, ( XLPE) ( XLPE ), XL PE,, XLPE XLPE, (CIP) (XLPE ) /. 2. :, ISBN X.... TM247 CIP (2005) : : 127 : : , 88

Transcription

1 ( XLPE) ( 2 )

2 , ( XLPE) ( XLPE ), XL PE,, XLPE XLPE, (CIP) (XLPE ) /. 2. :, ISBN X.... TM247 CIP (2005) : : 127 : : , : : : 850 mm mm 1/ 32 : : 361 : : 71.00

3 1,, ( XLP E) ( XL PE ), ( XL PE ), XLP E,, XL PE, XL PE, XL PE,, XLPE :,,,,,,,,

4 XLPE 1 XLPE XLPE XLPE XLPE XLPE XLPE XLPE XLPE XLPE ( ) 99

5 ( X LPE) 4.6 XLPE 104 XLPE XLPE XLPE XLPE 162 XLPE ( ) XLPE XLPE 193 XLPE ( ) XLPE 212 XLPE XLPE

6 XLPE XLPE XLPE XL PE

7 ( X LPE) XLPE

8 XLPE XL PE 30,,,,,,,, XL PE, 275 kv, 500 kv, ,, PVC, ( P E) ( XL PE ),, 1972, 110 kv (XLPE ) 1 1 XLPE PE mv A kv mm 2 kv mm - 1 mm 1970 XLPE XLPE XLPE XLPE XLPE 66

9 2 ( X LPE) kv mv A mm 2 kv mm - 1 mm 1970 XLPE XLPE (187) XLPE 250 (225) PE PE 110 PE PE PE XLPE 1 ; 2 ; 3

10 X LPE ,, XLP E : 1955 ; kv ; kv ; kv, kv XL PE 1 2 XLPE, 1 1 XL PE P E XLP E 85%, 275 kv, mm kv 1965, 1975, 12 kv 70%, kv XLPE 100 %, 1964, 15 kv P E XL PE PVC 6 10 kv,

11 4 ( X LPE), kv,, PE 16%, XL PE 6% 8 %,70,, P E XLP E, 15 kv,, % 0.7 XLPE PE PVC %, 15 kv P E XL PE 95%, 2%, 1 % 1 kv 90% ; 10 kv XL PE 5%, PE 8%, PVC 12%, 72% ; kv XLP E 34%, 42%, 80 20%, XLP E 56% 1 kv, PVC XLP E 67%, 80 75% 80 90, 10 kv, XL PE,,,20 30 kv, XLPE 80%,, XL PE, 765 kv XL PE, 550 kv XLP E

12 X LPE 5,, XL PE, XL PE, ; XL PE,,,, XLP E,, XLP E, PE, XL PE 20 70,, XLP E, XLP E 70, XL PE, XLP E,,,,, XLP E,, XL PE,,,,,, 70, 80,, XLP E,,, 90, XLPE,,

13 XLPE 2.1 XLPE, XL PE Cross Linded Polyethyene XL PE YJLV YJV, YJ, L ( ), V PVC ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ( ),, :

14 XLPE 7 (1 ),, ; (2 ) ; (3 ),,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14,,,,, 10 4 cm, 1 2 mm,, 10 kv,35 kv,

15 8 ( X LPE),,,,, ( ), 35 kv, 110 kv XLP E ( ),, P E PVC, 0.01% 0.15% 1%,, 110 kv XL PE, ; 110 kv XLPE, ; 110 kv XL PE, ;,,, P VC, 3 4 mm, P E,, PE P VC PVC, P VC PE, 110 kv XL PE,, PVC,, XLP E 2 3 XLP E ( ) 2 4 XL PE ( ),

16 XLPE XLPE 2 4 XLPE 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ;

17 10 ( X LPE) kv 700 mm 2 1 / mm / mm / mm / mm / mm / mm PVC / mm / mm / ( kg m - 1 ) Showa 110 kv 400 mm 2 XLPE 1 / mm / mm / mm (max) (min) / mm > / mm kv XLPE 350 mm mm 2 / mm / mm / mm / mm

18 XLPE XL PE 2 4 XLPE YJLV ( YJV ) YJLVF ( YJVF ) YJLV 20 ( YJV 20 ) YJLV 29 ( YJV 29 ) YJLV 30 ( YJV 30 ) YJLV 39 ( YJV 39 ) YJLV 50 ( YJV 50 ) YJLV 59 ( YJV 59 ) ( ) XLPE PVC ( ) XLPE PVC ( ) XLPE PVC ( ) XLPE PVC ( ) XLPE PVC ( ) XLPE PVC ( ) XLPE PVC ( ) XLPE PVC,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

19 12 ( X LPE) 2 5 XLPE YJLV ( YJV ) YJLV ( YJY ) ( ) XLPE PVC ( ) XLPE PE,,, YJL LW02 ( YJLW 02 ) ( ) XLPE PVC,,, YJLQ 02 ( YJQ 02 ) YJLQ 11 ( YJQ 11 ) ( ) XLPE PVC ( ) XLPE,, 2.2 XL PE XL PE,,,

20 XLPE (1 ), / ( g cm - 3 ) 8.9 / ( ) / ( J kg ) 414 (20 ), 396( 100 ) / ( J kg - 1 ) / / , C u = m, Cu = , ( Ag = S/ m) GB468 64, GB466 64, % Cu Cu Cu Cu

21 14 ( X LPE),,,, ( ),,, ,,,,, ; 2 ; 3 JB647 77, 2 8 (2 ),,, Al = m, Al = ,,, 2 9 YB813 55, GB ( ),

22 XLPE TR / mm / Pa / ( % ) / ( m) ( 20 ) > > 12 > 15 > 18 < < < > > 20 < > > 25 < > > > 25 > 30 < < > > > > 30 > 30 > 30 < < < / ( m) / % + Al < 0.14 < 0.13 < 0.26 < < 0.30 Al < 0.30 < 0.22 < 0.45 < < 0.50

23 16 ( X LPE),, (10 mm 2 ),,, ( ),,, ; ,, RCu = C u l/ AC u, RAl = A l l/ AAl ( AC u AA l, l, C u Al ),,, RCu VC u VAl = RA l = AC u l A Al l = Cu = = Al C u = 8.9 g/ cm 3, Al = 2.7 g/ cm 3, GC u GAl = AC u l C u AA l l A l = C u C u = Al Al 2.7 = 2.03

24 XLPE , 38.2%, 21.5 % 2 1,,,,,,, 2.2.3, XLP E,, XL PE XLPE, 2 11,,,,,,, 2 11 /

25 18 ( X LPE), V, V,,, : (1 ), ; (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2 7 : K = n ( n = 1, 2, 3, ), : 2.5, 4, 6, 10, 16, 25, 35, 50, 70, 95, 120, 150, 185, 240, 300, 400, 500, 630, 800, XL PE, 300, 400, 630, 1 000, XL PE, 2 12

26 XLPE 19

27 20 ( X LPE) 2 12 XLPE IEC / mm 2, cables de lyon Slover ts NKP VDE JIS C 3606 / mm 2, / mm 2,

28 XLPE 21 / mm / mm / mm

29 22 ( X LPE),,,, , XLP E,,,,, ASEA Sieverts, VDE, NEF,, IEC,,, JISC 3606 IPCEA, ,, XL PE,,,,

30 XLPE 23 PE (, ) ( Bloom ), ( ), 9.3 kv/ mm, 10 1, 193 kv/ mm, 50,,, 2 8 XLPE A ; B 2 10,, 35 kv,35 kv ( ) P E

31 24 ( X LPE) 2 9 A ; B 2 10,, 2 11

32 XLPE 25

33 26 ( X LPE) XLPE 1. XL PE,,, 2 12, H H H H C H H C H H C H C H H H H C C H C H H C C C C H H C H H H 2 12,, 2 13,, 2 13,, P E, 300, 2 14 ( PVC ) ( PE ) (XLPE )

34 XLPE 27 CH 3 C H 3 C O O C CH 3 C H3 CH 3 H C O + C H C H C CH 3 H H H H H H CH 3 H C OH + C CH 3 H H C. H C H C H H C C C C H H C H H H / ( cm) / ( k V mm - 1 ) / Pa % 70 7 d d % 526 % 10% 70 7 d 37 % 83 % 70 7 d 94 %

35 28 ( X LPE) 50 / h d, N,, 95% N 30% 40 % 2 14 PVC, PE, XLPE , 2 15,

36 XLPE kg cm % g cm 3 PVC PE XLPE TFE FEP E TFE Tefzel (E T FE) ( ) Kynar Silicone Neoprene Butyl EPDM EPDM Viton U rethane Nylon Kapton Mylar Polyakene

37 30 ( X LPE) 2 15 : PVC std PVC PE LD T PE P T FE CR ( ) CSM ( ) E PM/ E PDM / XLPE MQ ( 2 17 ), XL PE E PM P VC,, PVC,

38 XLPE / / ( PI) ( PE) ( PVC) ( YLPE) ( EPR) PCV PE XLPE EPM PI / (g cm - 3 ) / ( cm)/ m / ( cm) > > > > > / (tan % ) ,, PVC, 1 6 kv P VC,, XLP E, P VC 1 kv, 15 % 20 %, 6 kv 20 % 30 %,, PVC XLP E, XL PE 20% 30%, ( T PE ), ( P T F E) ( MQ)

39 32 ( X LPE) XLP E 35 kv XL PE P VC, 1 kv 500 kv,275 kv XL PE kv cm - 1 * cm PVC PE XLPE TFE FEP E TFE Tefzel (E T FE) ( ) Kynar Silicone Neoprene Butyl EPDM EPDM Viton U rethane

40 XLPE 33 kv cm - 1 * cm Nylon Kapton Mylar Polyakene * 25, Hz 4. XL PE, PE, XL PE, P E,, cm, PVC, 10-4, ( ), P E XLP E 2 15, 105 PE, XL PE, XLP E,, XLPE PE, PE XL PE ,,, XLP E, ( ),,,,,,, XLP E,,

41 34 ( X LPE) 2 15 XLPE PE

42 XLPE 35 6., 2 17, ,, ,,

43 36 ( X LPE) / / ( cm) ,,

44 XLPE ; 2 ; 3 ; , 250, ; 2 ; 3 ; ,,

45 38 ( X LPE) , 35 kv XLP E :3.6/ mm; 6/ mm; 6/ mm; 8.7/ mm; 21/ mm; 26/ mm,

46 XLPE 39,, XLP E,, 110 kv XLP E,, / 110 kv XLPE (GB ) / mm / mm ,,, ( ),,,, 10 kv,,,, XLPE, : Em > Emax = U/ [ rcln( R/ rc ) ] E U ;

47 40 ( X LPE) m ; R ; rc = R - rc = rc [exp( mu/ Erc ) - 1], E t : EB = E + A/ EB ; E ; n ; A ; t, 2. ( Voids ) ( Micro-Voids ) 0.05 mm, : (1 ) ; (2 ) (3 ) XlP E, 0.08 mm,, XLP E, 2.5 E0,0.5 mm 10PC,0.125 mm 0.1PC XLPE, 5 6 kv/ mm n t

48 XLPE 41 XLP E,,,,,,,, 1 2 m, ( Wa ter T ree), XLP E, (XLPE ) n 6 9, : XLP E n 10, XLP E ( ), n = ; 0.01 mm XLP E, n n,,, n,, n,, n,,,,, : = K2 K3 U / Eav U ( BIL), kv ; Eav, kv/ mm; K2, XLP E 1.2; K3, XLP E 1.3 : = K1 K4 U/ Eav U, kv ; Eav, kv/ mm; K1, XLP E, n = 9

49 42 ( X LPE), 4; K4, XLP E 1.1, Em ( ) < EB ( ),, 120 % 200% 2 21 / m < 3 < k V < 3 < 20 ( RPST) kv < 80 < 76, > cm 3 30 < 80 < XLP E,, P E 78.7 kv/ mm, XLP E kv/ mm, kv/ mm

50 XLPE , XLP E, 1 kv/ mm kv/ mm, XLPE / kv kv mm XL PE, 2 22 ( RCF ), ( ), , 12 kv/ mm, N 12 (, N 9 ) RCP XLPE

51 44 ( X LPE) 145 kv 275 kv, 6.45 kv/ mm 8.5 kv/ mm, 2 23, B, XLP E, 2 23 XLP E ( V T ),1 10 kv XLP E, ( IEC502 ) IEC : ( ) U0, m = ( ) ( ) = ; (6.0U0 + 40) kv, m : 10 kv, m = ; 110 kv, m = , XL PE Emax = kv/ mm;

52 XLPE 45 Eav = kv/ mm Eav [ 6 ] k V mm MV m , XLPE ( 154 kv ), = 1.1 ( ) ;, Eav = 10 kv/ mm; 110 kv, Eav = kv/ mm,, 275 kv, Eav = 30 kv/ mm 154 kv,, = 1.1, Eav 45 kv/ mm;, 275 kv XL PE Eav 60 kv/ mm XLP E,, XLP E,,, XLP E, ;,,, : (1 ), ;

53 46 ( X LPE) (2 ), ; (3 ), 2 24 XLP E,,, 2 24 ( a) ; ( b ) ; (c) ( ) ; ( d) (75 )

54 XLPE XLP E, 11,,, 2 25 XLP E 1 ( ) ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ( ) ; 5 ; 6 ( ) ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11,,,,,,,,

55 48 ( X LPE),,,, 5 m,,,, XLP E,,,,,,, 6,, 80,, 250 m, kv 100 m; 178 m, 16.4 cm 3 ( lin 3 ) m, 10 ( kv ) 15 (5 69 kv) ; kv, 250 m, kv 100 m XL PE,,,,,

56 XLPE ( ) 10-6 ( ) k V ( ) kv XLPE k V XLPE kv XLPE < , ( Treeing),,,, (1 ) ( ),,,,,, ( Voidless), ( Space Charge)

57 50 ( X LPE) ( 2 26 ),,,, 2 26 (2 ) 15, ( Watet T ree) XLP E P E, XL PE EPR : ( V ented Tree) ( Bow-tie Tree), ,, XLPE,,, m, XL PE

58 XLPE 51 ( ), ( ), ( Micro-cavitis ) ( Micro-voids),, 1 2 m,,,,, ( ),,,, XLP E, ,,

59 52 ( X LPE) ( Mechanical Overstressing),, ; 2 ; 3,,,,,,,, C. Katg 15 kv ( 4.5 mm) XLP E, 2 25 C. Katg ( Relaxa tion ) XLP E, 2 29 AC

