.nctu.edu.tw/news/ pdf 国 (2002) from www : yuanchengjiaoyu.shtml (2002) e-learning SCORM 2002/07/08 (2002) PDA e-learning 2002/03/19 from www : jl html 28 Journal of Library and Information Science April, 2003

基于 SCORM 规范的资源打包方法设计与实现摘要共享式教材组件参考模型 (Sharable Course Object Reference Model, 简称 SCORM), 已成为目前国际上公认的 e-learning

基于 SCORM 规范的资源打包方法设计与实现摘要共享式教材组件参考模型 (Sharable Course Object Reference Model, 简称 SCORM), 已成为目前国际上公认的 e-learning 中国科学技术大学硕士研究生学位论文论文题目基于 SCORM 规范的资源打包方法设计与实现作者姓名陈丁惠工程领域软件工程学号 SG02201035 校内导师企业导师单位名称郑浩然叶盛元计算机科学与技术系完成时间二〇〇五年十月