1 Introduction of the Classification, Distribution and Utilization of Turfgrasses Yue-Wen Wang Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC Abstract The application of turf has received more attention as the progress of the development of Taiwan. This article has reviewed the classification relationship of the major turfgrass species and their habitat and geographic distribution worldwide. Several turf grasses including bermudagrass, zoysiagrass, centipedegrass, tropical carpetgrass, St. Augustine grass and bahiagrass which are widely accepted in Taiwan are discussed in detail in terms of the management and available cultivars. Key words turfgrass, Cynodon spp., Axonopus spp., Paspalum notatum, Eremochloa ophiuroides, Stenotaphrum secundatum.
2 89 6 (Dichondra) (Gramineae or Poaceae) (family) 25 (tribe) 600 7500 (Festucoideae) (Eragrostoideae) (Panicoideae) (Festucoideae) (festucoideae) (long day type) (vernalization) (Festuceae) (Aveneae) (Agrostideae) (Triticeae) (Festuceae) Festuca Poa Lolium Bromus Cynosurus Puccinellia Creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L. spp. rubra F. rubra L. spp. trichophylla Gaud spp. litoralis (meyer) Auquir) Chewing fescue (Festuca rubra L. spp. commoutata Gaud) Sheep fescue (Festuca ovina L.) Hard fescue (Festuca longlifolia Thuill) Tall fescue (Festuca arundinaeae Schreb) Meadow fescue (Festuca elatior L. F. pratensis Huds.) bluegrass 200 Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa L.) Rough bluegrass (Poa trivialis L.) Annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) Annual(Italian)ryegrass (Lolium multifolium L.)
Weed Sci. Bull. 21(1), Jun. 2000 3 Perennial (English) ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) (Bromus) Bromegrass 100 Smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) Cynosurus Cynosurus Crested dogtail (Cynosurus cristatus L.) Puccinellia Puccinellia 30 Alkaligrass weeping alkaligrass (Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl.) nutall alkaligrass (Puccinellia airoides (Nutts) Wats and Coult.) Lemon alkaligrass (Puccinellia lemmoni (Vasey) Scribn.) (Aveneae) (Agrostideae) Agrostis Phleum (Agrostis) Bentgrass Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds, A. stolonifera L.) Colonial bentgrass (Agrostis capillaris L.) Velvet bentgrass (Agrostis canina L.) Redtop bentgrass (Agrostis alba L., A. gigantea With.) (Phleum) Timothy 10 (subarctic) Common timothy (Phleum pratensis L.) Turf timothy (Phleum nodosum L. or P. bertolonii D.C.) (Triticeae) Agropyron wheatgrasses (Agropyron) (Agropyron) 60 Crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn.) Western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii Rydb.) Desert wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum (Fisch, ex Link) Schult.) (Eragrostoideae)
4 89 6 8 (Chlorideae) (Zoysieae) (Chlorideae) (Chlorideae) Cynodon Buchloe Bouteloua (Cynodon) (Cynodon) 10 bermudagrasses Common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) Bradley bermudagrass (Cynodon bradleyi Stent.) Magennis bermudagrass (Cynodon magennisii Hurcombe) African bermudagrass (Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt-Davy) Buchloe Buffalograss (Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt) Engelm) Bouteloua Bouteloua 50 Gramagrass Blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag. ex Steud.) Sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.) (Zoysieae) zoysiagrasses 5 4 3 Japanese(Korean)lawngrass(Zoysia japonica Steud) Manilagrass (Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.) Mascarengegrass (Zoysia tenuifolia Willd. Ex Trin.) zoysiagrass (Zoysia sinica Honda) (Panicoideae) (tribe Paniceae) (tribe Andropogoneae) (Paniceae) (Axonopus) (Paspalum) (Pennisetum) (Stenotaphrum) 70 (Axonopus) affinis Chase) (Axonopus compressus (Swarty) Beauv.)