60 XLPE h 2 25 * a mm cm * : 2 29 AC

61 54 ( X LPE) 2 30, AC d AC 2 31, h AC

62 XLPE 55 : (1 ),, (2 ),, XL PE ( SCP ),,,,, ( RCP ), ( SCP ), SPC m RCP 1 2 m, 2 26, XLP E, 110 kv ( 2.0 mm ),, PE kv,,,

63 56 ( X LPE) 2 26 RCP SCP 33 kv 250 mm 2 SCP XLPE 10 mm 77 kv 250 mm 2 RCP XLPE 15 mm 1.9 kv/ mm 14 a 3.0 k V/ mm 9 a kv 10 16( k V/ mm) 510 kv (34 kv/ mm) 400 kv (40 kv/ mm) 990 kv (66 kv/ mm) 2 20/ mm m / mm m 2 27 PVC / ppm a b c a b c a b c m 3 / mm * / m * 50 m a ; b 0.65 a ; c 1.3 a 2.4 XLPE XL PE, XL PE,,, XLP E

64 XLPE 57,, (, ),,,,, P E, EP M EVA ( ) 10-9 mm 20 kv XLPE, 24 kv ( ), AELCNo.5, 0.25 mm,,, ( Die Bleed),,, ( mm), 0.25 mm,,,,,,, : (1 ) ; (2 ),,

65 58 ( X LPE) ; (3 ) XLP E( ) ( ),,, 2.4.1,,,,,, : > >,,,,,,,,,,, mm, IEC, ( ) : 10 ( D + d) 5%

66 XLPE ( D + d) 5% 2 D, mm; d, mm IEC,, L/ L0 = ( r3 - r2 ) d / ( r2 d ) = ( r3 - r2 )/ r2 = [ ( r1 + D) - ( r1 + D/ 2) ]/ ( r1 + D/ 2 ) = ( D/ 2 )/ [10( D + d) + D/ 2 ] = [ D/ ( 20 ( D + d) + D) ] 100% r1, mm; r2, mm; r3, mm, 30 %, 2 32, 2 32

67 60 ( X LPE) 2.4.2,, V = 10 4 cm, V tan, V tan 2 33, U, I, U / U = ( R + R ) I/ ( I/ ( C ) ) = ( R + R ) C R, R ; C ; = 2 f, f R R , U / U mm, 30 mm, 10 8 cm, 2 33, 10 6 s - 1,,, V = / cm 10 4 V 10 5 cm cm

68 XLPE 61,,,, V tan 2 34, R0 C0 ; R0 C0 ; Rm Cm 2 34 Z = Z = Z0 + Zm + Z0 = I/ Y0 + 1/ Y m + 1Y0 Y0 = 1/ R0 + j C0 Y m = 1/ Rm + j Cm Y0 = 1/ R0 + j C0 R0 tan 2 0 (1 + tan 2 m )(1 + tan 2 0 ) + Rm tan 2 m (1 + tan 2 0 )(1 + tan 2 0 ) + (1 + tan 2 0 ) (1 + tan 2 m )(1 + tan 2 0 ) R tan 2 0 (1 + tan 2 0 ) (1 + tan 2 m ) (1 + tan 2 0 )(1 + tan 2 m )(1 + tan 2 0 ) - j R0 tan 0 (1 + tan 2 m )(1 + tan 2 0 ) + Rm tan m (1 + tan 2 0 )(1 + tan 2 0 ) + (1 + tan 2 0 )(1 + tan 2 m ) (1 + tan 2 0 ) R0 tan 0 (1 + tan 2 0 ) (1 + tan 2 m ) (1 + tan 2 0 )(1 + tan 2 m )(1 + tan 2 0 )

69 62 ( X LPE) tan 0 = 1/ ( C0 R0 ), tan m = 1/ ( Cm R m ), tan 0 = 1/ ( C0 R0 ) R = [ R0 tan 2 0 (1 + tan 2 m ) (1 + tan 2 0 ) + Rm tan 2 m ( 1 + tan 2 0 ) ( 1 + tan 2 0 ) + R0 tan 2 0 ( 1 + tan 2 0 ) (1 + tan 2 m ) ]/ [ ( 1 + t an 2 0 ) (1 + tan 2 m ) (1 + tan 2 0 ) ], C = 1/ X c = [ ( 1 + tan 2 0 ) ( 1 + tan 2 m ) (1 + tan 2 0 ) ]/ [ R0 t an 0 ( 1 + tan 2 m ) ( 1 + tan 2 0 ) + Rm tan m ( 1 + t an 2 0 ) (1 + tan 2 0 ) + R0 tan 0 ( 1 + tan 2 0 ) ( 1 + tan 2 m ) ], tan = CR, 2 ( ) tan = [ R0 tan 2 0 ( 1 + tan 2 m ) ( 1 + t an 2 0 ) + Rm tan 2 m (1 + tan 2 0 ) (1 + tan 2 m ) + R0 tan 2 0 (1 + tan 2 0 ) ( 1 + tan 2 m ) ]/ [ R0 tan 0 (1 + tan 2 m ) (1 + tan 2 0 ) + Rm tan m (1 + tan 2 0 ) (1 + tan 2 m ) + R0 tan 0 ( 1 + tan 2 0 ) ( 1 + t an 2 m ) ] 34,,, 2 35,, tan, V = 10 9, 10 3 cm, tan, XLPE,,,

70 XLPE 63,, <, U1,, U1/ U2 U2, 2/ 1,, 2 35 V tan 2.4.3,,, I,,, : I 2 r = / Rt I, A ; r, ;, ; Rt, / W

71 64 ( X LPE) T : Rt = T/ [ 2 ln( D/ d) ] D, mm; d, mm 2 36,, ; 2 ; 3 X LPE ; ,, 10 kv, 25 mm 2 5 mm,, Emax = 4.24 kv/ mm,, Emax = 3.16 kv/ mm Emax,, ;,,,,

72 XLPE 65 2.,,,, 3.,,,,,,, 4.,,,,,, 5. XLP E,,,,,,,, IEC XL PE 3 kv 2.5 XL PE ( ), ( ),

73 66 ( X LPE),, XLPE,, ( 110 kv ),, ,,,, 2.,,, ,,, 2 37, U 2 38,, U, R0,, A B,,,,,,

74 XLPE 67, ,,, 2.5.3,,,, XL PE,,,,,,,, ( ), ( ), ( ),,, GB12706

75 68 ( X LPE) 91 16, 25, 35, 50 mm 2,,, 300 : S = DS t S, mm 2 ; DS ( + 3 t/ 2 ), mm; t, mm, 25%,,,,,,,,,,,,, IEC20A( CO) 132, : S = U t T t W t S, mm 2 ; Ut Tt W t ;, mm;, mm,,,,,,,,,,

76 XLPE 69, IEC ( S ) 126 I = I A D I, A ; IA D, A I 2 A D t = K 2 S 2 ln[ ( Qf + )/ ( QL + ) ] S, mm 2 ; Qf, Qf = 150 ; QS, QS ) ; t, s; = 75 ( 95 K, K = 226; 0, = 234.5,, XLPE U/ kv 6 (10 ) S/ mm kv XLPE,,,

77 3.1,,,,,,,, ( ), ( Tow-dimensional Weibull Distribution) t ( Referauce Value) E, F F( t, E) = 1 - exp( - ct a E b ) (3 1) a b, c E t c = t a 0 E - a 0, (3 1) F( t, E) = 1 - exp[ - ( t/ t0 ) a ( E/ E0 ) b ] (3 2) t0, E0

78 71 F( t0, E0 ) = 1 - exp( - 1 ) 0.632, E0,, *, L1, R11, R21, L2, R12, R22, 1 2 ( ), E02 = E01 [ ( L1/ L2 ) ( R11/ R12 ) 2 H1 2 ] 1/ b (3 3) H1 2 R11, R12, R21, R22, H 1 (3 2 ) F, t a E b = const (3 4) E t, t,, F E t F F0 = 0.632, ( 3 4) t a E b = t0 a E b 0 (3 4a) (3 4a) E0 ( 3 3) E02, ( 3 4a), ( 3 4a) te N = t0 E0 N (3 5), N = b/ a a b ( Scat tering),, a b, t0 E0, * ( : R ese urch a nd Develo pme nt of 500 kv XLPE ca bles, Confere nce Record of T h e EE E Int erna tion al Sy mposiu m on Elecfrical Inonl ation Iun e 9-11)

79 72 ( X LPE), t E ( ) , a, b E0 ( t0 ), ( ),,, R1 = 1.4 mm, R2 = 3.9 mm, 2.,,, 1 kv, 10 min 2 kv/ mm E0 b, L1 L2,, 3 A : l = 1 m; E0 ) 1 = 53 1 kv/ mm; b = ( B: l = 15 m; E0 = 43 1 kv/ mm; b = ( ) ; b = ( ) 40 (20 1 m, m ), 3 1 E0 b

80 EPM b : ( F), ln[ - ln( 1 - F) ], ln E, F = E E 0, ( slope) b b : E0, ( 3 3 ), b L1/ L2 : 1 - F( t, E) = e - ( E/ E 0 ) b - ln( 1 - F) = ( E/ E0 ) b ln [ - ln (1 - F) ] = bln E - bln E0 Y = bx + c, b = b = y1 - y2 x1 - x2 ln[ - ln( 1 - F) ] - ln[ - ln( 1 - F2 ) ] ln E1 - ln E2 (3 6)

81 74 ( X LPE) b, E0 b, R1, R2, L1 : E0, (1 ) ; (2 ) =, = LR 2 1, 1 = L1 R L1 R11 (3 3 ) L1 = 1 m, R1 1 = 1.4 mm E0 E01 = b (3 7) E01 ln E0 ln, (3 7 ), b 2 60 kv, H.V.EP M b, (3 3) ( 3 6) (Geometrieal transformation ), 60 kv 138 kv,, 17 mm 24 mm, ( 3 3 )

82 A, C 2 k V/ ( mm/ 10 min) ; ; 60 kv M.V.EPM ( 3 1) 3 3 A, C 2 kv/ ( mm/ min ) ; 138 kv ; 60 kv H.V.EPM

83 76 ( X LPE) 3 4 ( A, C 1 kv/ s ) A: 15 mm, E 0 = ( ) kv/ mm, b = 19 4 ( ) B: 1 m, E 0 = ( 54 2 ) kv/ mm, b = 17 4( ) : b = 18 8, ( 3 2) (3 6), b, a, N,, ( ) ( U niform Slope), a N, 3 5, ( Life Distributions )

84 A : EP M, 28 kv/ mm, t 0 = 10 3 h B : EPM,32 k V/ mm, t 0 = 10 4 h a , t0 ( ) 3 6 ( ) : N = 25 ( ) : N = 30

85 78 ( X LPE),, 25,, A t = 0.25 h mm 2, 10 m , N

86 79 a 3 9, t h, (Discharge F ree Cable),,,,,,, 3 9 ( 25 k V/ mm) 10 3, a E0, a b,, (3 2) mm 2, 10 km 20 ( Ionization Resifant High Voltage Compound ), 60 kv 138 kv b,

87 80 ( X LPE) N = 15, E0 = 33 kv/ mm ( 10 m ), t0 = 0.25 h , 10%, 60 kv, b 8, ; 138 kv, b 13, :,, b 13,, N ,,,, N,,

88 81,,,, 10 km Es, 30, Es 30, ( F) 20 % ( 0.1 ) 20 % E20 b m ( 2 kv/ mm, 10 min) 50 m 20%, E m, Et, 8,16,, 1.5U0, PD 20PC, tan, 50 %, IEC540 XL PE

89 XLPE XL PE ( ), XL PE ( ),, XLP E,, XLPE 4.1 XLPE XLPE XLP E, RC, R( 4 U = R du R C = R 1), U, E = RC E C/ r, du = Ed r R C ( RC EC/ r) d r = EC R Cln( R/ RC ) E = ( U/ r)ln ( R/ RC ) (1 )

90 X LPE 83 Emax = U ln ( R/ RC ) R C (2 ) Emin = U ln( R/ RC ) R (3 ) Eav = U/ ( R - RC ) (4 ) = Eav/ Emax = RC ln ( R/ RC ) R - RC 4 1 XLPE, R, RC, Emax ; RC, Emax RR R,,,,,

91 84 ( X LPE) RC/ R, Emax, d d r E max = 0 ln ( R/ RC ) = 1, R/ RC = e RC = 0.37 R RC 4 2, = 0.37 R, = 0.58,,, Emax, XLP E, XL PE 4 2 R XLPE XL PE,,, kv XLP E ( 4 1), XL PE,,,

92 X LPE 85, XL PE,, / ( kv mm - 1 ) / ( kv mm - 1 ) XLPE (EP R) XLPE / (cm W - 1 ) , ; 2, 3, 4

93 86 ( X LPE),,,,,,,,,, XLP E,,,,,,,,, XLP E,,,,,,,, XLP E, Larmor Emax E, K = Emax/ E = 2( 2 h/ r - 1) 1.5 / [ 2 h/ rln( 4 h/ r + 2 ( h/ r) ( 4 h/ r - 2) - 1 ) h/ r - 1 ] h ; r h/ r K E max ( 3 kv/ mm), 4 3,,, XL PE,

94 X LPE K Emax h/ r K = E max / E E max / ( kv mm - 1 ) / 10 kv, 150 mm 2 XL PE R2 ( ) = 8.7 mm, R1 ( ) = 13.2 mm, r1 ( ) = mm, r2 ( ) = mm, 4 4, h/ r 2, 5, 10,50, 100, Emax h/ r Emax 1 / ( kv mm - 1 ) Emax 2 / ( kv mm - 1 ) E max3 / ( kv mm - 1 ) K = Emax/ E, Ema x = KE,

95 88 ( X LPE) E1 = ( U/ R2 ) In( R1/ R2 ) E2 = ( U/ R1 ) ln( R1/ R2 ) E3 = ( U/ r)ln ( R1/ R2 ) E1 E2 E3 = 2.39 kv/ mm = 1.58 kv/ mm = 1.66 kv/ mm,,,, 105 kv/ mm, 30 min, 170 m, XL PE 12,,,,,,,, : > > > 4.2 XLPE 4.2.1, : R = 20 A ( 1 + ( - 20 ) ) k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 R 0, / m; A ;

96 X LPE , 20 = / m 20 = / m, : k1 k2 = = , JB647 77, JB : d 1.0 mm, k1 < m k1 d > 1.0 mm, k1 < m < m,, : k2 = 1.02(200 mm 2 ) 1.03(250 mm 2 ) ; k2 = 1.03( 4 ) 1.04( 5 ) ; k3, k ; k4, k ; k5,, k5 = [ d/ ( d - e) ] 2, e,, k ,, XL PE, IEC 287 R = R ( 1 + Y S + Y P ) R, / m;

