70 80,,,,,, 90,,,,,,,, :, : ; ;, 18 20,, :,,,,, (1918 ) :

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1 May Studies in Qing History No12 [],,,,,, [] [ ] C91211 [ ] A [ ] (2002) An Analysis of the Characteristics of Central Shanxi Merchants and Social Mobility The merchant stratum was the characteristic social group of central Shanxi1 On one hand they associated with high - ranking officials, on the other hand they devoted themselves to local development, in order to be approved by local society1 Still, they could not establish an independent position outside the mainstream moral system leaving them with an awkward dual social role1 Si2 multaneously, central Shanxi merchants had a pronounced gentry first merchant last consciousness, after gaining wealth through commerce they headed toward the path of an official career1 Thus, as the merchants advanced toward modernity, the characteris2 tics of the old merchant class faded out as they pursued a more official role1 This was the special feature of professional emergence1,,,,,,,, 60,,, 1990 :,,, 90,,,, [ ] [ ] ( ),, ;

2 70 80,,,,,, 90,,,,,,,, :, : ; ;, 18 20,, :,,,,, (1918 ) : ,,,,,,, (1921 ) : , 77

3 ,!?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, ;,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, gλυ 78,,,,,, gλϖ,,,, gλω,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, () gλξ,, 9416, 30, 12416,, 92149, () gλψ,,,,,

4 ,,,, gλζ,,,,,, gλ{,,,,,, gλ,, gλ},, gλ,,,,, gµυ,,,,,,,? : ( ),,,,, :,,,,,,, :,,,??,,,?,,?,,,,, gµϖ,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, gµω,, : gµξ :, gµψ :, gµζ :,,,,,,,,, gµ{ gµ,,,, 79

5 ,,,,,, : ( ), :,,,,,,,, gµ}, 12 gµ, :,,, gνυ,?,,,,,,,,, gνϖ,,,, ( : ) : gνω :,,, gνξ,,, gνψ, : 80,,,, gνζ,,,,, : 1,, :, ( ), gν{ ( ),,,,,, gν 2,,,,,,, :,,,, gν},,,,, gν,,,,, :??,,,,,, gου 3

6 :,,,,,,, gοϖ,, gοω,,, gοξ :,,,, :,, gοψ,,,, gοζ :,,,, gο{,, ( ), ( ),,,, ( ),,,,, :?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gο gο},,,, : :,,, gο :,,, gπυ,,,,,,,,, gπϖ,,, gπω,, 81

7 gπξ, :,,, gπψ, :,,, : gπζ,,,, :,! gπ{,,,,, gπ,, gπ},, gπ,, ;, gθυ,,,,,, :, :,,, gθϖ, 82,,,,,,, gθω, :,, (,, ),, (,, ) :,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( )

8 ,,, 18,, 15,,,,,,,,, ( 1999 ),,, :,,, : ( ),,, gθξ,,,, gθψ,,,,,,, gθζ,,,,?, :,,,,, W1Eb2 erhard,, gθ{ :,, gθ :,,,, gθ},,,,,,

9 ,,,?,,,,, :,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, gθ,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,!, gρυ,,,,,, gρϖ, :,,,,,,,,,, gρω,,,,,, gρξ, ( ),,,, gρψ, 1903, 1913, gρζ, :, ;,,,, gρ{,,?,,,,? : 84

10 ( 1935 ) gρ ,, 30,,, : ( 1935 ) gρ} ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, :, :,, 1992, 77 :,, 1992,

11 gπψ ( ) : (), gµω ( ) : (), ;, 5,,, 1986, ( ) :,,, gλξ gλψ gλ{ gθζ,, 1990, gλϖ:, : (399), gλω:,, 1998, 93 gλζ gθ,,, 1937, gλ :,, 1996, 83 gλ} gλ gπ gθψ gµυ gµ :,, 1994, gµϖ :,, 1936,,, gµξ gνϖ gνωgοξ gθ,,, ;,, ;,, ;,, ;,, gµψ,, gµζ gµ} gνψ gθϖ gρζ,, ;,, ;, ;,, ;,, gµ{ gµ gνυ gο{,, ;,, ;,, ;,, gνξ gν{ gθυ,, ;,, ;,, gνζ gθ} gρυ gρϖ gρω :,,, 1990, gν,, gν} gοϖ,,, ;,, gν gοψ,, gου,,, gοωgο gο} gθω,, ;,, ;,, ;,, gοζ,, gο :,, 1987, gπυ gπϖ: 3,, gπω gπξ,, gπζ:,, 2000, 44 gπ{:,, 1977, 251 gπ gπ} :,, 1989, gθξ,, gθ{ :, 19, gρξ ( ) :,, gρψ :,, 1965, gρ{:, gρ gρ}22 ( ), 20 ; 58, 86

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