Folie 1

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1 1 Powertrain Technologies for more fuel efficiency 燃油效率动力总成技术

CO 2 emission/fe normalized to NEDC DS/MKI 14_0064 CO 2 emission/fe target worldwide 全球 CO2 排放或燃油经济性目标 14,0 l/100km 13,0 12,0 11,0 10,0 9,0 8,0 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 0 325 g/km 300 275 250 225 200 175 150

2 CO 2 emission/fe normalized to NEDC DS/MKI 14_0064 CO 2 emission/fe target worldwide 全球 CO2 排放或燃油经济性目标 14,0 l/100km 13,0 12,0 11,0 10,0 9,0 8,0 7,0 6,0 5,0 4, g/km USA LT USA PC EU LCV EU PC Japan PC China PC S. Korea PC India PC actual data target values LT = Light Truck 轻型货车, LCV = Light Commercial Vehicle 轻型商用车, PC = Passenger Car 乘用车 Source: ICCT 02/2014* * additional data JO press release 03/2014 (EU PC 2013), AEA/TNO report 11/2009 (EU LCV 2007) 2

3 CO 2 Emission of Top 20 Chinese passenger cars 中国排名前 20 位的乘用车 CO2 排放 Fuel consumption vs. Curb weight l/100km Top 20 Chinese passenger cars Minibus 小客车 Sub Compact Class 超紧凑型车 Compact Class 紧凑型车油耗 vs. 整备质量 CN fleet target 2015 中国 2015 年车队目标值 = proposed vehicle limit ) = 提出的 2016 限值 proposed CN fleet target 2020 提出的中国 2020 车对目标值 National Target 全国目标值 G0 EU reference in year 2000: CC 4 cyl. 2,0l MT6 100 kw SC 4 Zyl. 1.6l MT5 65kW 3 Subcompact Class 超紧凑型 Compact Class 紧凑型 Large/SUV Class 大型或 SUV kg China TOP20 vehicles in SC and CC Segment already implemented FE-Technologies 中国超紧凑型和紧凑型细分市场的前 20 位的车辆已经采用燃油经济性技术 Fuel consumption NEDC 1) Single normal vehicle FC limit CN (New type/all type: / )

Standard vehicle 2000 4 Cyl. 1.6l N/A MT5 65KW 3 Cyl. 1.2l N/A MT5 60KW Standard vehicle 2000 4 Cyl. 2.0l N/A MT5 100KW 4 Cyl. 1.7l N/A MT6 90KW fuel efficiency technologies 燃油效率点喷技术 Subcompact 超紧凑型 Compact 紧凑型 16-21% 14-19% 1-2% 1-2% 3-4% V-OP 3-4% V-OP 3-4% S/S 3-4% S/S 4-5% FR 3Cyl.

3l VVT= variable valve timing 可变气门正时 = port fuel injection 点喷 N/A = natural aspirated 自然吸气 FR = friction reduction engine/valvetrain 发动机或气门摩擦减少 Thm = thermomanagement 热能管理 EPS = electric power

4 Standard vehicle Cyl. 1.6l N/A MT5 65KW 3 Cyl. 1.2l N/A MT5 60KW Standard vehicle Cyl. 2.0l N/A MT5 100KW 4 Cyl. 1.7l N/A MT6 90KW fuel efficiency technologies 燃油效率点喷技术 Subcompact 超紧凑型 Compact 紧凑型 16-21% 14-19% 1-2% 1-2% 3-4% V-OP 3-4% V-OP 3-4% S/S 3-4% S/S 4-5% FR 3Cyl. 3% Dual VVT 2-3% EPS Thm 2-3% FR 3% Dual VVT 2-3% EPS Thm G0 6.8l 1 EU Powertrain Technology Path 5.5l G0 7.8l EU Powertrain Technology Path 6.3l VVT= variable valve timing 可变气门正时 = port fuel injection 点喷 N/A = natural aspirated 自然吸气 FR = friction reduction engine/valvetrain 发动机或气门摩擦减少 Thm = thermomanagement 热能管理 EPS = electric power steering 电动助力转向 S/S = start/stop system 怠速起停 V-OP = controlled oil pump 可控油泵 cegr = cooled exhaust gas recirculation 冷却废气再循环 MT = manual transmission 手动变速器 Gasoline powertrains offer CO 2 -reduction potential of up to 20% 少 CO2 达 20% 的潜力 4 1) Fuel consumption [liter per 100km] in NEDC Bosch solution available 汽油点喷动力总成具有减

CO 2 Emission of Top 20 Chinese passenger cars 中国排名前 20 位的乘用车 CO2 排放 5 Fuel consumption vs. Curb weight 255.2 11.0 l/100km 232 10.0 208.8 9.0 185.6 8.0 162.4 7.0 139.2 6.0 116 5.0 92.8 4.