97 90 ( X LPE) R, / m; Y S Y P ; R 20, R = R20 k1 k2 k1 20 ; k2 IEC 287 Y P Y S,, Y S = X 4 S/ ( X 4 S ) X 4 S = 8 f/ R 10-7 ks Y P = X 4 P/ ( X 4 P ) ( DC/ S) 2 (0.312 ( DC/ S) 2 + X 4 P 1.18/ ( X 4 P/ ( X 4 P ) ) ) = 8 f/ R 10-7 kp f ; R, / m; DC, m; S, m; ks, kp, ks 1.0, kp , Y P Y S 70%, R = R ( ( Y P + Y S ) ) ( / m) I( A) 3 9,, 1 3, I1 I3 ( A), :

98 X LPE 91 I1 = I Z2 Z3/ ( Z1 Z2 + Z2 Z3 + Z3 Z1 ) ( 1) I2 = I Z3 Z1/ ( Z1 Z2 + Z2 Z3 + Z3 Z1 ) ( 2) I3 = I Z1 Z2/ ( Z1 Z2 + Z2 Z3 + Z3 Z1 ) ( 3) Xm Zm = ( Rom + Rm Lm ) 2 + ( Xm Lm ) 2 ( 4) = ln D12 r 1 + I2 + I3 I1 I1 ln D14 D I2 I1 n - 1 Ik + Lm + k = 1 ln D13 D12 ln I1 + D1 n D1 ( n - 1 ) ( n - 9) ( 5) I2 = I j 3 2 ( 6) Zm I3 = I1 - R, cm; Xm Lm Rm j 3 2, ; ( 7) 50, / km;, km;, / km ; Rom, ; D1 2, D13,, D1 n, cm, Xm, 4 5, ( 5) Xm, P, q 4 4 = ln D12 r 5 + P + jq 5, 3 Xm, 3 Rom ; 3,

99 92 ( X LPE) Lm (4) 3 Zm, (1) ( 3) I1 I3,, I1 I3 4 5 A 1 A 2 A 3 B 1 B 2 B 3 C 1 C 2 C 3 A 1 A 2 A 3 B 1 B 2 B 3 C 1 C 2 C 3 A A A B P B B C C C A A A B1 0 0 q B2 0 0 B C C C :

100 X LPE 93 I1 I3, Xm, Lm, Rom, 9 3 Xm,, Rom,, Rom, 3,, 3,,, 3, 20%,, Rom, Rom,,,, mm 2, mm 2, 4.3 XLPE XLP E, XL PE,,, ( Le ) ( Li )

101 94 ( X LPE) ,, x, DC H i = I 2 x x 2 ( DC/ 2 ) x, d x, l dw = l 2 0 H2 i 2 xd x = l x2 / ( DC/ 2 ) 2 dw = l 0 I 2 x 3 d x/ (4 ( DC/ 2 ) 4 ) W = D C / 2 0 dw = D C / 2 0 l 0 I 2 x 3 d x 4 ( DC/ 2 ) xd x = 0 I2 l 16 Li = 2W/ ( I 2 L) = 0/ (8 ) = H/ m Li = H/ m 4 6

102 X LPE Li/ ( H m - 1 ) , ( ) M12 = M2 1 = M1 3 = M31 = M23 = M3 2 = M = 2ln/ 1/ S 10-7 H/ m L1 1 = L22 = L33 = Li + 2ln (1/ ( DC/ 2) ) 10-7 H/ m M1 2, M21, M13, M3 1, M2 3, M32 ; L11, L22, L33,

103 96 ( X LPE) L1 = L2 = L3 = L = M( I2 + I3 ) + L1 1 I1 I1 = M( - I1 ) + L11 I1 I1 = L11 - M L = Li + 2ln( 2 S/ DC ) 10-7 H/ m S, m; DC, m 4.3.3,,, ( ) : B M12 = M32 = 2ln( 1/ S) 10-7 H/ m L22 = Li + 2ln( 1/ ( DC/ 2 ) ) 10-7 H/ m L2 = ( M12 ( - I2 ) + L22 I2 )/ I2 = L2 2 - M12 = Li + 2ln(2 S/ DC ) 10-7 H/ m A M21 = 2ln(1/ S) 10-7 H/ m M31 = 2ln(1/ ( 2 S) ) 10-7 H/ m L11 = Li + 2ln( 1/ ( DC/ 2 ) ) 10-7 H/ m L1 = L1 1 + ( M2 1 ( I2 + I3 ) - M21 I3 + M3 1 I3 )/ Ii =

104 X LPE 97 C Li + 2ln 2 S 10-7 DC - (2ln2 ) 10-7 H/ m L3 = Li + 2ln (2 S/ DC ) (2ln2 ) 10-7 H/ m, = ( j 3 )/ 2 2 = ( j 3 )/ 2 L1 = L2 = L3 = Li + 2ln( 2 S/ DC ) 10-7 H/ m,,, L = ( L1 + L2 + L3 )/ 3 = Li + 2ln( 2( S1 S2 S3 ) 1/ 3 / DC ) 10-7 = Li + 2ln( 2 2 1/ 3 S/ DC ) 10-7 H/ m,, 4.4 XLPE,,, X X, C = 2 0 X/ X 1 C = D C / 2 d X D / 2 i 2 0 X = ( 4 7 ) C = 2 0 / ln( Di/ DC ) ln( Di/ DC )

105 98 ( X LPE) DC ; Di ; XLPE, = 2.3, 0 = F/ m 4 7 XLPE mm 2 k V mm 2 kv kv XL PE kv XLP E ( ) kv XLPE F/ km / mm 2 38/ 66 k V 48/ 66 kv 64/ 110 kv 127/ 220 k V

106 X LPE kv XLPE ( ) F/ km / mm 2 38/ 66 k V 48/ 66 kv 64/ 110 kv 127/ 220 k V XLPE ( ) XL PE,,, P VC,,,,,,,,,, ,, LS = 2ln (2 S/ DS ) 10-7 H/ m, DS

107 100 ( X LPE) 4 8 U S = - j L S I = - j 2 Iln( 2 S/ DS ) 10-7 US = 2 Iln( 2 S/ DS ) 10-7, H/ m H/ m LS1 = ( LS11 I1 + MS2 1 I2 + MS31 I3 )/ I1 LS2 = ( LS22 I2 + MS1 2 I1 + MS31 I3 )/ I1 LS3 = ( LS33 I3 + MS2 3 I2 + MS13 I1 )/ I MS21 = MS12 = 2ln( 1/ S1 ) 10-7 H/ m MS31 = MS13 = 2ln( 1/ S3 ) 10-7 H/ m MS23 = MS32 = 2ln( 1/ S2 ) 10-7 H/ m LS11 = LS2 2 = LS33 = 2ln( 2/ DS ) 10-7 H/ m U S1 U S2 U S3 = - j I S1 I1 = - j I1 X1 + j I3 Xa V/ m = - j I S2 I2 = - j I1 X1 + j I3 X3 V/ m = - j I S3 I3 = - j I3 X3 + j I1 Xb V/ m

108 X LPE 101 X1 X3 Xa Xa = 2 ln (2 S1/ DS ) 10-7 / m = 2 ln (2 S2/ DS ) 10-7 / m = 2 ln ( S3/ S1 ) 10-7 / m = 2 ln ( S3/ S1 ) 10-7 / m 4 (1 ) :, 9 U S1 = - j I1 X S V/ m U S2 = - j I2 X S V/ m U S3 = - j I3 X S V/ m X1 = X3 = X S = 2 ln( 2 S/ DS ) 10-7 X a = X b = 0 / m 4 9 (2 ) : 4 10 U S1 = I2 ( 3/ 2( X S + X m ) + ( 1/ 2)j( X S - X m ) ) V/ m

109 102 ( X LPE) U S2 = - j I2 X S V/ m U S3 = I2 ( 3/ 2( X S + X m ) + ( 1/ 2)j( X S - X m ) ) V/ m X1 = X3 = X S = 2 ln( 2 S/ DS ) 10-7 Xa = Xb = X m = 2 ln / m / m 4 10 (3 ) : U S1 = I2 ( ( 3/ 2) ( X S + X m/ 2) + ( 1/ 2) j( X S - Xm/ 2 ) ) V/ m U S2 = - j I2 X S V/ m

110 X LPE 103 U S3 = I2 ( ( 3/ 2) ( X S + X m/ 2) + ( 1/ 2) j( X S - Xm/ 2 ) ) V/ m X1 = X2 = X S = 2 ln( 2 S/ DS ) 10-7 Xa = Xb = X m/ 2 = ln / m / m,, 4 12, 2 S/ DS 4 12 US 2 S/ DS 1 ; 2 ; 3

111 104 ( X LPE) 4.6 XLPE,, 35 kv 35 kv,, ;,, 35 kv,,,,, ( 4 13 ),, 50 % 95 %,,,,,,, 4 13,,,,,

112 X LPE 105,,,,, 4.6.1? , U,,, u,, i, Z1

113 106 ( X LPE), i = U Z1,,,,, (1 ) ( 4 14( a) ) (2 ) ( 4 14( b) ),,,,, 5%, ( ),,,,,,, ( ),,,, ( 4 14( c) ),,, 2U/ Z1, R, 2U/ ( Z1 + R) 10 ka,

114 X LPE ,,, 1 (1) UA 1) A : 4 15 UA = 2 E R Z2/ ( R + Z2 ) Z0 + Z1 + RZ2/ ( R + Z2 ) E, kv ; Z0 Z1 Z2,, ;,, ;,, ; R, 4 15 ( A) 2) B: U A = - 4 E Z0 Z1 + Z1 Z2 Z1 + Z2

115 108 ( X LPE) (2 ) Z1 Zse Z1 a. Z1 = 60 ln r4 r1 1 b. XLP E,, Z2 Z1 = 60 ln r4 r1 1 3 a. ln r3 r2 b.z2 Z2 = 60 ln r6 r5 2, t = n( d/ r5 ) ZA = 60 n( r6/ r5 ) t 1 n( d/ r6 ) + 1 n ( r6/ r5 ) 3 2 c. Z2 = 1 2 n D r1 D = 660 / f r1, mm; r2, r3, mm; r4, r5, mm; r6, mm;

116 X LPE 109 d, mm; D, m;, m;, 1; f, H z; 1, 2, XL PE P E 2.3, PVC ; 3, , 4 16( b ) 4 16 ( ) Z1, Z2, Z0, U0

117 110 ( X LPE), UA = U2 = 2U0 Z2 Z0 + Z1 + Z2 (4 1) Z1 = r ln rs r1 Z2 = 1 r ln D 2 r r s D, D = 660 Z2 Z2 / f, : 110 kv, U0 = 700 kv, Z0 = 500, Z1 = 17.8, = 100 ( ), UA = = kv FZ 110J, U0 = U5 = 332 kv( ), U A = kv, Z2 = 15,, UA = kv,, 4, UA 1 UA 1 = - 4U0 Z f 17 Z0 Z1 + Z1 Z2 Z1 + Z2 + Z f (4 2) ( a1 ), ( a1 ), UA 1

118 X LPE 111 U A 1 = kv = FZ 110J, 17.8 U A 1 = kv, UA 1 = kv = 37.5 kv,,, 4 17 ( ) 3. GIS GIS, 20 MHz 0.1 s 4 18

119 112 ( X LPE) 4 18 GIS (a ) ; ( b ) Us GIS Uab Uab = 2 E L2 Zc s L2 + Zcs Zc + Zab + + L2 Zcs L2 + Zc s L1 Z2 L1 + Z2 + L1 Z2 L1 + Z2 (4 3a) Us = Z2 Z2 + Zcs Uab (1 - - t ) ( 4 3b) = 1 + Zcb + Z2 + Z2 Zc C ( Zc + Zcb ) ( Z2 + Z2 ) ( 4 3c) E GIS, kv ; 4 Zcb, ; Zcs, ; L1, L2, ; C, F Z2, L1, L2,, 10 75%, 89.3%

120 X LPE GIS / k V / k V kv 40.4 (47.2 ) (94.3) (168.4) 66 kv XLPE mm (52.4 ) ( ) (186.4) 77 kv XLP E ( 30.2) (35.2 ) (70.4) (125.7) : 4.,,,,, 4 19, 3, U A Z2 - Zm UA = 2 E2 I = 4 E 4 Z1 + 3 ( Z2 - Zm ) (4 4a), Zm,, (10 m ),, U A UA Z2 - Zm Z2 - Zm - Z1 Zm = 4 E Z2 - Zm - Z1 Z2 - Zm - Z1 Zm ( 4 4b) 2 10 m, ( 4 4a) ;, (4 4 b) (4 4a) 4 11 ;

121 114 ( X LPE) ( 4 4a) ( 4 4b) UA / % % k V mm 2 Z C Z Se Z m XLP E : ( % ),

122 X LPE 115 U A = - 4 E Z1 Z0 + Z1 Z2 2 Z1 + 3 Z2/ 2 ( 4 4c) UA = 4 E Z2 4 Z1 + 3 Z2 (4 4d) Zm UA = 4 E (4 4e) 4 Z1 + 3 Zm 4 12 UA (4 4a) ( 4 4b) / kv / kv / kv , CIGRE, U A = 2 E 1 - e - 2 t T ZC Z1 b + 2 ZC ZSe 1 + ( ZS e/ Z2 b ) 2 + ( ZS e/ Z2 b ) (4 5) Z1 b = L1b/ C1 b Z2 b = L2b/ C2 b L1 b = ln d2 d1 L2 b = ln d4 d3 C1 b = ln d2 d1 C2 b = ln d3 d1

123 116 ( X LPE) t1b = L1b C1b L1 b, L2 b C1 b, C2b Z1 b, Z2b t2b = L2b C2b T = / n9 t, s;, s; d1, d2 d3, d4, m;, H/ m;, F/ m;, ;, mm;, mm; 1, 2, XLPE 2.3, PVC 4.5 Zm Zm = Lm/ Cm, Im, Cm : zc = 17.7, zs = 9.6 d1 = 15, d2 = 23.8, d3 = 28.5, d4 = 35 mm, = 4.5, = 0.1 s 2 m 10 m, U A = e e;, z1b = z2 b = 13.06, 2 m 10 m U A = e e, Zm Z1, Z

