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1 QUATERNARY SCIENCES Vol. 23, No. 4 J uly, (,, ), -, CaCO 3 14 C,, 3 100a B. P. (1150 B. C. ),, CaCO 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,() ( ) ( ),-, 1 3, ETC ;J YC ; 3 : 49 E2mail : edu. cn (:01JDJAZ770014) (: ) (:2000KR07) ,

2 4 : 405 WSC (1) m, m, m mm, mm [1 ],,,,,,, 1 ( ) ( ) Fig. 1 Map showing the major archaeological sites of the Shang2Zhou (Predynastic Zhou2Western Zhou) Dynasties and the studied sites in the drainage basin of the Huanghe River,,, [2,3 ] [4 ],,, [511 ],, 3,, 2, ETC WSC, S 0 J YC S 0

3 ETC (a) J YC (b) WSC (c) TOC CaCO Fig. 2 Stratigraphic subdivisions and diagrams showing the analytical results of magnetic susceptibility,grain2size, total organic carbon and CaCO 3 in the Holocene loess2palaeosol sequences at ETC site in Changwu County,at J YC site in Fufeng County,at WSC site in Huxian County,Shaanxi

4 4 : 407 2,3 ( 2) 2 cm, WCL - 1 (1. 55 khz, 10-6 cgs),3, ETC WSC, J YC Mastersize2S, > 0. 1 mm, (High TOC - ) (TC) (TIC), (TOC) CaCO 3 3,, ETC 266 cm, J YC 265 cm, WSC 156 cm ( 2) 3,Bglling2Allergd2Younger Dryas [12 ], (Younger Dryas ) a B. P. [13 ] 3, C [14 ] 3 ( 2), 14 C a B. P., ETC cm,, S 0 (150 cm) 3 100a B. P. ;, 14 C [15 ], a B. P.,J YC cm,,s 0 (110 cm) 3 100a B. P. ;, 14 C a B. P., WSC 7262 cm,, S 0 (80 cm) 3 100a B. P. 3 [1618 ] 3, L cgs, S 0, cgs,l 0, cgsetc WSC, L 0 J YC, ( 2) ( mm),3 L 1 45 %55 %,S 0 42 %48 %,L 0 43 % 55 %3 / (3) L , S ,L ,,

5 [1820 ] ETC WSC,L 0,( 3), [21 ] 3 (TOC) L %0. 3 %, S %0. 6 %,L %0. 5 % ;, 0. 6 %1. 2 %, CaCO 3 [22 ] 3 CaCO 3 L 1 12 %22 %, S 0 2 %,L x 4 %8 % ETC 3 %8 %,J YC WSC 3 %5 %,5060 mm,caco 3 < 2 %CaCO 3,,L 0, [4] 3 ETC J YC WSC / Fig. 3 Diagrams showing the clay/ silt ratio in the Holocene loess2palaeosol sequences at ETC site in Changwu 4 County,at J YC site in Fufeng County,at WSC site in Huxian County,Shaanxi,3 ( 1), ( m) ( m),( m) /, CaCO 3 ( 2)

6 4 : ,,,, 3, ( 2 3) Bglling2Allergd2Younger Dryas [12 ],,3,,,,, S 0,, S 0, ETC J YC WSC, J YC, a B. P. [5 ], ETC J YC,,, 3,,,( 2), ( mm), cgs ( mm), ( cgs),, L 0, ( J YC ),L 0 ( 2) [23 ], L 0 (1050 B. C. 500 A. D. / a B. P. ), (500 A. D. ) 1 500,,,,,, [24 ], J YC WSC () CaCO 3,L 1

7 S 0,ETC () CaCO 3 CaCO 3, [4,22 ], S 0,,CaCO 3,CaCO 3 L 1 S 0, TOC, :,( ) [25 ],, 3 S 0, S a B. P. (1150 B. C. ) S 0 2 3,,, S a B. P. -, CaCO 3 S a B. P., CaCO 3 (TOC),S 0 TOC 3 100a B. P.,,3 100a B. P.,,,,,,,,,CaCO 3,,, 4. 2, ( ),, S 0 L 0, 14 C [14 ],3 100a B. P. (1150 B. C. )

8 4 : 411, [26,27 ],3 100 a B. P.,S a B. P., L 0 ( 2 3) a B. P.,,(4), 4 Fig. 4 The chronology of the Predynastic Zhou2Western Zhou Dynasty in the Weihe River drainage basin and the major historical events , 1046 B. C. ( 1050 B. C. ), 1150 B. C., 3 100a B. P. [15 ],S 0,,, [2830 ],,,,,,,, 3 100a B. P.,

9 ,, 1060 B. C. (3 010a B. P. ) (, ),3,,,, 1046 B. C. ( 1050 B. C. / 3 000a B. P. ),,,,,, ( 2 3),,,,,, , 150,,,,,,,771 B. C. (2 721a B. P. ),,,, ( ),,,,,,, 3 100a B. P.,,, ( 1),,,, m,, m;, m, ; 275,,140160m