5 CO 2 Emission of Top 20 Chinese passenger cars 中国排名前 20 位的乘用车 CO2 排放 5 Fuel consumption vs. Curb weight l/100km Top 20 Chinese passenger cars Minibus 小客车 Sub Compact Class 超紧凑型车 Compact Class 紧凑型车 CN fleet target 2015 中国 2015 年车队目标值 = proposed vehicle limit ) = 提出的 2016 限值 proposed CN fleet target 2020 提出的中国 2020 车对目标值 National Target 全国目标值 kg To fulfill 2020 targets a mixture of, and vehicle measures is needed 为达到 2020 目标值, 需要混合采用点喷或直喷和车辆技术 Opt ~4,3l/100km 油耗 vs. 整备质量 Opt ~5,0l/100km + Vehicle measures 车辆技术 Subcompact Class 超紧凑型 Compact Class 紧凑型 Large/SUV Class 大型或 SUV Fuel consumption NEDC 1) Single normal vehicle FC limit CN (New type/all type: / ) G0 EU reference in year 2000: CC 4 cyl. 2,0l MT6 100 kw SC 4 cyl. 1.6l MT5 65kW G4 EU Best in market 2012: CC 4 cyl. 1,4l MT6 90 kw SC 3 cyl. 1.2l MT5 60kW

6 Best-in-Class Gasoline Cyl. 1.2l N/A MT5 60kW Gasoline Cyl. 1.7l N/A MT6 90kW Future fuel efficiency technologies 未来的燃油效率技术 Subcompact 超紧凑型 Compact 紧凑型 7-9% A 4.3l 1 TR Powertrains offer further CO 2 -reduction potential of up to 9% 点喷动力总成具有进一步减少 CO2 达 9% 的潜力 5.4l = high efficiency 高效 = direct injection 直喷 A = advanced port fuel injection 高级点喷 = automated manual transmission 手自一体变速器 = automatic transmission 自动变速器 = double clutch transmission 双离合变速器 = turbocharger 涡轮增压 = downsizing 减少排量 BRS = Boost recuperation system 增压回收系统 shev = strong hybrid 强混合动力 TR = transmission 变速器 TR 6 1) Fuel consumption [liter per 100km] in NEDC Bosch solution available

7 Advanced gasoline port fuel injection (A-) 高级汽油点喷 Features 特性 Combination of new technologies in an integrated system approach 新的点喷技术集成 Twin-Injection: 2 Injectors per Cylinder 双喷 : 每缸两个喷头

Customer benefits / USP 用户利益 up to 9% CO2-Reduction (incl.

7 7 Advanced gasoline port fuel injection (A-) 高级汽油点喷 Features 特性 Combination of new technologies in an integrated system approach 新的点喷技术集成 Twin-Injection: 2 Injectors per Cylinder 双喷 : 每缸两个喷头 Scavenging: using VVT & 采用可变气门正时和涡轮增压 Pressure Increase: DECOS (variable fuel supply) 增压 :DECOS ( 按需供油 ) Open Valve Injection under WOT (full load) optimized by Twin Injectors 开阀喷射 ( 满负荷 ) 由双喷头优化 Customer benefits / USP 用户利益 up to 9% CO2-Reduction (incl. Twin-Injection, OVI, DECOS, Downsizing & ) 减少 CO2 高达 9%( 包括双喷头, 开阀喷射, 按需供油, 减少排量以及涡轮增压 ) Up to 40% Low end torque increase (Fun2Drive) 可增加 40% 低端扭矩 (Fun2Drive) Enlarge performance range (Engine Power) 增加性能范围 ( 发动机动力 ) > 20% Emissions-Reduction (Test Cycle) 排放减少 >20%( 测试工况 ) Further benefits by combination w/ air charge systems (e.g. metering range) and exhaust gas recirculation (swirl concepts) 更多的利益可通过充气系统 ( 如计量范围 ) 和废气再循环 ( 旋流概念 ) 来实现...Port Fuel Injection VVT...Variable Valve Timing DECOS...Demand controlled fuel supply OVI...Open Valve Injection

Best-in-Class Gasoline 2012 3 Cyl. 1.2l N/A MT5 60kW Gasoline 2012 4 Cyl. 1.7l N/A MT6 90kW Future fuel efficiency technologies 未来的燃油效率技术 Subcompact 超紧凑型 Compact 紧凑型 9-11% 14-15% 7-9% A 3Zyl e 4.