124 X LPE Zm ; ; / m ;2.4;2.4 ;2.4;2.4 ;2.4;0.2 ;1.05;0.2 / k Hz Z m : 10 m, 0.15 m 4 14 Z1, Z2 / / kv mm 2 Z 1 Z 2 Z 1 Z * XLPE XLPE

125 118 ( X LPE) / / kv mm 2 Z 1 Z 2 Z 1 Z * * * * CIGR E, 4 15 Zm k V mm 2 / / XLPE * 87 * 83 * ( ) ( ) * 50 k Hz 5.,,, 4 20 Zb, 1,,

126 X LPE is = 2U0 Z0 + Z1 + Zb = Z0 2U0 + Z1 = = 2.7 ka (4 6) im = 2U1 Z1 + Z f + Zb Z2 Zb + Z2 = Z1 2U1 + Z f = 4U0 Z1 ( Z0 + Z1 ) ( Z1 + Z f ) ( Z f = 0 ) im = im = Z0 4U Z1 = 5.4 ka (4 7)

127 120 ( X LPE),, ( 4 22( a) ), is i m,,, U ( b) 1 = 2 Z1 Z0 + Z1, 1 = Z1 - Z0 Z0 + Z1 4 2 = Z1 2 Z f + Z f, 2 = Zf - Z1 Zf + Z1 22 ( b), 0 < t < l v,

128 X LPE 121 U0 1 U0 1,, is 1 = U0 1 = Z1 Z0 Z1 2U0 + Z ( M1 ) Z f U0 1 2 Z1 U0 1 2, Z f U0 1 2 Z1 Z f Zf - U0 1 2, U0 1 2 = U0 1 - U0 1 2 Z f Z1, im = U0 1 (1-2 ) = Z1 Z0 2U0 Z1 + Z1 Z1 ( 1-2 )

129 122 ( X LPE) U0 1 2 ( S2 ) Z1 U0 1 2 Z1 U0 1 2 Z1 is 2 = U0 1 - U U0 1 2 = Z1 Z1 U0 1 U0 1 ( 1-2 ) ( ) + 2 ( 1 2 ) Z1 ( M2 ) Z1 Z1 U U0 1 2, im 2 = U 0 1 (1-2 ) + U (1-2 ) = Z1 Z1 U0 1 (1-2 ) ( ) Z1, n ( n 2 ) is n = U0 1 ( 1-2 ) [ ( 1 2 ) n - 1 ] + Z1 U0 1 2 ( 1 2 ) n - 1 = U0 1 (1-2 ) 1 - ( 1 2 ) n Z1 Z U0 1 2 ( 1 2 ) n - 1 (4 8) Z1 im n = U 0 1 ( 1-2 ) [ ( 1 2 ) n - 1 ] = Z1 U0 1 ( 1-2 ) 1 - ( 1 2 ) n Z Z1 Z1 + (4 9) 2 L, L, v v

130 X LPE 123, ( Z f ( Z f is n v = 1 = 160 m/ s ), 2 = 1, 2 = 2, is n is1 = 2U0 1 Z1 im n = U0 1 n - 1 1, im n = 0 ( 4 10) Z1 = 0 ), 2 = - 1, 2 = 0, = U0 1, im1 = 2U0 1 Z0 1 - ( - 1 ) n Z0 - U0 1 ( - 1 ) n - 1 ( n 2) Z1 = 2U ( - 1 ) n Z ( 4 11) ( n 2 ) ( 4 12), / 20 s 20/ 40 s U/ kv Im/ ka , 1 km kv,,

131 124 ( X LPE),,,, ( m),, ; (1 km ),, 3,,,,, :,,,,, 30% 65%,, : 4 24( a),, a1 a2 A2 A A1,,, A2 C1 Z 1 Z 2 Z 1 C C2 C2 B1 b1 b2 B2 A1,, A1

132 X LPE A ( a) ; ( b ) 4 24 ( b), A1 A2, A1 A2,,,,, : 7 64%, %,, A1 A2 U A 1 U A 2 = - U0 = U0 Z1 Z0 + Z1 Z1 Z0 + Z1 Z2 2 Z Z2 Z2 2 Z Z2 ( 4 13)

133 126 ( X LPE) U A 1 A 2 = - 2U0 Z0 Z1 + Z1 Z2 2 Z1 + 3 ( 4 14) 2 Z2 U0, kv ; Z0, 110 kv 220 kv, k V U 0 kv Z 1 Z 2 U A1 = U A2 kv U A1 A 2 kv km,, Z km,, Z (1 ) 1 1, ; ;,,,

134 X LPE 127 (2 ) 1 ( ),,, (3 ),,, GIS CIGRE (GB ) GIS, 4 10 GIS,,, 2,, (1 ) 20 80, Us ; ( GIS 6.5

135 128 ( X LPE) 8.5 m),, (2 ) kv XL PE GIS, 4, GIS 4 14, : 1 ( d), 1, 2 (c), m, mm 2, 620 m, mm 2 SLPE ; 2 ( b), 1215 m, mm 2, 200 m,1 800 mm 2 XL PE ; 9 (a), 1988, m mm 2 (3 ),

136 X LPE , : 1 kh z 0.03 F, tan ; 20 kv 3 ; M, min 3 ( JISC5102 ) k V GIS (4 ), GIS : 1) 2, ; GIS, 2) 1 2, 3) 1 2, ; 0.03 F 0.1 F; 20 kv, 3, 3) 1) 2) ;, 3) 2), 2) 3 ) 2)

137 130 ( X LPE) 3. (1 ) 2 4 ( IJ ),,,, ;, 4 28 (2 ), 3, 6 : 1) Y0, 4 28( a)

138 X LPE 131, 2) CIGRE, 4 28( b ) ; Y ) Y, CIGRE Y0,, Y Y0, ;, CIGRE 0.2, Y 4 29 ( 0.08/ 1750 s 100 kv ) 4), 4 28 (c) 20 80, CIGRE 5), 4 28( d) 20 80, :, 200 cm ;, 20 cm 6) Y0, 4 31( a), 20 90

139 132 ( X LPE) (3 ) 1), UA, 4 29 : 60 mm 2 80 cm 50 cm ; CIGRE 60 mm 2 10 m; Y0 60 mm 2 10 m, 4 m, U A, 4 30, (2 ) 4 30 U A Y0 2) 275 kv, mm 2 XL PE, m, E 250 kv,, 4,, 4 31

140 X LPE 133

141 134 ( X LPE) 4 31 (a), Y0,, ( IJ) 4 31,,, > > >, IJ IJ, 154 kv, 1 2, IJ, 3), : ; ;,, : a., U S, UA ; b. 5 m, US,, >, > >, (4 ) 1) CIGRE ( ), CIGRE 3,, Y0 Y, 0.2 2) : a., CIGRE ; b. Y0,, Y0, ;

142 X LPE 135 c. Y0 CIGR E, ;, Y 3),,,, Y0, CIGRE,,,,,,,,, 4.6.4, Us = ku m ( 4 15) ku m, U m ; k ; ; 0.153,, kv, 7.46 km 10, SW6 110, 1.9, 1.395,

143 136 ( X LPE) 0.267, kv, : 220 kv Us = ( ) ku m 138 kv, 8.7 km, Us = ( ) ku m ( 4 16) 2., 4 18,, 8/ 20 s I m 2 3 m s Ic, 4 18 U/ kv I m / ka I c / A I m / ka I c / A I m / ka I c / A I m / ka I c / A Im ( 4 16 ), Im ( 4 18),

144 XLPE 5.1 XLPE,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,

145 138 ( X LPE) ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; : ( ) 5.2.1, C2, 5 3, C C1 ( 5 4),,,,,,, 5 5, :

146 X LPE 139 LK1 = Rn R ln R ln rc - R ln ( Rn/ rc ) ln ( R/ rc ) LK LK = ( U/ Et )ln [ln ( Rn/ rc )/ ln ( R/ re ) ] R, mm ; Rn, Rn re, mm ; Lk, mm ; Lk1, mm ; U, kv ; En, kv/ mm; Et = re e u/ r e E n, mm;, kv/ mm

147 140 ( X LPE) ; 2 ; 3,, x = 0 Et0, x = 0, Et E, Et, Et kv/ mm, Et0, 5 6, U,,, : Ra = rc exp( u/ KEmax rc ) Emax ; K, 0.5 x = 0, Et,

148 X LPE 141,,,, ,,,,, : 1. P335; kv 1977

149 142 ( X LPE), : D = c + kd d, mm; c,, c ; k, D d 1 mm ; 2 E PDM 15 kv,,,

150 X LPE 143, L, L kv kv D k / mm Ak/ mm 2 12 k V 24 kv L D (max) R r h * 15 kv,,,

151 144 ( X LPE) kv ( mm) D L D L D L k V ( ), 3 k g/ cm 2, ( ) 2

152 X LPE kg/ cm 2,,, x = 0,,,,, E PDM,,,, kv 30 kv 5PC,, 40 mm/ kv 6 20 kv 2 4 ( ), 4 6, 35 kv, 112 mm 165 mm, ( ),, ( 5 10 ), 1/ 2 = tan 1/ tan 2,,,, 5 11

153 146 ( X LPE) 5 10 l, mm; t, mm; l = ttan 2 2, ( ) 5 11 tan 2 = 12,, 2 = 85, t = 2 mm, 24 mm,,, ( 1 ),,,,,,,

154 X LPE ( a) ; ( b), : V x = U0 cos h T ( s - X)/ cosh Ts U0, kv ; V x = U0 cos h T ( s - X )/ cosh T s s, cm; T, T T = ZY cm - 1 Z, / cm; Y, S/ cm; X, X,,, T T, V x = V x, X < X Y = CD

155 148 ( X LPE) = 2 f ( f ) CD d2, cm; d1, cm; = 2 0 r/ ln( d2/ d1 ) 0, 0 = F/ cm; r, rx L P E = 2.3 Ex = d V x/ d X = TV0 sinh T( s - X)/ cosh Ts X = 0,,, Exmax = TV 0 tanh Ts tanh Ts 1, Exmax T V0,,, (, 2.21 kv/ mm), Exmax TV0 35 kv, 2.21, 14, 32, 2 mm, 200 mm XL PE RS CS X S T = Z < / cm 2 0 r d2 t r F cm = 1/ ( CS ) = 16.83/ r 10 9 / cm 10 9 / cm, RS, X S X S, r = 10 40, RS X S R S / cm, : (1 ), ; (2 ),, X S R S 10 9 / cm, 110 kv

156 X LPE 149 RS, X S, X S / cm,,, U0, kv ; L = KU0 K, K = 1.2 cm/ kv 6 35 kv kv / kv U0/ kv Lmin/ cm ,,,,,,,,,

157 150 ( X LPE),,,,,, 5.3 XLPE XL PE,,,,,,, Tm, Cv d T/ dt = E 2 Cv, J K - 1 ;, S; E, kv/ mm; T, K ; t, s tb,

158 X LPE 151, A, B ; p AE e - BP = qn0 0 e Q = T m Cv d v T = t B 0 qn0 0 e AEe - BP E 2 d t E (1 ) : (2 ) : E = AI - 1/ 3 U = U0 sin ( t + ) E = AI - 1/ 5, Cv 8 10, 5 13, L UB UB = AL n,, n = 4/ 5, A = 8.77, EB = AL - 1/ 5, A 5 13

159 152 ( X LPE) 5.3.2,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 240 mm mm, 19.2 mm, 185 mm mm,,,,

160 X LPE 153, X, f = yln ( Y/ Y ), Y,,,,,, 98 kpa, 3 kv/ mm ; kpa 2, 11 kv/ mm, (1/ 10) (1/ 15), 0.2 kv/ mm,,, 0.05 kv/ mm,, 0.2 kv/ mm,, 110 kv 10 kv, 200 mm ( GIS ), 250 mm 0.2 kv/ mm,, 2.1 kv/ mm( ),, ( 1/ 10 ) (1/ 15) 10,, XL PE XL PE 110 kv, 66 kv, 35 kv, 10 kv,, (XL PE),,,

161 154 ( X LPE) , ( 5 4),, 5 4 / k V / mm , : 10 kv 125 mm,, 10 kv,,,,, 125 mm, 10 kv, 250 mm 5 15, L = a + c + d

162 X LPE 155, U, kv L = 0.32( U - 14 ) ,, 5 15, a + b 70% 80%,,,,,, 5 15 : = n b (cm), n 3. ( )

163 156 ( X LPE),,,,, 3.1 cm/ kv ;, 2.5 cm/ kv( 5 5 ), 10 kv 3.1 cm/ kv 8.7 kv = mm 110 kv 3.2 cm/ kv 69 kv = mm 5 5 cm k V - 1 kg m - 3 ( NaCl) mg cm - 2 S ,,,,,,, 3 5 mm,, 3 5 mm 15 20,,,

164 X LPE 157, 10 kv 15 mm,, 35 kv mm;110 kv mm,,,,, (1 ) 10 kv 8.7/ 0.04 = 217 mm 8.7/ 0.02 = 435 mm ( ) 35 kv 26/ 0.09 = 290 mm 26/ 0.05 = 520 mm ( ) (2 ) 10 kv 8.7/ 0.09 = 97 mm 8.7/ 0.08 = 110 mm 35 kv 26/ 0.1 = 260 mm 26/ 0.08 = 325 mm 66 kv 42/ 0.08 = 525 mm 42/ 0.06 = 700 mm, 5.4.3, ( ),,10 kv 120 mm 2

165 158 ( X LPE) 16 mm 2, 120 mm 2 25 mm 2,,,, 35 kv,, / k V / mm kv,,,,, :, 50 V ;, 100 V, 100 V, 5.5,,, 2,,,,,,,,

166 X LPE 159,,, mm,, mm, 80 mm,, 5.5.1, 3 4 kv/ mm (XL PE ),, 45% 60%,, 2.1 kv/ mm n = Rn - R = r1 exp r1, mm; U r1 En - R R, mm; U, kv ; En, kv/ mm 5.5.2,,,

167 160 ( X LPE) (1/ 10) ( 1/ 15 ),, ( Et ), LK = U ln Et ln ( Rn/ rc ) ln ( Rn/ rc ) Et, kv/ mm; U, kv ; Rn, mm; R, mm; rc, mm,,,, LC = U ln Et ln( R/ rc ) ln( Rn/ rc )

