346 42,.,.,,,,,. 1,, (1 2).,,., Fig. 1 Changes of the world energy resource structure over the past 100 years,,,.,.,,, 1.,, 1., GDP,,.,,
|
|
- 布菱 暴
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 J OU RNAL OF SHAN GHA I J IAO TON G UNIV ERSIT Y Vol. 42 No. 3 Mar : (2008) :,.,..,:,..,,,,,. : ; ; ; ; : T K 01 : A Reflections on Energy Issue s in China J I A N G Ze2mi n Abstract : Energy, which has a bearing on bot h economic and national security, is of importance and a major constraining factor to t he economic and social develop ment of China. The article analyses the current world energy status and develop ment trend from the perspectives of resources, production and consump2 tion and in t he context of it s implications on t he environment and economic and social develop ment, and ex2 plores opportunities and challenges for China s energy develop ment. With a focus on t he strategy of ener2 gy develop ment in China, t he aut hor p roposes a new energy develop ment approach with Chinese character2 istics whose main element s are : energy2saving, high2efficiency, diversified develop ment, environment p ro2 tection, technology guidance and international cooperation. In ot her words, China is striving to build a re2 liable energy production, circulation and consumption system t hat is efficient, technologically advanced, low polluting and ecologically f riendly. A long2term develop ment strategy with priority on energy conser2 vation, efficient utillization of p rimary energy and advanced electricity system is expounded in t he paper. The aut hor also describes t he prospect of energy technology develop ment and stresses t he implementation of energy strategy by f urt her improving energy policy and related mechanisms, strengt hening macro2man2 agement and the essential role of t he market in resource allocation so as to ensure t he economic and social develop ment of China t hro ugh reliable energy supply. Key words : energy ; energy develop ment ; energy security ; energy strategy ; energy policy :
2 346 42,.,.,,,,,. 1,, (1 2).,,., Fig. 1 Changes of the world energy resource structure over the past 100 years,,,.,.,,, 1.,, 1., GDP,,.,, ,,.,,.,., ,,,. 21,,,, (3),., [1 ] Fig. 2 Changes of the world energy consumption over the past 100 years , :, ( ),1989 ;,2050, [2 ] Fig. 3 Increase of China s energy consumption since the 10 th Five2year Plan ( Energy Consumption Elasticity Coefficient),. : =
3 3 : 347.,, , (4), ,,.,,,.,.,.,.,.,., 50 %,.,. CO2.,, CO2 [3 ] Fig. 5 Changes of the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere over the past 150 years 4 Fig. 4 Increasing trend of the oil price in the international market 1. 4,. CO2., CO2 : 280 pp mv 379 pp mv (5) ; (6), 30.,., 6 [4 ] Fig. 6 Changes of the global average temperature over the past 100 years ,,,.,.,.,. (1),. 2006, t,, 147. BP(British Petroleum, ), SO2. BP Statistical Review of World Energy, various editions
4 348 42,,. 20 ( Reserve/ Production Ratio, R/ P, ),40 60 (7).,,, ( g/ cm 3 ),.,..,. ( Organization of Petroleum Expor2 ting Countries, OPEC) %, 60 %., %., %. 7 Fig. 7 Changes of the reserve and production ratio of oil :., 6 % 20 %. :.,,4 % 20 %, 30 %. 500 C,, and natural gas in the world :,,,,..,, (2), TOE(1 TOE = TCE),35. 8 %, 1 ; %, 2 ; %,3,, 6. 3 % 5. 8 %. ( Organization of Economic Cooperation and Develop ment,o ECD),, 2.,,,.,,,,. 2030,. (3),.,. 2006,O ECD 51 %,4. 74 TO E., TO E TO E, TO E(8)., ;,,., , % ; %. ( International Energy Agency, IEA), % 1. 6 %,70 % (9) () Fig. 8 Comparison of the average energy consumption per capita of some countries ( regions) in 2006 : (2007) (2007)
5 3 : gλυ Fig. 9 Prospect of energy demand in different regions (4),. CO2 CH4 N2 O,. 1979, 1992,.,,,., , 5. 8 % gλϖ,14. 8 %.,,. 50.,,. (5),., 70 % ,,., gλυ : 2007 gλϖ 38 %,.,,,.,.,, gλω, (1),.,, 1 3 ;, , (10). : kw, kw h,,, t,,. gλξ t,,, 10 gλψ Fig. 10 Comparison of per capita possession of main resources in China and the average in the world gλω., gλξ : ; gλψ :
6 m 3,,.. (2), ,, TCE,., kw,1 GW 700 MW,,.,20 20,,, ,, ,GDP ; 2006,GDP,,. (3),.,,. 6, 12 t, t, 40 %.,,,,.,SO2 (11) NO x CO2,.,CO2,(12 13). 12 CO2 gλζ Fig. 12 Comparison of per capita emission of CO2 in the world 13 CO2 gλ{ Fig. 13 Major countries emission of CO2 from burning fuels (4), , (1) %, %.,, %, 21 %.,, 41, 36, 5., 1 [ 5] Tab. 1 Structure of the primary energy consumption in China / % (2005) 11 [2 ] Fig. 11 Emission of the main pollutants in China gλζ : (2007) gλ{ :CO
7 3 : 351,,. (5),.,,,,,.,,,2006, 11. 1,40. 5 (14),.,,,, gλ Fig. 14 Comparison of the reserve and production ratio of (2007) fossil f uels energy resources between China and the world in ,.,.,,,.,,,. 3. 1,,, gλ :,,.,,. (1)...,,,.,,., ;,,. (2).,,.,,.,,,,. (3).,.,.,,. (4)..,,,,.,,,.,,.,,. (5).,.,,.,,,.,
8 , ,,,.,,, ,,,, ,.,,,, ,,,.. (1).,,.,,,.,,,,., 630 kg, 570 kg. 96 kg, 86 kg. (2). 30 % 40 %.,,,.,,. 80 %, 70 %.., L, 50 % 70 %,. 500 km,.,, ;,,,. (3).. 30 %.,20 m 2,.,,., ( ),, 50 % 65 %, 90 %, ;,, 55 % 85 % [6 ] ;,,,.,,. 3. 3,,..,,,, ,,.,.,,, ( 2).,
