微观经济学

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3 (CIP) /,. :, ISBN Ⅰ 1 Ⅱ 1 2 Ⅲ 1 Ⅳ 1F016 CIP (2011) : : : : 118 ( :130017) : : :htp: www nenup com :sdcbs@mail jl cn :185mm 260mm :13 75 :309 :24 80

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7 1,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, 20,,,,,,,,,,,, :, ;, ;, ;, ;,,,,

8 2, :,,,,,,,,,,,, 1943,,, 1 1 : 精神性价值需求 自我实现需求 尊重需求 社会需求 物质性价值需求 安全需求 生理需求 1 1,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, :

9 3,,,,,,,,,,,, (Scarcity),, : (1), (2),, (3),,, (Economy),, (Economics), (EconomicSciences), 1935,,,,,,,,

10 ,15 17,,, : (15 16 ),,,,, :,, (16 17 ),,,,,, ( ),,, ,,, ;, ;,,,

11 ,,, :,,,,,,,, 1890,,,,,,,, 20, 20 30,,,, , : ,,, 1936, ( ),,,,,

12 6,, ,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,, ,,,,, 70,,,,,,

13 7 70,,, 20 70, ( ),, ;,,,,,,,,, 1980,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,

14 8,,,,,,, :,,, :,,,,,,,,, :,B,C,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, ( ) A % B.19819% C. D ,,,,,,,,,,,,

15 9,,,,,,,,,,,, 100, 10000, 10000, 100,, 100, 10000,, 3000,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

16 10 案例, 1,, 5,, 6,, 5,, 6, 6,, :, 5,,, :,,, 19 70,,,,20 30,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,

17 11,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 1.,,,,,,,,, 2., 3.,

18 12,, 4.,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, 1 2, (, ),,,,,,,,,,,,,

19 13 供求理论 基数效用 序数效用 消费理论 厂商理论 生产理论 成本理论 产品市场理论 完全竞争垄断竞争寡头竞争 完全垄断 微观政策 要素市场理论 制度理论 工资理论 地租理论 利息理论 利润理论 1 2 : 1.,,,,, 2.,, 3.,, 4.,, 5.,,,,

20 14 6.,,,,,,,, : 1., 2.IS LM IS LM, ;,, IS LM 3.AD AS IS LM,,, 4.,, 5.,, 6.,,, 7.,,, ;, ;,,,,

21 15,, ;, ;,, 1 3 : LM IS AD AS 1 3,,, AD AS,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, 20 70,,,,,,, :

22 16,,,,,,,, 案例 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, , , 0 20, 0 20, :,, , 1000, 1 ; 5, , 100, , 1, 0 20,, , 0 10,

23 %,,0 3 17% 0 051, %, 0 034, 1000, 34, 800, 20%,,, :, 1, , ,5, 2,,,, : 0 40,, 25%,,,,, 5000, , 200, 50, 250, 500, , 17%, 30%,,,, ;,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, 5%,,,,, 10%, 100%, 100%,, 100%,,

24 18,,, 1%,, 20%, 20% 10%,10%,,20% 10%,,,, ( ),,, ( ),,, 殝 殝 檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵殝 殝 1. ( ) A. B., C. D. 2. ( ) A. B. C. D. 3., ( ) A. B. C. D. 4. ( ) A. B., C. D. 5. ( ) A. B. C. D. 6.( ) A. B. C. D.

25 19 7. ( ) A. B. C. D. 8., ( ) A. B. C. D

26 20,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

27 21,,,, :,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2 1,, ( ),, 2 1,,,,, ( ),,, ( ) :,, ;,,,, ;,,

28 2,,,, 商品 商品 消费支出 产品市场 收入 商品价格 消费者 / 要素所有者 满足最大 利润最大 要素价格 要素 要素 要素收入 要素市场 要素报酬 企 业 ,, :,,,, () ( ),,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1978,,, 1978,,,,,,

29 23,, ( GDP 20% 40%, 50% ),,, 案例 , 40, 23 2, 3 5%,, 1 88, 1373, 8%; , 3% 8%; 2420, 12%,,,,, 8%,, 1993, %, 20%, 2006,, 1 49,,2007,,,, 20%,,,,,, 300%, 300% 2007,

30 24 (Demond),, 案例,, 4, 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 1.,,,, ( ) 20 90, 10000,,,,,,,, 2.,, ;,,

31 25,,,, 3.,,,,, 4.,,,, ;, ;,,,,,, ;,,,,,;,, 5.,, ;,,, 6.,, 7., ;,,,,, : Qd=f(P,Pm,Pc,T,I,E,A,M, ) (2 1) :Qd ; P ;

32 26 Pm ; Pc ; T ; I ; E ; A ; M,,, : Qd=f(P) (2 2) A B C D E F G ( ) ( ) , 1, 800 ; 2, 700 ; 4, 500,,, , OQ, OP,,, P, Q : 2 1, A,B,C,D,E,F,G,,,

33 27 P G F Q d = f(p) E D C B 1 A O Q ,,,,,,,,,, : Qd=α-βP (2 3) α, β, α, β >0, 2 2,, :, : ( ), ( ); ( ), ( ), A B, 2 3 P P P P 1 个人需求曲线 A 个人需求曲线 B 行业需求曲线 P 2 O Q A Q O Q B Q B Q O QB Q A +Q B Q 2 3

34 28 案例, 2500,, 3000,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 案例 2002,, 1,30,,, 100, 5, 10,,,,,, 10 3,,,,, 100,, 5,,,,,

35 29 (Supply),,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 1,,,,, ;,,, 2,,,,,,,,,, 3,,,,, ;,,,, ;, 4,,,,,,, ( )

36 30,, Qs=f(P,Px,C,E, ) (2 4) :Qs ; P ; Px ; C ; E,,, : Qs=f(P) (2 5) ( ) ( ) A B C D E , 6, 800, 4,400 ;2,0,,,,

37 31 P A B Q s = f(p) C D E O Q 2 4 OQ, OP, A,B,C,D, Qs=f(P),, 2 4,, :,, ( ), ( ); ( ), ( ), A B, 2 5 P 企业 A 的供给曲线 P P 企业 B 的供给曲线 行业的供给曲线 O Q A Q O Q B Q O Q A +Q B Q 2 5 案例 2004,, 400, , 10 8%,,,, 1,

38 32 6,,, 4, 12 ;4, ,,,, 9 13, 8,,,,,, (Equilibrium),,,,,,,,,

39 33,, 2 6 P P D E S O Q Q , D,S D S E,E E, P=4, Q=400, 4,, 400, 400,, 4, , 4, ( ) ( ) ( ) ,,,,, , 200, 800,,,,

40 34 4, 6 4, , , 400, 3, 500, 200,,,,4 3 4, , , 400,,,,,,, 2 7,D,S,D S E,P,Q P S P 1 E 1 P E P 2 E 2 D 1 D 2 D O Q 2 Q Q 1 Q 2 7,,, D D1,D1 S E1,P1, Q1,P1>P,Q1>Q,,,,, D D2,D2 S E2, P2, Q2,P2<P,Q2<Q,,, 2 8,S,D,S D E,P

41 35,Q P P 2 P P 1 S 2 E 2 S S 1 E E 1 O Q 2 Q Q 1 D Q 2 8,, S S1,S1 D E1, P1, Q1,P1<P,Q1>Q,,,,,, S S2,S2 D E2,P2>P,Q2<Q,,,,,,,,, ; ;,:,, ;, ;,,, ;, ;,, :, ;, 案例,( ), ( ),, ;,,,,,

42 36, ;,,,,,,,,,,, Elasticity,,,, ,,,, ,,,,,, (ElasticityofDemand), ( ) 1%, : ΔQ E= = Q = ΔX ΔX X ΔQ Q X :E ; Q ; ΔQ ; X ; ΔX (2 6)