168 X LPE 161 Et, kv/ mm; U, kv ; Rn, mm; R, mm; rc, mm,,, mm (XL PE ),, 3M ABB F& G 100 mm, 50 mm, 110 kv 200 mm, kv/ mm, 2.1/ 10, 1/ 10 3 kg/ cm 2, 10 kv, 150 mm, 8.7/ 150 = kv/ mm, mm, 8.7/ 100 = kv/ mm 35 kv,,,,,, 2.1/ 10 = 0.21 kv/ mm, 15 %, % = kv/ mm 110 kv XL PE, L = 69/ = 387 mm; 66 kv XL PE, L = 42/ = 235 mm; 35 kv XLP E, L = 26/ = 146 mm

169 162 ( X LPE) 5.6 XLPE XL PE,,, XL PE,, XLP E,,,, 35 kv,,,,,, mm ( 5 17 ),,, 10 mm, 5 17 XLP E,, XLPE,, XLP E, ( 5 18 ), :

170 X LPE 163, h,, 95%,,,, 5 18

171 XLPE ( ),,,,,,,, ,, (1 ) : 110 kv,,,,,, (2 ) : 35 kv,,,,,, (3 ) : 35 kv

172 X LPE ( ) 165,,,,,,, (4 ) :, : kv Ic < 20 A 30 A, 35 kv Ic < 10 A,,,, 6.1.2,,, 1/ 3 ;,, 15%,, 75% 80 % ( ) ;, 100% 110 kv,, ( ) 3 5U 0 4 U 0 4U 0 4U 0 / h IC/ A < 10 < 10 I C / A > 10 > 10,

173 166 ( X LPE), 2 h, 6 1,,,,,, 125 h/ a, 20%, 10 kv 8 h,,,,,,,,, U0 m, U0 m ( Um ) 0.8,, U p = ( ) % 30% 70 %, BIL( ) ( 20 % 30% ) U p,,,,, 4 ; kv

174 X LPE ( ) kv U L U m = U m 1.15U L 1.15U L 1.15U L 1.15U L ( ) U L U U0 = 1 3 UL U0 m U 0m = 1 3 U m, U0m = 100 % Um U 0m U 0m = 80 % U m U a = U 0m U a U p U p1 = U a FZ U p U p2 = U a U p U p3 = Ua, U p1, U p U p1 = (3 4) 2 U 0m U p2 = U0m

175 168 ( X LPE) U L U m = U m 1.15U L 1.10U L 1.05U L 1.05U L ( ) UL U U 0 = U L U U0m = 1 0 m 3 U m, U 0m = 100 % U m U0m U0m = 80 % U m Ua U a = U 0m U p1 U p1 = U a FZ U p2 686 U p2 = Ua U p3, U p1, U p2 U p3 = U a U p1 = (3 4) 2 U 0m U p2 = U0m

176 X LPE ( ) U0/ U, U0 ( ), U,, IEC , : 1 h ( 8 h ) ; 1984 IEC : A :, 1 min; B :, 1 h; C : A B,,, 6/ 10 kv XLP E 3.4 mm; 8.7/ 10 kv XL PE 4.5 mm ; 21/ 35 kv XL PE 9.3 mm;26/ 35 kv XL PE 10.5 mm; IEC U0/ U, 6 U0 3, U,, U0 2 3 U0, U0, U,,, 2 h, IEC 173%, U0 = U,, 2, C 173 %, 150 %,

177 170 ( X LPE) 8.7/ 10 kv 8.7/ 15 kv, ; 35 kv 26/ 35 kv, 130% ; 64/ 110 kv 126 kv 6 3 IEC U0/ U Um U0/ U Um/ k V U0 / U U m/ kv 1.8/ 3,3/ / / 6,6/ / / 10,8.7/ / / / / / / / / / : 21/ 35 kv, 26/ 35 k V 6.2 XLPE XL PE,,, (1 ) ( Confinuous Current) :,

178 X LPE ( ) 171 (2 ) ( Cyclic Loading) : (3 ) ( Emergocy Loading ) : (4 ) ( Short Circuit Current) : (5 ) : (6 ) : (7 ) :,,,, ( ), , XL PE, 10 kv 90 ; 20 kv 80 ( 5 s ) 250 ;

179 172 ( X LPE) 250, 200,, 15 20,,,,,,,,, 85,,, 65, 70 IEC 502, XLP E 90,, 130, IEC XLPE 110, XLPE 105, XLP E, ( 6.3 ),,,,,,,,,,,, 15 ; 25,,,,,

180 X LPE ( ) 173,, 10,,,,,,,,,,,,,, / , 6 2

181 174 ( X LPE) 1. T1 T1 = T1 2 G = T1 2 [ln (1 + 2t 1/ d1 ) ] = T1 2 n G 1 T1 ( 6 5), m W - 1 ; G ; F1, F ; G, G F1 3, m W - 1 m W - 1 XLPE PE PVC s ; C ; T1 ; C ; = s T1 C C 1 ;

182 X LPE ( ) 175 DC 6 3 F / D C = 0.2; 2 1 / D C = 0.6; 3 1 / D C = ( ) T2 T2 = T2 ln( d4/ d3 ) 2 T2 ( ), m W - 1 ; d4 ( ), mm; d3 ( ), mm 3. T3 : T3 : T3 = 10 s/ ( ds ) = 30 s/ ( 2.16 ds ) ( ) ds, mm; s, m W - 1 PVC PE s = 9.00 m W - 1,, T3,

183 176 ( X LPE) T3 = M/ [ d5 ( KC + Kr CS ) 10-2 ] ds, mm; M ; CS, CS = 0.9; 6 4

184 X LPE ( ) 177 Kr, W ( m K ) - 1 ; K r = [ ( (273 + S )/ 100 ) 4 - ( ( S )/ 100) 4 ]/ ( S - 0 ) KC, W ( m K) - 1 ; KC = v/ d / [ ( S - 0 )/ 2 ] v, v = 0.5 m/ s ; 0, ; S, 4. T4 T4 = nc g 2 4 L0 2 ln d5 n c ln n = 1 nc ; 4 L0 Lm X 2 m + 1 g, m W - 1 ; 2, 6 6 ; L0, mm; ds,, mm; Lm M, mm; X m M, mm; NC, T m :, 2 = 1.0 ( ), 2 = 0.9( 2 )

185 178 ( X LPE) , : 25 ; 25 ; 40 ; I = ( C - O ) - nw i 1 ( T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 ) 2 nr( T1 + (1 + 1 ) T2 + ( ) ( T3 + T4 ) ) R, ; C, ; O, ; W i = 2 f CnU 2 / ( 3tan ) 10 5 W/ cm, n = 3; C, F/ km; C O / ,,,,,,

186 X LPE ( ) kv XLPE / A / mm 2 10 kv 35 kv : 80, 25, Y JV YJL V ,,, 185 mm mm 2,,,,, , 30 A,, XL PE (90 ),

187 180 ( X LPE) kv XLPE / A / mm 2 10 kv 35 kv : 80, 25, Y JV YJL V 3.,,,,,,,,, : LF = 0.3 ( lf ) + 0.7( l f ) 2

188 X LPE ( ) 181 l f ; LF, ( 6 5) 6 5 ( ) Dx, T4 : = T 4 [ln( Dx/ Dc ) + ( LF)ln( 4 L/ Dx F e ) ] 2 Dx = 1.26 e = 0.21 m e, e = 1/ Ke e, : Ke = J/ ( m 2 ) - 1 e = 1.20 T m, = s, :

189 182 ( X LPE) : y, ; = ( De ) T4 = [ ( y - O )/ Ty a ] Tin t O, ; Tya, W - 1 ; Tin t, W XL PE, : ; ;,,,,,,,,,,, : XLPE 90, 250, 40 ( ),25 ( ) ; 100 cm 100 cm W - 1, XL PE 400 cm W - 1, 700 cm W - 1, 30 cm, 15% 25%,,,,,

190 X LPE ( ) , m, / m W kv 25 mm mm mm kv 25 mm mm mm kv 25 mm mm mm kv mm

191 184 ( X LPE) (1 ) :,,,,,, 1 2,,,,, 40, 50,,,, 0.75 W/ ( m K),,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ) :,, P VC 50 ( ), XL PE 50, XLP E (3 ) 6 12, 6 13

192 X LPE ( ) m 1 kv kv a b. 70 mm c. 250 mm (4 ) :,, 1 W/ ( m K),,,,, PVC,,,,,, PVC, 0.23 W/ (m K),,,

193 186 ( X LPE),,,,,,,,, P VC,,,,,,,,,,, 43 W/ ( m K), 1.2 W/ ( m K),,,,, 1.5 2,,,,,, ,,,,,, 100 mm,,,,, 6 14,,,,,,

194 X LPE ( ) 187,,,, 6 14 a. b. 7 cm c. 25 cm PVC ( ) m G MPa 1.2 MPa 2.0 MPa 1.2 MPa 1.2 MPa 2.0 MPa m ,,, ,

195 188 ( X LPE) PVC ( ),, 300 MPa 30 MPa 200 MPa 30 MPa 50 MPa 200 MPa,,,,,,,,,,, XL PE / /

196 X LPE ( ) S = d S = 2 d S = 3 d

197 190 ( X LPE) 6 18 cm W cm 4 %, % 7 %, 8 % 12 %, 7 % 9 %, 12% 14% %, 14 % , 1. ( ), 3 2, 1 2,,,,,,,

198 X LPE ( ) ,, : Is/ IR = IR/ IT cos + j( Ic/ IT - IR/ IT sin ) Is ; IR ; IT ; Ic, Ie = ic La, Is I T, IR I T, Ic, IR, (co s = 1 ; = 500 mm 2 ) 6 7 Is I R Is I R,

199 192 ( X LPE), IR I s, IT, IR Is I T,, I s I R ( ),,,, ,,,,

200 X LPE ( ) 193, ( 6 20 ), 6 8,,, 150 mm 2, 185 mm / h / ( A mm - 2 ) XLPE 6.3.1,

201 194 ( X LPE),, ( Amplitude) 80% Is I k 2 3 2, 2.55 ( Short-circuit Power), (Open-circuit Voltoge),,,, ( Limiting Seactors) 12 kv, 420MV A, 20 ka V A m mm 2 = 0.346, 0.11, = A, 320MVA, 100MV A 400 V, = 513 A :, kv,, 6.3.2,

202 X LPE ( ) 195,,,,, 1 260, 2 ( Slease Time ), ( Thermal Stress),, 2 3 s, ( Penetration Effect ),, 6 EKF R ( ) mm mm 2 A/ mm 2 s K K Cu EKKJ 2 3 AKKJ 3 50 Cu > Cu > AKKJ 3 70 AKKJ 3 70 Cu Cu AXKJ AXAL 1 95 Cu Al-PE

203 196 ( X LPE),, , 2.4 m/ k m,, 6 22, 6 23, / ( PVC) ( PE) 135 ( XLPE) ( 300 mm 2 ) 160 ( 300 mm 2 ) 6 23 / ( PVC) 200 ( PE) 150 ( CSP) XLPE,,,,,

204 X LPE ( ) 197 ISC = ISC ; kt C 1 + ln ( SC - 20 ) R20 t 1 + ( 0-20) R ; SC ; ktc 6 24 (6 1) / ( weld) ( solder) ( ) * * 160 * * * * * * kt C R20 ISC = = RC A 1, = 20/ A( 1 + Y P + Y S ) (6 1 ) A 2 kc ln 1 + ( SC - 20 ) (1 + Y P + Y S ) ( 0-20) = v A t v = kc ln 1 + ( SC - 20) 1 + ( 1 + Y P + Y S ) ( 0-20) A ; kc ; (6 2) (6 3)

205 198 ( X LPE) ; 20 ; Y S, Y P ; (6 SC ; 0, 1 ), SC = ( 0-20 ) exp R20 I2 SC tsc ktc - 1 (6 4),,,,,,, : ISC = ( SC - tsc R 0 ) kt C, tsc, tsc = 2 s, , tsc 6 s, ; ktc K * A s 1 2 / mm 2 Q C J/ ( mm 3 ) 20 mm * K = Q C ( + 20 ),, Q C 20 20

206 X LPE ( ) 199 ( Non-adibatic Method), K = Ia ; I Ia I 2 I I = ak = SK K t t, s; ln K, A s 1 2 / mm 2 ; S, mm 2 ;, ; 0, ; K, K K PVC K = t/ s ( t/ s) XLPE EPR PVC XLPE EPR K = K = K = t/ s ( t/ s) t/ s ( t/ s) t/ s ( t/ s),,

207 200 ( X LPE) (1 ) : 10 kv : 250, 200 ; 35 kv : 175 (2 ) : 120, 150,, ( ) XL PE, 6 9 : 6.3.4, F = 0.2 d I2 s

208 X LPE ( ) 201 Is, ka; d, m; F, N 6 10, Is,,, 100 ka 0.02 m, 10 t( N) PVC PE,, 10 t,,,

209 202 ( X LPE), 60 ka, 24 ka ka, XLPE 95 ka Is, SEN241434,,,,, 6 27 XLPE (1 s) / / A / mm

210 X LPE ( ) s s, : Ik = I1/ ( t 2 k ) Ik, A ; I1 1, A ; tk 6 27 XLP E, Ik XLPE (1 s) / / A / mm

211 204 ( X LPE) 6 29 SS42407, 6 29 XL PE 6 29 XLPE ( Is ) ( Is ) mm 2 ka ( Is ) mm 2 ka XLPE,,,,,,,, : t = F (1 - e - t/ T ) t t, ; F, ; T,, T = S VC S, / cm; V, cm 3 / cm; C, W s/ cm 3, 3.42, 2.46, 1.45, 1.04, 1.44, XLP E

212 X LPE ( ) 205 VC = V C ( VXL P E CX L P E + VC + V C ),, 0%, 50%, 75%, 1 2 h, 1 h, 2 h,,, : I = I (1 - m 2 e - t/ T )/ ( 1 - e - t/ T ) I, A ; m ( I0 ) ( I), m = I0/ I; T, XLPE,, XL PE XLP E,,,,,, tan XL PE,, XL PE, XL PE, XLP E XLP E, XL PE

213 206 ( X LPE) 90, XL PE 130 XLPE, 130, 105,, XLPE 105,,, XL PE XLP E, XLP E, XLP E XLP E 350, 600,600 cm W - 1, XLP E,, XL PE I = Q/ ( nr T ), 60 85, XL PE 90, XLPE XLPE / / A / 205 = / 205 = ,, XLP E,,, XLP E

214 X LPE ( ) 207,,, XLP E, 130,, 10%, 15 min, 120, / XL PE : IK = IK I XLP E ; IK ; K

215 XLPE ( ) ( ) XLP E,, XL PE,,, 7.1,,,, 10 kv, m, 35 kv, m,,, ;,,,,,,, 85%,,,

216 X LPE ( ) ,, , ;,, / kv / mm / mm , XL PE,,, 110 kv XLP E,, 7.1.4,, 110 kv

217 210 ( X LPE) 7.2 XLP E,,, GB ,,, XL PE,,,, 100,,,,,, 185 mm mm 2 ( ), 185 mm 2 ( ), 4 6, DTS DTJS DT DTJ DT M DTMJ ;,,, XLPE ;,