9 3 : 353., ;,,,. 2 gλ} Tab. 2 Comparison of techno2economic index among major coal production countries / t / / [ t (a ) - 1 / % / % ] ,. SO2 NO x.. ( 15),,., SO2 NO x ;, CO2 CO2,., 10 % 20 %,.,., ,,,. gλ} : ; ;. 2005, [7 ] Fig. 15 Schematic diagram of the coal poly2generation,,.,,., ;,;.,,.,,,, ,.,,,.,,.,,.,,,.,, gλ,, gµυ gλ : gµυ :,..,50 md ( ) (1 md 1 mp s, kpa (1 atm), 1 cm 1 cm 2 1 cm 3 )
10 ,,, ,.,,.,, (3).,,,.,,.,,,.,,,,,,. 3 [ 8] Tab. 3 Major target of the mid2and2long2term development plan for renewable energy resources / GW / GW / GW / % ,,.,.,,.,.,.,,,.,.,,.,,,.,,, ,,,,,.,.,.,.,,, ; ( 16)., 16 gµϖ Fig. 16 Schematic diagram of the utilization of hydrogen energy gµϖ
11 3 : 355,.,. 21,.,,,.,., 2,..,,,,..,,. ( Internatio nal Thermo nuclear Experimental Reac2 tor, ITER),, 2050, (17)., ITER,. ITER,,.,, ( ), 23 () ,,,,,.,.,, 1 kw,. 2007, kw (18 19). : kw, 21, ;,8 850 MW ;, MW.,., 20 GW kw, 45 %. 2007,357 g/ (kw h), g/ ( kw h).,, kw, 5.,,,,,,,. 17 gµω Fig. 17 Schematic diagram of ITER gµω :http :/ / www. iter. org gµξ Fig. 18 China s total installed capacity of electric power in 2007 gµξ :,
12 gµξ Fig. 19 China s structure of electric power in ,.,,.,,,SO2 NO x., 41 % 43 % 45 % 47 %., ( In2 tegrated Gasification Combined Cycle,IGCC), 50 %,,CO2. ( Combined Cycle Gas Turbine,CCGT), 58 % 65 %. 80 %.,,, ,.,2/ 3.,,.,.,,,,,.,,,,,.,,,,.,, , 2, (4).,. 3, gµψ,, gµζ Tab. 4 Share of nuclear power in primary energy of some countries ( regions) in 2006 / % / % ( ) , 3. (20) [9 ] 4,..,., kw,.,,. 3,,,,.,4,, gµψ, ( ),,,., gµζ : 2007
13 3 : 357.,.,,.,,,,.,,,. 5 [ 10] Tab. 5 Development trend of the latest wind power units in the world / kw / m / m / (MW h) () gµ{ Fig. 20 Schematic diagram of primary 2loop system of high temperature gas2cooled reactor ,,, ;, ( 5)., 10 kw,.,,,.,,, MW.,, ,. gµ{,,,..,,.,,,.,, ( ),, ,,.,.,1 000 kv 800 kv kv ( ) 5 GW, 500 kv 5 ; 800 kv ( ) 6. 4 GW, 500 kv2. 1,,..,,, gµ,. gµ.,,,
14 358 42,,.,., gµ},.,,,,.,.,,,,. 4.,,.,, ;,, ;,,.,. (1).,..,,,.,. (2).,,,,.,,,., gµ}, 1 MW,,,,. (3).,.,,,.,.,,,,. (4).,.,,,., ;,,. (5).,,,.,.,, CO2.. (6).,.,,,,,,.,,,,. (7).,
15 3 : 359.,,,.,,,,.,,,. (8).,,,,.,,,,,,,.,. : [ 1 ]. [ M ]. :,1991. [ 2 ]. ( ) [ M ]. :, [ 3 ] ( IPCC). 4 [ R] [ 4 ] Hansen J, Sato M, Ruedy R, et al. Global tempera2 ture Change[J ]. PNAS, 2006, 103 : [ 5 ] [ M ]. :,2007. [ 6 ]. 2007[ M ]. :,2007. [ 7 ],. [ M ]. :,2005. [ 8 ]. [ EB/ OL ] [ ]. http :/ / www. ndrc. gov. cn/ fzgh/ ghwb/ 115zhgh/ P pdf. [ 9 ]. [ M ]. :,2005. [10 ]. 12 [ M ]. :, 2005.
, ( ),,, :,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, : :,,,,,,, (, ),,,,,,,, :, ( ) 11 9 (), :,, :,,,,, : () :,,,,,, ( ) ( ), :,, :,,,, 5,,,,,,, ( ), :,,,,,,,,,
2009 8 3 The Qing History Journal Aug. 2009 No13,,, ( ) (,, ),,,,, :,, :?,,,, :, :?:,, :,,?,,,,,,,,,,?,,,, :,,,,,?,, [] 2009-04 - 15 [] (1947 ),, ; 100859 144 , ( ),,, :,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, : :,,,,,,,
More information133,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ),,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
132 :,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, 133,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ),,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 134 2003 3,,,,,,, :,,,, :,, T O :, T,,,,,,,,, 135,,, :,,,,, :,,,,,,,, 8, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,? 136 2003 3 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
More information8 20,,,,, 1990,, 1989, ;, ,,, 1989, 1980,, :, 1990, ,,,, ;,, 1992,,, 1980,, 1980,,, 1980, 1990, 1980,,,, / /, ( ) ;, 1980,
20 7 : 1994 ( 86 ), 1997 5 ( Social Text) 55,,,,,,, 11? 1989, :, :, 20 10, 1990 :, 1989 1970,,, ( ) 1980 :, ;, 8 20,,,,, 1990,, 1989, ;, 1970 1990,,, 1989, 1980,, :, 1990, 1989 1980,,,, ;,, 1992,,, 1980,,
More information,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,, 600, 500,,,,,,,,,, (1894 ), 10, 6 3.,,, gλυ, ;, ; ;,,,,, 4.,, gλϖ,,, :,,, gλω,,,, 5., 300, 1300, :,,,, :, 53
1998 1 29,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, : 1.,,,, 20, 600, 500,,,, 52 ,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,, 600, 500,,,,,,,,,, (1894 ), 10, 6 3.,,, gλυ, ;, ; ;,,,,, 4.,, gλϖ,,, :,,, gλω,,,, 5., 300, 1300, :,,,, :, 53 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
More information( ) ( ) : ( ) () ; 11 : (1) ; (2) ; (3) : ; ( ) ; : ( ) ( ) : (1) ( ) ( ) (2) ( ) ( ) (3) ( ) ( ) 85
( ) 1999 2 : 80 : : ( ) : ( ) : () ; : ; ; ( ) () 1995 2 6 : ; 84 ( ) ( ) : ( ) () ; 11 : (1) ; (2) ; (3) : ; ( ) ; : ( ) ( ) : (1) ( ) ( ) (2) ( ) ( ) (3) ( ) ( ) 85 ( ) ( ) : (1) ( ) ( ) ( ) (2) ( )
More information20094,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (1881),, 94,,,,,,, 3,, 1932, ;,, 1894(), 14, (1904 ),,, 1979, 160 :,, ( ),2, 14, 1932, 34 ; (),2, 15, 13
: 2008, 10,,,, 40,,,,, 3,10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 93 20094,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (1881),, 94,,,,,,, 3,, 1932, 388 390 393 398 ;,, 1894(), 14, (1904 ),,, 1979, 160 :,, ( ),2, 14, 1932, 34 ; (),2, 15,
More information2003 1,,,,, 1924,,,,,, ,,, ( ),,( ),,,;,,,, :,,,,,,:,,,,,,, :,, (l), 1954, 594 9, 1986, 103 : ( ), 140,,,,, 9, 1986, , 520
Ξ : 20, ; ;, : 20,,,,,, 50,,, : 20,, 11,, Ξ,;, 139 2003 1,,,,, 1924,,,,,, 1924 1,,, ( ),,( ),,,;,,,, :,,,,,,:,,,,,,, 1924 1 :,, (l), 1954, 594 9, 1986, 103 : ( ), 140,,,,, 9, 1986, 592 1985, 520 21 1924