43 37,,,,,,,,, 1 (PriceElasticityofDemand),, : ΔQ Ed=- =- Q =- ΔP ΔP P ΔQ Q P :Ed ; Q ; ΔQ ; P ; ΔP (2 7), () ( ),,,,, 2,, ( ΔP ΔQ ), : ΔQ Ed=-lim ΔP 0 ΔP P Q =-dq dp P Q :Ed ; Q ; ΔQ ; P ; ΔP ; dq dp ( Q,P) (2 8),,

44 38,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, : Ed=- Q2-Q1 P1+P2 P2-P1 Q1+Q2 (2 9) :Ed ; Q1 P1 ; Q2 P2,,,,,,ΔP,ΔQ,,, 3, 5 : (1) 2 9 (a),,,, ( ),,,,, (2) 2 9 (b),,,,,,,,, (3) 2 9 (c), P Q=k (k ), 1,, 30, ;, ( =30 ) (4) 2 9 (d), A, ; B,; AB

45 39 M, 1 AM,1, ;MB 1,, P A E d = E d >1 ( 弹性需求 ) P D M E d =1 ( 单位弹性 ) E d <1 ( 非弹性需求 ) E d =0 O B Q O Q (d) (e) P A E d = E d >1 ( 弹性需求 ) P D M E d =1 ( 单位弹性 ) E d <1 ( 非弹性需求 ) E d =0 O B Q O Q (d) (e) (5) 2 9 (e),,,,,,,,, 4 :,,,,,,, =P Q, P,Q ( ), P, Q, P Q,

46 40, : Ed >1,,,,, Ed>1,, P Q,, P Q 2 10 (a) : Ed<1,,,, :Ed<1,,P Q,, P Q 2 10 (b) : Ed=1,, Ed=1,, ( ) ( ),, P Q 2 10 (c) P P 1 P 2 O a Q 1 b Q 2 Q = f(p) P P 1 P 2 Q O Q 1 Q 2 a b Q = f(p) Q P P 1 P 2 O a Q 1 Q 2 b Q = f(p) Q (a) (b) (c) 2 10,,,,,,,,, Ed= Ed=0, 2 4

47 Ed>1 Ed=1 Ed<1 Ed=0 Ed=,,,,,,,, 5 5 : (1),,,,, ;,,,,, (2),,, ;,,, (3),,,,,, (4),, (5),,,,, 20% 30%, ;,,,,,,,

48 42,,,,,, 2 11 P D 长期 O D 短期 Q 2 11,, ( ),,,, 10%, 5%, 5%,, ( ),,, 5% ,, 7000,,( ),,,, 2 12 P D 短期 O D 长期 Q (IncomeElasticityofDemand),

49 43 2 EI= ΔQ ΔI I Q :EI ; I ; ΔI ; Q ; ΔQ, : ΔQ EI=lim ΔI 0 ΔI I Q =dq di I Q, : (2 10) (2 11) EI= Q2-Q1 I1+I2 I2-I1 Q1+Q2 :EI ; Q1 I1 ; Q2 I2 (2 12), EI,,, EI 1, EI,,,,,,,,, 1 (CrossElasticityofDemand),, 2 X Y, X : EXY= X Y =ΔQX ΔPY :EXY X ; PY Y ; ΔP Y Y ; Q X X ; PY QX (2 13)

50 4 ΔQX X : EXY=lim ΔQX PY = dqx PY ΔP Y 0 ΔPY QX dpy QX, : EXY= QX2-QX1 PY1+PY2 PY2-PY1 QX1+QX2 :EXY X ; QX1 Y PY1,X ; QX2 Y PY2,X (2 14) : (1) (EXY>0) Y X, (2) (EXY<0) Y X, (3) (EXY=0) Y X,, (X1) (X2) (X3) (X4) (X5), 20 80,, EXiXj X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X X X X X , X11 1%, 0 46%,, X55 1 5,, X12 X2 1%, 1%, 0 2%, 0 38%,0 46% 0 45%,, X21 X1 1%,, 1%, 0 03%,0 23%,0 04% 0 23%,

51 45,,,, EXiXj EXjXi,, (ElasticityofSupply), Q=f(P), Es, : ΔQ Es=lim ΔP 0 ΔP P Q =dq dp P Q :Es ; Q ; ΔQ ; P ; ΔP ; dq dp ( Q,P) : Es= Q2-Q1 P1+P2 P2-P1 Q1+Q2 :Es ; Q1 P1 ; Q2 P2 (2 15) (2 16),,,, ΔQ ΔP dq dp, Es Es :(Es>1) (Es<1) (Es=1) (Es= ) (E s=0)

52 46, 2 13 P A S P A S P A S C O (a) B Q O C (b) B Q O(C) (c) B Q P P S S O Q O Q (d) (e) (a)1 A, BC>OC, Es> (b) 1 A, BC<BO, Es< (c) 1 A, BC=BO, Es=1, 2 13 (d),, Es= 2 13 (e),, Es=0 : ( ), 1 ;, l ;, 1, 4 : 1,,,,,

53 47,, 2 14 S1 ( ) S2 ( ) S3 ( ) P S 1 S 2 S 3 O Q ,,,, 3,,,, 4,,,, 案例 2001, 60 10,,10, ,, , 60 10,7, 3, 15 20, , 10, : 10 25, 400, 250,60, , 9 5,

54 , 10, 10,, 5, 42,,,,,,,,,,,, 6010,,, 10, 60, ; 10,,,, 60,,,,, 30,,,,,,,,10, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 40%, 10,,,,,, 390 /, 1,50 /

55 49,, 5,,,,,,,,,, : 2 15, P0, P0 Pe, P0, Q2 Q1, P D S E P e P o O Q 1 Q e Q 2 Q 2 15,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,

56 50,,,, 2 16 P0, P0 Pe, P0, Q2 Q1, P D S P o P e E O Q 2 Q Q 1 Q e 2 16,,,,,,,,, 2 17, Q1, Qe, Pe P1 P S 1 S P 1 P e E D O Q 1 Q e Q 2 17

57 51 案例,, 14,,,,,,, : ( ),,, ( 100 ),,,,,,,,,, 14, 100, 86,,,,, (, ),,,,,,,, 殝 殝 檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵殝 殝

58 52 1, ( ) A B C D 2 ( ) A B C D 3 ( ) A, B,, C, D, 4, ( ) A B C D 5 ( ) A, B, C, D,, 6, ( ) A B C D 7, ( ) A B C D 8,, ( ) A B C D 9,( ) A B C D 10 ( ) A

59 53 B, C, D 11, ( ) A B C, D, 1 2 3, 4 5 6,, (1) ; (2) 20%; (3)10% 7, 8,,,, 9,, 10, ,,,, 13., 1,, : Q1=40-2P+0 1I1 Q2=63-3P+0 2I , 2 60 (1),; (2) P= ,2004 1

60 54 880, %, 3, : P=300-Qd P=60+2Qs (1) ; (2) 3, 4, PX =1000-5QX PY =1600-4QY, 100 X 250 Y (1) X Y ; (2) Y QY 300, X QX 75, X X ; (3) Y,

61 55,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, (Utility) ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,

62 56,,,,,,,, 案例,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (CardinalUtilityTheory) (OrdinalUtilityTheory), (Util) , 2,3,,,,,,,,, 10 20, 30, 2,,,,,,,

63 57,, 案例 19,, :, 1,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, 案例 :,, :,,,, :,,,,, : 19 70,19

64 58 ; 20 30,,,,,,,,,, 案例, 3000,,,,, : :, ( ):, 300 :, :, 3000, (, ):, 0, 3000 :, ,,, (TotalUtility) (MarginalUtility) Q, :

65 59 TU=f(Q) (3 1) : MU= ΔTU (Q) ΔQ, ΔQ 0, : ΔTU(Q) MU=lim ΔQ 0 ΔQ =dtu (Q) dq (3 2) (3 3), (Q) (TU) (MU) (P) , 1 10, 2, 18, 8,, 5,, 30, 7,, 30 28,, 7 3 1,, 3 1,,,,, 3 1 (a), ; 3 1 (b),