218 X LPE ( ) 211 DLM DLMJ GTS GTJS GL GLJ GT GTJ GLM GLMJ XLPE ;, ;, ;, ;, ;, XLP E,, GB ( ) : (1 ) XL PE GB (2 ),, 1.5 ; 1.0

219 212 ( X LPE) 1.5 (3 ) :,,, 120 mm 2 12 t, 240 mm 2 18 t, 400 mm 2 29 t,,,, 95 mm 2 70 mm 2, 150 mm mm 2, (4 ) :, ( V, V ),,,,,,,,, 185 mm mm 2,, 7.3 XIPE XL PE, XL PE, 2% 4%,,, XLP E,

220 X LPE ( ) 213,,,,,, XL PE, WD, 35 kv 558 XLP E,, XLP E,,,,,,,, 1 kv,,, 7 3,,, XL PE,,, 30%, XL PE,,,

221 214 ( X LPE) 7 3 / k V / mm ,,,,, 110 kv XL PE 138 kv 154 kv XL PE,, J 50, J 30, J 20, J 21, J 10 J 20, J 21, J kv ; J kv ; J kv 3M Scotrch 23,,,,,,, 3M Scotch 220,

222 X LPE ( ) 215,,,, ( ),,,,, 1.5 2,,,,,,, 35 kv 1.8 2, 10 kv kv, XLP E, 10 kv 30 mm, mm,,,, 110 kv, , 35 kv

223 216 ( X LPE),,, 35 kv, 110 kv 220 kv, kv,,,,,,,, ( a) ( b ) ( b ), ( a), 2 kv/ mm,, 110 kv,, XLP E ( ),,, XLP E

224 X LPE ( ) 217,,, XL PE, kv XL PE,,,, 120, 6 8 h,,,,,0.1 mm, ,,,,,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6,, 150, 150, 180, 400 mm 2,,

225 218 ( X LPE) 150, 200,, 400 mm 2, 400 mm 2, k V XLPE 1 ; 2 ;3 ; 4 ; 5 ;6,,,,, 4 kv/ mm,,, 2.,,, 7 5,,,

226 X LPE ( ) 219,,, ,,,,,, XL PE,,,, XL PE, 66 kv, 35 kv 75 kv : (1 ),,,,

227 220 ( X LPE) (2 ), (3 ),, (4 ), (5 ),, (6 ),, (7 ),,,, kv XLP E, 75 kv, 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ( XLP E ) ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; XLPE

228 X LPE ( ) XLPE 2.,, ( ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ( XLPE)

229 222 ( X LPE) ( V = cm ),,,,,,,, mm, : XL PE,, XL PE,,,, 3M, ,,,, 1. ( 7 9 ) 20,,,, 20 80,,,,,

230 X LPE ( ) ; 2 ; 3 XLPE ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; ABB ASEA ELAS TIMOLD,,,,,,

231 224 ( X LPE) XL PE,,, 110 kv XL PE,,,,,,,, 7 10, ( ) ,,, kv XLP E, kpa, mm kpa, 10 kv/ mm; mm, 2. ( 7 11 ),,,,,,,

232 X LPE ( ) 225,, 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; ( )

233 226 ( X LPE),,,,,,, 110 kv 200 mm, 588 kpa, 200 mm 200 kv kv XLPE 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; , 3M,,,,,, 35 kv XLP E

234 X LPE ( ) 227,,,,,,,, : ( ) ; 3M 3M,, 3M,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,, T,,,,,

235 228 ( X LPE),,,,,, ( 7 13 ), 7 13,,, 90, 7 13, 90,,, 7 14

236 X LPE ( ) 229

237 XLPE 8.1 XL PE XL PE,,,, 5, :,,, ;,, 1 h, 8 1, ( ),,

238 XLPE 231,,,,,,, ( 35 kv ),,, 66 kv 110 kv, ( 8 2 ) 8 1 / PVC PVC PVC PVC D 10D 10D 15D 15D 20D 20D PVC 10D 10D XLPE 15D 20D

239 232 ( X LPE), XL PE,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8 3, 800 mm 8 3 / mm 35 k V ,

240 XLPE ,, PVC,,,,,,,, 10 kv km, 6 7 / (100 km a), 41%,,,, ( 8 4 ), 0.7 m,, 1 m,, 0.25 m, 0.5 m,,, 100 mm, 200 mm,,, 8.2.2,,,,,,,,

241 234 ( X LPE), P VC ABS,,,, XL PE kv kv kv k V 4.0,, ( 8 1) 50% 70%,,,,

242 XLPE 235,,, ; 2 ; 3, ( 8 1),,,, ( 8 2 ),,, 8 2,,,,,,

243 236 ( X LPE), PVC,, 1.5, 75 mm 0.5 m, 1 m, 0.5 m 20 mm ( 8 3 ), 4,,, m,, ,,,,,,

244 XLPE 237,,,,, ;,,,, , m, ( 8 5 ),, 8 6

245 238 ( X LPE) 8 5,,, kv mm, mm,,

246 XLPE 239, : mm : mm k V, 6 10 kv XLPE kv XLPE k V kv, 1 35 k V kv, : h h + 80 h + 100,, 70,,, XL PE XLP E

247 240 ( X LPE), 8 7,,, 1 m, 0.5 m, ,, :,,

248 XLPE 241 ;,,,, ;,, 0.5 m, ,,,,,,,,,, XL PE ( 35 kv ), P VC, XLP E,, PE ( ),

249 242 ( X LPE),,,,,,,,,, m/ s, 0.5 m, 5 m, 50 m,,,, 1 m,, 8.2.5, ( 8 9 ) 8 9

250 XLPE 243,,,,,,, 2 m,, ;,,,,,,, ;, : 1 m, 0.8 m; 2 m, 1 m,,,,,, ,

251 244 ( X LPE) 45 % 50 %, 50% 70% 8 7 / mm / mm < > / mm / mm , ( C J kalupa) 10% 25 %, S D = n1 d 2 1/ 4 + n2 d 2 2/ nn d 2 n/ 4 S = K S D/ S D, mm 2 ; n1, n2,, nn ;

252 XLPE 245 d1, d2,, dn, mm; S, mm 2 ; K, ;, % 3. 2 m, 2 m,,, q, q P = 2 P/ L P, N ; L, m P M1 max = PL/ 4 M2 max = ql 2 / 8, q M1max M2 max,, ( 6 m ),, 4., L = 2 m, qe, LG 2 m, qg : qg qe ( L/ LG ) 2 3 m, 4 m, 5 m, 6 m,,

253 246 ( X LPE) 3 m qg 0.44 qe 4 m qg 0.25 qe 5 m qg 0.16 qe 6 m qg 0.11 qe,,,, 1/ 200, 1 3 m, 6 m, / A / in ( 129 mm 2 ) ( 258 mm 2 ) ( 452 mm 2 ) ( 645 mm 2 ) (968 mm 2 ) :, 600 A A

254 XLPE ,,,, 8.3.1,,,,, : (1 ), (2 ), 8,, (3 ), 2 5 m,,, (4 ),,,, ,,

255 248 ( X LPE) m/ min, 110 kv,, ;, 8 10 ( 110 kv ) 8 10 : N/ mm : (1 ), 35 kv,,,,, (2 ),,,,, (3 ),,, : ;, ;, (4 ),

256 XLPE 249 (5 ),, XL PE P VC P E, 3 kn/ m 2,,,,,,,,,,,, T, kg; K ; W, k g/ m; L, m T = KW L (8 1) K,, , 0.75,,,,,,, : (1 ) ( 8 10( a) ) L2 = L1 cosh k + L (2 ), ( 8 10 ( b) ) R K 2 sinh k (8 2)

257 250 ( X LPE) L2 = L1 e k - R1 2sin K2 1 + K 2 K ( ek - cos ) (8 3) L3 = L2 + d 1 sin + cos K L4 = L3 e k + R2 2e k sin K2 1 + K 2 K (3 ), ( 8 10 (c) ) (1 - ek cos ) L2 = L1 e k + R1 2sin K2 1 + K 2 K ( ek - cos ) L3 = L2 - d 1 sin - cos K L4 = L3 e k - R2 2e k sin K2 1 + K 2 K (1 - ek cos ) 8 10 ( a) ; ( b), ; (c), ; ( d ),

258 XLPE 251 L1, L3, m; L2, L4, m; R, R1, R2, m;, rad; d, m; k ; e kv, 95 mm 2, 45, 10 m, 90, 3 m d1, d2 120 m 100 m, d3 20 m 5.2 kg/ m 0.5, ( 8 L1 = d1 = 120 m L2 2), = 120cos h = m L3 = L2 + d2 = m (8 L4 3 ), = 278.2e sinh sin = m = e cos 2 L4, (8 1 ), = kg; =

259 252 ( X LPE) L4,, = kg, 260 m,, 670 kg,, 25%,, 8 11, 8 11 : 2,,,, 2 m,,,,,,,, : (1 ), L f W P L, m;

260 XLPE 253 f, 8 11; W, k g/ m; P (2 ),,,,, (3 ) :,,, (4 ),,,, , , , , :,

261 254 ( X LPE) 1. : (1 ) (2 ),,, : = s s (8 4), s s, s, s 35,,, p, Pa ; p = Fc Rd Fc, N; R, m; d, m (8 5 ), Fc Fc (8 5) = kc c c Ec Ac (8 6)

262 XLPE 255 kc, 0.75, ; c, - 1 ; , ; c, ; Ec, N/ m 2 ;, ;,,, ; Ac, m 2, XLP E 10%, 90, 10% 0.9 M Pa, (8 5) Rm in,, Rm in,,,,,,,, Fc F Fc, Fc

263 256 ( X LPE) Fc = 2 EJ/ ( l) 2 > F l < EJ F l, m; E, N/ m 2 ; J, m 4 ; (8 7) EJ, N/ m 4 ; F, N ;, = 1; = 0.5, = 1 ;, = 0.7,, 3 5 mm,,,, 50%, 2.,

264 XLPE 257 ( ),,, (1 ), 8 12 f ,,,,,,, : l, m; l D2 e 65W W, k g/ m; De, mm (8 8),, f 0,

265 258 ( X LPE) f 0, = W l EJ f0 5, m; EJ, N m 2 ; f0, m; l, m; W, k g/ m, f 0 (8 9), 2 De 2 De,,, ma x, f0 2 c c D max - c c - s s c, - 1 ; c, ; s, - 1 ; s, ; D ( ), mm; ( 8 10) max, 30 40, 0.1% ; 0.25 % (2 )

266 XLPE 259,, 8 13, 8 13,, 3 5 mm 8 13,,,, l, De, mm l = De 20 ( 8 11) f0 (8 10) 30 40, 0.1%, 0.25% 3.,,,,

267 260 ( X LPE), IEC62067,,,,,, ( ),, 8.3.3,,,,, : (1 ),,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,

268 XLPE 261,,,,,, Ws H T = ( 8 12) 1 - cos Ws, kg; H, m; 8 14 :, (8 D = H sin h- 1 ( tan ) sec ) T, 8 ( 8 13) Ws H ( 8 13 ) D H 15, m, 60,

269 262 ( X LPE) cos = - r, m; Ws rv 2 Ws 176 rv 2 v, m/ s ,,,, 8% Ws = 1.08 W - r kg/ m W, k g/ m; r, m,, 5 : P = d2 4 n Rp

270 XLPE 263 d, mm; n ; Rp, kg/ mm 2 ; kg/ mm 2, 30 60,,,,, m/ min,,, 3 5 kn,,,,,,,,, 8.4, XL PE, XL PE,,, 1962, 62,,,,, : (1 ),, (2 ), ( 200 m )

271 264 ( X LPE), 7 m (3 ),, (4 ) 2 3 m, (5 ),, : (1 ),,, (2 ),,,,, (3 ),, (4 ),, A, B, C,, A B, C ;, B C

272 XLPE,,,,,, XL PE,, XL PE,, 20 80,,,,,,,, 9.1,,

273 266 ( X LPE) 9.1.1,, ; 9.1.2,,,,,,,, 9.1.3,,,,,,,, 9.1.4,,,,,,,,

274 X LPE 267,, 6 kv, 70% ; 10 kv, 50%,,, 66 kv,,,, kv, : (1 ) :, kv A ; B ; C ; D ; K 9 1 ( ) / mm 2 A/ mm B * / mm C/ mm D/ mm K/ mm * B

275 268 ( X LPE) (2 ) : 10 mm, 50 mm, 5 mm, 10 mm, 2 mm 20 mm, 100 mm,, 50 mm, (3 ) :,,,,,,, kv (1 ) :,, A ; B ; C ; D ; R 9 2 ( ) / mm 2 A/ mm B * / mm C/ mm D/ mm K/ mm (2 ) 10 mm

276 X LPE 269 (,, 70 mm, 40 mm), 50 mm, 9 mm, PVC, (3 ),,, 9 mm, (4 ), (5 ),, ( ) (6 ), 100 mm kv kv (1 ) :, , 200, 400,, 200 mm (2 ) : 60 t,,,,

277 270 ( X LPE) 9 4 (110 k V XLPE 700 mm 2 ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; A ; B ; C ; D ; E ; F ; K kv ( ) / kv / mm A B C D E F K (3 ),, d 5.5 (4 ) 20 mm (5 ) (,

278 X LPE 271, 8 mm ) (6 ),,, 2/ mm, (7 ), (8 ), (, ),, (9 ) ( ),,, kv kv ( ) 1. (1 )XLPE,,

279 272 ( X LPE) (2 ),,,, (3 ),, (4 ),, (5 ),, (6 ),,, 2. (1 ),, L min / mm K/ mm (2 ),,, 9 8

280 X LPE ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 1 ; 2 ; 5 ; 6 ; 3 ; 4 ; 7 ;8 ; 5 9 (3 ),,,,,,,,, (4 ), 9 9( a) (5 ),,,, 9 9 ( b) (6 ),,, ( ),, 9 9 ( c)

281 274 ( X LPE) (7 ),, ( ),,, 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ( X LPE) ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; (8 ),,,,, 9 10