More information2010 2,,,,,,, 1999, , ( [ 1999 ]23 ),,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,!,,,,,,,, ,, (, ), ,,,,,,,, 1992 :,,,,,,,, :, ,,,, 6
3,,, 1990,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, 11, :,, ;,,,,,,, 21,, : 3, [ ] :,, 1984 4, 27 5 2010 2,,,,,,, 1999, 1999 11, ( [ 1999 ]23 ),,,,, 2004 4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,!,,,,,,,, 1993 1,, (, ), 1990 1,,,,,,,, 1992 :,,,,,,,,
More information2009 4, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,, ;, ;,, ;,, ( ),,,,,, :,,,,,, -, : (1),,,, ; (2) 53
2009 4 :, 2008, 2008-2012,,,,,,,,,,,, : ; ; : C93-05 : A : 1008-1569 (2009) 04-0052 - 26 ( ) 20 80, (J. T. Noonan),,, : 2008,,, : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),! :,, ; 52, 2009 4, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,, ;, ;,,
More information,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2 (83 ),(), ( ), 33, ( ), ,,,,,,,,,,
(, 102600) [ ],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [] ; ; ; [] K239. 21 []A [ ]1000 422x(2002) 03 0001 12,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ ]2001 10 15 1 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2 (83 ),(), (432 861),
More information,,,,, 18 :,, 19,,,,18 20,,, 1840,,,,,19,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1904, :,,,,,, []:,,1995,221 [] :,,1995 ; :2000,1999 ;[]:,,1998 ; [ ] :,,1998,,
Ξ :, ;, ;,,,, : 19,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Ξ,;, 3,1972,220 30 ,,,,, 18 :,, 19,,,,18 20,,, 1840,,,,,19,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1904, :,,,,,, []:,,1995,221 [] :,,1995 ; :2000,1999 ;[]:,,1998 ; [ ] :,,1998,, 1989 31 2003
More information(557) (560),,, (561) (563) (565), ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (569),,,,, (580) (580),,,, gλϖ 2) ( 563),,,, (, 3 ) ( 565 ),, (, 1),,, (, 2) ( 580),, U,, (, 3)
20081 ( ),,, ( ),,, ( ),,,,,,, 12, (529) (, 1) (537) (, 2) (548) (, 1),,,,,,, ( ) :,,,, gλω,,,,, gλξ 1. (529) 2. (537) ( 2001 10 ) ( 560),,,,, (, 1), ( 561 ),, (, 91 (557) (560),,, (561) (563) (565), (
More information,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,?,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,: ;;,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 126
2002 1 :,,,,, :;; ; : E295. 2 : E : (2002) 01-0125 - 136,,,, :,, 20,,,,,:,,,,,,,, 125 ,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,?,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,: ;;,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 126 2002
More information/ : 1930,,,,,,, 1930,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, :, 1998, 172 ( ) ( ), ( 13, ) ( ) (
: 1930 1930 ( ), ;,, ;,,,,,, 300, 1930 1980,, (1905 1937) (, 1987 ) :, 1885 1965 ( 1999 ) ( 2004 ),, ( ),,,,,,,,, 128, 2005 2, ( ) : ( ), 1934, 35 1934 5 15,, 2006 12 31 18,, :,, 1947 9, 4 / : 1930,,,,,,,
More information, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, , 1876, :,,, 1884,,,, :, ;,,, 1886, 1894, 1889, 1893,,,,,, :,,,, 1898 :,,,,,, ,,,,,,, 73
2001 8 Aug. 2001 3 Studies in Qing History No13 1886 1894 3 [] 1886-1894, : ; ; ( ),, [ ] [] K25619 [] A [ ] 1002-8587 (2001) 03-0072 - 11 The Impact of Modern Science on Late Qing Intellectuals from1886
More information2006 5,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ;,, ;,,,,,,,, : ( ) (Restorative Justice), 20 70,,, [ ] W :,, ; Howard Zehr, Changing Lenses : A New Focus fo
Ξ,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ;,,,,,,,,,,,, Ξ,,,2003, ;2004 7, ;2005, ( ) ;2005,,2006,, ;2004,,, ( ) :,, 2006 7 14 ;, 2004 11 2 15 2006 5,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ;,, ;,,,,,,,, : ( ) (Restorative Justice), 20 70,,,
More information,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :?,,, :,,?,,,,,,,,,,,(ju2 ristische Handlungen) :?,,,, (1910 ),?, :,2000,306 []:( ),412, :,1994,125 1,,273,303 2,,115,( ) ( ) ;, 1,,302
Ξ :,,,, :, :,,,,,,,,,,, :? :,?? 54,,,,, Ξ, 14 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :?,,, :,,?,,,,,,,,,,,(ju2 ristische Handlungen) :?,,,, (1910 ),?, :,2000,306 []:( ),412, :,1994,125 1,,273,303 2,,115,( ) ( ) ;, 1,,302 Verwaltungsakt,
More information,,, Map2 Info,,,,, (1904) 514,, 3175, 1144 ( = 514/ 3175),, 52500, Map Info , 913 %, Map Info,,,,, -,, ( 1), ,
2004 11 Nov12004 4 Studies in Qing History No14 3 [ ], Map Info, [ ] [ ] K25 [ ] A [ ] 1002-8587 (2004) - 04-0059 - 13 Analysis on Land Use in Nanyang County in the Late Qing Dynasty Relying on information
More information2007 3,,, ; : ; ;,,,,,, :, ;, : : :, : : : : :
Ξ 2006, :, ;, ;, 2006 11, ;, : Ξ 141 :,2006 12 11 : 2006 3 2007 3,,, ; : ; ;,,,,,, :, ;, : 2006 1 : 2006 2 :, 2006 1 : 2006 4 : 2006 5 : 2006 3 : 2006 3 : 2006 5 142 / 2006, 20 11,1853 1858, 26 :, ;, ;
More information,,,,, 48,110,680, 14,318,350,, 30 %,,,, ;, (1704) :, 1, 8, 6,,,,,,,, 2, 1 6, 1 2,,, 3, 2, 1 6,,, :, 2 ;, 1 8 ;, 1 6 ;, 1 4 ;, 1 2 ;, 1 ;, 5 ;, 2 5 ;,
2004 8 Aug12004 3 Studies in Qing History No13 [],,,,,, [ ] [] K249 [] A [ ] 1002-8587 (2004) - 03-0041 - 12 Disaster Defense and Reduction Policies in the Qing Dynasty Throughout the ages Chinese society
