沈享民：Sosa's virtue epistemology.doc

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1 Sosa Ernest Sosa intellectual virtue ( ) 1 (justification) (virtue epistemology) (epistemic evaluation or normativity) (virtue) (intellectual virtue) ( ) 2 Sosa Sosa virtue perspectivism Sosa Sosa epistemic perspective 1. Sosa (Adolf Hitler) 1 Sosa Zagzebski 1996 Zagzebski ( rational doxastic structure)

2 3 Sosa (stable dispositions to act) ( ) Sosa (primary justification) (secondary justification) Sosa (a particular belief) 4 ( ) Sosa 5 Sosa Sosa Sosa (a teleological conception of intellectual virtue) 6 Sosa (cope with) 7 3 Sosa 1980 (Sosa 1991, p. 171) 4 p Sosa, Reprinted in Sosa 1991, chapter 10, pp An intellectual virtue is a quality bound to help maximize one s surplus of truth over error., Sosa s Knowledge and Intellectual virtue, Monist 68 (1985), pp Reprint in Sosa 1991, p Sosa 1991, p

3 Sosa (disposition) (the ground of such a disposition) truthcondusive ( ) (justified dispositions) ( ) (a reliable generating mechanism) 8 Sosa Sosa Aristotle (ever) (always) (acquired willy-nilly) (faculty) Aristotle Sosa Sosa Plato 9 8 Sosa 1991 pp See Plato s Republic, BK. I,

4 ( ) 10 Linda Zagzebski Sosa Sosa Zagzebski Sosa 11 Sosa Aristotle ( Zagzebski Aristotle ) Plato Sosa John Greco 12 Zagzebski 13 Zagzebski Sosa Greco Plato. [ ] (the excellence of fauculties) Greco [ Sosa] (misapplied) 14 Greco Sosa Aguinas 15 Zagzebski Sosa Alston, Dancy, Foley 16 Aristotle Aristotle (theoretical wisdom, sophia) (practical wisdom, phronesis) Sosa (phronesis ) Sosa, Greco ( Plato ) Greco (the nature of intellectual virtue) 17 Greco Sosa 1991, p. 271 ( ) 11 Zagzebski 1996, p Greco Zagzebski 1996, p. 10. Plantinga (the theory of proper function) Zagzebski, Sosa, Greco, Plantinga Zagzebski Zagzebski 1996, p Greco 2000, pp Alston. Review of knowledge in Perspective: Selected Essays in Epistemology. Foley 1994, pp Dancy 1995, pp Greco 2000, p Zagzebski Zagzebski Zagzebski Zagzebski

5 Sosa (inner nature) Sosa Sosa (belief involuntarist) ( ) Sosa Sosa (manifesting) A1. (to determine) ( ) A2. ( ) A3. (to determine) ( A1, A2) A3 ( ) Sosa A3 (account) ( ) Sosa ( ) X Y ( ) Y X (cube) 5

6 19 A3 Sosa Sosa A2 Sosa A2 B1. B2. ( ) B3. ( B1, B2) B4. B5. ( B3, B4) [B5] 20 [B5] [B4] [B5] [B3] [B4] ( modus ponens) [B3] [B1] [B2] (conjunction) [B1] [B2] [B1] [B2] (a) [B1] ( ) (b) [B2] 21 [B1] [B2] [B5] Sosa 22 A2 ( A3) 19 Sosa X ( ) Y Y X Y Sosa A1~A3 Zagzebski I can determine [B5] that my belief that it rains is true by means of this argument. [ ] (nominalizers) 21 Sosa Sosa 22 Sosa 1991, p

7 Sosa (ability) (power) (accomplishments) ( ) (middle-sized) (necessary truths) ( [memory belief]) ( ) (could) ( ) ( ) Sosa F C C F B competence (pairs) F/C C F ( ) Sosa F C (accessible within epistemic perspective) Sosa (servomechanic and animal so-call knowledga ) (a lesser grade of knowledge) (metaphorical) 25 (a certain contextual relativity in our attribution of knowledge) Sosa / (correlated standards) Sosa Sosa 25 Sosa 1991, pp. 271 ~

8 F C (projectible) (objective likelihood) (repeated) F C (informants) F C ( ) Sosa I B(I) (circumstanced) B(I) (would not) (be caused) B(I) 26 (license) Sosa F (a field of propositions) C (a set of circumstances or conditions ) E (environment) (V) S E V(C, F) S inner nature I (a) (1) S E I (2) P F 26 Sosa 1991, p Sosa 1991, p

