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肴浒华
7 years ago
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14 Abstract H ISTO R ICAL REV IEW No. 2, 2008 ( Serial No. 105) Edited under the Ausp ices of the Institute of H istory, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Abstract Reg istered Accoun tan ts in M odern Ch ina D U Xun cheng Registered accountants who were engaged in the verification industry were social elites. But they were small in number and narrow in business scope, and had to maintain their living by doing part - time jobs. Though the government had tried to p rohibit this kind of part - time jobs, it failed to carry out the p rohibition strictly. This showed that due to the ill - developed public credit system, registered account2 ants had to depend on public rights so as to seek survival and development. The Forma tion and Influence of the M anagem en t System of Ch ina M erchan ts Steam sh ip Nav iga2 tion Com pany L UO Su wen China M erchants Steam ship Navigation Company in late Q ing dynasty was founded under the shelter and control of government, and was governm ent supervised and m erchant managed. However, due to the government s infringem ent and occupation of the Company, both the shareholders and peop le in charge could not comp letely fulfill their rights and obligations. A s a result, the Company becam e government su2 pervised and governm ent managed. Thoughts of Con trol over Econom y in Ch ina in the 1930 s and 1940 s ZHO NG X iang ca i Thoughts of control over economy p layed a decisive role in the development of Chinese society in the 20 th century. The essence of this thought is the overall intervention of government into social economy. Two deep - rooted cultural ideological reasons can be found: first, human beings are conceited about their know ledge in controlling the developm ent p rocess; second, they are conceited about their rationality in changing their own weakness. However, it is of p rofound significance for a nationality that is in the p rocess of modernization to cultivate a market system which features fair competition. An In itia l Study on the Law Educa tion in Chaoyang Un iversity - a lso the Forma tion of Be ijing Lawyers in the Republic of Ch ina Q IU Zh i hong Two universities featuring law education - B eijing Chaoyang University and Shanghai Dongwu Univer2 sity exerted influence on peop le s thoughts and contributed to the saying that Chaoyang is the p lace for cultivating judges and Dongwu the lawyers. Through studying the law education of Chaoyang, the author holds that Chaoyang University attaches more importance to cultivating and training the comp rehensive quality of the law talents and p lays a special role in p roducing lawyers in Beijing. Im per ia l Exam ina tion and Tran sforma tion of Soc ia l Trad ition in the Q ing D ya sty Tak ing H istor ica l L itera ture on Im per ia l Exam ina tion in the M id - la te of Q ian - long Per iod a s Cen ter CHANG J ian hua In the Q ing Dynasty the officials such as the p rovincial governor and the literary chancellor had the obligation to rectify the habitual p ractice of scholars and vitalize the style of w riting. The Emperor required them to report the condition of the regular recruitm ent and the p rovincial exam ination by palace memorial. The palace memorial in Q ian - long period p reserved such materials. In Q ing Dynaty rectifying the habitu2 189

engaged in the verification industry were social elites. But they were small in number and narrow in business scope, and had to maintain their living by doing part - time jobs.

15 2 /2008 al p ractice of scholars and vitalizing the style of w riting were looked as transformation of social traditions. W hich was especially emphasized by Emperor Q ian - long the aim was to bring imperial exam inations and scholars behaviour into the category of the state political culture. The O ccurrence and Tran sf igura tion of Zhouxuan lingwang s Relig ion ZHU Ha i b in Zhouxuanlingwang is one of local deities in Southeast China. This paper exam ines the incep tion and transfiguration of Zhouxuanlingwang s Religion. Through this paper, the author gets two conclusions. The first is that in order for a popular religion to survive and develop in the M ing dynasty, it had to cater to the religious policy of the central governm ent. The second is that various kinds of popular religion in different regions are related to each other. Prob ing in to the Porters in Town s of South Yangtze R iver since Q ing D yna sty SHEN Hao Since Q ing dynasty, there was increasingly serious differentiation among the peasants in the country2 side in the South of Yangtze R iver, causing the surp lus rural labors to come to the small and medium - sized towns and counties. These peasants thus becam e porters. A s they were not free laborers in the true sense, they were not able to solve the ensuing p roblem s. It was not until the late dynasty that the porters became the p recursor of modern p roletariat and perished as a social group. To Ab ide by the O ld Rules: The Pr inc iples in Solv ing W a ter D isputes in the Severa ld ra inage Are2 a s of Fenhe in Pre - m odern Ch ina ZHANG Jun feng To abide by the old rules, such was the p rincip le of local governments in solving the water dis2 putes of Fenhe drainage areas in Shanxi p rovince. Though this could pacify the disputes for once, it shelved many realistic p roblem s that concealed behind the water disputes. W ith these p roblem s, the rural society in north China stopped to develop, which was detrimental to the effective collocation of resources and evolvement of system. In essence, the popularity of this p rincip le resulted from the influence of tradi2 tional culture. On the Evolvem en t of Tom bstone In scr iption s and The ir Form s in North W e id yna sty M A L i jun The p rohibited tombstone inscrip tion system in W ei - J in period perished after the collap se of W est J in. The wide use of grave monuments in North W ei dynasty weakened the important p lace of tombstone inscrip tions. W hen the form of tom bstones developed from rectangular to square, the p reference of the im2 perial clan of W ei dynasty showed the awareness of status and guidance. The appearance of tombstone cover served to p rotect the inscrip tions and inherited the p ractical use of brick tombstones in early North W ei dynasty. Towards the Function s of M inglun Ha ll and the L oca l Soc iety in the South of Yangtz R iver in La te M ing D yna sty and Early Q ing D yna sty FENG Y u rong M inglun Hall was established in M ing and Q ing dynasties to educate peop le. However, as long as it took root in local society, its functions increased. For instance M inglun Hall p layed an essential role in gathering gentries and even became the p lace of gathering in special historical periods. The local power with M inglun Hall as its core was so influential that the emperors and the local adm inistrators were forced to pay attention to it. M ing government in most cases depended on it while Q ing dynasty tried every means to supp ress it. No matter what functionsm inglun Hall p layed, it had much to do with the social order and stability of the local society. L oca tion, Space and C ity s D evelopm en t: W ith X iam en a s a Ca se DA IY i feng 190

The O ccurrence and Tran sf igura tion of Zhouxuan lingwang s Relig ion ZHU Ha i b in Zhouxuanlingwang is one of local deities in Southeast China.

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