66 60 TU TU O (a) MU O MU (b) Q Q 3 1,TU, MU,, ;,;,,,,,,,,,,,, 3 1,, 10-2,, 10-2, ( ),,,,, 10, 10,,, (LawofDiminishing MarginalUtility) :,,,

67 61, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 案例,,,,,,,, : :, ( ),, X Y, I :,,, : PXX+PYY=I (3 4) MUX PX = MUY PY =λ :PX PY X Y ; X Y ; (3 5)

68 62 MUX MUY X Y ; MUX X ; PX MUY Y ; PY λ (3 4), (3 5),,,,,, MUX = MUY =λ PX PY MUX PX < MUY PY,, X Y, : X, Y,, X Y, X Y,,, X, Y, MUX PX = MUY PY (3 6) X Y,, MUX > MUY,, X PX PY Y, MUX =λ PX,,,,, ( ) ;,

69 63,,,,, 3 1 λ 2 MU P =λ, 1, MU 10, ( )P 5 2, MU 8, 2 P 4, 6, MU 0, P , P Q d = f(p) O Q 3 2,,,,,,,, (Consumer ssurplus),,,,,,, 3 2

70 ( ) ( ) ( ) ,,, 4, 4 2, 2,, , , 4,,, 3 3 E, P0 Q0, P0E Q0 OAEQ0, OP0EQ0, P0AE P A S P 0 E O Q 0 D Q 3 3,,

71 65,,,, 案例,,,, 10, 500, 5000, ; 5000,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, A B, A, B, A B

72 6 ( A B ),,, A B C, A ( )B, B ( )C,, A ( )C, ( ),,, 1,, (IndiferenceCurve),,, ,, X Y, A B C D E F,,, X Y A B C D E F ,, 3 4, X, Y,I, X Y

73 67 Y I O X 3 4 案例,,,, 2 1 5, : :,,, 2 1 5, :,, X Y,, X Y,, X Y ;X Y,,,,,,,, 3 5,I2 I1,,I3 I2

74 68 Y I 2 I 3 O I 1 X 3 5, 3 6, I1 I2 A,A B I1,, A=B, I2 A=C B=C, XC>XB, YC>YB,, C>B C=B,,,,,,,,, Y Y C Y B A B C I 2 I 1 O X B X C X 3 6 1,, (MarginalRateofSubstitution, MRS), :, X Y :

75 69 Y MRSXY =- X =-ΔY ΔX (3 7) (3 7), X Y,,,,, ΔX 0, : MRSXY =lim ΔX 0 -ΔY ΔX =-dy dx (3 8), 2,,, :,,,,,, 3 7, A B, X, X Y,, X ΔX, Y ΔY,,,, Y Y 1 A Y 2 ΔY ΔX B I O X 1 X 2 X 3 7,,,,

76 70 (BudgetLine),, 200, X Y, X PX =20, Y PY = X,, 10 X; Y,, 5 Y 3 8 AB Y A B O X , OB OA X Y, - PX, OA OB =- PY 200 PX =- PX PY, I, PX PY X Y, X Y X Y,, : PXX+PYY=I PY (3 9) : X Y, I I X Y, PX PY,(3 9) : Y=- PX PYX+ I PY (3 10) (3 10), - PX, I PY PY,, 3 9, AB

77 71 AB, AB, AB, ( ), Y A P Y=- X PY I X+ PY 预算空间 O B X 3 9 I PX PY,,, : 1, I PX PY, - PX, I PY I I, 3 10 (a) PX PY, AB, I, I I, PX PY, AB A1B1; I, AB A2B2 Y A 1 A Y A A 2 A 2 Y A1 A O B 2 B B 1 X O B 2 B B 1 X O B X (a) (b) (c) 3 10

78 72 2 I, PX PY, - PX,, 3 10 (a),, I I, AB PX PY A1B1;, AB A2B2 3 I, PY,PX, I - PX, PX PY I 3 10 (b), PX, AB A AB1; PY PX, AB A AB2, 3 10 (c), PX,PY, AB A1B A2B PY 4 I - PX I I, PY PX PY,, (Consumer sequilibrium), : 3 11 Y A M Y E E I 3 I 2 O N I 1 X E B X 3 11

79 ,AB,I1 I2 I3,I3,I2,I1 AB I2 E, E,, OXE X OYE Y E : I3, I3 I1 AB M,N,M,N AB, M,N,, M,N, M N, I1 M N, E, I2 AB E,,E, AB, MRSXY, PX, E : PY MRSXY = PX PY (3 11) :,,, (3 5) (3 11),,,, : MUX ΔX = MUY ΔY : MRSXY =- ΔY ΔX =MUX MUY, (3 11) : (3 12) (3 13) MRSXY = MUX MUY = PX PY (3 14) MUX PX = MUY PY =λ (3 15),λ, (3 15) (3 5)

80 74,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (Price consumption Curve) 3 12 (a) Y A PCC E 3 E 1 E 2 I 2 I 3 I 1 O P B 1 (a) B 2 B 3 X P 1 A P 2 P 3 B C X=f (P ) O X 1 X 2 X X 3 (b) 3 12

81 75 Y, X P1 P2, P3, A, AB1 AB2, AB3 AB1 I1 E1,AB2 I2 E2,AB3 I3 E3, E1,E2 E3,,, (a), E1,E2 E3, X P1, X1, P2 P3,X2 X3 X X,, 3 12 (b), 3 12 (b),,, :, (IncomeEfect);, (SubstitutionEfect),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, = +,

82 76 案例,,,,,:,,,,,, 54, 105 ( 0 25 / ) 280 ( 0 1 / ),,, 54,,,, , , , 16, 10,,,,, , 10,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, , 42,, 12,2,,,,,,12, 54,, ,,,,,,

83 77 X Y, 3 13 X Y A C E 1 E 3 E 2 I 1 I 2 X 1 X 3 B X 2 D O B 1 X 替代效应总效应收入效应 X Y AB, E1, X OX1 X, AB AB1, E1 E2, X OX1 OX2, X1X2, X, X, E1 E2, I2 I1, I1 CD, AC CD,,, AB CD (), E1 E3, X OX1 OX3, X1X3,, X1X3,, CD AB1, E3 E2, X OX3 OX2, X3X2, X3X2, X 3X 2

84 78 X,, X,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 19,1845,, (GifenGoods),,,,,, 19,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,

85 79 案例,,,,, (, ),,,,,, :,,,, 1, 10 (20 ) 5,,,,:,, 1 1,,,, 10, 100,,,,,,,,,,,, 案例, 3, 600,,,, 800, 600

86 80, :,,,, 600, :,,, :,,,, :, 300, :,,,,,,,,, 殝 殝 檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵殝 殝 1 ( ) A B C D 2,( ) A B C D 3,( ) A B C D 4 ( ) A B C D

87 81 5 X Y, ( ) A X B X C X D, X 6 X Y ( ) A B C D 7, ( ) A, B, C, D, 8 ( ) A B C D 9 ( ) A B C D 10 ( ) A, B, C, D, 1, 2 3,, 1,, :, :,,,, 1, : 1 1,,, 4,

88 , , 2 U= 槡 X+Y 9 X,8 Y, X 4, : Y 3 T 100, 8 25,, 8 T MRS 4 4 X 6 Y, 12 X 2 Y (1) ; (2) X Y 5 X Y 1080, PX =20 PY =30, U=3XY 2,

89 83,,,,,, ;,,,, 案例 :,,,, ; ;, ;,,,,, 20, 1,,,,,,,,

90 84,,,,, :,,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,, ;,, ;, ;,, 7%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

91 85,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,;,,, ;,,, ;,,, : 案例,,,,,,,,,,,,,

92 86 案例,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,;, (Labor) (Land),,, (Capital), (Entrepreneur),, (Product Function),,,,, : Q=f(X1,X2,,Xn) (4 1),Q,X1,X2,,Xn n,, : Q=f(L,K) (4 2),,,,

93 87,,, (Cobb Dauglas) 20 30,, : Q=AL α K β (4 3),Q,L K,A α β, A>0,0<α<1,0<β< ,α 0 75, β 0 25,A 1 01 : Q=1 01L 0 75 K 0 25 (4 4),, 75%, 25%, 3 1,,,,,,,,, (ShortRun),,,,,,,,,,,

94 8 (LongRun),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Q=f(L,K),, K,, L, : Q=f(L,K)=f(L) (4 5) (4 5), (TotalProduct,TPL) (AverageProduct,APL) (MarginalProduct,MPL) : TPL=f(L,K) (4 6) : APL= TPL L (4 7) : MPL= ΔTPL ΔL (4 8) ΔTPL MPL=lim (4 9) ΔL 0 ΔL =dtpl dl, :

95 L TPL APL MPL Q Ⅰ Ⅱ C Ⅲ B TP L A D E AP L O L 1 L 2 L 3 MP L L ,, 4 1 L, Q,TPL,APL MPL,, 4 1 TPL,APL MPL :,MPL TPL MPL= dtpl dl, TPL, MPL L3,MPL, TPL, TPL ; L3,MPL, TPL, TPL L3,MPL, TPL, TPL,MPL L 3 TPL C

96 90 MPL, D,,, TPL, A,,MPL D TPL A,APL TPL APL = TPL L, TPL,APL, APL E,TPL, B,MPL APL APL E,APL E,MPL APL,MPL APL ; E,MPL APL,MPL APL,,,MPL APL 案例, ( ) AG (AverageGrade) ( ), MG (MarginalGrade), (Marginal GradeAverage), MG AG, MG AG, AG 3 3, MG 3,, AG ( ) 3 2, MG AG,, AG MG AG,AG, (LawofDiminishingReturns) :,,,,,,,, 4 1 MPL, :,,,,

97 91,,,,,,,,,, 1,, 1,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, 案例,,,, 案例, 4, 4,,

98 92 (,,,, ),, 32, 8,, 4, 45, 9, 13, 4,, 60, 10, 15, 7,, 70,,,,,,,, 8,,, 0, 9,,,,,,,,,, 4 1 Ⅰ,, ;,,; :,,,,,,, Ⅱ Ⅲ,,, :,,,,,,, Ⅱ, Ⅰ, Ⅲ,, Ⅱ Ⅱ, Ⅰ, Ⅲ, Ⅱ Ⅱ,, Ⅱ,, Ⅱ,,,,

99 93 L2 ;,, L3,,,;,,,, Q=f(L,K),,,,, (IsoquantCurve),, A B C D,, (L) (K) A B C D ,,,, 4 2, OL, OK,,, Q,,

100 94 K 6 A B 2 1 C D Q=200 O L 4 2,,,,,, 4 3,Q1,Q2,Q3,, Q1<Q2<Q3 K Q 2 Q 3 O Q 1 L 4 3,,,,,,,,, ;,,,

101 95 (MarginalRateofTechnicalSubstitution,MRTS), K K 1 ΔK K 2 ΔL Q O L 1 L 2 L , Q,,, MRTSLK : MRTSLK =- ΔK ΔL (4 10),ΔK ΔL,, MRTS,, ΔL 0, : MRTSLK =lim - ΔK ΔL 0 ΔL =-dk dl (4 11),,,,,, : : ΔL MPL = ΔK MPK - ΔK ΔL =MPL MPK :

102 96 MRTSLK =- ΔK ΔL =MPL MPK (4 12) :,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (Iso costline), PL,PK, C, : C=PLL+PKK (4 13) (4 13),,, C=100,PL=PK =20, 2 L 3 K, 3 L 2 K : K=- PL PKL+ C PK (4 14), 4 5 (4 13),, C P L

103 97, C, PK (4 14), C, - PL, PK PK K C P K B A O C P L L ,, A,, B,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, PL PK, C, 4 6

104 98 K M K e E Q 3 Q 2 O L e N Q 1 C L ,,, C Q1,Q2 Q3, Q3>Q2>Q1, Q3,,, C Q3 Q1,,, C Q2 E E, ( ), : MRTSLK = PL PK (4 15) :,, :, : MRTSLK = MPL MPK = PL PK (4 16) MPL PL = MPK PK (4 17) :,,,, 4 7

105 99 K M K e E N Q O C 1 C 2 C 3 L e L Q, C1,C2,C3,,, C3>C2>C1 C1,,,, C1 C3,,, Q M E N E,, E E, ( ), : MRTSLK = PL PK (4 18) :, : MRTSLK = MPL MPK = PL PK (4 19) : MPL PL = MPK PK (4 20) :,,

106 100,,,,,,,, 100%, 100%, 4 8 (a),, 100%, 100%, 4 8 (b),,, 100%, 100%, 4 8 (c) K K 3 K 2 K 1 O C B A L 1 L 2 (a) L 3 R Q 3 =300 Q 2 =200 Q 1 =100 L K K 3 K 2 K 1 O E D L 1 L 2 (b) K R F K 3 Q 3 =300 K 2 Q 2 =200 K 1 Q 1 =100 L O L 3 H G L 1 L 2 (c) L 3 R I Q 3 =300 Q 2 =200 Q 1 =100 L 4 8 Q=f (L,K), f (λl,λk)>λf (L,K), λ>0, Q=f (L,K) ; f (λl,λk)=λf (L,K), ; f (λl,λk)<λf (L,K),,,,,

107 101,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 案例 ( ),,,,,,,( ) 20,, (, ),,, , 32% 33 3%, 19 6% 22 4%, 21 9% 22 6%, 26 1% 25 5%, 46 3% 43 7%,,,,,,

108 102 案例,,,, 10,, 10 50, 10,,, 400, 10, 40, 10%, 40, 5, ,50 70, 70,,,,,,, 殝 殝 檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵殝 殝 1,( ) A B C D 2, ( ) A B C D B C 3,, ( ) A B

109 103 C 4 MPL, ( ) A L Ⅰ C L Ⅱ D B K Ⅱ D 5,, Ⅱ ( ) A B C D 6 Ⅱ ( ) APL A B C D 7 ( ) A B C, D 8 ( ) A B C D A B 9 ( ) A B C D 10,( ) A B MRTSLK = MPL C MPL = MPK PL PK MPK D 1,, 2

110 : (1) (2), 2 Q=2KL-0 5L 2-0 5K 2,, K=10 (1)TPL APL MPL (2) TPL APL MPL (3) APL=MPL 3 Q=L 2 3 K1 3, PL=2, PK=1 : (1) TC=3000, L,K Q (2) Q=800, L,K C

111 105,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (AccountingCost),,,,,,,,,,,, (OpportunityCost),

112 106,, ,, 5000, :,,, ;,, ;,,,,, 15000,15000, ,, 案例,,,,, NBA ,, 1000,, NBA,1000, ( ),,, (ExplicitCost) (ImplicitCost),,,,,,,,,,,

113 107,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, (AccountingProfit) (NormalProfit),, ( ),,,,,,,, ( ),, ;, (EconomicProfit), (ExcessProfit),,,,,, ;,,, ;,,, : = - = = = - = - - = - = -

114 108, 10, 8, =20000 ( ) =0 ( ), ( ),,,,,,, (TotalFixedCost,TFC),,,, (TotalVariableCost,TVC) : TVC=TVC (Q) (5 1) (TotalCost,TC) : TC (Q)=TFC+TVC (Q) (5 2), 5 1 C TC TVC TFC O Q 5 1

115 109 Q,TFC,,, TFC TVC,,,, 5 1,TC TFC TFC TC TVC,,,, (AverageFixedCost,AFC) : AFC (Q)= TFC Q (5 3) (AverageVariableCost,AVC) : AVC (Q)= TVC (Q) Q (5 4) (AverageCost,AC) : AC (Q)= TC (Q) Q =AFC (Q)+AVC (Q) (5 5) (MarginalCost,MC) : MC (Q)= ΔTC (Q) ΔQ ΔTC (Q) MC (Q)=lim ΔQ 0 ΔQ =dtc dq (5 6) (5 7),,,,,,,,

116 110, 747 ( 300 ),, 301,, A380, 301, A ,,,,,, 案例 38 ( ),,, 38,,,, 38, 50, 1900, 1000, 10, 500, 500,,,,,, , AFC AFC TFC AFC :,,,,AFC Q OQ, AVC TVC AC AVC, AVC AFC, AVC AFC, AC-AVC=AFC, AFC Q,,AC AVC, AC AVC

117 , AFC Q, Q,AC AVC (5 7), TC C MC B C AC AVC A AFC O 5 2 Q AVC AC MC U,, MC AVC AVC B,MC AC AC C U MC MC U, Q=f (L,K), TVC=PLL (PL,L ), (5 7) : MC (Q)= dtc dq =d (TFC+TVC) = dtvc dq dq (5 8), : MC (Q)= dtvc dq =d (PLL) dq =PL dl 1 1 dq =PL dq/dl =PL MPL (5 8) (5 9),MPL=dQ/dL,, (L ), L K,,,,, 5 3 (a) MPL L, L, (5 9),MC Q, 5 3 (b), :, L,

118 112 ( Q ),,,, 5 3 (a) MPL L, L, (5 9),MC Q, 5 3 (b), : MP L MC O (a) MP L MC L O (b) Q 5 3 MC MPL :,MPL MC ;MPL MC ;MPL MC, MC U MC AC AVC,,,, ;, ;, MC AC AVC,, MC U,,AC AVC U,MC AC AC, AVC AVC 5 2 :U MC U AC AC C, U AVC AVC B AC,MC AC ; AC,MC AC, AVC,MC AVC ; AVC, MC AVC,, MC AC AVC 5 2,,MC AC

119 113 AVC, AC MC C AVC MC B,,,,AVC B,AC C, AC AVC :,, AC C AVC B 案例 10, ,, 10,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;, :,,,,,,, U, U,,,,

120 114 S, STC ; L, LTC (Long runtotalcost,ltc) : LTC=LTC (Q) (5 10), C STC 1 STC 2 STC 3 LTC A 2 A 1 B 2 B 1 E 2 E 3 E 1 O Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 Q 5 4,,,,, 5 4,, STC1,STC2, STC3 Q1,, E1Q1;, A1Q1;, A2Q1,,, Q1, STC1, E1Q1 (E1Q1<A1Q1<A2Q1), Q2,STC2 (E2Q2<B1Q2<B2Q2),, STC2 Q3, STC3,, E1,E2 E3, 5 4,,,,, STC

121 115,,, ;, LTC Q=0, STC>0, LTC=0,;, LTC,, (Long runaveragecost,lac) : LAC(Q)= LTC (Q) Q (5 11) (5 11), LAC LTC,, : LTC,, LAC,,, 5 5,SAC1,SAC2 SAC3 C SAC 2 SAC 1 C SAC 3 B A O Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 Q 5 5 Q<Q1, SAC1, Q<Q 1,SAC 1 Q Q 1

122 116 Q2 (Q1<Q<Q2), SAC2 Q>Q2, SAC3 Q1, SAC1, SAC2, Q1,, SAC1 ;, SAC2 SAC2 SAC3 Q2,, 5 5 SAC ( LAC ),,, SAC LAC,, SAC1 CQ3 Q3, SAC2 BQ3 Q3, SAC3 AQ3 (AQ3<BQ3<CQ3) Q3,, SAC3, AQ3 B C LAC, Q3,, SAC,SAC LAC SAC LAC, 5 6 C SAC 1 SAC 2 SAC 3 SAC 4 SAC 5 SAC 6 SAC 7 LAC O Q 1 Q 5 6,,,,,, 5 6,LAC U, LAC,LAC SAC ; LAC

123 117,LAC SAC, LAC,LAC SAC ( SAC4 ) 案例 LAC (J Viner) 1931 :,, Mr Wang,, Mr Wang : U,,,,, 1950,, :, Mr Wang 5 6, U, U,, U,,,,,,,,,, ( ), LAC ; ( ), LAC,LAC U,,,, LAC,,

124 118,,,,,,, LAC U U LAC,,LAC,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, 5 7 C LAC C LAC C LAC O (a) 企业 A Q O (b) 企业 B Q O (c) 企业 C Q 5 7 A,,,, B,,,,,, (, ),,,,, C,, A, ; C, ; B

125 119, 案例,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, U,,,,,, ,, 1 1 2,,, 1,,,, (Long run MarginalCost,LMC) : LMC (Q)= ΔLTC (Q) ΔQ ΔLTC (Q) LMC (Q)=lim ΔQ 0 ΔQ =dltc (Q) dq, LMC LTC (5 12) (5 13) LMC LTC LMC (Q) = dltc (Q),, LTC dq

126 120, LMC LMC SMC,LTC STC, LTC LMC (LMC= dltc dq ), STC SMC (SMC= dstc ),,, dq LMC SMC, SMC LMC,, 5 8 C LMC SMC 3 SAC 1 SMC 1 SAC 3 C LAC SAC 2 SMC 2 A B O Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 Q ,,SAC SMC, SMC SAC Q1, SAC1 SMC1, A,AQ1,, LMC=SMC1=AQ1, Q1, LMC SMC1, AQ1, Q2, LMC=SMC2=BQ2 Q3, LMC=SMC=CQ3, A,B C, LMC, 5 8,U, U LAC U, LMC ( ), ( ), LAC,LMC

127 121 LAC,, LMC<LAC,LMC LAC ;, LAC,LMC LAC,, LMC> LAC,LMC LAC, LAC, LMC, LTC LMC U, LMC LTC,,LTC 案例 12,,, 2011,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 11 12,,,,,,,,,,

128 122,,,,,,,,,,,,, 殝 殝 檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵殝 殝 , ( 1%),, ( ) A 3000 B C 2000 D , ( ) A B C D 3 ( ) A B C D , 6%; 100, 5%;150 ; 1500 ( ) A 65 B 60 C 1100 D , 500; 11, 51 ( ) A 51 B 61 C 50 D 52 6,( ) A B C D 7 U ( ) A

129 123 B C D 8 ( ) A B C D 9, ( ) A B C D 10,LAC ( ) A B C D 1,, ( ) 600, 650, 2, 1 5, 2 : 3 4, 5, 6,

130 , :C= Q+0 005Q 2 : (1) , (2) (3), 3 TC (Q)=Q 3-6Q 2 +18Q+75 (1) ; (2):TVC (Q) AC (Q) AVC (Q) AFC (Q) MC (Q) 4 TC (Q) =0 04Q 3-0 8Q 2 +10Q+5,

131 125,,,, (Market) ( ),,,,,, 20%,,;, 20%,,, :,,, :,,,, 6 1

132 ,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,: 6 1,,,, ;,,,,, (PerfectCompetition ), : (1),, ( ), (2), (3),, (4),

133 127,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6 1 (a) 6 1 (a),,, Pe, E,,,,,,, 6 1 (b) Pe,, Q,, P S P P e E P e D D O Q e Q O Q (a) 行业 (b) 厂商 (TotalRevenue,TR)(P) (Q) TR=PQ (6 1) 2 (AverageRevenue,AR),

134 128 AR= TR Q (6 2) 3 (MarginalRevenue,MR), MR= ΔTR (6 3) ΔQ,,, : MR=P=AR,,,, 6 2 (b) TR AR MR ,,,, ;, 6 2 AR MR, P 6 2, 6 2,,, P,, 7 TR 7000 TR P d(mr=ar=p) O Q O Q (a) (b) 6 2

135 129 案例,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, TR TC TFC TVC MR MC

136 130 TR TC TFC TVC MR MC ,,,, 0, 15,,,,,, 8, 11, 6 3 TR TC,,,,,, Q0, Q0 CQ0, BQ0,BC,, BC Q1, TR TC,, 6 3, ( Q1 Q0), MR (TR ) MC (TC ); Q0,TR TC (TR TC ),TR TC (TC B bb2 ), TC C,R TR C b 2 B b 1 A O Q 2 Q 1 Q 0 π Q 6 3

137 ,, Q0 TR TC,,BC AQ0 0,, TFC, TR TC, ( TC TR ),,, ( ),,, P=MC,,,, : ( ),,,, MR=MC, MR=SMC,,,, : 1, P=AR>SAC, 6 4 P P 1 H E 1 F SMC SAC d 1 (AR 1 =MR 1 =P 1 ) O Q 1 Q 6 4 ( ) P1, d1,, MR=SMC, Q1,SMC MR1 E1 OP1, Q1F, E 1F, OQ 1 OP 1, OQ 1 Q 1F, OQ 1 E 1F, 6 4 HP 1E 1F OQ 1,SMC>P 1,

138 132, OQ1,, OQ1, MR=P=SMC, 2, P=AR=SAC,, 6 5 P SMC SAC P 2 E 2 d 2 (AR 2 =MR 2 =P 2 ) O Q 2 Q 6 5 ( ) P2, d2, SAC, SMC,SMC MR2 E2, Q2 Q2,,, 6 5 OP2E2Q2,,,,, SMC SAC 3,, AVC<AR< SAC,,, 6 6 P SMC SAC G P 3 I E 3 AVC d 3 (AR 3 =MR 3 =P 3 ) O Q 3 Q 6 6 ( ) P3,, SAC P3,, SMC MR3 E3 Q3, OP3, OG,, 6 6 P3GIE3,,,

139 133,,,,,,,,, 4, P=AR=AVC,, 6 7 P SMC SAC J P 4 E 4 AVC d 4 (AR 4 =MR 4 =P 4 ) O Q 4 Q 6 7 ( ) P4, d4, AVC,SMC MR4=SMC,E4, Q4 Q4,,,,,,,,,SMC AVC, 5, AR<AVC,, 6 8 M P N SMC AVC SAC R P 5 O Q 5 E 5 d 5 (AR 5 =MR 5 =P 5 ) Q 6 8 ( ) P 5, d 5,MR 5 SMC

140 134 E5, Q5,,,,,, : MR=SMC,MR=AR=P,,, 案例 KX 10, 100,29 000, 31500,,,,, 32500,,,, 31500,, 15200, 16300,,, P<AC, = ( ) 100 = P>AVC,,, : ( ) 100 = ,, ,, SMC,, P=MR,, P=MC (Q) : P, Q, P=MC (Q), P Q ( ), SMC

141 , 6 9 P,R,C P 1 E 1 SMC SAC d 1 (AR 1 =MR 1 =P 1 ) P 1 P E 1 S=S(P) P 2 P 3 P 4 P 5 E 5 E 3 E 2 E 4 AVC d 2 (AR 2 =MR 2 =P 2 ) d 3 (AR 3 =MR 3 =P 3 ) d 4 (AR 4 =MR 4 =P 4 ) d 5 (AR 5 =MR 5 =P 5 ) P 2 P 3 P 4 SMC E 4 E 3 E 2 O Q 5 Q 4 Q 3 Q 2 Q 1 Q O Q 4 Q 3 Q 2 Q 1 Q 6 9,, P1,P2,P3 P4, MR=SMC ( P=SMC), Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4,SMC E1 E2 E3 E4, P AVC,, P<AVC,, SMC AVC, SMC 6 9, SMC S=S (P) 6 9,,,,,, 6 10, 100,, 6 10 (a) S 100, 6 10 (b) S,,100, P 1,10, 1000 (=10 100); P 2, 25, 2500 (=25 100),

142 136 : n Q (P)= (P) (6 4) i=1 qi,qi (P) i ;Q (P) n, : Q (P)=n qi (P) (6 5),,,, P S P S P 2 P 2 AVC P 1 P 1 SMC O Q O Q (a) 厂商的短期供给曲线 (b) 行业的短期供给曲线 6 10,,, MR=LMC, : ;, 6 11

143 137 P LMC SMC 1 SMC 2 LAC P0 F H G E 1 SAC 1 E 2 SAC 2 I d(ar=mr=p) O Q 1 Q 2 Q , P0, P0,,, SAC1 SMC1, MR=SMC, Q1,FP0E1G,, MR=LMC, E2, SAC2 SMC2, Q2,HP0E2I,,,,, 6 12,,,,, 6 12, P1, MR=LMC, Q1, SAC1 SMC1,,,,,,,,P 3, MR=LMC

144 138 Q3, SAC3 SMC3,,,,,,,,,,,, P2,,,,, P P 1 P 2 P 3 SAC 3 SMC 3 SMC 2 SAC 2 E 3 LMC SMC 1 LAC d 1 (AR 1 =MR 1 =P 1 ) SAC 1 E 1 E 2 d 2 (AR 2 =MR 2 =P 2 ) d 3 (AR 3 =MR 3 =P 3 ) O Q 3 Q 2 Q 1 Q 6 12 E2 E2,LAC, LMC ; d2 LAC ; SAC2, SMC2, LAC,,, : MR=LMC=SMC=LAC=SAC,MR=AR=P, 案例 , 1927,, (PAN AM)

145 139 嗨! 你们公司为, 你们减肥了吗? ,,, ,,, 1980, 12, ( ),,,,,,, 80,, 4, 5,,, 1991,,,, 80,,,,,,,,,,, 殝 殝 檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵殝 殝 1 ( ) A

146 140 B, C D 2, 500, 500, 800, 200, 1,, ( ) A B C D 3, ( ) A B C D , 8, 10, 5 ( ) A 200 B 500 C 625 D , ( ) A B C D 6, ( ) A B C D 7,P AVC, AC, ( ) A B, C, D MR=MC P=MC 5 1, 500 4, 600,

147 , Q= P, Q= P : (1) (2), 2 STC=0 1Q 3-2Q Q+10 : (1) P=55, (2), (3) 3 LTC=Q 3-12Q 2 +40Q : (1) P=100, MR=LMC (2) (3)Q=660-15P,

148 142,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, (PerfectMonopoly) : 1,,, 2,, :, 3

149 143,, 4,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 案例 1, , 4/5,,,, 2

150 144, , 10,,,,,,,,, 15, 17 3 : (1); (2) ; (3),,,,,,,,, :,,,,, AR MR TR 7 1 :, AR P,,, AR d,, AR,,MR AR, MR AR, MR, MR TR,, MR>0,TR ; MR<0,TR ; MR=0,TR d, 7 1 (a) d, AR MR TR

151 145 P H E d>1 E d=1 MR E d<1 d(ar=p) O F G Q (a) P TR O (b) Q 7 1,, d, MR : : P=a-bQ,a,b, a,b>0 : TR(Q)=PQ=aQ-bQ 2 MR(Q)= dtr (Q) dq =a-2bq : dp dq =-b dmr dq =-2b : d,d MR, MR d, MR d, :

152 146 P=P(Q) TR(Q)=P(Q) Q MR(Q)= dtr (Q) dq MR=P ( 1-1 E ) d ( ) =P+Q dp =P 1+Q dp dq P d Q (7 1) : Ed>1, MR>0,TR, TR Q Ed<1, MR<0,TR, TR Q Ed=1, MR=0,TR, TR 7 1,,,, MR=MC,,, MR=SMC 7 2 P SMC P 1 H G F E SAC d(ar) O Q 1 MR Q 7 2 ( ) SMC SAC,d MR MR=SMC, Q1 P1 E, FQ 1, GQ 1,,

153 147 FG, HP1FG MR=SMC,, MR>SMC,,,,MR, SMC,, MR=SMC, MR<SMC,, MR=SMC MR=SMC,, (), ( ), ( ) 7 3 P SMC SAC H P 1 G F I AVC O Q 1 E MR d(ar) Q 7 3 ( ), MR=SMC, Q1 P1 E,, GF, P1HGF,, AR> AVC,; AR<AVC,; AR=AVC, 7 3, FQ1 IQ1,, : MR=SMC,,,,,,,,,

154 148 :,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 7 4 P P 1 H P 2 SMC 1 A SAC 1 B T SMC 2 SAC 2 LMC LAC I E 1 G O Q 1 Q 2 E 2 MR d(ar) Q 7 4 d MR,LAC LMC SAC1 SMC1, MR=SMC, Q1 P1 E1, HP1AB,, MR=LMC, E2, Q2 P2, SAC2 SMC2,, IP2TG,,, MR=LMC,SAC2 LAC G, SMC2 LMC MR E2, : MR=LMC=SMC,,,,

155 149,,,,,,,, ;, ;, ;,,,, :,,, ;,,, ;,,, 7 5,,, P1;, P2;,P3 P3 Q3,OP3DQ3, AP3D, ( ) P3P1BE EGCI, P A P 1 B P 2 P 3 G E I C D d O Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 Q 第一段 第二段 第三段 7 5

156 150,,, P=MC 案例, 2000 ; ( ) 1200, ( ) 500, 4, 7 1 ( ) : ( ) ,,,,,,,,, : 400, 69, 69

157 151,, (MonopolyCompetition),, : (1),,, (2),,,,,,, (3),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,

158 152 1 (d),,,,,, 2000,,,, 2 (D),,,,,,,,,, 7 6 P D P 3 C P 1 P 2 A B d 1 d 3 d 2 O Q 4 Q 5 Q 1 Q 3 Q 2 Q , d1, Q1, P1, A P1 P2,d1, Q2,,,,, Q3, Q1 Q2, B,, B d2, P1 P3, d1 Q4,,, Q5, C, C d3, A,B,C D 3 (1), d

159 153 D (2),, d D, (3),,, AR P,,,,,, (MR) AR AR,, MR=SMC 7 7 P D P 0 P 1 A C B SMC P 2 d 2 d 1 E 1 E 2 MR 1 MR 2 O Q 0 Q 2 Q 4 Q 3 Q 1 Q ,SMC,d1, D A, Q0, P0, MR1=SMC, B, P1, Q1,,,,

160 154 Q1, Q0 Q1 C, Q2 C d2, MR2 P1, MR2=SMC, P2, Q3, Q4, P2,,, MR=SMC 7 8,, : (1) QE MR=MC,, (2) H, P D SMC P E H SAC O Q E MR E d (AR) Q ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

161 155,,,,, 7 9, d LAC E, d LAC E,QE, :MR=LMC=SMC P=AR=LAC,,,,, LAC, P D LMC LAC P E E G d (AR) MR O Q E Q 7 9,,, : (1) D,AR MR, D,AR MR,,MR<AR (2) (3), P=MC, P>MC (4),,,,,,,,,

162 156,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, 案例,,,,,,,,,, 20,,,,, 2001,,,,,,,,,,

163 157,,,,,, ( ),, ; (),,,,,,, :,,, (Oligopoly),,, : ; ;,,,,,,,,,( ) ( ) :,,,,

164 158,,,,,,, 1838, : A B, ;,A B ;A B,, : P=b- ( b a ) Q Q=Q1+Q2 Q1,Q2, : π1=pq1= b- ( b a )( Q1+Q2) Q1 π2=pq2= b- ( b a )( Q1+Q2) Q2 Q2, π1 Q1, π1 ; Q1, π2 Q2, π2 : dπ1 =b-2 ( b a ) Q1- ( b a ) Q2=0 dq1 dπ2 =b-2 ( b a ) Q2- ( b a ) Q1=0 dq2 Q1= 1 2 ( a-q2) 1 Q2= 1 2 ( a-q1) Q1= 1 2 a- 1 2 ( a-q1) Q 1= 1 3 a 3

165 Q2= 1 3 a Q=Q1+Q2= 2 3 a P=b- b a Q=1 3 b ( 1 3 ) a,,, 2 3 a, 1 3 b 20 30,,,,,,, :, ;,,,,,, ;,,,,, 7 10 A, Q1, P1,,,,, AE ;,,,, AD 7 10,, H N, SMC2, Q1 P1; SMC1, Q1 P1; SMC3,,, H N,

166 160 P E P 1 A MC 1 MC 2 MC 3 H N D MR O Q 1 Q 7 10, :,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ; MR=MC,

167 161,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 案例 (OPEC),, ,,,, , , ,,,,,, , 190,, (, ), ,,, 40%, :,, 2002, 15,97,

168 162,,, 20 70,,,,,,,,,,,, 3 :,,,,,, ( ) 3, ( ),, 7 11,,,,,,, 10, 10,, 20,

169 163 10;,, 12,6;, 16, 8,,,,,,, 7 11,,,, 10;, 12, ( 12>10),, 6;, 8, ( 8>6),,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,(, ) (, ),, ( ),,, 7 11 :,, 12, 12,, 8, 8,,, 12 8, (8,8) (, ),,,,,, 7 12 U D, L R, L, U ( 7>6); R, D ( 8>3),,

170 164,, U, L ( 10>5); D, R ( 9>8),,,,, (U,L), U, L ;, L, U, (U,L), :,, L R U D , 7 12 (U,L) (D,R), (D,L) (U,R), (D,L), D,, R L, (D,L),,,,,, 7 11, 7 12,,,, :,,, :,,, 1 ;, 7, 5,, ,, 7 13, : :,,,

171 :,,, : 7 13,,, 5 ;, 7,, ( 5<7),, 1 ;, 2,,( 1<2),,,,, ( ):,,, :,, (, ), 7 13, : ( ), (-2,-2), ( 1, 7 ),,, (, ),,, : (-5,-5), (-2,-2),,,, :,,,, 7 14,,,, 100;, 60,,, 120, 50

172 , 7 14,,,,,, 100;, 120,,, 50;, 60,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 7 15, ;,,,,,,,

173 ,,,,,,,,,,, B1 B2 B3 A A A , 1% 1% 7 16,,, A2, B2 B2, A1, 2%; A3, 1%; A2, 4%; A2,,, B1 B3 5% 6%, B2 4%,,, (A2,B2) B1, A1, B2,A2; B3, A3 A1, B2, A2, B2; A3, B2, A2, B2,,,,,,,,,, :

174 168,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,:,,,,, 7 17,,,, 800;, 900, ( 800<900),,, ,,,, 800;,700, ( 800>700),,,, ,,

175 169,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, : :,,,,

176 170,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7 11,,,, ,,, 12,,,, 8, 12, , ,,,,,, 5,5, 5,, 5 5, 5 4, 4,5,, 4, 5, 1, 1,,,, (, ), 5 5,, 7 11, 12,6 4, 4 :

177 171 5,5, :5, 4, 1, 1,, :,, (, );, (, ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 案例,, ,, 2001,,,,,,,,,,,, 18%; ;,,,,, PriceDiscrimi nation,,,

178 172,,,,, 2003,,, ;,;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

179 173,,, (Rebate) :, 3, ( 1 5 ),,,,,,,,,, 20% 30%,,,,,,,,,,, 殝 殝 檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵殝 殝 1,, ( ) A B C D 2,Ed=2,P=20, MR ( ) A 30 B 10 C 60 D -10 3, ( ) A 2 B 1 C 1 D 4 2 4, ( )

180 174 A B C D 5 ( ) A B C, D 6,( ) A B C D 7 ( ) A B C D 8 ( ) A B C, D 1 20, 40, : (1) (2) 2,AR MR 3, TC =0 6Q 2 +3Q +2, P=8-0 4Q, : (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) 2 A B A B, 30 ; A B, 40 ;,, 50, 20,

181 175,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 19,,,, 19,,,,,

182 176,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, ;,,, 100, 100,,,,,,,,,MR=MC,, 1,,

183 177,,, MPP ;,, VMP (VMP) P, : VMP=MPP P, MRP (MRP) MR, : MRP=MPP MR,MPP MR,,, (MPP) MR,, MR=AR=P,,MPP P=MPP MR, VMP=MRP,,,, MR, MR<P,,MRP<VMP,,, MRP MRP, 8 1,,MRP, 8 1 MRP VMP VMP MRP O L 8 1,, (MRP) (VMP), 2, MFC,,

184 178,, W,, (AFC) (MFC), (W ), AFC=MFC=W, 8 2 W W 0 W 0=AFC=MFC=S ( 要素供给曲线 ) O 8 2 L, W0, W0, W0 L,,,,, MFC,,, 8 3 MFC MFC S a O L 8 3,,,,,,, : MRP=MFC, MRP VMP, W,, : VMP=W MPP P=W

185 179,, VMP<W,,,,,, VMP=W, VMP>W,,,,,, VMP=W, VMP W,, VMP=W, 1 (L):, (L)(W,, : MPP P=W W, MPP P<W,, MPP, VMP, :,,, VMP 2,,,,,,, VMP, MRP, MRP VMP, 8 4, W W 0 O MRP VMP L 8 4

186 180,( ),,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, VMP=W,,,, AFC=MFC=W, AFC MFC ,, A,, W0,L0 W MRP=MR MPP=d W 0 A W 0 O L 0 D L 8 5,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,,

187 181,, ;,,,,, ( ), 24, 24, ( 0, ), :,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 8, , :,,,,,, H, 16-H,,, 16, H

188 182,,,,,,,, 1, 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,, W0,,, W0, 8 6 W S W 0 O L 8 6,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

189 183,,,,, 8 6, W0 W0,, ; W0,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8 7 : D S, W0, L0 W0,, W0,,,,, W S W 0 E O L 0 L D 8 7 案例,,

190 184 20, 3,,,, 10 ; 8 ; ( 2%), 300 ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0,,,, Q0, Q0,, Q0, 8 8

191 185 R O Q 0 Q 8 8, ( ),,, 0, S,, D,, R0, 8 9 R S R 0 E D O Q 0 Q 8 9,,,, (),,,,,,,

192 186 1,,,,,,, 8 10 MC AC AVC P0, Q0 OGBQ0, Q0 GP0CB GP0CB GDEB, DP0CE, 0,, P P 0 D G AVC AC MC C E B O Q 0 Q ,, :,,, 8 11 R D S R 0 E A O Q 0 Q 8 11

193 , S, R0, AR0E OR0EQ0,, Q0 OAEQ0, AR0E,,,, 案例,,,,,, ,A % ( ), 4380, ;,,,,,, :,, ;, ;,,, :, ;,

194 188,, ;,,,, ( ), ( ), r, :100/1000=10% :r=10%, : r=z/p,z,p,,,, :,, ;,,,,,, 10%, 100, 110, 100, 10, 10%; ,10, 10%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

195 189,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, 8 12 : D S E r0,k0 r S r 0 E O K 0 D K 8 12 r0,,,,,,, r0, r0,,, r0

196 190,, 8 13,, OM,, 20% OH,, 20%, 20%,,, ODL M 100% L 80% 60% 40% A D 20% O B H 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 8 13, 20% 40% 3%,7 5%, 8 1,,, ;, OL OL, 8 13, 20% 20%, 40% 40%, 100% 100%,OL, OHL,,

197 ,,,,, OHL, OL, ODL,,, A ;,OHL,OHL A+B,, G, : G= A A+B, 1, 0, :0 G 1 案例, :,,, 3685 差距咋这么大呢!, 30,,,, 2003, 5,

198 192,,,,,,,,,,,( ),,,,,,,,,, 0 4, 1994, 0 434, , , , , 0 1%,, 441, 2024, , 81 2%, ,1 6%, 46 6, 49 8,,,,,,,,,,,, 50%,,,,, (, ),,,, :,,,,,,

199 193 案例,,, ( ) ( ),, :, :1985,0 15, 0 40, 100, 750 ;, 400,,, 7 80, 62, 7, ,,,,,,, 60 90,, 30,,, 20,, : 用工荒 找工作 零月薪 应聘 找工作农民工待遇大学生待遇, ,,,

200 194 殝 殝 檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵殝 殝 1 ( ) A B VMP C D VMP 2 4 /, 40, 160 ; 5 /, 35, 175,, ( ) A B C D 3, ( ) A B C D 4, ( ) A B C D A B 5,( ) A B C D 6 ( ) A B C D A B 7,,, ( ) A B C D 8, A, A ( ) A VMP B MRP C MFC D MPP 9 10,, 3, ( )

201 195 A 10 B 7 C 3 D , 450, 20, 5 1, Q=A+aL-bL 2,, W, : (1) L=a/2b-W/2bP; (2) ; (3) 2 20, : : 3 Q=12L-L 2 (0 L 6), L,Q 10, 20, 40, 4 :SL=100W ;DL= W :(1) (2) 10, (3) 10 (4) 5 TC=Q 2-20Q+1000, Q=100 P=100,

202 196, : ;,,,,,, (MarketFailure),, :,,,, (),, 9 1 D MR, (AC) (MC) 9 1, OQm, OP ;, OQc, OP (, ),, OQc ( OQ m<oq c ), OP ( OP >OP ),

203 197,, P P P O Q m MR Q c MC=AC D Q 9 1,,,,,,, 1967, (), 1974,( ),,, ( ),,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, (),,,,

204 198,,,,, :,, ;,, ;, :,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 1890,,, 1914,,, 1936,,; 20,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, 案例,2000

205 (0 5 ) 5 :,, : 3 22,, :,,,,,, 案例 14, 14, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2001,,,,,,,,, , 29, 13

206 200,,,,,,, : (1), (2),,,,, (3),,, (4),,,,,, (5),,,,,,,,,,, : 1,,

207 201,,,,,,,,, 2,,,,,, 3, :, 案例 1960, :,, ( ),,,,,,,,, (),,,,,,,,,,,,

208 202,,,,,,,,, 4,,,,,,, 案例, : 1994,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,,, 1,

209 203,, : ;,, (PrivateGoods) (Public Goods),,,,,,,, :,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, 2,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, 3,,,

210 204,,, A B, da db, D, 9 2,,;,,, P D=d A +d B O d A d B Q 9 2, 9 3, P S P 0 E D O Q 0 Q 9 3,,,,,,, 4,,

211 205,,,,,, :, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;, (CommonResource),, 案例, :,,,,,,,,,,

212 206,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, : (1),,, (2),,, (3),,,,,, :, (4),,,,

213 207,,, ;,,,,,,, (AdverseSe lection),, 1970 :,,,,, 案例 100, 50,50 10, 5, 50%,, 7 5 (10 50%+5 50%),,,,,,,,,,,,,,

214 208,, 20 80, (MoralHazard),,,, 2001, : 10%,, 15%, 5%,15%,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (Principal agentproblem),,,,, ( ),,, ;,,,,,,,

215 209,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 案例,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, ( ),

216 210 ( ),,,,,,,, 案例 13, 19,, ,,,,,,, ( ) 13, ,,, 10, ,, ,, 6,, 8,,,, 11,,, 19, 9,, Win98 Win2000 反垄断法

217 211 Windows WindowsXP ,, 9 4 9, 4 23,, PC 4 24,, 11 1,, , 4,,, ,, : 5 12,,, :,,,, 5 12, 5 12,,,,,, 殝 殝 檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵殝 殝 1 ( ) A B C D 2 ( ) A B C D

218 212 3 ( ) A B C D 4, ( ) A B C D 5 ( ) A B C 1 D 1 6, ( ) A B C D 7,, ( ) A B C D 8,, ;,, ( ) A B C D 9 ( ) A B C D 10,, ( ) A B C D

219 213 1 ( ) 4, :, : 4, :, : 2, :, , : 1, :, : 2, :, , :, , :, , :, , :, , :, ,, :, , :, ,, :, ( ), :, ,, :, ,, :, , :, , :, , :, , :, ( ) : 4, :, ( ) : 5,, :, ( ), :, ( ) ( ), :, , :, CampelR McConnel,StanleyL Brue Macro Economics,12thed,McGraw Hil, PoolJ C,StamosSC Jr InternationalEconomics:Theory Policyand Prac

220 214 tice LexingtonBooks, Marshal PrinciplesofEconomics,8thed london:macmilan, Samuelson FoundationsofEconomicsAnalysis(revisededition),Boston:Har varduniversitypress, AdamSmith AnInquiryintotheNatureandCausesofthe WealthofNations, London:DanteInc,1955.