9 (3) S P [ ] C (4) P S (b) (broadening) (B) X1 X2 X2 X1 (allowable subfield) X2 X1 (restriction) X2 X1 (subenvironment) X1 X1 E E C C F F S E I P F S P [ ] C (1) S E I (2) P F (3) S P[ ] C (4) P S S P 28 (to believe out of intellectual virtue) (BIV) S V(C, F) P (1) S E S E V(C, F) (2) P F (3) S P[ ] C (4) S P (to believe out of sufficient intellectual virtue) (one is internally apt in so believing) (IA) G S P (1) S V(C, F) P (2) V(C, F) S (up near) G (a) (a ) (a ) (1) S E I (2) P F (3) S P [ ] C (4) S (disbelieve) P 28 (b) (B) X1 is a broadening of X2 iff X2 is an allowable subfield of field of propositions X1, or X2 is an allowable restriction of condition X1, or X2 is an allowable subenvironment of environment X1 where in each case X1 is a limiting case of a broadening of X1 itself. for no broadening E of E, C of C, or F of F is it the case that S is in E and has I, P is in F, and, S is in C with respect to P, and, moreover, if (i) S is in E and has I, (ii) P is a proposition in field F, and (iii) S is in conditions C with respect to P, then (iv) S is likely to believe with respect to P, but S is not likely to believe correctly with respect to P. 9

10 (5) P S (a ) ( ) Sosa (a) (a) (a) (a) (more limited virtue) Magoo ( ) (a) Magoo 29 Sosa (b) (IA) (b) E E C C F F S I V ( E) C F S E, C, F E, C, F S S E, C, F S I V ( V ) (b) ( Magoo) (IA) Sosa Magoo (likelihood) Magoo 30 Magoo (self-knowledge) Magoo Magoo Magoo Magoo ( ) (aware of) 3. Sosa (epistemic perspectivism) 29 Magoo 30 Sosa Sosa 10

11 ( ) (happily intuiting or deducing) (ostensible) (real) (merely ostensible) (unreal) (plausible) 31 Sosa ( ) (corpus) m (an ostensible memory m) m (merely ostensible) Sosa m m [ ] (a meta-belief in the virtue of one s memory which delivers m ) (justified in believing) ( ) ( ) (justifiedly attribute) 34 ( ) Sosa F ( ) ( ) F Sosa 31 Sosa 1991, p Sosa 1991, p according to [epistemic perspectivism], the deeper reflective justification of the beliefs ostensibly yielded by a certain faculty derives from an explanatory inference that attributes those beliefs to the faculty from which they ostensibly derive. 33 Sosa 1991, p Sosa 34 Sosa 1991, p

12 F F (accept) ( ) [ ] 35 ( ) (coherence-seeking ampliative reason) (a) (is aware of) (b) (find himself) B (justifiably) B F (c) (a) (b) B B (infallibilty) ( (i) F ( ) (ii) B F ) (i) (ii) (iii) B B B B F (deliverance) 4. Richard Fumerton 36 Sosa ( ) Sosa ( ) ( ) 37 Stephanie Graff ( ) (skillful) Fumerton 1994, p Sosa Sosa

13 Andre Agassi ( ) Agassi Agassi Agassi Sosa Agassi Agassi Agassi Agassi Agassi Sosa (a priori impossibility) Agassi Sosa Agassi 38 ( ) Sosa ( ) ( ) optimific ( ) 38 Sosa 13

14 ( ) Sosa 39 Sosa Sosa ( ) Ts (the meta-incoherent, ) 40 1) Sosa (meta-justified) 41 S p (a) S (b) S 42 Sosa ( ) ( ) 2) ( ) Ts S internal twins W(Ts) S W(S) S W(S) Ts ( Ts ) W(Ts) Ts W(Ts) S W(S) Sosa Ts S / Ts S 39 Sosa 1991, pp , pp Sosa 1991, p Sosa 1991, pp

15 (1) S Ts ( [reflectively apt] 43 ) / (expeienceplus-belief framework) (2) S Ts S Ts 44 Sosa ( ) 45 S S / (experience-belief mechanisms) W(Ts) / Ts W(Ts) Ts W(S) Ts (SWJ) S W P ( same-world justified ) S W W P (AWJ) S W P ( actual-world justified ) S W (in our actual world ) P 46 \ (AWJ) Ts W(Ts) Ts (SWJ) W(Ts) Ts S (SWJ) (AWJ) (SWJ) (AWJ) Sosa ( ) A D W(Ts) D A 47 Sosa 3) The generality problem ( ) 43 Sosa S T T W(T) 44 Sosa 1991, p justification is relative to environment, Sosa 1991, p (SWJ) (AWJ) Sosa 1993, pp Sosa 1991, pp

16 F C F C F C (a) F C (too specific) ( ) (b) Sosa F C (i) S F C (to be usefully generalized upon by us) 48 (ii) F C S S 49 Sosa (generalization about human cognition) (secure artificially a sort of pseudoreliability) Sosa (natural fields) 50 S C F S (nomologically but tautologically) 51 Sosa Sosa Sosa (b) (a) 52 Sosa S (intellectual act) (overarching by standing upon) 53 (subordinate virtues) (deliverances) Sosa (subfaculty) V1 V0 V0 V1 (a more refined subfaculty) V1 f(v1) V0 f(v0) 48 S relativized to such community indexed 49 Sosa 1991, p Sosa 1991, p Sosa 1991, p P F {P, Not-P} C one-believes-p iff P-is-true one-believes-not-p iff Not-P-is-true 53 Sosa 1991, pp