282 X LPE kv ( ) 1. (1 ), (2 ),, (3 ),,, (4 ),,,,,, (5 ), ( ),

283 276 ( X LPE),, (6 ) 10 D( D ),,, 2. (1 ),, , 30 % 40% ; 140, (2 ),,,,,,, (3 ),,,,, (4 ),,, 3. (1 ) :, ( L + A), A A B + C A > mm,, 9 11, 9 12,,,,

284 X LPE WSY 35/ 3. 4,35 kv (2 ) mm 2,,,,, (3 ) 9 14,, ;,,, 60 mm (4 ) ;, 60 mm,,,,,,

285 278 ( X LPE) ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; ;2 ; ; 2 ; 3 ; 4, ( ) 30 mm,

286 X LPE 279,,, 40 mm (5 ) :,, 9 15, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7,,, P VC, K 5 mm (6 ) : 5 mm,,, (7 ) :,,, 5 mm,,,, (8 ) :,,,,,, 50 mm, 50 mm,,,,

287 280 ( X LPE),, (9 ) :,, (10) 9 15,,,, 100 mm, 5,, kv 1. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ), (7 ), (8 ), 2. (1 ) ( L + K )

288 X LPE kv 35 kv / kv L/ mm K/ mm (2 ) 10 mm,, 10 mm, (3 ) 50 mm, (4 ) ( ), (5 ), 3. (1 ),,, 10 mm, (2 ), 60 mm,, (3 ) 5 mm,,

289 282 ( X LPE),,,, (4 ), 9 17 (5 ), 10 kv 3, 35 kv 5, mm, 60 mm (6 ), (7 ), kv k V HSY 35/ 1.4 WSY 35/ 1.4

290 X LPE ( 10 kv ) ,, (1 ) 2 m, 200 mm,, (2 ), mm,,,,,,, 10 mm, 50 mm, 2.,,,, mm,,,,, ( ),, 3.,,

291 284 ( X LPE) ;,,,,,,, 30 mm,,,,,, 4.,,,, kv 9 20, 200 mm, 150 mm,,,,,,,, kv 1 ; 2 ;3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ;7 ;8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13

292 X LPE ,, (1 ) 2 m, 200 mm,, (2 ), 200 mm,, ( A ) (3 ), ( ) 5.,,,, A, 200 mm,, B, ( B ), A 200 mm,,

293 286 ( X LPE) (5 min),, A,,, kv / mm , / kv A/ mm B/ mm C/ mm D/ mm E/ mm F/ mm G/ mm

294 X LPE ,, 40 mm mm 15 mm 3 mm,, 5 min, PVC ( 9 22, 9 23 ),, 20 mm,,, kv kv 9 24

295 288 ( X LPE) / mm D C B A L K ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ;7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18 ; ,

296 X LPE ,,,, 9 mm 2 mm mm ( / ) mm 330/ / / / / / / / 190 mm mm mm 120/ / / / / / / / 175,,,,,,,, PVC 4., 5 min,, 20 mm,, 20 mm 5.,,,,

297 290 ( X LPE) 20 mm,, kv,, kv ( ELASTIMOLD) 1 ; 2 ;3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; kv ( ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ;6 ; kv,

298 X LPE k V XLPE ( ) 1 ;2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 O ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12

299 292 ( X LPE) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; k V GIS ( )

300 X LPE kv GIS ( ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ;7

301 294 ( X LPE) kv, kv ( G& W ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ;7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ;14 ;15 ; 16 O ; 17 ; 18 ; 19 ; 20 ; 21 ; 22

302 X LPE kv ( G& W ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 O ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ;10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18

303 296 ( X LPE) kv GIS ( G& W ) 1 ( IE C859 ) ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 O ;5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 GIS ; 10 O ( GIS ) ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18 ; 19

304 X LPE k V ( G & W ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; k V ( G & W ) 1 ; 2 ;3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12

305 298 ( X LPE) kv XLPE ( LG ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13

306 X LPE kv LXPE GIS ( LG ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ;12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18

307 300 ( X LPE) mm 2 mm D L L k V XLPE ( LG ) 1 ; 2 ;3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18 ; 19

308 X LPE kv XLP E ( LG ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ;6 ; 7 ; 8 ; kv XLPE ( LG ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ;7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10

309 302 ( X LPE) ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12

310 X LPE ; 2

311 XLPE kv XL PE,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, 220 kv, 270mm 2, 370 m, 90 MV A,, 30%,, ;, m, 30%,,,,

312 X LPE MW A A % V A V 28 A B C ,,,, ( ), kv XL PE,,,,,,,,,,,, 10 1,,

313 306 ( X LPE),, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ( ) ; m, ( ),, 10 2,,,, 50 V,, 100 V,,,, 0. 7 s( s ),

314 X LPE 307 ( 10 2 ),,, ( ),,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ( ) ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; ,,,, V,

315 308 ( X LPE) ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ( ) ; 6 ; 7 ;8 ; 9,, ( ),,,,, 10 4, 100 V, ( m ),,,,,

316 X LPE 309, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ( ) ;6 ; 7 ; ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ( ) ; 6 ; 7 ; 8

317 310 ( X LPE) 2. (1 ), :, 120,,,,, 50 V, 10 6,,,,,,, 10 6 (2 ) :,,,,, ,,, 10 5,,

318 X LPE 311,,, 120,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,, UA D,, D A, IR, 10 7, 50% A, B, C

319 312 ( X LPE),, 10 7, 10 7,, : (1 ) : U AD = - j ( 1 2 l) Iln ( D r s - D d ) = - j li 10-7 ln d V ( 10 1) rs U AD = 1 2 I( Xs - Z AD ) V ( 10 2) Z AD, ZAD = j lln D d

320 X LPE 313 d, d = 0. 7 d, m; l, m; D, m; rs (2 ) : (3 ) : U AD = I( Xs - Z00 ) V ( 10 3) U AD = - Z AD 1 2 I[ ( Xs + Z0 0-2 Z01 ) + j 3 2 ( Xs - Z00 ) ] ( 10 4) > Z00,,, 10 7,,,,,,,,,, 50%,,, (, 30 ),,,,, R Z d,

321 314 ( X LPE) R 6 Zd ( 10 5), R,, (10 5),,,,, ( 10 ) Y 10 8 Y 10 8 Y,,,,,,, ;,, Y (

322 X LPE ) Y0,, Y0,,, Y0 Y, 50% 10 9, Y0, A, UY0 UY0 = IR + UA A ( 10 6) 10 9 Y0 IR U A A, 90, UY0, A A, UA U = UA A = UA A - UC C ( 10 7) UA A UC C,, U (10 6) UY0

323 316 ( X LPE) Y, 10 8, UA A, UY UY = 1 2 U A A = 1 2 ( UA A - UC C ) ( 10 8) ( 10 8) (10 6), Y Y Y UY UY = UY = I( Xs - Z00 ) ( 10 9) [ I( Xs + Z00 ) - ( - I) ( Xs - Z00 ) ] = - I( Xs - Z0 0 ) (10 10) 3. UY = I 3 ( Xs - Z00 ) (10 11) ( 10 9 ) (10 10 ) ( 10 11), Y, 50%,,,, ( 10 6 ) IR, IR,, , ( 10 5 )

324 X LPE ,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 000,,,

325 318 ( X LPE),, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, ( 2s ), mm 10 k V kv ( ) 2 s V( ) U 1 m s V MY MY31 MY MY ,,,, 0. 7 ( 10 3)

326 X LPE k V kv ,, B H1, R2 C R2, L,, B H 1 ; G ; R 2 ; C ; L ,, 10 12,

327 320 ( X LPE),, 10 kv,,,,,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5,,,,, 10 2,, 10 m,,, (1 ),,,

328 X LPE ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 (2 ),,, ;,,,,,,, (3 ),,, a.,, b.,,,,

329 322 ( X LPE) ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 c.,,, 6 ka, ( 0. 5 ),, V,, d.,,,,,,,, ; ;,, ( 10 kv 1 mm ) 2.5 kv, 5 M

330 XLPE,, GB ,, : (1 ) ; (2 ) ; (3 ) DL/ T , ( 1 ) ( 2 ) 11.1, I : I1 I2 I (a) I = I1 + I2 + I3, I,,, 11 1 ( b),,,

331 324 ( X LPE) 11 1 ( ),,,,,,, 120 r/ min, 15 s 60 s ( R15 R60 ) R60/ R15,,,, 2.0,,, :1 kv V ;1 kv V : (1 ), (2 ) (3 ),, (120 r/ min) ;,

332 XLPE 325,, (4 ) ; ( E) ( G) ( L) :,,, 11 2,,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 (5 ) ( 120 r/ min ),,,, 15 s 60 s (6 ),,, 1 min 11.2,,,, 11 3

333 326 ( X LPE) 11 3 (a) ; ( b ) T 1 ; T 2 ; W ; A ; V, : Z1 = V 3 I ( 11 1) R = ( W1 W2 ) 3 I 2 ( 11 2) Z1, ; X1 = Z R 2 ( 11 3)

334 XLPE 327 R, ; X1, ; V, V; I, A; W1, W2, W, Z0 = 3V I ( 11 4) Z0, ; X0, ; R = 3W I 2 ( 11 5) X0 = Z R 2 ( 11 6) V, I, W ( V) ( A) ( W ) 11.3,,

335 328 ( X LPE) 11 1 / k V / min V 5 V V V V kv kv k V k V / 1 kv V ;0. 6/ 1 kv V (6/ 6 kv V )

336 XLPE ( 1) 11 3 ; 5 min, ( 1)1 3 ( 2 ) 5 min ( 2 ) 1 min ( 3) 2 6/ 6 kv 10 A, 8. 7/ 10 kv 200 A, 11 3 U 0 / U / k V 1. 0/ / / 6 6/ 6 6/ / 10 21/ 35 26/

337 330 ( X LPE) 11 4 ( 1 ) 0. 6/ 1 kv :1a V ; ( 2 ) 0. 6/ 1 kv 1 ; a. 3.6/ V kv :3a ( 6/ 6 kv b. 3.6/ 6 kv : 5a V ) 500 V ( 1 ) :1a 0. 5 M 2 ( 2 ) : a. 3. 6/ 6 kv : 3a 0. 5 M b. 3. 6/ 6 kv : 5a ; 6 3 ( 1 ) :1a ( 2 ) : a. 3. 6/ 6 kv : 3a b. 3. 6/ 6 kv : 5a 500 V 0. 5 M 0. 5 M

338 XLPE ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) (1 ) , 5 min, ( 2 ) 5 min 1 min 6 2 3a : 2,3 4,

339 332 ( X LPE) 11 5 U 0 / U 1. 8/ / 6 6/ 6 6/ / 10 21/ 35 26/ 35 48/ 66 64/ / 220 / k V ,,,,,, : Cu Pb Fe Zn Al / V ,, V,,, ( ) 1. 1 V,,

340 XLPE 333,, 0. 5 M,,,,, ;,,,,,,, a. b.,, ;,,,, 1.,, 5 kv, 1 min, 2. a. :, 20, (120 - t)/ 100( t, )

341 334 ( X LPE) b. :,, c. :, V, 10 M 3. a. : ( ), ( ), 20 b. ( ) :,, ( ) mm 2 ; 10 mm 2 2.,,,,,, ,, : ;

342 XLPE 335, 11 4,,, ,,,, ;2 ;3 ; 4 ( ) ; 5 ; 6 ; 7

343 336 ( X LPE) : (1 ) :, 6 10 kv, 220 V/ kv, kv A 35 kv, 220 V/ vk,1 3 kv A (2 ) : V, kv A (3 ) :,, 2/ 2,, 35 kv, 100 ma 2DL53M 100 kv 100 ma 2DL53M (4 ) : 10 / V, (1 ) :,, (2 ) :,,, 10 kv 3. 5

344 XLPE 337, 220 V/ 30 kv,, 2,, / ( / 220) = V 5,, (3 ), : ; ;, (, ) (4 ), (5 ),,,,,, (6 ), 5, 1 2 kv/ s, 1 min,, 15 s, 60 s, 3 min, 5 min, 10 min, 15 min ( 15 min ),, (7 ),, (8 ),,,, (9 ),

345 338 ( X LPE) kv,, : RL, e2 D1, C1 UC1 e2 2 E2,, 11 7( a) ( ), C1 UC1 e2, D2 C1, e2 + UC1, C2 E2 M + E2 M = 2 E2 M, 11 7 ( b) 11 7 (a) C1, 11 7 ( b) C2 2 E2 M, C2 2 E2 M ( 2 2 E2 ),, E2, 8 35 kv 11 8 C C1, C2 C, C, (

346 XLPE 339 MY, 500 kv) D1 D2, R1 R2, 10 / V 2/ 2,, 11 9,,,,,

347 340 ( X LPE) , 110 kv (1 ),,,

348 XLPE 341 (2 ), (3 ) 5, 1 2 kv/ s, 1 min, (4 ), (5 ) :, 100 k,,,,,, (6 ) :,,, a. ; b. ; c. 11.4,,,,, 2 4 A, B,

349 342 ( X LPE) 10 V, , A, B, C,, C,,, A, B ;, B, A ; C (1 ),,

350 XLPE 343 (2 ),, (3 ),,, (4 ),, 15 s 60 s,, (5 ),,, : a. ( 220 V ) b.,, ; ; c. d., e. (6 ),, (7 ),, 1/ 4, 1/ 2, 3/ 4,, (8 ),,,, 1 2 kv/ s (9 ), 1/ 4, 1/ 2, 3/ 4 ( 1 min ),,

351 344 ( X LPE) (10),,,,,,, (11),,,, (12), (,, ) (13),,,, (14),, (1 ),,,,,,, ( ),, (2 ),, ;,,, ( 10 min),, 3 6,,

352 XLPE 345 (3 ),,, 1. 5, 2,,,,, 10 min,,, 3 (, 10 kv 20 A ; 6 kv 10 A),, (4 ) :,, , 2,,, , 1,, : a.,, b.,,,,, 2 6, (5 ),,, (,, )

353 346 ( X LPE),,,,,,,,,,,,

354 XLPE 12.1,, : (1 ),, (2 ), (3 ) (, ), (4 ),, ;,,,, ( ) ( ),, :, ( ) kv 90, 12 1, 30%,

355 348 ( X LPE) 12 1 : 22 k V 66 kv ,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),, kv

356 X LPE 349 ( 12 3) :2/ 3 22 kv ; 66 kv,, k V 66 k V , ; tan, ,, ( ),,, ( 12 4 ),,, , 44, 75% 2 min,

357 350 ( X LPE) % min, 2. 3% min,, 5 min, 15 min k V 2.5 k V min,, kv, 50 kv tan , 0. 5 %, 1 % tan 12 3,,,, ( 12 1 ),,, ( 12 2 ), kv