8 Best-in-Class Gasoline Cyl. 1.2l N/A MT5 60kW Gasoline Cyl. 1.7l N/A MT6 90kW Future fuel efficiency technologies 未来的燃油效率技术 Subcompact 超紧凑型 Compact 紧凑型 9-11% 14-15% 7-9% A 3Zyl e 4.3l 1 TR Gasoline Direct Injection Powertrains offer further CO 2 -reduction potential of up to 15% 汽油直喷动力总成具有进一步减少 CO2 达 15% 的潜力 1) Fuel consumption [liter per 100km] in NEDC 8 5.4l TR = high efficiency 高效 = direct injection 直喷 A = advanced port fuel injection 高级点喷 = automated manual transmission 手自一体变速器 = automatic transmission 自动变速器 = double clutch transmission 双离合变速器 = turbocharger 涡轮增压 = downsizing 减少排量 BRS = Boost recuperation system 增压回收系统 shev = strong hybrid 强混合动力 TR = transmission 变速器 Bosch solution available

Gasoline direct injection () 汽油直喷 High-pressure injection directly into the combustion chamber 直接高压喷射到燃烧腔 Injection pressure up to 200 bar, higher pressures under evaluation 喷射压强高达 200 bar,

9 Gasoline direct injection () 汽油直喷 High-pressure injection directly into the combustion chamber 直接高压喷射到燃烧腔 Injection pressure up to 200 bar, higher pressures under evaluation 喷射压强高达 200 bar, 更高的压强还在评估中 Scavenging for better cooling / charging 排气为了更好的降温或充气 9 Features 特性 Customer benefits / USP 用户利益...Port Fuel Injection SULEV...Super Ultra Low Emission...Turbo 有立法层面 charged Fuel savings up to 15% (by downsizing turbo-charger or λ > 1) vs. N/A 省油高达 15% ( 采用减少排量, 涡轮增压或 λ > 1) vs 点喷, 自然气 With Turbo: low end torque increase up to 50% vs. 采用涡轮 : 低端扭矩增加达 50% vs. 点喷 Quick response on kick-down (prevention of typical turbo-delay with and scavenging 直喷涡轮增压和排气快速响应 ( 防止典型的涡轮延迟 ) Emission: all legislation levels (EUVI, SULEV, LEVIII) 排放 : 所 Worldwide applicable for all specified fuels 所有指定的燃料全球

10 Best-in-Class Gasoline Cyl. 1.2l N/A MT5 60kW Gasoline Cyl. 1.7l N/A MT6 90kW Best-in-class diesel, cyl. 1.6l, NSC, EU6 Future fuel efficiency technologies 未来的燃油效率技术 Subcompact 超紧凑型 Compact 紧凑型 30% 9-11% 14-15% 7-9% A 3Zyl e 4.3l 1 TR Diesel powertrains offer CO 2 -reduction potential of up to 30% 柴油动力总成具有减少 CO2 达 30% 的潜力 5.4l TR DS = high efficiency 高效 = direct injection 直喷 A = advanced port fuel injection 高级点喷 = automated manual transmission 手自一体变速器 = automatic transmission 自动变速器 = double clutch transmission 双离合变速器 = turbocharger 涡轮增压 = downsizing 减少排量 BRS = Boost recuperation system 增压回收系统 shev = strong hybrid 强混合动力 TR = transmission 变速器 10 1) Fuel consumption [liter per 100km] in NEDC Bosch solution available

Diesel Common Rail System (CRS) for PC 乘用车柴油共轨系统 11 Market success 成功市场 Cumulative volume of Bosch Diesel CR Systems Bosch 柴油共轨系统累积数 CRS1/2/3 = CRS system generations, CRSN = CRS for commercial

2.500 bar, higher pressures under evaluation for future applications 高压喷射达 2,500 bar, 为未来的运用, 更高的压强还在研究中 Fewer emissions and noise than conventional diesel systems 比传统的柴油系统更少的排放和噪音 Arguments pro

11 Diesel Common Rail System (CRS) for PC 乘用车柴油共轨系统 11 Market success 成功市场 Cumulative volume of Bosch Diesel CR Systems Bosch 柴油共轨系统累积数 CRS1/2/3 = CRS system generations, CRSN = CRS for commercial vehicles * Based on the comparison of more than 1,200 diesel/gasoline pairs, data provided by reproduction, editing, distribution, as well as in the event of applications ADAC for industrial property rights. Features 特性 Available for passenger cars (PC) & light commercial vehicles 适用于乘用车和轻型商用车 Adaption for heavy commercial & off-highway engines possible 可能适用于重型商用和非道路发动机 High injection pressures of up to bar, higher pressures under evaluation for future applications 高压喷射达 2,500 bar, 为未来的运用, 更高的压强还在研究中 Fewer emissions and noise than conventional diesel systems 比传统的柴油系统更少的排放和噪音 Arguments pro Diesel 论据倾向于柴油 Economical: 经济 : Up to 30% better fuel economy than a comparable gasoline * engine depending on vehicle type and size 根据车辆类型及大小, 比同等的汽油发动机高达 30% 的燃油经济性 Accordingly, up to 20% lower CO 2 emission and up to 35 % higher mileage 从而, 减少 CO2 高达 20% 和高达 35% 的里程 Clean: 清洁 : Minimal particulate matter and NO x emission 最少的颗粒物和 NOx 排放 Fun: 有趣 : Up to 40% higher torque than a comparable gasoline engine depending on the vehicle size & type 根据车辆类型及大小, 比同等的汽油发动机高达 40% 的扭矩 High torque, even at lower engine speeds, for comfortable acceleration and good towing capacity 甚至在较低的发动机转速下具有高扭矩, 且有舒适的加速和良好的牵引性能

12 Best-in-Class Gasoline Cyl. 1.2l N/A MT5 60kW Gasoline Cyl. 1.7l N/A MT6 90kW Best-in-class diesel, cyl. 1.6l, NSC, EU6 Future fuel efficiency technologies 未来的燃油效率技术 Subcompact 超紧凑型 Compact 紧凑型 30% 9-11% 10-14% 14-15% 10-14% 7-9% A BRS 48V 3Zyl e BRS 48V 4.3l 1 TR BRS 5.4l 48V Boost Recuperation Systems offer CO 2 -reduction potential of up to 14% TR DS BRS = high efficiency 高效 = direct injection 直喷 A = advanced port fuel injection 高级点喷 = automated manual transmission 手自一体变速器 = automatic transmission 自动变速器 = double clutch transmission 双离合变速器 = turbocharger 涡轮增压 = downsizing 减少排量 BRS = Boost recuperation system 增压回收系统 shev = strong hybrid 强混合动力 TR = transmission 变速器 48V 的增压回收系统具有减少 CO2 达 14% 的潜力 12 1) Fuel consumption [liter per 100km] in NEDC Bosch solution available

Noise level 100 cm to front of vehicle (hood open) in db(a) Boost recuperation system (BRS) 增压回收系统 Features 特性 Electrical machine delivering

30 0 1 2 3 4 Reduced Starting Noise 减少启动噪音 time in s SSM: start-stop starter motor, ICE: internal-combustion engine SSM BRS Customer benefits

没有滑行, 采用换挡优化, 基本 : 怠速起停 ) Very short & comfortable ICE restart feasible, enabling start-stop and coasting 短且舒适的内燃机再启动特性, 可以怠速起停和滑行 Reduced

13 Noise level 100 cm to front of vehicle (hood open) in db(a) Boost recuperation system (BRS) 增压回收系统 Features 特性 Electrical machine delivering up to 10 kw 电机供应高达 1 Energy supply from brake energy recuperation 从制动能量回收提供能量 Electrical boost function 电激励功能 Reduced Starting Noise 减少启动噪音 time in s SSM: start-stop starter motor, ICE: internal-combustion engine SSM BRS Customer benefits 用户利益 Up to 14% fuel-efficiency improvement in NEDC (without coasting, with gearshift optimization, basis: start-stop) 在 NEDC 工况下提高燃油效率高达 14% ( 没有滑行, 采用换挡优化, 基本 : 怠速起停 ) Very short & comfortable ICE restart feasible, enabling start-stop and coasting 短且舒适的内燃机再启动特性, 可以怠速起停和滑行 Reduced starting time, noise and vibration 减少启动时间噪音和振动 Cost-efficient entry system for electrification 性价比高电子化系统 Fun to drive (e-boost) 开起来有趣 (e-boost)

7l N/A MT6 90kW Best-in-class diesel, 2012 4 cyl. 1.

