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1 25 3 Vol. 25,No Journal of Chinese Historical Geography J ul.,2010 (,, ) [ ] ( ) 57, 5174 %, 1164 % ; 7133 % ; % ; 4 %, 9 %, 12 %, 15 %,,,, 2 3, ( ) 80, ; (12080 ) 2, %, ; 80,,,,,,,,,,,, [] [] K928 [] A [ ] (2010) [ ] [ ] ( ) ; (09BZS031) ; (08J A770013) ; (2004DIB1J032) [ ] ( ),,,,,,,, 2003,,,,,,,,,, 96 :,, ; :,, ; : 2000,, ; : 2000,, ; :,,

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8 :,,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, :,,,? :,,,,, (218 ) :,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, (88 ), (219 ),,,,,,,,,, (220 ),,,,,,,,, 1., 771, 220, 992,, 57, ( ) 5174 %, 550 9, 1164 % ;, 15 ; , 7133 % ; , %,,,,, ( ),,,,, 1 ( 181 ) ( ) 130,,,,,,, 1 (163 ), 2 ( ), 1, 1 (64 ) (4823 ),,, 70,, 917 ; :, ( ), 1998, ; 10 ; 14 :, ( ), 1984, 586 ; : , ( ), 1988, 91 ; :,, , 2 103

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13 108 图5 先秦时期疫灾分布图图6 西汉时期疫灾分布图

14 图7 东汉时期疫灾分布图长江三角洲的 1 次 ( 公元前 514 年公元前 496 ( 公元前 88 年) 在匈奴地区南方疫灾中, 2 次年) 南方只有吴国发生过疫灾 ①, 北方则秦 ( 公元前 181 年 22 年 ) 在长江中游, 2 次 ( 14 赵郑魏宋齐鲁诸国都发生过疫灾, 北年 16 年 ) 在长江上游, 4 次都与战争征服有方疫灾数显著多于南方, 疫灾数值北方与南方之关, 南方土著居民没有发生疫灾的记载南北比比为 9 ζ 1 如图 5 所示, 先秦疫灾主要分布于较, 北方疫灾数仍然显著多于南方, 疫灾数北方黄河中下游地区由西安邯郸临淄曲阜商与南方之比为 13 ζ 6 与先秦相比, 疫灾主要发丘新郑等城市围成的区域范围内, 这个疫灾重生于黄河中下游地区的特点未变, 但长江流域疫心区域正是当时农耕历史悠久人口相对稠密的灾数有所增加, 同时北方草原地区也开始有了疫区域, 从一个侧面证明了疫灾频度与人口密度的灾的记载正相关关系春秋战国时, 秦国医生甚多, 良医 ② 几乎都是秦国人, 如医和医缓这可能与先秦关中地区人口稠密, 疫病流行较多有关, 因为良医的成就必须有充分的临床机会 2. 西汉疫灾的分布 3. 东汉疫灾的分布 31 个疫灾年份中, 17 次发生于北方, 11 次发生于南方, 3 次南北方都有发生北方疫灾中, 2 次 ( 46 年 51 年 ) 发生在匈奴地区, 12 次 ( 50 年 94 年 107 年 125 年 149 年 17 个疫灾年份中, 11 次发生在北方, 4 次发生在南方, 2 次 ( 公元前 142 年公元前 64 年) 南北方都有流行, 但以北方为主北方疫 ①楚国似亦有过疫灾, 明代刘基诚意伯文集卷 18 螇螰第七载 : 楚令尹病, 内结区霿, 得秦医而元前 47 年公元前 46 年公元前 19 年公元前 15 年公元前 7 年公元前 3 2 年) 在关东愈, 乃言于王, 令国人有疾不得之他医无何, 楚大疫, 凡疾之之秦医者皆死, 于是国人悉往齐求医按 : 文中提到子良, 当为楚襄王时事 ②陈邦贤 : 中国医学史, ( 北京 ) 商务印书馆, 地区, 1 次 ( 公元前 143 年 ) 在关中地区, 1 次 1937 年, 第 23 页灾中, 9 次 ( 公元前 163 年公元前 48 年公 1 0 9

15 ), 2 ( ), 1 (162 ) 3 ( ),,, 4 ( ), 5 ( ), 2 (44 48 ),,, 20 : 14,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 1. 57, 5174 %, 1164 %, 7133 %, %,,,,, , , 80, ; , 200, %, ; , 3., ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, :, ;,,,,, :,,,, 1519 %, 7133 %,

16 ,,,,,,,, :,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,?, 5 6 7,,, (),,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,, ;,, :, (), , 15 :,, , 30 :,, , 36 :,, On the Epidemic Disasters in China during the 771BC - 220AD Period Gong Shengsheng, Liu Yang, Zhang Tao ( Department of Geog ra phy, Cent ral China N ormal Universit y, W uhan, ) Abstract : An epidemic is an out break of a contractible disease that spreads at a rapid rate t hrough a human pop ulation, directly threatening human healt h and life. From 771BC to 220AD, at least 57 years wit nesses epidemics, with an average epidemic f requency of 5174 % (1164 % during 771BC - 202BC ; 7133 % during 202BC - 25AD,15190 % during 25AD - 220AD ; 4 % before t he 2nd century BC ;9 % in the 1st century BC ; 12 % in t he 1st cent ury AD ; 15 % in t he 2nd cent ury AD). In research period, epidemics mainly occurred in spring, summer and winter, wit h low frequency in aut umn. Al2 t hough it s possible t hat t he more recently epidemics occur, t he more t hey are recorded, epidemic f re2 quency showed an increasing tendency over a long term. This period wit nessed 3 peaks and 2 troughs 111

17 of epidemics. The first period (200BC - 120BC) lasted around 80 years whose peak was not obvious, while t he second period lasted as long as two cent uries, peaking at 17 % during 50BC - 50AD. The t hird period, starting from 80AD, was t he beginning of anot her peak after 220AD. As for spatial dis2 tribution, epidemic distribution was closely related pop ulation density. Before 202BC, the epidemics occurred in t he Yellow River and Yangtze Valleys ; afterward, t hey were recorded to hit the plateaus of Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang, resulting from t he invasion of t he Huns. During 202BC - 25AD, as pop ulation increased in sout hern China, epidemics occurred in sout heastern costal areas. During t he whole research period, t he regions of epidemics covered mainly nort h China rat her t han sout h China. However, the increasing f requency in sout h China reflect s t he develop ment of pop ulation and economy t here. Key words :epidemic disaster ; egidemic f requency ; epidemic distrebution ; 711BC - 220AD ,,, :147,, : : 40,,, 6,,,,, (:, ( ),2007, 408 ), (1986 ) (1987 ) : :,,,,, ( 73 ),,, : :,,,,,, (40 ) :, (6 ),(749 ),(975 ),,? :,,,,,, ( 27 ) :,,,,, [] ([]: 14 ),( )? :,,,,,,,,, ( 69 ),,,, 112

/ : 1930,,,,,,, 1930,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, :, 1998, 172 ( ) ( ), ( 13, ) ( ) (

/ : 1930,,,,,,, 1930,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, :, 1998, 172 ( ) ( ), ( 13, ) ( ) ( : 1930 1930 ( ), ;,, ;,,,,,, 300, 1930 1980,, (1905 1937) (, 1987 ) :, 1885 1965 ( 1999 ) ( 2004 ),, ( ),,,,,,,,, 128, 2005 2, ( ) : ( ), 1934, 35 1934 5 15,, 2006 12 31 18,, :,, 1947 9, 4 / : 1930,,,,,,,