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1 2005, 13 (5): Biodiversity Science doi: /biodiv http: // 1, 2, 3 1* (, ) 2 (, ) 3 (, ) 4 (, ) 5 (, ) : (Elephas maximus) (Rhinoceros sp.)(elaphurus davidianus) (Rhinopithecus roxellana) (Hylobates sp.) (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) (Cervus nippon) (Ursus arctos),,,, :,, 19 30, 21, ,, : :, Elephas maximus, Rhinoceros sp., Ailuropoda melanoleuca, Rhinopithecus roxellana, Hylobates sp., Elaphurus davidianus, Causes of endangerment or extinction of some mammals and its relevance to the reintroduction of Père David s deer in the Dongting Lake drainage area Daode Yang 1,2,3, Zhigang Jiang 1*, Jianzhang Ma 3, Huijian Hu 4, Pengfei Li 5 1 Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Institute of Wildlife Conservation, Central South Forestry University, Changsha College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin South China Institute of Wildlife, Guangzhou Bureau of Hubei Shishou Milu National Nature Reserve, Shishou County Abstract: Large mammals such as Asiatic elephant (Elephas maximus), rhino (Rhinoceros sp.), golden monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana), gibbon (Hylobates sp.), giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus), sika deer(cervus nippon), and brown bear (Ursus arctos) once lived in the Dongting Lake drainage area of the middle-lower reaches of Yangtze River. However, due to climate change, geomorphological change and human disturbance, these large mammals were extirpated from the : ; : : (G ) (04JJ3057) * Author for correspondence. jiangzg@ioz.ac.cn

2 452 Biodiversity Science 13 area. After humans settled in the Dongting Lake drainage area, human activity was the major cause of the extinction of local mammalian fauna, especially human hunting, habitat loss to human settlements and land reclamation. Rhino and Asiatic elephant were extirpated or emigrated from the area during the late period of the Northern Song Dynasty while Père David's deer, golden monkey, gibbon, giant panda, sika deer and brown bear became extinct in the Dongting Lake Drainage Area in the late 19 th century. According to our investigations during past years, such a process of species extinction is still escalating. We recorded 21 national key protected mammals in the 30 nature reserves or forest parks in the Dongting Lake drainage area. Among those species, five species are critically endangered, six species are endangered and ten species are vulnerable. Primary causes that threaten the survival of mammals are habitat loss, environmental pollution, hunting, and competition for food or habitat among wild animals. Impacts of human activities on survival of presently endangered mammalian species are much greater than ever before. These threats should be considered when reintroducing Père David's deer to the Dongting Lake region. A suitable habitat with enough foods and space and no human disturbance, a healthy founder population under close monitoring, and active conservation measures based on community co-management will be prerequisites for successful re-establishment of the extinct Père David's deer in the Dongting Lake drainage area. Key words: conservation measures, Asiatic elephant, rhino, giant panda, golden monkey, gibbon, impacts of human activity 1,,, (Wilcove et al., 1998) 133 (,1998), (Elaphurus davidianus) (Equus przewalskii) (Cervus eldi hainanus),, (Jiang et al., 2000) Shuster Wade(2003),, (reintroduction) (IUCN, 1995; Nicoll et al., 2004) (Panthera tigris amoyensis) (Cervus nippon),,,,, 1985 (,1990;, 2001),, 1998 ( ),,,,, ,,, 2, ( N, E), U,

3 5 : 453,, 50.27% 49.73%, km 2, km 2 ; (, 2000),, , ; mm, ; ;, ; ( ), (Pinus massoniana) (Cunninghamia lanceolata)(phyllostachys heterocycla)(camellia oleifera) ( ) ( ), km %,,,, ;, ;,,, 3,,,, (, 1990) (, 1995) (, 2000) (, 1987), ,, ( ) ( ) ( )(, 2002a) ( ) ( ) () 30, ; ,,, 2001, 1994 IUCN,