14 Best-in-Class Gasoline Cyl. 1.2l N/A MT5 60kW Gasoline Cyl. 1.7l N/A MT6 90kW Best-in-class diesel, cyl. 1.6l, NSC, EU6 Future fuel efficiency technologies 未来的燃油效率技术 Subcompact 超紧凑型 Compact 紧凑型 30% up to 100% 7-9% A 9-11% 10-14% BRS 48V 14-15% 3Zyl e 10-14% BRS 48V PHEV EV² 4.3l 1 TR BRS Hybrids & EV`s offer CO 2 -reduction potential of up to 100% 混合动力和电动车具有减少 CO2 达 100% 的潜力 5.4l TR DS BRS PHEV = high efficiency 高效 = direct injection 直喷 A = advanced port fuel injection 高级点喷 = automated manual transmission 手自一体变速器 = automatic transmission 自动变速器 = double clutch transmission 双离合变速器 = turbocharger 涡轮增压 = downsizing 减少排量 BRS = Boost recuperation system 增压回收系统 shev = strong hybrid 强混合动力 TR = transmission 变速器 14 1) Fuel consumption [liter per 100km] in NEDC 2) +credits Bosch solution available

Plug-in hybrids (PHEV) 插电式混合动力 15 High-voltage battery 高伏特电池 Lithium-ion

fuel-efficiency improvement in NEDC (e-range) 在 NEDC 工况下燃油效率提高 50-90% G1 26

All rights reserved, also regarding any disposal, exploitation, reproduction,

reduction and driving enjoyment 减少 CO2 排放及增加驾驶舒适度 Attractive due to

supply from charge spot (230/400 V) 电能供应来自充电点 (230/400 V) Optimal layout in

15 Plug-in hybrids (PHEV) 插电式混合动力 15 High-voltage battery 高伏特电池 Lithium-ion battery 锂离子电池 4 12 kwh Power electronics module 电力电子模块 DC link voltage 直流电压 V DC/DC converter kw Electric motor 电动机 traction drive 牵引驱动 kw Features 特性 50-90% fuel-efficiency improvement in NEDC (e-range) 在 NEDC 工况下燃油效率提高 50-90% G1 26 May 2014 Robert Bosch GmbH All rights reserved, also regarding any disposal, exploitation, reproduction, editing, distribution, as well as in the event of applications for industrial property rights. Combination of efficient ICE* & electric driving (comfort) 高效内燃机和电动驱动相结合 CO2 reduction and driving enjoyment 减少 CO2 排放及增加驾驶舒适度 Attractive due to legislation and consumer expectations 由于立法和消费者的期望, 具有吸引力 Electrical energy supply from charge spot (230/400 V) 电能供应来自充电点 (230/400 V) Optimal layout in terms of cost/ benefit and customer acceptance: 50 km el. range and 120 km/h max. el. Speed 成本 / 效益和客户接受方面的优化布局 : 50 km 的电驱动驾驶行程及 120 km/h 最高电驱动驾驶速度 Future: market penetration from upper vehicle segment 未来 : 从高端一些的细分市场渗入 Customer benefits 用户利益 Electric driving ranges sufficient to allow access to low-emission zones 电驱动驾驶行程下足够可以进入低排放区 Green image (electric drive) + driving enjoyment (e-boost) 绿色形象 ( 电力驱动 ) 和驾驶乐趣 (e-boost)

