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2 1 flashover Babrauskas Thornton Parker Huggett E = 13.1 MJ/kg-O 2 Parker Janssens 1

3 Smith, (OSU) Smith Smith, Smith Smith and Satija 1982 NBC National Bureau of Standard, NIST) bench-scale (cone calorimeter) 2

4 NBS 1982 Cone Calorimeter CSI Cone1 100 Atolas Cone2 2 TOYOSEIKI Cone soot [Hagglund, 1976] 2 3 3

5 mm 50mm (m 3 /s) (m [Geake, 1988] ~200g 2 4

6 3 6 Schmidt-Boelter-type MJ/kg-CH 4 [Brian, 1996] PMMA poly methyl methacrylate LOI [ASTM] Limmiting Oxygen Index UL94 [UL94] LOI 5

7 3-1 ICAL (Intermediate Scale Calorimeter, ICAL) 50mm ICAL ASTM E1623[1999] m 1.54m 1m 1m 60kW/m 2 (load cell) Sundström [1988] ISO 9705 / (room-corner test) NT FIRE 025 [1987] ( 100kW 300kW ) A (mineral wool) B 20 (flash over) (light wall-paper) C 300kW D 300kW (heavy wall-paper) E 100kW Rate of Heat release, RHR 1000kW Janssen [1996] 6

8 3-1-2 Tewarson [1977] (laboratory-scale fire products collector) (fire size) (total heat release rate) 10kW (convective heat release rate) Heskestad [1981] MW 10MW BRE FRS UL FM ASTM E176 [1999] ISO [1999] ISO 1182 [1990] 12 ASTM E136 [1999] ASTM E136 ISO ISO

9 [1999] ASTM E1354 [1999] ISO [1993] CNS 6532 [1993] cone3 8

10 (required delivered density, RDD) [1986] FM 1MW Bill [1992] 2 Cone a b 10MW 7.62m 25ft 7.62m 7.62m 1.524m 30m 3 /s 9

11 [1] SFPF Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 2 nd Edition, National Fire Protection Association, Section 3, pp (1995). [2] V. Babrauskas and R. Peacock, Heat Release Rate:The Single Most Important Variable in Fire Hazard, Fire Safety J., Vol. 18,pp (1992). [3] W. Thornton, The Relation if Oxygen to the Heat of Combustion of Organic Compounds, Philosophical Magazine and J. of Science, Vol. 33, No. 196, (1917). [4] W. Parker, An Investigation of the Fire Environment in the ASTM E-84 Tunnel Test, NBS Technical Note 945, (1977). [5] C. Huggett, Estimation of Heat Release by Means of Oxygen Consumption Measurement, J. of Fire and Materials, Vol. 12, pp , (1980). [6] W. Parker, Calculation of the Heat Release Rate by Oxygen Consumption for Various Applications, NBSIR , (1982). [7] M. Janssens, Measuring Rate of Heat Release by Oxygen Consumption, Fire Technology, Vol. 27, pp (1991). [8] E. Smith, An Experimental Determination of Combustibility, Fire Technology, Vol. 7, pp (1971). [9] E. Smith, Heat Release Rate of Building Materials, in Ignition, Heat Release and Noncombustibility of Materials, ASTM, STP 502, pp (1972). [10] E. Smith, Application of Release Rate Data to Hazard Load Calculations, Fire Technology, Vol. 10, pp (1974). [11] E. Smith and S. Satija, Release Rate Model for Developing Fires, ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 105, pp (1983). [12] B. Hagglund and L-E. Persson, FOA Rapport C D6(A3) The Heat Radiation from Petroleum Fires, Forsvarets Forskn-ingsanstalt, Stockholm (1976). [13] P.J. Geake, Smoke Characterisation by Laser Diffraction, Ph.D.dissertation, 10