4 454 Biodiversity Science ,, 10,, (, 2002b) 4 4.1,,,, (, 1990),, (Macaca mulatta) (Stegedon orientalis) (Rhinoceros sinensis),, :, ; , (, 1985) : ( ),, () : ( )19 (1750) (1869) () (, 1993), (, 1996b) 4.1.2, (, 1995) :,,, ;, ;,, (, 1990),, (),, 12 ( ) (, 2001); ( ) () () ( ) (, 1995),,, : 5 40, ;,, ;,,, (, 1990), : 4.1.4

5 5 : 455,, (1869 ) : (), (1907 ),, (, 1990): (, 2001) (, 1990) :, (1750) ( ),, ; 19, ;,, 19 ;,,, 19 4, 15 (), 16, 17 ( ), 19 (, 2001),,,, () 1948 :,,,,,, ( 1) (Panthera pardus fusca)(neofelis nebulosa nebulosa) (Lipotes vexillifer)(moschus berezorskii) 5 ; (Macaca thibetana) (Manis pentadactyla aurita) (Cuon alpinus lepturns)(selenarctos thibetanus)(lutra lutra chinensis)(mustela flavigula) (Prionodon pardicolor) (Viverra zibetha ashtoni) (Viverricula india pallida) (Felis temmincki) (Neomeris phocaenoides) ( )(Hydropotes i. inermis) (Cervus unicolor) ( )(Capricornis sumatraensis)(naemorhaedus goral) 16 (, 1992;, 2000, 2002a;, 2004) 4.2.2, 16 ;, (, 1987) 1 :, ;, ;, 50%, IUCN, ( 2), 50;, 500 ; 10 20

6 456 Biodiversity Science 13 1 Table 1 Species and geographical distribution of national key protected mammals in the Dongting Lake drainage area Scientific name PRIMATES Lorisidae Macaca mulatta M. thibetana PHOLIDOTA Manidae Manis pentadactyla aurita CARNIVORA Canidae Cuon alpinus lepturns Ursidae Selenarctos thibetanus Mustelidae Mustela flavigula Lutra lutra chinensis Viverridae Prionodon pardicolor Viverra zibetha ashtoni Viverricula india pallida Felidae Felis temmincki Neofelis n. nebulosa Panthera pardus fusca Panthera tigris amoyensis ARTIODACLYLA Moschidae Moschus berezorskii Cervidae Hydropotes i. inermis Cervus unicolor Fauna Widespread Widespread Widespread Widespread Widespread Geographical distribution ( ) ( ) ( ) Wuling Mountains, Nanling Mountains, and Mufu Mountains () ( ) Wuling Mountains and Nanling Mountains, Mountainous and hilly areas of the Dongting Lake drainage area, The whole Dongting Lake drainage area ( ) ( ) Wuling Mountains, Nanling Mountains, The whole Dongting Lake drainage area, The whole water areas of the Dongting Lake drainage area ( ) ( ) Wuling Mountains, Nanling Mountains,, Whole Dongting Lake drainage area,, The whole Dongting Lake drainage area, The whole mountainous and hilly areas of the Dongting Lake drainage area, Mountainous forest areas of the Dongting Lake drainage area Wuling Mountains, Nanling Mountains, Xuefeng Mountains and Mufu Mountains () ( ) Wuling Mountains and Nanling Mountains () ( ) ( ) ( ) Wuling Mountains, Xuefeng Mountains, Nanling Mountains, and Mufu Mountains, The whole Dongting Lake drainage area, mainly Dongting Lake area and Xuefeng Mountains ( ), ( ) Wuling Mountains and Nanling Mountains

7 5 : ( ) Table 1 (continued) Scientific name Bovidae Capricornis sumatraensis Naemorhaedus goral CETACEA Delphinidae Neomeris phocaenoides Platanistidae Lipotes vexillifer Fauna Geographical distribution ( ) Mountain forest areas of the Dongting Lake drainage area ( ) Mountain forest areas of the Dongting Lake drainage area Dongting Lake, Xiangjiang River, and Jingjiang section of the Yangtze River, 1918 Dongting Lake and Jingjiang section of the Yangtze River, ;,, 15,,, (, 2000;, 2001) 5,, (Banks et al., 2002),, 21 ( 2),, ; ; ;, 20 50, (,1999;, 2000),,,, (), : 20 70,, (, 1987), 150 : ,, ; ,, ; ,, ; ,, 150,,, ( ), ; ( ), , 151(, 1991),