More information,,,,,, 17,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1789,,,,,,,:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, ;,, ;, (), See L. Ray Patterson, Stanley W. Lindberg, The Nat ure of Copyright : A L aw of U
Ξ :, ;,, :,80,, ;90,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Ξ 66 ,,,,,, 17,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1789,,,,,,,:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, ;,, ;, (), See L. Ray Patterson, Stanley W. Lindberg, The Nat ure of Copyright : A L aw of UsersRight, The
More information( 52 ) :,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, [ 1 ] [ 2 ], [ 3 ] [ 1 ] : [ 2 ] : 10,, :,,,, [ 2 ] : :,,,, :,,,,
(, 741001) :,,,,,,,,,,, : : G25611 : A : 1001-6252 (2006) 02-0065 - 15,, (880 ), (956 ), 77,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, : 736 15, 4 ;, : 2005-12 - 24 : (1964 - ),,,, 65 2006 2 ( 52 ) :,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
More information8629 / 35.0% / 130 / 1550 / 1/ % % / 400 / 430 /
2012 11 Nov. 2012 6 Arab World Studies No.6. 2010 8524 62% 3024 19 8629 / 35.0% 15 8 5 2011 4 5 120 / 130 / 1550 / 1/3 2010 1.14 8% 2009 180 110 2% 320 2009 830 / 400 / 430 / http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=690
More information2001 3, 5 7,, ;,,,,,, 7 8,, (Sasannian figured silks),, 200 ;, 250,,,,, 7 9,, gλϖ,,, ( sog - po),, gλω,,,,,, :( ),, ;,, 55
( ),,, (Dejin Zang2 mo) ( Hugh Richardson) ( Heather Karmay) ;,,(),,,,,,,,(699 ) ( ) : ), (8 ) (), (,, ) ;,,,,,, () (,,,;, 158 (9,, 839 ) ;159 237 (9,,839 ),, gλυ (),, 4, 54, 2001 3, 5 7,, ;,,,,,, 7 8,,
More information;,,,,,, ( ),, ;,, 114 :,,,, 115 ( ),, 270 1, 2 :,,,,,,,, 270 2?,,, 270 2,,,, 153,, 151, 153,,, 153, 153,,?,,,,,,, ( ),, ( ),,, :,,,,, ( ),,, 232, ( ),
3,,, ;, ;,,, :,, ;,, ( ),,, Hans W elzel,, ; W ilfried K per,,,,, ( ),,, ;,,, ;, Roxin, ; :, :,, ;,,,, :, 3 [ ] :, 2006 4, 36 [ ] :,, : 92 [ ] :, 2005, 1, 2006, 416 ;,,,,,, ( ),, ;,, 114 :,,,, 115 ( ),,
More information,?,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, :,,,,,,?,,,,, : ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),! :,,,,,,,, 2002, ( ) :, 1
122 :,,,,,,,, : ; ; : DF90 : A : 1673-8330 (2009) 03-0122 - 12 :,,, 2007,,,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,, 70,?,,,,, :,,, :,,,, ;,,,,,,, [ ],, ( ) :,, 1983, 206, :, 2003 233, 2009 3 123,?,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,
More information~ ~
SOCIAL SCIENCES ACADEMIC PRESSCHINA ~ ~ 2 3 4 5 6 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
More information2009 5,10, 10, 10 : ;, : (1), (2) (3),( 4), (5),,, (6),,, ;,, (7),, : ( 8), 10?????, () ,, :, 12, 300, (,, 28
2009 5 10 :10(1999-2008) 10,1999, 10,,, : ;; : D035 : A : 1008-1569 (2009) 05-0027 - 11, () 20 30, () ()20 80, () 20, 10,,, 10,,,,, : (: 70633001) :, ;, 27 2009 5,10, 10, 10 : ;, : (1), (2) (3),( 4), (5),,,
More information中国可持续能源项目
! 2013!! "#$% $"! ! 1... 1! 2... 2! 3... 3! 4... 3! 5... 4! 6... 5! 7... 5! 8... 6! 9... 6! 10... 7! 11... 7! 12... 8! 13... 9! 14... 9!! 15... 10! 16... 11! 17... 11! 18... 12! 19... 12! 20... 13! 21...
More information( 54 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, P13636,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2
(, 730020) :,,,,,,,,, : : K879141 : A : 1001-6252 (2006) 04-0001 - 23,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, : 2006-08 - 10 : (1956 ),,,,, 1 2006 4 ( 54 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, P13636,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
More information? : ( ) ( ),, (),, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),,??,,,
2004 3 ( 101 ) ( 100871) :, : 20 90 1999 10 ( ) : ( ), ( 36 ),,,, : (02AFX001) 60 ? : ( ) ( ),, (),, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),,??,,,20 60 200 10 61 ( ), ( ) ( ), 20,,?? gλϖ,, DNA,,, gλω ( ), gλξ, ( ) ( ) ( ) (
More information: : ; : 11
2009 2 1 The Qing History Journal Feb. 2009 No11 [ ] [ ] [ ] K248 [ ] A [ ] 1002-8587 (2009) - 01-0010 - 11 Concepts and Expressions in the Xing2Ye Narratives in the Local Chronicles of Guizhou Province
More information- state) : : ; : ; (Max Weber) (David Held) (Ulrich Beck) : (1) : (2) : ; (3) : ( Robert Gilpin) : 5
( ) 2004 1 [ ] [ ] : ; 17 ; ( Westphalian System) ; 1648 10 16 (Jean Bodin) (nation 4 - state) : : ; : ; (Max Weber) (David Held) (Ulrich Beck) : (1) : (2) : ; (3) : ( Robert Gilpin) : 5 ( ) 2004 1 : ;
More information<8E6C93FA8E D8D FCD816A D382E706466>
Hydrogen Council Power to Gas 1 IEA 2040 GDP GDP 2013 95 2040 6 http://www.meti.go.jp/committee/kenkyukai/energy_environment/ondanka_platform/kokunaitoushi/007_haifu.html 2016 http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/about/whitepaper/2016html/2-2-1.html
More informationChinese oil import policies and reforms 随 着 经 济 的 发 展, 目 前 中 国 石 油 消 费 总 量 已 经 跃 居 世 界 第 二 作 为 一 个 负 责 任 的 大 国, 中 国 正 在 积 极 推 进 能 源 进 口 多 元 化, 鼓 励 替 代
Chinese oil import policies and reforms SINOPEC EDRI 2014.8 Chinese oil import policies and reforms 随 着 经 济 的 发 展, 目 前 中 国 石 油 消 费 总 量 已 经 跃 居 世 界 第 二 作 为 一 个 负 责 任 的 大 国, 中 国 正 在 积 极 推 进 能 源 进 口 多 元 化,