10 4 : 413,,,,, 1.. :, :, ,1995, (2) : :, ,,.. (B ),1992, (12) : ,,..,1994, (1) : Zhou W J,An Z S,Jull A et al. Reappraisal of Chinese Loess Plateau stratigraphical sequences over the last years : Precurses of an important Holocene monsoon climatic event. Radiocarbon,1998,40(2) : Huang C C,Zhou J,Pang J L et al. A regional aridity phase and its possible cultural impact during the Holocene Megathermal in the Guanzhong Basin,China. The Holocene,2000,10 (1) : Huang C C,Pang J L, Huang P et al. Multi2disciplinary studies of the oldest cultivated soils in the southern part of the Loess Plateau of China. Catena,2002,47(1) : Huang C C,Pang J L, Huang P. An early Holocene erosion phase on the loess tableland in the southern Loess Plateau of China. Geomorphology,2002,43 (34) : ,,.. (),2001,31 (6) : Younger Dryas.,1998,13 (4) : Robert N. The Holocene : An Environmental History. Oxford : Blackwell, ( ). :, ( ). :, Han J M,LH Y,Wu N Q et al. Magnetic susceptibility of modern soils in China and climate conditions. Studia Geophysica et Geodetica,1996,40 : Maher B A. Magnetic properties of modern soil and Quaternary loessic palaeosols : Palaeoclimatic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,1998,137 : Huang C C. Pang J L,Zhao J B. Chinese loess and the evolution of the East Asia monsoon. Progress in Physical Geography, 2000,24 : Porter S C,An Z S. Correlation between climate events in the North2Atlantic and China during last glaciation. Nature,1995,375 : Ding Z L,Yu Z,Rutter N W et al. Towards an orbital time scale for Chinese loess deposits. Quaternary Science Reviews,1994, 13 : Jia R F, Zhao L,Wen Q Z. The trend of humidity evolution of the last Ma in Yangguo loess section, Shaanxi, China. Scientia Geologica Sinica,1995,Supplimentary Issue 1 : :, :, ,..,1992,4 : Alverson K,Oldfield F. Abrupt climate change. PAGES Newsletter,2000,8 (1) : ,2001,21(1) : Huang C C,Pang J L,Li P H. Abruptly increased climatic aridity and its social impact at 3100a B. P. on the Loess Plateau of

11 China. Journal of Arid Environments,2002,52(1) : Huntington E. The solar hypothesis of climate change. Geological Society of America Bulletin,1914,25 : Bryson R A. Murray T J. Climates and Hunger. Madison : University of Wisconsin Press, (D ),1998,28 (4) : LAND DEGRADATION AND ITS SOCIAL IMPACT IN THE WEIHE RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN DURING THE PREDYNASTIC ZHOU2WESTERN ZHOU DY NASTY Huang Chunchang Pang Jiangli Chen Baoqun Zhou Qunying Mao Longjiang Li Pinghua ( Department of Geography, Research Center for Historical Environment, Socio2Economic Development, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi an ) Abstract Several Holocene loess2soil profiles at the archaeological sites of major political center, and later,the capital cities of the predynastic Zhou and Western Zhou Dynasty (ca a B. P. / B. C. ) in the Weihe River drainage basin were studied multi2disciplinarily. Higher2 resolution proxy climatic data of magnetic susceptibility, particle2size distribution, total organic carbon and CaCO 3 were obtained from the profiles. Chronology of the data series was decided by a combination of archaeological dating,ancient literal records and 14 C dating. It provides insights into environmental change and its impact on the Zhou culture in this climatically sensitive zone. Both the analytical data and literal records indicate that increased climatic aridity from 3 100a B. P. (1150 B. C. ) caused a considerable environmental deterioration and degradation of natural resources, especially water shortages,decreases in precipitation and deficits in soil moisture. These resulted in poor harvest and great famines,plagues,domestic upheavals of the Zhou people who subsisted on dry farming, and also the south migrations of the nomadic tribes from the northern steppe. In the meantime,the major political center,and later,the capital cities were relocated several times. Even though there could be some other political and military reasons, the persistent droughts may dynamically forced Zhou people to move from the upland plateau to the lowland riverbanks step by step through relocations,following a direction of increasing climatic humidity, soil moisture,water availability and biodiversity. The southward migration of the nomads from the steppe of the northern Loess Plateau and the Mongolia Plateau in response to the climatic aridity was another dynamic force that caused the relocations of the Zhou culture. Plateau Key words climatic aridity,social impact, Predynastic Zhou2Western Zhou Dynasty,Loess

第16卷第2期邯郸学院学报 2006年6月

第16卷第2期邯郸学院学报 2006年6月第 18 卷第 4 期邯郸学院学报 2008 年 12 月 Vol.18 No.4 Journal of Handan College Dec. 2008 赵文化研究论赵都邯郸与赵国都城研究问题朱士光 ( 陕西师范大学历史地理研究所, 陕西西安 710062) 摘要 : 战国七雄之一的赵国都城