8 458 Biodiversity Science 13 2 Table 2 Protection grade, population size, endangerment category and main threats to national key protected mammals in the Dongting Lake drainage area Scientific name Protection grade Population size * Endangerment category Macaca mulatta 3000 M. thibetana 210 Manis pentadactyla aurita 5000 Main threats Cuon alpinus lepturns Extinct Critically endangered Selenarctos thibetanus 310 Mustela flavigula 8000 Lutra lutra chinensis 3000 Prionodon pardicolor 240 Viverra zibetha ashtoni 4000 Viverricula india pallida 7000 Felis temmincki 240 Neofelis n. nebulosa I 150 Panthera pardus fusca I 15 Critically endangered Panthera tigris amoyensis I 6 Critically endangered Moschus berezorskii I 1160 Hydropotes i. inermis Extinct Critically endangered Cervus unicolor 1530 Capricornis sumatraensis 1280 Naemorhaedus goral 1320 Neomeris phocaenoides 250 Habitat loss and human hunting Environmental pollution and habitat loss Habitat loss, human hunting and food shortage Habitat loss, human hunting and food shortage Habitat loss, human hunting and food shortage Habitat loss, human hunting and food shortage Habitat loss and human hunting Environmental pollution, habitat loss and human hunting Lipotes vexillifer Extinct Critically endangered Environmental pollution, habitat loss and human hunting

9 5 : 459, ;, 1998, 24(5 19 ) 5.2, ,,,, ,, , (, 1995),,, ( 1816 ), (, 1995),, 5.3 (,1987), 6000 km 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,, 6000 km 2 100,,,, km 2 ; km 2, km 2 (, 1990), 5.4 :,,,, (, 2002b) :,, :,,, (Jiang et al., 2000;, 2001;, 2002b;, 1996a, b), (Schistosoma japonicum), 21,,,, 10 : (Campbell, 1980),, (Meffe et al.,1994;

10 460 Biodiversity Science 13, 2004),, (, 2004),, : 30,, Banks P, Norrdahl BK, Korpimaki E (2002) Mobility decisions and the predation risks of reintroduction. Biological Conservation, 103, Cai RH () (2004) Wild elephants retaliate. Man and the Biosphere( ), 30(6), (in Chinese) Cai XS () (2001) Discussion on why giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) became a rare, endangered animal. Sichuan Journal of Zoology ( ), 20(3),168. (in Chinese) Campbell S (1980) Is reintroduction a realistic goal? In: Conservation Biology: An Evolutionary-ecological Perspective (eds Soule ME, Wilcox BA), pp Sinauer Associates Inc., Massachusetts. Cao KQ (), Qiu LQ (), Chen B ( ), Miao BM ( ) (1990) Chinese Père David's Deer (Elaphurus davidianus) ( ). Xuelin Press, Shanghai. (in Chinese) Deng XJ (), Wang B ( ) (2001) The trace of South China tiger discovered in Hunan Taoyuan. Acta Zoologica Sinica ( ), 47, (in Chinese) Dou HS (), Jiang JH () (2000) Dongting Lake(). University of Science and Technology of China Press, Hefei. (in Chinese) Fu TZ () (1987) Report on the survey of mammals in Nanling Mountains (A case study in Hunan Province ). Journal of Zoology( ), 22(1), (in Chinese with English abstract) He YH () (1990) Historic Changes of Rare Animals in Hunan Province( ). Hunan Education Publishing House, Changsha. (in Chinese) IUCN (1995) Reintroduction Guidelines. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Ji HX () (1985) Changes of geographical distribution of Elaphurus. Vertebrata Palasiatica( ), 23, (in Chinese with English abstract) Jiang ZG, Yu CQ, Feng ZJ (2000) Reintroduction and recovery of Père David s deer in China. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 28, Jiang ZG (), Li DQ () (1999) Land covers change and the conservation of Przemalski s gazelle and Père David's deer. Journal of Natural Resources(), 14, (in Chinese with English abstract) Jiang ZG (), Zhang LY (), Yang RS ( ), Xia JS (), Rao CG (), Ding YH ( ), Shen H ( ), Xu AH (), Yu CQ ( ) (2001) Density dependent growth and population management strategy for Père David's deer in China. Acta Zoologica Sinica( ), 47, (in Chinese with English abstract) Jiang ZG () (2004) Animal Behavioral Principles and Species Conservation Methods( ). Science Press, Beijing. (in Chinese) Liu HP (), Zhu JJ () (1992) The Exploitation and Use of Nature Resources in Nanling Mountains( ). Science Press, Beijing. (in Chinese) Lu GN() (1991) Formation and Evolution of Lake Delta and Rebuilding and Simulation of the Landscape in the Middle Yangtze River( ). SinoMaps Press, Beijing. (in Chinese) Meffe GK, Carroll CR, Pimm SL (1994) Community-level conservation: species interactions, disturbance regimes, and invading species. In: Principles of Conservation Biology (Chapter 8)(eds Meffe GK, Carroll CR). Sinauer Associates, Sunderland. Mei L ( ), Zhang GX () (1995) Primary Study on the Developing of Dongting Lake Plain and Jianghan Plain( ). Jiangxi Education Press, Nanchang. (in Chinese) Nicoll MAC, Jones CG, Norris K (2004) Comparison of survival rates of captive-reared and wild-bred Mauritius kestrels (Falco punctatus) in a reintroduced population. Biological Conservation, 118, Shuster SM, Wade MJ (2003) Mating Systems and Strategies. Princeton University Press, New Jersey. The Editorial Board of Hunan Province Annals( ) (1987) Annals of Hunan Province: Geography ( ). Hunan People s Publishing House, Changsha. (in Chinese) Wang S ( ) (1998) China Red data Book of Animals: Mammals( ). Science Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)