More information, duopoly,,,, ,? 19 70, ; 70,,,,,,,, J1 W1 : ;, E1,, ;,,, H1,, : ;,, ;,,, C1,, (Auguste Walras) (Leon Walras), A1 ( ) F1 E1 () V1 ( ),,,,, 2
2002 5 ( ) May 2002 39 3 Journal of Northwest Normal University (Social Sciences) Vol139 No13 (, 730070) [ ],,,, [ ] ; ; [ ] F 0 [ ] A [] 100129162 (2002) 0320052211 1 111 :, A1, 1838,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,
More information16 31, %, 15 % 1949 ( 1), : 4 8, ;, , , 5, , 5. 05, 400kg,
31 2 2007 3 Vol1 31, No12 March 2007 15 Population Research,,, ; 2020 420 435 kg, 18 14136 ; 450 kg, 14173,,,, :, ;, ; : ; ;,, :100101 21 20,,, (2010 2020 2030 2040 ),,,,, (2020 ) (2030 2040 ), 1 1. 1
More informationMicrosoft Word - 北京采暖与PM25的关系研究报告 docx
PM 2.5 :R-1308-18879 Grant Number:R-1308-18879 :2013 8 1 2014 1 31 Grant period: 08/01/2013-01/31/2014 : Sector: Building : PM2.5 PM2.5 NOX VOC PM2.5 NOX VOC PM2.5 2015 PM2.5 PM2.5 Project DescriptionBased
More information8 (2007 2 ) 2. 30 %,GDP 2 %,,,,, GDP, 70 80 GDP 1 %2 %,, GDP 2 %, 3 %,4. 7 %, 2002, 2010 3 % 3. 90,,,,, [ Z]. 2006. [ Z].,. : 20 [ EB/ OL ]. http :/ /
28 2 Vol128,No.2 2 0 0 7 4 TSIN GHUA J OU RNAL OF EDUCA TION Ap r. 2 0 0 7 (, 200240 :,,,,,, :;; : G640 :A :1001-4519 (2007) 02-0007 - 09,50 %,,,20, 300, 80 % 1.,,, 20 90,,,,,,,,, 2001,,2000,2005 12,20,
More information70 80,,,,,, 90,,,,,,,, :, : ; ;, 18 20,, :,,,,, (1918 ) :
2002 5 May12002 2 Studies in Qing History No12 [],,,,,, [] [ ] C91211 [ ] A [ ] 1002-8587 (2002) 02-0076 - 11 An Analysis of the Characteristics of Central Shanxi Merchants and Social Mobility The merchant
More information,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 31
2003 8 Aug12003 3 Studies in Qing History No13 [],,,, (1748), [ ] [] K249 [] A [ ] 1002-8587 (2003) - 03-0030 - 13 The Demand for Grain and the Rise of Agriculture in Inner Mongolia in the early Qing Dynasty
More information%
26 5 Vol. 26 No. 5 2018 5 PACIFIC JOURNAL May 2018 DOI 10.14015 /j.cnki.1004-8049.2018.5.005 2018 5 51-62 YU Hongyuan Mineral Security and Resource Strategy in the Belt and Road Initiative Pacific Journal
More information,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, 74,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ; :,,
2007 8 Aug12007 3 Studies in Q ing H istory No13 3 [ ],,, [] [ ] K249 [ ] A [ ] 1002-8587 (2007) - 03-0073 - 14 The Tem pora l Character istics of Border Trad ing A long the Grea tw a ll dur ing Q ing
More informationMicrosoft PowerPoint - WatanabeTokyoGas.ppt
Fuel Cell & Biomass Power Development at Tokyo Gas 2006 29,2006 Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd. 1 Contents 2 Outline of Tokyo Gas Establishment 1885 # of Customers (E. fy. 2005) 9.6 million Net Sales (fy. 2005) US$11.1
More informationWHO % http / /www. who. int /gho /en
* * 100033 * 2015 KT201512 87 2017 1 WHO 2004 2013 4. 2 7. 3 6. 5% 1 2 2015 12 54 1 http / /www. who. int /gho /en 2015-06 - 30 2 7 88 71% 80% 2012 2 500 HIV /AIDS 70% 160 120 2014 15 ~ 24 1. 2% 3. 8%
More information,,, :,, :, :,, ;,,,,,, , ( Secu2 lar Missionaries),,,, ,,, ,, 15,,,, ;,, :,,, ;, ; 86,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gλϖ,, 1874
2003 8 Aug12003 3 Studies in Qing History No13 [],,,,,,,,, [ ] [] K25412 [] A [ ] 1002-8587 (2003) - 03-0085 - 12 The Shanghai Polytechnic Institution and Reading Room and Its Innovation on Education Initiated
More informationGDP % 0 GDP BP % % % % 8% % 5% 0
05 5 May 05 Arab World Studies No. * FTA FTA 00 ~ 0 5 FTA + + FTA 800 67-56 05 0-0059 - 4 D8 A * 4BJY04 050B0 04 4ZDA076 59 05 6 4 788 0 6 GDP. 64. 6. 08 6 5 54 6 45. 4% 0 GDP 9. 55 4. 8 4. 68 BP 00 4
More information促进可再生能能大规模发展的战略与政策
i 1 2 3 2 4 3 5 4 IEA, 2002. Renewables in Global Energy Supply: An IEA fact sheet. WWW.IEA.org 6 5 Renewables for Power Generation, Status and Prospects. International Energy Agency, OECD, Paris, 2003.
More informationEMC EMC 1.1 EMC EMC EMC EMC EMC EMC EMC EMC EMC EMC EMC EMC EMC EMC EMC 1 2 EMC EMC EMC EMC EM
23 2 2011 2 Energy Technology and Economics Feb. 2011 Vol.23 No. 2 23 1674-8441(2011)02-0040-05,, 100052 10 F206 A New Energy Saving Investment Mechanism: Energy Management Contract CHANG Yan, CHEN Wu,
More information100,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, :,:,2000,37 :,:,2000,3839 :, :, 1998,145 []A. J. M. :,, 1995,2
2009 6 099 130 099 3,1945 2009 65,, 1948,,, 1960,20 70, 1989, 3,1962,,, : prof. jiangyue @ 126. com, 2007 6 100,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, :,:,2000,37 :,:,2000,3839 :, :, 1998,145 []A. J. M. :,, 1995,2
More informationhttp / /yxxy. cbpt. cnki. net / % % %
2017 3 Mar. 2017 5 2 Chongqing Higher Education Research Vol. 5 No. 2 DOI 10. 15998 /j. cnki. issn1673-8012. 2017. 02. 006 230039 2011 2015 2016 G649. 21 A 1673-8012 2017 02-0037-11 2017-01-03 2015zdjy024
More information2015 8 1 2 1 1. 100081 2. 100038 30 X946 A 1002-9753 2015 08-0116 - 19 Retrospect and Prospect of China-US Cooperation in Technology Innovation SHI Lei 1 LUO Hui 2 JU Si-ting 1 1. China Research Institute
More information中國能源戰略和能源外交政策
2005 2 16 2012 1 爲 爲 2 EIA 2006 1 2007 80 4 1 Paul Crompton and Yanrui Wu, (2005) 3 13.1 2005 1.18 1.65 4.13 7.97 2005 0.242 2 2020 55 60% 3.5 10 340 750 EIA 2025 1,420 1,090 2005 8 12 ~13 2020 4.5 5 2000