Weed Sci. Bull. 21(1), Jun. 2000 5 (Paspalum) (Paspalum) 400 Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) Seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz.) (Pennisetum) (Pennisetum) 80 Kikuyugrass (Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst ex Chiov.) (Stenotaphrum) (Stenotaphrum) St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze.) (Andropogoneae) (Eremochloa) (Eremochloa) 10 centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.) (Eremochloa ciliaris (L.) Merr.) Sourgrass (Paspalum conjugatum Berg.) ( Digitari radicosa (Presl) Miq) (Cynodon spp.) (Cynodon L. C. Rich.) bermudagrass coughgrass (Cynodon arcuatus J. S. Presl) (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) (stargrass, Cynodon plectostachyas (K, Schum.) Pilger) (Cynodon)
6 89 6 dactylon (Giant bermudagrass) (Common bermudagrass) C.dactylon African bermudagrass (C. transvaalensis Floridagrass) Magennis bermudagrass (C. magennisii) Bradley bermudagrass (C. bradleyi) Magennis bermudagrass C. dactylon C. transvaalensis C. transvaalensis C. transvaalensis C. dactylon C 4 60 250 25-35 6.5 8 10 (1) (2) (3) (resilience) (4) (green) (tee) (fairway) (rough) (Common bermudagrass) (Nu-Mex, Sahara, Sonesta, Cheyenne Guymon ) (stolen) (rhizome) ( )
Weed Sci. Bull. 21(1), Jun. 2000 7 (hydro-seeder) ( ) (thatch layer) ( 85% 95%) ( ) (verdure ) 0.5-1.5 ( 1.27-3.8 ) TifDwarf( ) 1956 Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station and Plant Science Research Division ARS 1/4 3/16 (wear tolerance) (heat tolerance) (salt tolerance) (recuperative potential) TifGreen TifDwarf TifGreen(Tif328 328) 1956 Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station and Plant Science Research Division ARS 1/2 TifWay(Tif419 419) 1960 Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station and Plant Science Research Division ARS 1/2 1 TifGreen
8 89 6 TifWay TifWay 1981 Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station and Plant Science Research Division ARS Green section TifWay 1/2 1 TifWay TifWay (ring and sting nematodes) TifEagle(TW72) 1998 Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station and Plant Science Research Division ARS TifWay 1/8 TifDwarf TifEagle (Axonopus spp.) (Carpetgrass, Axonopus Beauv.) (Panicoideae) (Tribe Paniceae) (Axonopus) (Tropical carpetgrass, Axonopus compressus (Swartz) P. Beauv.) (Common carpetgrass, Axonopus affinis Chase ) (stolon) (Rhizome) 0.4-1 C 4
Weed Sci. Bull. 21(1), Jun. 2000 9 ph 4.5-5.5 100 1 7-10 6-8 30 1.5-5 (fairways) 1.5 5 5 2-3 100 500 (Paspalum notatum) (Bahiagrass, Paspalum notatum Flugge) (Panicoideae)
10 89 6 (Tribe Paniceae) (Pasplum) (stolon) 60 ph 6.5-7.5 (hard seed) 100 1.5-2.5 100 500 ( =1 1 1) 3-4 5 5-7 =15 5 10 100 5
Weed Sci. Bull. 21(1), Jun. 2000 11 20-30 3 1.5 (Eremochloa ophiuroides) (Centipedegrass, Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro.) Hack.) (Chinese lawngrass) 0.3-0.5 (Eremochloa ciliaris (Linn.) Merr.) / C 4 100 ph 4.5-6 ph 7 (cold hardiness) (recuperative potential)
12 89 6 45% 65% 2.5-5 65% 95% 2.5-3.75 (Hydro-seeder) 1990 ( 250-500 ) 4 14 21 ( ) 5 3 30 20-30 30 3 (500 100 ) (250 100 ) 30 7-10
Weed Sci. Bull. 21(1), Jun. 2000 13 1-2 3 2 1 1965 Oklawn Tennessee Hardy (Auburn University) AU Centennial (Stenotaphrum secundatum) (St. Augustinegrass, Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze) 30 0.4-1 C 4 ph 6.0-8.5 16 mmhos
14 89 6 (Green up) 10 30 1. 2. 3. (Verticutter)
Weed Sci. Bull. 21(1), Jun. 2000 15 (250 100 ) 500 1.5-2.5 1-3 2 5 2-3 7 3 7-14 0.5 3 1920 Texas common 1959 Floratine Bitter blue 1972 Floratam Saint Augustine Decline (SAD) Chinch bug Texas common 1980 O. M. Scott and Sons Seville Raleigh SAD (1) ( ) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) green, common heath ( )
16 89 6 1830 1880 (Beard, 1973) (St. Augustine grass) (Buffalograss) (Dichondra) 1960 (Beard 1973 Busey 1989) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (1) (2) 1. Beard, J. B. 1973. Turfgrass: Science and culture. Prentice Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 2. Beard, J. B. 1988. How to have a beautiful lawn. Beard Books, College station, Texas. 3. Christians, N. 1998. Fundamentals of turfgrass management. Ann Arbor Press. Chelsae, Michigan. 4. Danneberger, T.K. 1993. Turfgrass: ecololgy and management. Franzak & Foster, Cleveland. 5. Duble, R. L. 1996. Turfgrasses: their management and use in the southern zone. 2nd edition. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, Texas. 6. MacCaskey, M. 1982. Lawns and ground covers. HPBooks. LA. California. 7. Turgeon, A. J. Turfgrass management. 5th edition. Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, N.J. 8. USDA. 1995. Grass varieties in the United States. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL.