AC Berry KJ Berry Cheverud 16 AC Berry KJ Berry 15 Smith 17 Biological Distance Berry 90 Dodo Hanihara Ishida

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "AC Berry KJ Berry Cheverud 16 AC Berry KJ Berry 15 Smith 17 Biological Distance Berry 90 Dodo Hanihara Ishida"

锐潘
5 years ago
Views:

1 30 4 Vol. 30 No ACTA ANTHROPOLOGICA SINICA Nov Q983 A Discontinuous traits Discrete traits Morphological minor variants Hypostotic variations Tympanic dehiscence Ovale-spinosum confluence 2 Hyperostotic variations Auditory exostosis Precondylar tubercle 3 Supernumerary suture or ossicle variations Metopism Ossicle at lambda 4 Vessel and nerve related variations Supraorbital foramen Accessory infraorbital foramen Wood-Jones BZH tanjingze@ gmail. com

2 AC Berry KJ Berry Cheverud 16 AC Berry KJ Berry 15 Smith 17 Biological Distance Berry 90 Dodo Hanihara Ishida ' ' m C 2950 ± ± ± ± ± Birkby 28

3 4 381 Dodo Hanihara and Ishida Hanihara and Ishida Fisher Principal component analysis / PCA Smith's mean measure of divergence / MMD MMD Neighbor-Joining / NJ 34 Multidimensional scaling / MDS MMD Green Suchey r θ 1i - θ 2i 2-1 / n 1i + 1 /2 + 1 / n 2i + 1 /2 i = 1 MMD = r r = θ = p P θ = 1 2 sin k = i 2k n sin k + 1 n + 1 n = i - 1 / n 1i + 1 /2 + 1 / n 2i + 1 /2 MMD MMD % 100% % 6 80% 5 60% 80% 2 30% 60%

4 Tab. 1 Cranial nonmetric data of Liushui Graveyard OL RO RL OO OL RO RL OO p 1 Auditory exostosis AUDE > 1mm / Palatine torus PALT / Mandibular torus MANT / Bregmatic ossicle BREO / Coronal ossicle CORO / Ossicle at lambda OSSL / Lambdoid ossicle LAMO / Inca bone INCB / OCMB / Asterionic bone ASTB / Parietal notch bone PANB > 5mm / TESO / Epipteric bone EPIB / Os Japonicus OSJA / Meningo-orbital foramen MEOF / Accessory infraorbital foramen 16 ACIF / Zygomatico-facial foramen ZYFF / foramen AZFF / Supraorbital foramen SUPF / Supra-orbital notch SUON / Supra-trochlear spine SUTS / Frontal notch FRON / Frontal foramen FROF / Supraorbital nerve foramen 24 SUNF / Parietal foramen PARF / Mastoid foramen MASF / Mastoid foramen extra-sutural MFES / Hypoglossal canal bridging HYCB / Tympanic dehiscence TYMD 29 > 1mm / Pterygo-spinous foramen PTSF / Foramen of Hyrtl FOOH / Foramen spinosum open FOSO Foramen ovale incomplete FOOI / /

5 Tab. 1 Cranial nonmetric data of Liushui Graveyard OL RO RL OO OL RO RL OO p 34 Posterior malar foramen POMF / Accessory lesser palatine foramen ALPF Accessory mental foramen ACMF / / Accessory mandibular foramen 37 ACCM / Condylar canal patent COCP / Metopism METO > 1 / / Fronto-temporal articulation FRTA / Supraorbital nerve groove 41 SUNG > 10mm / Infraorbital suture INFS / Petrosquamous suture PETS / Spine of Henle SPOH / Condylar facet double 45 COFD / Precondylar tubercle PRET / Pharyngeal fossa PHAF / Paracondylar process PARP / Mylohyoid bridging MYLB / Zygomatico-facial foramen 50 absent ZFFA / Parietal foramen absent PAFA / Mastoid foramen absent 52 MAFA / Condylar canal absent COCA / Biasterionic suture BIAS > 10mm Sagittal sinus groove left SSGL / / Jugular foramen bridging 56 JUFB / Clinoid bridging CLIB / Foramen of Vesalius FOOV / Transverse zygomatic suture 59 vestige TZSV > 5mm / Medial palatine canal MEPC / Ovale-spinosum confluence OVSC / OL RO RL OO 2 Supraorbital nerve foramen Supra-orbital foramen Frontal foramen

6 384 30

7 4 385

8 386 30

9 4 387

10 388 30

11 4 389

12 % 60% % % 17 10% 30% 20 Hanihara and Ishida Hypostotic variations Tympanic dehiscence TYMD > 1mm Dehiscence foramen Foramen of Huschke 5 1mm % 60% 20% % % % % % % 35% 22% Ovale-spinosum confluence OVSC % % % % 10% 5. 26% 5. 30% 5. 42% / 4. 88% 5. 62% 4. 65% 5. 43% 1% 5% 3% 9% Hyperostotic variations Medial palatine canal MEPC % 10% 20% 0% / 0% 5% 5% 10%

13 % 20% Hypoglossal canal bridging HYCB Hypoglossal canal % 40% 10% 20% 20. 0% % % % % % 20. 0% % % 25% 20% 30% Jugular foramen bridging JUFB I II % 20% 20% 40% 5. 56% 5. 75% 6. 25% 5% 15% 15% 20% 20% 15% 20% 40% Mylohyoid bridging MYLB Bridging of the mylohyoid groove % 25% 25% % % / % % % % 10% 15% % % 10% 25% 10% 15% Precondylar tubercle PRET % 20% % % / % % 10% 5% 15%

14 % Paracondylar process PARP Paraoccipital Paracondyloid process % 5. 88% 5. 56% 5% 0 Auditory exostosis AUDE > 1mm Ear exostosis 1mm % 3. 13% 5. 00% 3. 31% / 9. 52% Supernumerary Suture or ossicle variations Ossicle at lambda OSSL % % % % / % % 9. 52% % / 9. 52% 10% 15% % % 0. 82% 0. 98% Parietal notch bone PANB > 5mm 6 5mm % 50% % % % % % % % 15% 25% 25% Asterionic bone ASTB - Lambdoid ossicle % 30% % % % %

15 % % % % % / / / 25% 15% 20% 15% Occipito-mastoid bone OCMB Riolan's ossicle % 20% 40% % % % % / % / % 15% 25% 15% 10% Metopism METO > 1 / % 10% 20% % % % % / / 5% 10% 5% Biasterionic suture BIAS > 10mm 7 10mm % 30% % % % % % % % 7% 17% 20% Transverse zygomatic suture vestige TZSV > 5mm Bipartite zygomatic bone Bipartite malar Os Japonicus 7 5mm % % / /

16 % 5% % % % Vessel and nerve related variations Condylar canal patent COCP Condylar canal % 95% % % / % % % Supraorbital nerve foramen SUNF % 60% 60% 80% % 40% 60% 30% 40% 60% 80% Accessory infraorbital foramen ACIF % 40% % % % % % 25% / % 10% 15% 25% Accessory mental foramen ACMF % 25% % % % % % 6% 13% 4% 15% % % 15% % % % 10 50% 7 35%

17 % 5 25% 4 20% 2 10% 1 5% 3. 2 Fisher 3 Tab Fisher Fisher's exact probability test of cranial nonmetric traits between Katan and the other 12 large geographical samples * * * * * * * * * * * * p < p

18 PCA 1 MMD MMD NJ 2 MDS 3 Fig PCA Principal component analysis of cranial nonmetric data of Katan and other 53 samples % 17. 8% % / Neighbor-Joining 34 MMD NJ PCA /

19 MMD Fig. 2 Neighbor-joining cluster analysis of MMD distance in 54 samples MMD

20 MMD MDS Fig. 3 Multidimensional scaling of MMD distance in 54 samples 3 1 / % 17. 8%

21 4 399 / 5 6 / / / 1 3 MMD MMD MMD MMD / 6 / /

22 / Hanihara and Ishida 5-9 Founder effect Genetic drift Population structure

23 4 401 Genetic drift Chust Scythians Arzan 27 / J J J Nancy S. Ossenberg. The influence of artificial cranial deformation on discontinuous morphological traits J. American Journal of Physical Anthropology Hanihara T Ishida H. Os incae variation in frequency in major human population groups J. J Anat Pt Hanihara T Ishida H. Frequency variations of discrete cranial traits in major human populations. I. Supernumerary ossicle variations J. Annals of Human Genetics Hanihara T Ishida H. Frequency variations of discrete cranial traits in major human populations. II. Hypostotic variations J. Annals of Human Genetics Hanihara T Ishida H. Frequency variations of discrete cranial traits in major human populations. III. Hyperostotic variations J. Journal of Anatomy Hanihara T Ishida H. Frequency variations of discrete cranial traits in major human populations. IV. Vessel and nerve

24 related variations J. Journal of Anatomy Manzi G Gracia A Arsuaga JL. Cranial discrete traits in the Middle Pleistocene humans from Sima de los Huesos Sierra de Atapuerca Spain. Does hypostosis represent any increase in ontogenetic stress along the Neanderthal lineage J. Journal of Human Evolution Wood-Jones F. The Non-Metrical Morphological Characters of the Skull as Criteria for Racial Diagnosis Part IV. The Non-Metrical Morphological Characters of the Northern Chinese Skull J. J Anat Pt Wood-Jones F. The Non-metrical Morphological Characters of the Skull as Criteria for Racial Diagnosis Part I General Discussion of the Morphological Characters Employed in Racial Diagnosis J. J Anat Pt Wood-Jones F. The non-metrical Morphological Characters of the Skull as Criteria for Racial Diagnosis Part II The nonmetrical Morphological Characters of the Hawaiian Skull J. J Anat Pt Wood-Jones F. The non-metrical Morphological Characters of the Skull as Criteria for Racial Diagnosis Part III The nonmetrical Morphological Characters of the Skulls of Prehistoric Inhabitants of Guam J. J Anat Pt Carolineberry A Berry RJ. Epigenetic variation in the human cranium J. J Anat Pt James M. Cheverud Jane E. Buikstra. Quantitative genetics of skeletal nonmetric traits in the rhesus macaques of Cayo Santiago. III. Relative heritability of skeletal nonmetric and metric traits J. American Journal of Physical Anthropology Smith FH. Evolutionary significance of the mandibular foramen area in Neandertals J. Am J Phys Anthropol Dodo Y Ishida H Hanihara T. Supraorbital foramen and hypoglossal canal bridging revisited worldwide frequency distribution J. Anthropological Science Ishida H Dodo Y. Nonmetric cranial variation and the populational affinities of the Pacific peoples J. American Journal of Physical Anthropology J J J J J J J J Birkby. Discontinuous morphological traits of the skull as population markers in the prehistoric southwest D. Arizona The University of Arizona Dodo Y. Supraorbital foramen and hypoglossal canal bridging The two most suggestive nonmetric cranial traits in discriminating major racial groupings of man J. J Anthrop Soc Nippon Dodo Y. A population study of the jugular foramen bridging of the human cranium J. Am J Phys Anthropol Dodo Y. Non-metrical cranial traits in the Hokkaido Ainu and the northern Japanese of recent times J. J Anthrop Soc Nippon Irish JD. The mean measure of divergence Its utility in model-free and model-bound analyses relative to the Mahalanobis D 2 distance for nonmetric traits J. Am J Hum Biol Sj vold T. The occurrence of minor nonmetrical variants in the skeleton and their quantitative treatment for population comparisons J. Homo Saitou N Nei M. The neighbor-joining method a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees J. Mol Biol Evol

25 Green RF Suchey JM. The use of inverse sine transformations in the analysis of non-metric cranial data J. American Journal of Physical Anthropology Relethford JH Crawford MH Blangero J. Genetic drift and gene flow in post-famine Ireland J. Hum Biol M Hanihara T Ishida H Dodo Y. Characterization of biological diversity through analysis of discrete cranial traits J. Am J Phys Anthropol M Cavalli-Sforza LL Menozzi P Piazza A. The history and geography of human genes M. Princeton PrincetonPrinceton University Press Howells WW. Skull shapes and the map craniometric analyses in the dispersion of modern Homo M. Papers of the Peabody Museum no. 79. Cambridge MA Peabody Museum Harvard University M M M LL Minch. J. C Xu S Yin X Li S et al. Genomic dissection of population substructure of Han Chinese and its implication in association studies J. Am J Hum Genet Abdulla MA Ahmed I Assawamakin A et al Mapping human genetic diversity in Asia J. Science Wen B Li H Lu D et al. Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture J. Nature Cranial Non-metric Evidence for Population Admixture Between East and West Eurasia in Bronze Age Southwestern Xinjiang ZHANG Jian-bo 1 2 WU Xin-hua 3 LI Li-ming 1 2 JIN Li 1 2 LI Hui 1 2 TAN Jing-ze State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology Fudan University Shanghai Shanghai Society of Anthropology Shanghai The Institute of Archaeology Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Beijing Abstract Xinjiang the western-most province of China was the area where the Oriental met the Occidental and thus human groups in Xinjiang exhibit different ratios of population admixture and very high genetic diversity. However few studies have been undertaken to determine when this population admixture began. In this paper we studied 61 discontinuous traits of 20 skulls from the Bronze Age Liushui graveyard in Keriya County Katan in southwestern Xinjiang to examine possible population admixture. Twenty discontinuous traits were used to compare the Katan samples with 53 population samples from various areas of Eurasia and North Africa. These traits included auditory exostosis lambdoidal ossicle occipito-mastoid bone asterionic ossicle

26 parietal notch bone accessory infraorbital foramen hypoglossal canal bridging tympanic dehiscence accessory mental foramen condylar canal patent metopism precondylar tubercle paracondylar process mylohyoid bridging biasterionic suture vestige jugular foramen bridging transverse zygomatic suture vestiges medial palatine canal ovale-spinosum confluence and supraorbital nerve foramen. As the data did not show significant difference between males and females in the same population we pooled the data of both sexes for each population in the analyses. Frequency comparison indicated that the Katan samples have closer affinities to southeastern Asians eastern Asians and southern Asians than to Arctic populations and North Africans. Fisher's exact probability test for the 20 discontinuous traits was performed between the Katan samples and the pooled samples of 12 geographical regions respectively. Few significant differences between these populations were found suggesting that the Katan population might have various origins and be related with peoples from various areas in Eurasia. Genetic distances between the Katan samples and another 53 samples were also analysed using principal components analysis neighbour-joining tree and multidimensional scaling base on the Smith's mean measure of divergence. These results indicated that population sample of Katan was mixed by the western and eastern Eurasians with strong similarities to the South Asian population. Therefore we have demonstrated that population admixture between east and west Eurasia can be traced back to as early as 1000 BC in southwest Xinjiang. Key words Discontinuous Traits Keriya County Katan Physical Anthropology

1556 地理科学进展 30 卷他关于农村住房结构与抗震性能的研究, 则多是从工程抗灾的角度, 研究某种构造类型的房屋, 力图找到传统房屋的结构失误和新建房屋中存在的问 [

1556 地理科学进展 30 卷他关于农村住房结构与抗震性能的研究, 则多是从工程抗灾的角度, 研究某种构造类型的房屋, 力图找到传统房屋的结构失误和新建房屋中存在的问 [ 第 30 卷第 12 期 2011 年 12 月地理科学进展 PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY Vol.30, No.12 Dec., 2012 中国农村地区住房结构的区域差异及其影响因素 1, 2, 李方一 3 1,, 高晓路 2 2, 王英杰 (1. 中国科学院区域可持续发展分析与模拟重