More information~ % 967 /968 ~ 97 / / 977 ~ 98 / /963 ~ 97 / % 7. 7% 973 /974 ~ 979 /980. % % ~ 83 3
05 Nov. 05 6 Arab World Studies No. 6 00007 673-56 05 06-003 -4 D85 A 40. 78 05 GDP 50% 94% 89% 00 400 / 0% EIU Country Report Kuwait Generated on July 30 05 p. 3. 3 05 6 50 96 967 ~ 97 6. 5% 967 /968
More informationby industrial structure evolution from 1952 to 2007 and its influence effect was first acceleration and then deceleration second the effects of indust
2011 2 1 1 2 3 4 1. 100101 2. 100124 3. 100039 4. 650092 - - - 3 GDP U 20-30 60% 10% TK01 A 1002-9753 2011 02-0042 - 10 Analysis on Character and Potential of Energy Saving and Carbon Reducing by Structure
More information1980 ( ) 1980,, 1980, 1982,,, 1985,, 20 10,,, ( ) , , 1982, (1901) (1902) ( ), ( 1500 ) 70,, 1995, 25 4, 20, (henri2 etta Harrison),
2005 5 May12005 2 Studies in Qing History No12 : [ ],, [ ] [ ] K82 [ ] A [ ] 1002-8587 (2005) - 02-0069 - 12 Possessing Unrecognized Talent : The Pathway of the Country Gentleman Liu Dapeng s Whole Life
More information; ; ; ()1978~1985 : 1978~1985 : ( ) : % 73.9% 176.4% 87.8% 2.97 [1] 15.5% 1978~ % 14.8%
Practice Exploration and Theoretical Innovation of China s Poverty Alleviation: 1978~2016 : 100875 Zhang Qi Feng Danmeng Abstract: Since the Reform and Opening -up China s poverty alleviation system is
More information为 止, 以 集 中 式 光 伏 发 电 系 统 为 主, 其 主 要 原 因 是 我 国 政 策 推 动 方 面 以 国 家 主 导 为 主, 这 种 自 上 而 下 的 政 策 和 运 行 方 式, 更 容 易 迅 速 推 动 集 中 式 光 伏 系 统 的 建 设 集 中 式 光 伏 发 电
The Distributed Renewable Energy and Smart Micro Grid System * 我 国 分 布 式 光 伏 发 电 的 现 状 与 展 望 1 王 文 静 2 王 斯 成 1 中 国 科 学 院 电 工 研 究 所 北 京 100190 2 国 家 发 展 和 改 革 委 员 会 能 源 研 究 所 北 京 100038 摘 要 文 章 论 述 了 分
More information2002 1,,,,,,,, ; :,,,,,,,,;,,,,(, ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 17,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, []M.J. C. :,, 1997,41 4
Ξ :,, ; ;, ;,,, :,, ;,,?,, ;,,,,,,,, :,,, :,,,,?,,, Ξ 1,1956,681 3 2002 1,,,,,,,, ; :,,,,,,,,;,,,,(, ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 17,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, []M.J. C. :,, 1997,41 4 , :,,, ;,,,;,,,,,,, 1842,,,,,,,,,
More information. OER
20 4 2014 8 Open Education Research Vol. 20 No. 4 Aug. 2014 200062 G72 A 1007-2179 2014 04-0100 - 11 GDP 3000 50% 2014-2020 1978-2013 1. 7 7. 3 17. 9% 53. 7% 1. 02 193 658 2173 2005 1998 20113 53. 73%
More information,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, McGowan 1974,,, gλυ 1970,, gλϖ 1984, ( Skidmore Deference),, 1984 (Chevron),,,, gλω,, ;, gλξ 2000,, :, , [ ] E A:,
Ξ,,, ;, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, :,,,,,, Ξ, [ ] J :,, 2004, 418-419 John C1Gray, The Nature and Sources of Law, The Macmillan Company, 7 (1921) 1 :, 1998, 67 122 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, McGowan
More informationIPCC CO (IPCC2006) 1 : = ( 1) 1 (kj/kg) (kgc/gj) (tc/t)
2011 5 5 (278 ) China Industrial Economics May 2011 No.5 1 12 (1. 100005; 2. 066004) [ ] : ; ; : ; ; [ ] ; ; ; [ ]F290 [ ]A [ ]1006-480X(2011)05-0047-11 2008 CO 2 ( ) (2009) (GDP) (Binhocker et al. 2008)
More informationSept Arab World Studies No.5. Nivien Saleh, The European Union and the Gulf States: A Growing Partnership, Middle East Policy, Vol.7, N
2013 9 Sept. 2013 5 Arab World Studies No.5. Nivien Saleh, The European Union and the Gulf States: A Growing Partnership, Middle East Policy, Vol.7, No.1, October 1999, p.53. 27 Ana Echague, Don t forget
More information,,,,,,,, : :,,,,,, (,, ), 1 / / / / / /, / / / /,, (1879 ) 1,,,, 126 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 1,, (1736 ) 24 :,, 13 :, 5 :, 1930,,,,,,, (),,, :,,,,,,,,, :
25 3 Vol. 25,No. 3 2010 7 Journal of Chinese Historical Geography J ul.,2010 1 2 3 (1.,, 200240 ; 2.,, 200433 ; 3.,, 200240) [ ],,,,,,,,, 1855, [] [] K928 [] A [ ] 100125205 (2010) 0320125213 [ ] 2009207201
More information,,,1766, 19 19,,, 1809, 1810,, (, Karl John),,,1812 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1949,,1991,, 4, ( Instrument of Government) (Act of Succession) (Freedom of the Pre
Ξ ΞΞ, 16, ( Kalmar Union), 15,,, ( ),1521 ( Gustav Vasa),1523 6 6,1544,,,, 17,, 1632, ( Gus2 tavus Adolphus),6,,,, 1718 ( Karl XII),,,,,,,,, (Freedom Period) 1766,,,, 1771 ( Gustav III),, 1772 1789,, Ξ
More informationMicrosoft PowerPoint - 06. Zhang Guohua.ppt [Compatibility Mode]
2015 年 中 欧 城 镇 化 伙 伴 关 系 论 坛 可 持 续 城 市 交 通 规 划 分 论 坛 Synergy of Transport, Industrial & Spatial Planning in the Age of New-type Urbanization 中 国 新 型 城 镇 化 与 交 通 产 业 空 间 协 同 规 划 Zhang Guohua Comprehensive
More information1.2 资 金 的 管 理 1.1 权 利 义 务 来 源 MOU 1.3 数 据 的 使 用 和 保 护 2 国 际 空 间 站 资 源 分 配 方 案 54
第 29 卷 第 12 期 全 球 科 技 经 济 瞭 望 Vol. 29 No. 12 2014 年 12 月 Global Science, Technology and Economy Outlook Dec. 2014 刘 阳 子 ( 中 国 科 学 技 术 信 息 研 究 所, 北 京 ) 摘 要 : 空 间 探 索 既 复 杂 艰 巨 又 耗 资 甚 大, 因 此, 世 界 各 国 无
More informationSept Arab World Studies No.5. Paul D. Miller, The Fading Arab Oil Empire, The National Interest, July/August 2012, Number 120, pp. 38-4