16 Best-in-Class Gasoline Cyl. 1.2l N/A MT5 60kW Gasoline Cyl. 1.7l N/A MT6 90kW Best-in-class diesel, cyl. 1.6l, NSC, EU6 Future fuel efficiency technologies 未来的燃油效率技术 Subcompact 超紧凑型 Compact 紧凑型 % 30% up to 100% 3-14% 7-9% A 9-11% 10-14% BRS 48V 14-15% 3Zyl e 10-14% BRS 48V PHEV EV² 4.3l ,0l TR BRS Future powertrain technologies offer further CO 2 -reduction potential 未来动力总成技术具有进一步减少 CO2 的潜力 5.4l l TR DS BRS PHEV = high efficiency 高效 = direct injection 直喷 A = advanced port fuel injection 高级点喷 = automated manual transmission 手自一体变速器 = automatic transmission 自动变速器 = double clutch transmission 双离合变速器 = turbocharger 涡轮增压 = downsizing 减少排量 BRS = Boost recuperation system 增压回收系统 shev = strong hybrid 强混合动力 TR = transmission 变速器 16 1) Fuel consumption [liter per 100km] in NEDC 2) +credits Bosch solution available

17 17 CO 2 Emission of Top 20 Chinese passenger cars 中国排名前 20 位的乘用车 CO2 排放 Fuel consumption vs. Curb weight l/100km Top 20 Chinese passenger cars Minibus 小客车 Sub Compact Class 超紧凑型车 Compact Class 紧凑型车 BRS CN fleet target 2015 中国 2015 年车队目标值 = proposed vehicle limit ) = 提出的 2016 限值 proposed CN fleet target 2020 提出的中国 2020 车对目标值 National Target 全国目标值 To fulfill 2020 targets various technology paths are possible 为达到 2020 目标值多种技术路径都有可能 Opt 油耗 vs. 整备质量 Opt / BRS Fuel consumption NEDC Diesel 1) Single normal vehicle FC limit CN (New type/all type: / ) G0 EU reference in year 2000: CC 4 cyl. 2,0l MT6 100 kw SC 4 Zyl. 1.6l MT5 65kW G4 EU Best in market 2012: CC 4 cyl. 1,4l MT6 90 kw SC 3 cyl. 1.2l MT5 60kW kg

Summary 总结 China TOP20 sales vehicles already implemented FE-Technologies but still have to reduce the fuel consumption by

hybridization 对点喷发动机还具有优化潜力, 特别对于混合动力 For small vehicle classes engine technology with vehicle measures are sufficient to

Only technology and vehicle measures aren`t sufficient 对于紧凑型, 需要直喷, 柴油或点喷加电气化只有点喷和车辆技术是不够的 New Technologies not only

新的技术不仅可实现 2020 年燃油效率目标, 而且增加了驾驶乐趣和舒适性 18 Gasoline Direct Injection with best cost/benefit ratio to achieve 2020 targets in

18 Summary 总结 China TOP20 sales vehicles already implemented FE-Technologies but still have to reduce the fuel consumption by 20-40% 中国销量排前 20 位的车辆已经采用了节油技术, 但是仍然需要减少油耗 20-40% There is still optimization potential for engines especially with hybridization 对点喷发动机还具有优化潜力, 特别对于混合动力 For small vehicle classes engine technology with vehicle measures are sufficient to achieve 2020 target 对于小车细分市场, 点喷发动机技术与车辆技术结合足够达到 2020 目标值 In Compact Class, Diesel or + Electrification is needed. Only technology and vehicle measures aren`t sufficient 对于紧凑型, 需要直喷, 柴油或点喷加电气化只有点喷和车辆技术是不够的 New Technologies not only fulfill the fuel efficiency targets 2020 they also increase fun to drive and drivers comfort. 新的技术不仅可实现 2020 年燃油效率目标, 而且增加了驾驶乐趣和舒适性 18 Gasoline Direct Injection with best cost/benefit ratio to achieve 2020 targets in Compact Class but increase engineering effort 对于紧凑型, 汽油直喷具有最佳的性价比以到达 2020 目标, 但会增加工程投入 Diesel and Hybrids enables even Large/SUV vehicles to reach 2020 targets 柴油和混合动力驱使大型车及 SUV 达到 2020 年目标

Vol. 22 No. 4 JOURNAL OF HARBIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Aug GPS,,, : km, 2. 51, , ; ; ; ; DOI: 10.

22 4 2017 8 Vol. 22 No. 4 JOURNAL OF HARBIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Aug. 2017 150080 GPS,,, : 27. 36 km, 2. 51, 110. 43, ; ; ; ; DOI: 10. 15938 /j. jhust. 2017. 04. 015 U469. 13 A 1007-2683