12 Polytechnic of the South Bank, London (1988). [14] Brian T. Rhodes and James G. Quintiere, Burning Rate and Flame Heat Flux for PMMA in Cone Calorimeter, Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 26 pp (1996). [15] Standard Method of Test for Flammability of Plastics using the Oxygen Index Method (ASTM D 2863). American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. [16] Test for Flammability of Plastics Materials for Parts in Devices and Appliances(UL94). Underwriters Laboratories, Northbrook. [17] ASTM E1623: Standard Test Method for Determination of Fire and Thermal Parameters of Materials, Products, and Systems Using An Intermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL), ASTM Annual Book of Standards, Vol. 4.07, ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, (1999). [18] ISO 9705: Fire Tests Reaction to Fire-Full-Scale Room Test for Surface Products, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, (1993). [19] M. Janssens and J. Urbas, Comparison of Small and Intermediate Scale Heat Release Data, pp in INTERFLAM 96:Seventh Intl.Fire Conf. Proc., Interscience Communications, Ltd., London (1996). [20] A. Tewarson, Heat Release Rates from Burning Plastics, Journal of Fire and Flammability, Vol.8, p.115, (1977). [21] G. Heskestad, A Fire Product Collector for Calorimeter into MW Range, FMRE technical Report, June (1981). [22] ASTM E176: Standard Terminology of Fire Standards, ASTM Annual Book of Standards, Vol. 4.07, ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, (1999) [23] ISO 13943: Fire Safety-Vocabulary, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, (1999). [24] ISO 1182: Reaction to Fire Tests for Building Products Non-Combustibility Test, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland,

13 [25] ASTM E136: Standard Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750, ASTM Annual Book of Standards, Vol. 4.07, ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, (1999). [26] A. Ahonen, H. Weckman, and M. Yli-Penttila, Application of Oxygen-Consumption Calorimeter to Non-Combustibility Testing, Journal of Fire and Materials, Vol. 9, pp , (1985). [27] ASTM E1354: Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates For Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter, ASTM Annual Book of Standards, Vol. 4.07, ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, (1999). [28] ISO Fire Tests-Reaction to Fire-Rate of Heat Release from Building Products (Cone Calorimeter), International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, (1993). [29] CNS 6532/A [30], NSC E , (1990). [31] R.G., Jr., Brown Bill, W.R., Hill, E.E., Jr., and Stavrianidis, P., Sprinkler Research, Task 1: Fire Growth and Plume Measurements, FMRC Technical Report OQ5NO. RA070 (A), July, (1989). [32] B. Sundström, U. Göransson, Possible Fire Classification Criteria and their Implications for Surface Materials Tested in Full Scale According to ISO DP 9705/or NT FIRE 025, SP Report 1988:19, Statens provningsanstalt, Boras [33] B. Sundström, The New ISO Full Scale Fire Test Procedure for Surface Linings, The First Yugoslav Scientific Meeting with International Participation-On Behavior of Materials and Constructions in Fire,

14 cone2 13

15 3. ( [1] ) 4. [1] 14

16 5. [1] 6. Schmidt-Boelter-type [1] 15

17 7. PMMA 50kW/m 2 [14] 8. Cone3 16

18 9. ICAL ASTM E

19 10. ICAL 11. NT FIRE 025 ISO

20 12. ISO

21 (a) (b)

76 Key words: 林业科学 52 卷 cone calorimeter; sample form; heat release parameter; standard deviation; precision 锥形量热 ( CONE) 仪是以氧消耗原理为基础

76 Key words: 林业科学 52 卷 cone calorimeter; sample form; heat release parameter; standard deviation; precision 锥形量热 ( CONE) 仪是以氧消耗原理为基础第 52 卷第 3 期 2 0 1 6 年 3 月林业科学 SCIENTIA SILVAE SINICAE Vol. 52,No. 3 Mar.,2 0 1 6 doi:10.11707 / j.1001-7488.20160309 * 木材试样形态对 CONE 热释放特性参数的影响袁利萍黄自知胡云楚 ( 中南林业科技大学材