2013 9 Sept. 2013 5 Arab World Studies No.5. Paul D. Miller, The Fading Arab Oil Empire, The National Interest, July/August 2012, Number 120, pp. 38-43. 59 IEA 2012 11 2015 2017 2012 9 2012 6 Pramod Kulkarni,
More information,, 2001,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, gλυ,,,,,, (Bydlinski),, (, ),,,, :,, :, (3),, 74,,,,,, [ ] :,,, Alexander Kress Schauer :, , 60 gλυ 2001
Ξ,, ;, :,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,, 2010,,, (open texture),,,,,,,,,,, Ξ, Cass R1Sunstein judicial minimalism,,,,, (broad rules), (deep theories) Cass R1 Sunstein, One Case at a Time : Judicial minimalism on
More information) : (2 ) (2 ) (3 ) (2 ) (1 ) (96 ) (31 ) 607, ( ), 696 ( 663 ),,,, 3 (607),,,,,,, (199,, 5340 ),,,,,, ,, 9 13,,,,,
33 :,,,,, :, ;,, :, ( 34 2003 2 720 ) : (2 ) (2 ) (3 ) (2 ) (1 ) (96 ) (31 ) 607, ( ), 696 ( 663 ),,,, 3 (607),,,,,,, (199,, 5340 ),,,,,, 894 10,, 9 13,,,,, 35 (1118 1181),,, (1192 1333),,,, (1333 1573),,,1373,,,,,,,
More information1556 地 理 科 学 进 展 30 卷 他 关 于 农 村 住 房 结 构 与 抗 震 性 能 的 研 究, 则 多 是 从 工 程 抗 灾 的 角 度, 研 究 某 种 构 造 类 型 的 房 屋, 力 图 找 到 传 统 房 屋 的 结 构 失 误 和 新 建 房 屋 中 存 在 的 问 [
第 30 卷 第 12 期 2011 年 12 月 地 理 科 学 进 展 PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY Vol.30, No.12 Dec., 2012 中 国 农 村 地 区 住 房 结 构 的 区 域 差 异 及 其 影 响 因 素 1, 2, 李 方 一 3 1,, 高 晓 路 2 2, 王 英 杰 (1. 中 国 科 学 院 区 域 可 持 续 发 展 分 析 与 模 拟 重
More information,,,,, :,, ( ) ( ) ;,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,, :, :,,,,,, : ;,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,,, 1,,,, :,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,, (1) : ( )
2003 5 May12003 2 Studies in Qing History No12 [],,, :,,,, [ ] [] K248 [] A [ ] 1002-8587 (2003) - 02-0038 - 24 The Rural - clan Landlord Economy in Northern Fujian in the Ming and Qing Periods The rural
More information99, ( Full - time equivalent,),,,,, W ( 3) ( / ),1998 ( 4) %,, 1998,,,, : : ,, :16. 85,,,1994, (
(2007 2 ) (, 200030) :,,,,,,,,, :;; ; : G644 :A :1001-4519 (2007) 02-0098 - 09, 21 211 985,,,,, :1., ;2.,, ;3., ;4., O ECD, 1., 1998 ( 1) 1998-2005 211 985,,, 1994-2005, 24. 5 %, 21. 4 %, ( 2 5) : 2007-01
More information,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 50 10,,,,, 100, 80,20, 20, 100,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, gλυ, (),, :,, gλϖ, 23 gλυ gλϖ
2000 4 :,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,;, ;,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 12 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 50 10,,,,, 100, 80,20, 20, 100,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, gλυ, (),, :,, gλϖ, 23 gλυ gλϖ 4 163 13 ,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
More information738 29,, ( ),, , , 112 (1) : [ 13 ], Q, : Q = CI/ FI (1) Q ; CI ( ) ; FI ( ), 100 ; Q = 1, ; Q < 1, ; Q > 1, [14
29 4 2010 4 GEO GRA P HICAL RESEA RCH Vol129, No14 Apr1, 2010 : 1996 2005 1, 1,2, 3, 1 (11, 100101 ; 21, 350007 ; 31, 100005) : 1996 2005,,, 10,,,,, ;,, 10,,,,, : ; ; ; : 100020585 (2010) 0420737211 (),
More information标题
全 球 粮 食 价 格 飙 升 : 根 源 影 响 及 对 策 张 明 摘 要 : 本 文 分 析 了 2006 ~ 2008 年 全 球 粮 食 价 格 上 涨 的 原 因 影 响 及 对 策 导 致 本 轮 粮 价 上 涨 的 原 因 是 多 方 面 的, 本 文 运 用 供 给 与 需 求 计 价 货 币 市 场 结 构 的 理 论 框 架 进 行 了 总 结 与 剖 析 鉴 于 导 致 本
More information(, ) :,,,,, ( ),,, 7,,,,, - -, : - - : K :A : (2004) , : : : : :,,,, China Academic Jou
(, 100006) :,,,,, (617-650),,, 7,,,,, - -, : - - : K879141 :A :1001-6252(2004) 02-0077 - 12,: : : :2003-11 - 10 :,,,, 77 2004 2 ( 46 ),,,!,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (),,,,,,,,,,,,148 113,176 115 386 144,,,,, 10
More information,,,,, : 18,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 1840,,, ;, ; 19,,,,,,,,,, 2 ( ),,,,, ( ) ;,, ( 1581 ),,,,,, : 15 16,?, (, ),,, gλϖ,,
2007 8 Aug12007 3 Studies in Q ing H istory No13 [ ],, 20,,,,,,, [ ] [ ] K249 [ ]A [ ]1002-8587 (2007) - 03-0001 - 19 The M odern ity of Th ink ing and Idea in the 18 th Cen tury Ch ina: Reflection s on
More information,,,,,,,,, (),, 80 (),,, 4 (1915 ) 1 26,,, 33 (1958 ) 4 3, gλϖ,,, gλω,,,, () gλυ Dagmar Coester - Waltjen and Michael Coester, Formation of Marriage,19
Ξ : 20 70,,,, :,,, 20 70, (),,,, Ξ 99, :,,,,,,,,,,, :, 1990,113 Dagmar Coester2Waltjen and Michael Coester, Formation of Marriage,1997, p. 97 1933 Dagmar Coester2Waltjen and Michael Coester, Formation
More informationMACRO ECONOMY AND MICRO OPERATION 2016 ( 30%~50% ; 1 ) ; : ? 80 : 1993 ; ; ( ) ; 1. ;2014 ( 1 ) ( ) 105
MACRO ECONOMY AND MICRO OPERATION * The Basic Connotation and Policy Suggestions on the Structural Reform of Agricultural Supply Side : ; 100872 Kong Xiangzhi Abstract: The field of agriculture of supply
More information1992),,,,,,,,, (),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : (1),,,, 2 19, : (),,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, ( 2) ;,,,, (3), :,,,,,,,,, 2108,, 13, , 680,, 017, 012,,
20062 Feb12006 1 Studies in Q ing H istoryno11 [],, 19077,,,, [ ] [] K257[] A[] 1002-8587 (2006) - 01-0001 - 16 Pea san t A ssoc ia tion s in the La te Q ing D yna sty Peasant associations arose in the
More information:,,,,, ,,,,, : , , ,, ,,,,, :, 2898, ;, ( ) 17739, ; ;,
22 3 2003 5 GEO GRAPHICAL RESEARCH Vol. 22, No. 3 May, 2003 (, 100101) :, 20 90,,,,,,, :,, : ; ; : F12919 ; F127 : 100020585 (2003) 0320261211 20 90, 1997,, WTO ( ),,,, [1 ], ( ),,,,, 1,, 111 [2 ],, :
More information2005 3,? :; ;, ;,,,,,,1 % %,,,,, 1 %,,,, : () ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2004) ( GBΠT ) 16 (2004), (2004) 47
: 3 ( 100836) :,, : :,,,,,,,,,,, ; (),,,,,??,??,,?,? 1982 1995,?,,?, 3 (2004) (Harry X. Wu) ;(:Measuring Output of Service Sector in China ; :16913107) (:; :70273058), 46 2005 3,? :; ;, ;,,,,,,1 % 1987
More information2 ( ) ,,,,, ( ),, ;, ( ) ; ; 2. (1), (2), (3) ,,
2002 3 RESEARCH ON EDUCA TION TSIN GHUA UN IV ERSIT Y No. 3 2002 (, ) 10 ; G647 A 100124519 (2002) 0320001210 1993 10, 1. 1992,1993, ( ) 1993 6, 1993 12 7 32, 1994 1 5, 200225213 (1946 - ), ; 1 2 (2002
More informationThe Construction Practice of Low-Carbon City in Guangxi Beibu Gulf Ecomonic Zone
2010 The Second China Energy Scientist Forum The Construction Practice of Low-Carbon City in Guangxi Beibu Gulf Ecomonic Zone Jie Wu, Jinfu Lin Guilin University of Technology MBA center,guilin,china,541004
More informationgλω gµω gµξ gλξ gµζ gλψ gλζ gµ{ gλ{ gλ gλ} gλ gµ} gµυ gµ gµϖ gµψ gµ gνϖ gνω 140 gνυ
2009 5 2 Studies in Qing History May 2009 No12 : 20 50 : 20 gλϖ [ ] 2008-10 - 20 [ ] (1973 ) ; 100872 139 gλω gµω gµξ gλξ gµζ gλψ 20 30 1965 100 gλζ gµ{ gλ{ gλ gλ} gλ gµ} gµυ gµ gµϖ gµψ gµ gνϖ gνω 140
More informationTOR discussion meeting
CDM Potential in China SONG Yanqin Centre for Renewable Energy Development March 15, 2006, Tokyo Opportunity and Challenge China does not have obligation on GHG emissions under Kyoto. But China has been
More informationFudan Education Forum Vol.16 No.5 [2] [3] [4] 90 [5] [6] [7] Martha Nussbaum [8]
40 200062 40 DOI:10.13397/j.cnki.fef.2018.05.002 The Tension and Vitality of Education Reform: An Analysis of the Logical Relationship between the Elements of Education Reform over 40 Years of Reform and
More information2009 10 Bairoch,1930 1999) (Angus Maddison,1926 ) (Bairoch, 1976, 1981), 1960,1800 324, 220, 228 ;1840 206, 447, 310, 178 (1993) (1988) Peter Brecke (
:1600 1840 1600 1840 3 :, 1600 1840 GDP, GDP, 1600, GDP 415 ( 1990 388 ), 1840 314 (1600, 1990 318 ) 1600 1840, GDP 55 %, 0118 %, GDP 25 %, - 0112 % : GDP 20,,,,, (,1998 ;,2001),,, ( GDP) GDP,, 1600 1840
More information2 2016 2011 6 2014 2 2012 8 2011 3 5 2012 9 2011 2011 2015 2013 2011 2011 2015 2014 2014 2014 2011 1 1 2011 8 1 2015 2009 2.35
44 1 2016 1 Vol. 44 No. 1 Journal of Liaoning University Philosophy and Social Sciences Jan. 2016!"!!!!!"!!!!!"!" 20 *, C913.7 A 1002-3291 2016 01-0001-14 2015-11-10 * 2015-12-18 DOI 10.16197/j.cnki.lnupse.20151218.001,http://www.cnki.net/
More informationMicrosoft Word - 排版 评估报告终稿.doc
G-1104-13948 2008 2010 The evaluation of 2008-2010 National Key Energy Conservation technologies Catalogues CECEP Consulting Co., Ltd 2012 3 2008 2010 2012 3 2008 2010 13 115 2011 12 115 1. 2. 3. 4. ...
More information% % 99% Sautman B. Preferential Policies for Ethnic Minorities in China The Case
1001-5558 2015 03-0037-11 2000 2010 C95 DOI:10.16486/j.cnki.62-1035/d.2015.03.005 A 1 2014 14CRK014 2013 13SHC012 1 47 2181 N. W. Journal of Ethnology 2015 3 86 2015.No.3 Total No.86 20 70 122000 2007
More informationMechanical Science and Technology for Aerospace Engineering October Vol No. 10 Web SaaS B /S Web2. 0 Web2. 0 TP315 A
2012 10 31 10 Mechanical Science and Technology for Aerospace Engineering October Vol. 31 2012 No. 10 Web2. 0 400030 SaaS B /S Web2. 0 Web2. 0 TP315 A 1003-8728 2012 10-1638-06 Design and Implementation
More information,,,,,,, ( ),,, ( ) 20,,,,,, (, ),, :, : 1988, ; : 1988,
,,, 1947 :,,,,,,,, ( ),, 16 ,,,,,,, ( ),,, ( ) 20,,,,,, (, ),, :, : 1988, 183 184 ; : 1988, 129 17 2000 3 1973,, C, :, 20 : :, 1992 : 1972 :,, ;, gλυ :, gλϖ 1992 : 1985, 213 217,, 1973, 1990, 77, 1998
More information(1) ( 1965 ),, 1952 [9] 2.1 (2) 1 53 (E i ), 2 (P i ) (G E (G P, 31 (Q i ) 3, : G E (x,y)= (E i Q(x i, y i )) E i G P (x,y)=
29 1 2010 01 PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY Vol.29, No.1 Jan., 2010 1 1,2 1,2 (1., 100101; 2., 100049) :, 1952 2005 53,, U, 1952, : ; ; ; ; 1 [8] 50,, 20 50, 53,,,, 3 : 30, GDP (1) 1975 42% 2005 56%, : 34% 36%,
More information2012 D A % %
2012 5 29 3 Journal of Shanghai University Social Sciences May. 2012 Vol. 29 No. 3 doi 10. 3969 /j. issn 1007-6522. 2012. 03. 001 100007 14 2012-04-05 1955-1 2012 D912. 6 A 1007-6522 2012 03-0001-16 20022008
More information2016 6 31 2016 6 138 SOUTH CHINA POPULATION No.6 2016 Vol. 31 General No. 138 1,2 1 (1 100081 2 130012) 31 C92-05 A 1004-1613 2016 06-0040-17 1992 1980 / 2016 2006 2016-10-21, 40 1956 8 6 1997 1957 3 8
More informationGDP = + + SNA
许宪春 GDP GDP 0086 4 GDP = + + SNA 993 008 5 03 GDP GDP = + + = + + + + - GDP GDP GDP GDP GDP = + + - + - = + + + 3 6 3 4 5 3 4 5 008 38 0 5 0 3 008 SNA European Commission, International Monetary Fund,
More information2. 2001-2008 IT 3. 2008 1. 2008 2. ebay PayPal B2B B2C ebay ebay 3 120 20 Paypal 3. 4 2014 9
2014 9 * 200020 F713. 36 A 1005-1309 2014 09-0003 - 016 cross-border electronic commerce 2008 2012 150 30% 1. 1998-2001 2014-08 - 28 * 2014 3 2. 2001-2008 IT 3. 2008 1. 2008 2. ebay PayPal B2B B2C ebay
More information