11 5 : 461 Wen HR () (1995) Research on the Changes of Plants and Animals during Chinese Historic Periods(). Chongqing Publishing House, Chongqing. (in Chinese) Wilcove DS, Rothstein D, Dubow J, Phillips A, Losos E (1998) Quantifying threats to imperiled species in the United States. BioScience, 48, Yang DD (), Shen YH (), Ye YY (), Liu HQ () (2000) Diversity of the important protected mammals in Hunan Province. Journal of Central South Forestry University( ), 20(2), (in Chinese with English abstract) Yang DD (), Ma JZ (), Wang DL (), Huang WJ () (2002a) Primary study of the mammal resources of Hunan Daxiongshan Forest Park. Journal of Central South Forestry University( ), 22(3), (in Chinese with English abstract) Yang DD (), Jiang ZG (), Cao TR (), Wen SZ (), Zhao KJ (), Gui XJ ( ), Xu YX () (2002b) Feasibility of reintroducing Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus) to the Dongting Lake region, Hunan Province. Biodiversity Science( ), 10, (in Chinese with English abstract) Yu CQ (), Liang CQ (), Lu J ( ), Ding YH (), Shen H ( ) (1996a) The growth and breeding habit of Milu (Elaphurus davidianus) in Dafeng Reserve. Acta Theriologica Sinica ( ), 16, (in Chinese with English abstract) Yu CQ () (1996b) Status of genetic diversity and conservation strategy of Père David s deer in China. Chinese Biodiversity( ), 4, (in Chinese with English abstract) Zhang GZ (), Yang DD () (2004) Scientific Survey Report of Hupingshan National Nature Reserve, Hunan ( ). Hunan Science and Technology Press, Changsha. (in Chinese) Zhang RQ (), Liang X ( ), Zhang GL (), Pi JG () (2001) A preliminary study of climatic change in Dongting Lake area in the Quaternary Period. Geological Science and Technology Information (), 20(2), 1 5. (in Chinese with English abstract) ( : )

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1111 The Planning and Establishment of Internet on Asiatic Black Bears Conservation in Yushan National Park 理年 I II IV 論 1 行 1 1 2 2 類 7 13 16 六 19 料 22 28 連 30 流 31 論 31 參 31 錄 33 錄錄 34 錄見 36 錄見 36