17 V V V f(v) (likelihood) V f(v ) [ f(v) f(v ) V V ] (S) (polygonal) S (heptagonal) Fh Fp (a) Fp S (b) Fh S 54 (c) Fh Fp (d) Fp Fh Sosa 5. Sosa Sosa 1) Richard Fumerton Fumerton Sosa [ ] (environment) (round appearances) (the ensuing beliefs) ( ) ( ) Fumerton 55 Sosa Fumerton Sosa 54 Sosa 1991, p Fumerton 1994, p

18 ( ) ( ) 56 Fumerton Sosa Sosa Fumerton Sosa F/C (explanatory induction or projection) B [ ] C ( ) C [ / ] 57 ( ) Sosa Fumerton 58 Sosa Sosa Sosa Sosa ( ) C ( ) F (animal aptitude) (see) P C F C F ( ) P C F (reason) (attribute to oneself) (intrinsic state or nature) C F 56 Sosa 1994, p.35. Sosa 1991, p Sosa 1991, p Sosa F/C 18

19 (adjust) 59 Plantinga 60 Sosa Sosa F/C (explanatory induction or projection) F B Sosa ( F/C ) Sosa (compensation) (irregularity) 61 (relativity and context-dependence) Richard Foley (tension) (the problem of accidental reliability) (relatively specific awareness) Foley (stringent) 62 Sosa (perspectival) Sosa (non-godlike perspective) 63 Foley 59 Sosa 1991, pp Plantinga 1988, Sosa enough accessible 62 Foley 1994, p Foley 1994, p

20 Sosa (vague) (accessible enough) Sosa Sosa F C Sosa ( ) 64 Sosa 2) BonJour Sosa ( VP ) (crude reliabilism, CR ) ( ) BonJour VP CR BonJour CR (entail) VP BonJour VP VP CR. ( ) 65 Sosa BonJour VP CR ( ) Sosa BonJour CR VP CR (require) CR Sosa VP 64 Sosa 1994, p BonJour

21 Sosa VP VP Sosa ( ) ( ) MB B 66 Sosa BonJour MB B Sosa BonJour ( MB) (genuinely justified) BonJour MB MB MB Sosa BonJour 1. B MB 2. MB MB MMB B MB 3. B MB MMB. [ ] T 4. T MB B 5. T T T T 67 BonJour Sosa S ( S ) ( ) (intellectual or cognitive failing) Sosa ( ) (overall simplicity) (adhocness) (epicycles) Sosa 66 Sosa

22 BonJour VP Sosa Sosa Sosa (transmission faculty) Sosa (generation faculty) (rationalist deduction) (rationalist intuition) (reason) (intuitive reason) (inferential reason) (subfaculties) (retentive memory) B t (P) B t (P) (input belief) (output 68 Sosa ( ) Sosa (sensitivity to factors like adhocness, simplicity, 68 Sosa (memory beliefs) Sosa 1991, pp

23 and explanatory power) ( ) ( ) (a broader conception of the coherence of our mind) (. ) Sosa (Intellectual merit) ( ) Ts Ts Sosa Ts 6. Sosa Sosa Zagzebski 1996 Greco 2000a Sosa Sosa aptness Sosa epistemic value 69 Sosa animal knowledge reflective knowledge Alston Sosa 1991, pp

24 Reference Alston, William P. Review of knowledge in Perspective: Selected Essays in Epistemology "Epistemic Desiderata." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 53, no. 3 (Sept.): Axtell, Guy Knowledge, Belief, and Charater. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield. BonJour, Laurence Sosa on Knowledge, Justification, and Aptness, Philosophical Studies Dancy, Jonathan "Supervenience, Virtues, and Consequences: A Commentary on Knowledge in Perspective by Ernest Sosa." Philosophical Studies 78 (June): Foley, Richard The Epistemology of Sosa, Philosophical Issues, 5. pp Fumerton, Richard Sosa s Epistemology, Philosophical Issues, 5. pp. 15- Greco, John Two Kinds of Intellectual Virtue, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research Vol. LX, no.1 (Jan.): a. Putting Skeptics in Their Place: the Nature of Skeptical Arguments and Their Role in Philosophical Inquiry, Cambridge University Press. Plantinga, Alvin "Positive Epistemic Status and Proper Function." In Philosophical Perspectives, vol. 2., Epistemology, ed. James Tomberlin. Atascadero, Calif.: Ridgeview Press. Sosa, Ernest "The Raft and the Pyramid: Coherence versus Foundations in the Theory of Knowledge," Midwest Studies in Philosophy V: Reprinted in Sosa Knowledge and Intellectual Virtue, The Monist 68: In Sosa Knowledge in Perspective, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press "Proper Functionalism and Virtue Epistemology," Nous 27, 1: Virtue Perspectivism: A Response to Foley and Fumerton, Philosophical Issues, 5. (1994) Perspectives in Virtue Epistemology: A Response to Dancy and BonJour, Philosophical Studies 78 (June): Zagzebski, Linda Virtues of the Mind, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press From Reliabilism to Virtue Epistemology, in Axtell

1 (a proper response) 2 3 : 4 (a good position) : (B) ts p (a) S p; (b) S ee c; (c) p s e c; (d) Brewer Bill Perception Experience Has C

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