358 X LPE 351,,,, tan, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ( ) ; 5 ; ,,,

359 352 ( X LPE) 1 min = = U 1 U XLPE ( ) / kv / kv 30 s 10 min tan / kv / kv / min 6.6 2,4,9 10 1,3, ,6,12,16 5,10,15, ,3,5 1,3, A tan a < 0. 1 < 0. 1% b % 5 % c > 1 > 5 % : a ; : a c : c, 12 3

360 X LPE kv U1, U2 T1, T2 12 6,, U ( ) ( ) U1 T1 ( ) U2 T2 10 min k V k V min k V min k V , 1988, k V tan ( ),

361 354 ( X LPE) XLPE? : XL PE ;, XL PE,,,,, ;, 0. 1 H z, EPRI, 2 15 kv XL PE,, ( 12 4 ) kv XLP E XLP E

362 X LPE 355, XLPE , 6 kv XLP E, 1 6 kv, 2 10 kv, ( ) XLPE ( ) ( ) , k V ( ) kv 10, k V 1, kv ,,,,,

363 356 ( X LPE) K2 K3, K1, 1 kv 10 min, K1 K2, 10 s K1 K2, K2, min, 12 6, XL PE tan ; kv XLP E, 10 kv, 10 min, 2 s, 10 s, 11 5, k V XLPE tan

364 X LPE K1, 1 kv 10 min, K1, ;3 min K2, Q, 3 min 33 min 30 min kv XLP E Q R tan U 12 9, Q U tan U, R U,,

365 358 ( X LPE) Q tan,, kv XLPE Q, R, tan U 3., 12 10,, K1,,, kv, 5 kv 3 kv 12 12, 12 9

366 X LPE R 1 ; R 2

367 360 ( X LPE) 12 9,,, tan tan,,, X CT 30 m 50 m

368 X LPE XLPE,,, ( 50 V),, ( ) Ri 12 13,,, 12 14, ( kv),,

369 362 ( X LPE), 50 V R 3 ; R 4, 12 15,, 12 16, XLP E 80 %,,, 12 17

370 X LPE t 12 16

371 364 ( X LPE) 12 17,, ( ) ( ) / M > R , < 10 R > < 1 000, , 12 13,, 12 18, ( )

372 X LPE 365 : XL PE, , ;,,,,,,

373 366 ( X LPE) 12 20,, Idc, Idc,, kv kv 6 kv XLPE XLP E, 12 11,,,,, 12 18,, 12 23, I S I1, : ; FF I ;

374 X LPE XLPE

375 368 ( X LPE) / na > 100, < , Rs, Rs,,,, Rs tan tan, tan tan, 12 25,

376 X LPE R i tan tan,, 12 26, tan, tan 12 27,

377 370 ( X LPE) tan,, tan,, 12 28, tan XL PE, tan, ,,, t an ( ), tan tan, 12 12

378 X LPE tan tan

379 372 ( X LPE) tan tan a < 0. 2 % b 0. 2% 5 % c > 5 %,,, kv XLPE : a,, b,, kv XLPE a b 1 na > 1 na 3 na > 3 na tan 0. 5% > 0. 5%

380 X LPE tan tan ( ) tan, 12 32

381 374 ( X LPE) tan , 12 33,, ,, ( IJ ), 12 34

382 X LPE t 12 14, GP T, tan,,

383 376 ( X LPE) / pc XLPE < 10 XLPE < 100 < < < ,, 12 35,, ( 12 37),,, kv XL PE :

384 X LPE 377 ; 1 ( 38mm), 2 ( 54mm ),, ( A E) P.AM P M.A MP ; DM ; P ; CD ; PC

385 378 ( X LPE) ,,,, ; XL PE tan, tan,, tan,, I g, 12 38,, 12 39, 6 kv, tan, U BD, C, Ig, m, 6 kv XLP E Ig

386 X LPE tan, UBD, C U BD I g, ( = ) Ig, 12 41,

387 380 ( X LPE) XLPE 12 41

388 X LPE kv 0. 5 Hz, R C,, IC = U C, IR, IR ;, tan = 1/ ( CR ),, t an, kv, 10 kv 7 min, kv XLP E,, M, kv,

389 382 ( X LPE)

390 X LPE ,,, 50 H z,,, (0. 1 Hz) 50 Hz 0. 1 H z, 1/ 500,,, 100 kv : 50 H z,,,, 50 Hz,

391 384 ( X LPE) 1,, ,,, :,,,,,, 50 H z ,, : ; ;, 3,

392 X LPE 385 ( ),

393 386 ( X LPE), U0 ( kv) V/ t,, ( 1.2 mm ), 0. 1 H z,,,, 50 Hz,, U 0 k V k V min Hz 6 1/ / 1 38 > Hz 10 5/ / / / / 1 > : (1 ), (2 )0. 1 H z,, 50 H z,,, 10/ 5/ 30

394 X LPE (3 ) 50 H z, 50 Hz 12 50,, 50 H z, 50 Hz, 50 H z,, : (1 ) (2 ) 50 H z (3 ) (4 ), 0. 1 H z,

395 388 ( X LPE), 100 kv, 0. 1 H z 12 17,, 50 Hz kv 50 Hz Hz

396 13.1, (, ),,,,,,,,, : ;, ,,,, 5 (1 ) : ,,

397 390 ( X LPE),,, (2 ) :,, (3 ) :,,, 1 M, 1 M, (4 ) :,,,,,,,,,,, (5 ) : ,,,,,,, : (1 ), XLP E (2 ),,,

398 391,, ,,,,,, V (1 ) A, B, C,, (2 ), (3 ), : A, B, C ( ),,, A B B C, A C, B ;,,,, (4 ),, 13.2,

399 392 ( X LPE) ,,,, : (1 ) : QG 23 ( 850 ) QF I A,,, QEI A (2 ) : U G 1 DGC 2 100, (3 ) : DGC 2,, ,,,,,,

400 393 : (1 ) :,,, (2 ) :,,,,,,, 13.3 ( ),,,, (1 ) :, 13 1, R1, R2, R3 R4 ( Rx ) 4, R4 ( Rx ) ab, cd, R1, R2, R3 R4 I1, I2, I3 I4, G I 0, c d

401 394 ( X LPE), I0 = 0, c d, 13 1 : Uac = U ad, Ucb = Udb I1 R1 = I2 R2 ( 13 1) I3 R3 = I4 R4 ( 13 2) 13 1 (13 1)/ ( 13 2 ) I1 R1/ I3 R3 = I2 R2/ I4 R4 ( 13 3) I0 = 0 I1 = I3 ( 13 4) I2 = I4 ( 13 5) (13 4) (13 5) ( 13 3 ), R1/ R3 = R2/ R4 R4 = R3 R2/ R1 ( 13 6) 13 1, R4 Rx Rx = R3 R2/ R1 ( 13 7) ( 13 7),

402 395 ( ), (13 7), (2 ),,,, 0. 01,, R3,, 4 109, ( 13 7 ) Rx = R3 R2/ R1 = = , 10,, 4, R x = R3 R2/ R1 = 10 4 = 40,,, (3 ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Rx Rx =,,,,,,,,

403 396 ( X LPE) , A, B ; L ; L x A ; M ; N ( 13 2 B ), A x1, x2, 13 3 R1 x2 ; R2 x1 ; R2 L, A,, R1 = 1 (2 L - Lx )/ A2 ( 13 8) R2 = 2 Lx/ A2 ( 13 9), M N,, N/ M = R1/ R2 (13 10) (13 8) ( 13 9 ) ( 13 10)

404 397 N/ M = [ p1 (2 L - Lx )/ A1 ]/ [ 2 Lx/ A2 ] (13 11) 13 3, x2 :, 1 = 2, A1 = A2 N/ M = ( 2 L - Lx )/ Lx Lx = [ M/ ( M + N ) ]/ 2 L (13 12) (13 12 ), x1, ;,, Lx = [ N/ ( N + N) ]/ 2 L (13 13),, ;,, 2. QF1 A Q F1 A ( 13 4),, 15 V, 300 V 600 V, ( 100 k )

405 398 ( X LPE) 13 4 QF1 A

406 399, Rk,, QF1 A,, (1 - Rk )/ Rk = ( 2 L - Lx )/ Lx Lx = Rx 2 L (13 14) Lx ; m; L, m; Rk (1 ) : a. b., B; E, E, c. Rx d.,,, Rk

407 400 ( X LPE) e., M, N, f. 15 V g., 220 V,,, h. 15 V (, 15 V, 300 V 600 V),, Rk, Rk,, 1, Rk , = i.,, (2 ) : a. 13 6, B, A, E ; ( ) 13 6 QF1 A b. (, ) c. Rk : 0. 5,

408 d.,,, e., 15 V f., 200 V,,, g., 15 V, Rk ;,,,, 300 V 600 V,, ( ),,,,,, Rk,,,, h., A B ( A, B, ),, Lx = (1 - Rk ) 2 L (13 15) i.,,,, ( ) j.,,, 200 ma, (3 ) :, 13 7

409 402 ( X LPE),, ;, ,,,, , 2 L L1 + L2,

410 403,,,,, R,, ( N + R)/ M = ( L - Lx ) Lx Lx = [ M/ ( M + N + R) ] L (13 16) Lx = [ N/ ( M + N + R) ] L (13 17) ,,,, ( ), : 1, L1, A1

411 404 ( X LPE) ; 2, L2, A2, R = 1 L1/ A1 = 2 L2/ A2 L2 = ( L1 1/ 2 ) ( A2/ A1 ) (13 18) 1 95 mm 2, 200 m, 70 mm 2 (13 L = 200 m? : 1 = mm 2 / m, A1 = 95 mm 2 : 2 = mm 2 / m, A2 = 70 mm 2 L2 18 ) = ( L1 1/ 2 ) ( A2/ A1 ) = ( / ) (70/ 95) = m 248 m 70 mm m 13.4,,,,,,,, : Lx = v tx/ 2 (13 19) Lx, m; v, 160 m/ s; XLP E 172 m/ s; tx, s

412 405,,,,,, v = 2 L/ tl (13 20) L, m ; tl, s,,,, (13 20 ) ( 13 19) Lx = ( tx/ 2 ) v = ( tx/ 2) 2 L/ tl = ( tx/ tl ) L (13 21) ( ), ( 13 10) ;, ( ) 13 10,, 100,, ( ),,,

413 406 ( X LPE) ,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, ( ),,, Lx 2) = t ( tx/ DGC 2 : ; ;, 13 12,

414 C, C 0. 1 F, 6 10 k V ; R 1, R 1 = k ; R 2, R 2 = ( ) ( ) 13 12,,,, 13 13, , t0 t1,, Lx = (1/ 2 ) v t = ( 1/ 2) = 860 m v, v = 172 m/ s; t = t2 - t0 = 10 s

415 408 ( X LPE) ,,,,,,,,, ( ),, ( R ) Zs R, R, ( B ), R R : t0, C J s, U 1 + ( Um ), t,, t,,,

416 409 U - 1, U m, t t1 Js, C,, V T, V, 2 k V A PT, 50 kv 100 m A = 5 k V A D, U R > 100 kv, I > 100 m A R 1, R 2 ( 150, 2 W, 310, 2 W, 1 k, 2 W ), U R < 10 k V, R 1 20 k ; 10 kv < U R < 25 kv, R 1 40 k ; U R > 25 k V, 60 k 80 k R V C,, 1 F, J s,, J s,,, J s, Z s, Z s, ,, R ; Z s,,, L H, R, C,

417 410 ( X LPE) 13 Z f = R/ ( R1 + R2 ) R 17, R R Z c,, t1 U - 1 U + 2 ( U + 2 < U m ), t1 U - 1 U + 2 U + 2,, U + 2 Js, 13 t2, R, 16 ( b),, t, t0 - t1, l = 1 2 v t1 - t2 = 1 2 v t2 - t3 = 1 2 v t3 - t4 = XLP E : l = 86 t1 - t2 = 86 ( ) 487 m

418 ( L ) Zs L, L, 13 15, L L (a) L ( b) L L 13 18( a),, 1 5 s C J s,, 13,, 19 ( = v/ f ) 4, L ( ), L C 13 19, C L,, R1 R2,,

419 412 ( X LPE) f = 1 2 L C, L,,,, C, L,,, 13 20( a) L C C R1 + R2, 13 20( b ), t1, I = CC ( R1 + R2 ) ; C + C exp - ( t/ I) U M = - Um U M l = 1 2 v t0 - t ( b ), 21( a)

420 L t0, Js,, t1,, t 1,,, t1 L ( ),, U1, U ( b) Zc, I = L/ Zc L, U1, U + 1 = U1 - U -, t 2,, U1, t2, L, U2,

421 414 ( X LPE) U + + U1 + U2, t1 - t2, l = 1 2 U t1 - t2 XLP E : l = 86 t1 - t2 = 86 ( ) 487 m L,,, R 13.6,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

422 ,, , 13 23,, A,,,,,,,,,,, 13 23,,, ( ), :,, ;,,,,,

423 416 ( X LPE) 45, (a ),,,, ( a), h = A, ( 13 24( b) ), h = ( A + B)/ ,,,,,, 13 25,, 1/ 2, ( ),,,,

424

425 418 ( X LPE),,, ( 13 27),,, ( 10 )

426 419,,,,,, 13 28, 1 m ,, ;,,, 13 29,,,,,,,,,,

427 420 ( X LPE) 13 29,,,, ( ),,,, 13 30,,,,, ,,,

428 421, 360 ;,,,, (1 ), H z ( ),, DGC, 15 kh z, kh z 1 kh z,, (2 ),, 5 7 A, ( 15 H z),, 2 A (3 ),,,,, 13.7

429 422 ( X LPE),95%,,,,,,,,, C,, W = CU 2 / 2, U, 6 35 kv, kv C,,, C 2 10 F,,,,, kv, 3 4 s,, 3 4 s,,,,

430 423,,,, 2 kv A 2 3 kv A ( 2DL 75 kv/ 1A),,,, ;,,,,,,,, :,,, 13 32,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, DGC :,,,

431 424 ( X LPE), ; mm ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ( ) : (1 ),,, ( ) : a., b., ; ( )

432 425 c ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 (2 ), : a.,,, ( ),,,, b.,,,,,,

433 426 ( X LPE) c.,, (3 ),, a.,,, ;, b. ( kv ),,, c.,,,,, (4 ),,,,, (5 ),,,,,, (6 ),,,,,,, (, ),,

434 XLPE 14.1,, 5, : (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 14 1

435 428 ( X LPE) 14 1 (2 ),,,,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,