1.1 () 1601 (The Poor Law) 1832 Edwin Chadwick 1842 Chadwick Report on an Inquiry into the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Bri

1. 2. 3. 4. 1

1.1 () 1601 (The Poor Law) 1832 Edwin Chadwick 1842 Chadwick Report on an Inquiry into the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain Edwin Chadwick Chadwick Chadwick () : 1. 2. 3. 4. 2

3 1. 2. 1.1 1.2 91 6 1.3 BOD. %(13/40). 21% 70%

1.2 1948 1971 40 57 68 76 4

1.1 5

1.2 6

1.3 ( :91 6 ) (%) (%) (1) (2) (10)= (12) (7)= (8)= (9)= (7)+(8)+(9) (11) (3) (4) (3)/(2) (4)/(2) (5)/(2) (5) (6)= (13) (14) (3)+(4) +(5) 2,635,678 658,920 363,747 22,239 4,633 390,619 55.2 3.4 0.7 59.3 - - 50.60 4.6 1,504,061 376,015 87,549 12,030 3,090 102,669 23.3 3.2 0.8 27.3 251,490 66.9 17.20 6.1 18,250,535 4,562,634 36,162 423,451 184,171 643,784 0.8 9.3 4.0 14.1 251,094 5.5 0.40 0.4 3,625,669 906,417 15,533 259,908 55,353 330,794 1.7 28.7 6.1 36.5 173,600 19.2 1.20 0.5 1,777,100 443,557 4,962 42,883 30,082 77,927 1.1 9.7 6.8 17.6 0 0.0 0.60 0.5 449,416 121,184 0 13,851 4,808 18,659 0.0 11.4 4.0 15.4 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 560,722 140,181 0 2,780 4,050 6,830 0.0 2.0 2.9 4.9 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 1,506,242 376,561 3,053 14,451 18,878 36,382 0.8 3.8 5.0 9.7 0 0.0 0.00 0.8 1,315,075 328,769 0 4,839 3,821 8,660 0.0 1.5 1.2 2.6 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 541,385 135,346 212 1,323 5,131 6,666 0.2 1.0 3.8 4.9 0 0.0 0.00 0.2 743,415 185,854 0 3,076 4,614 7,690 0.0 1.7 2.5 4.1 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 562,606 140,652 0 3,159 0 3,159 0.0 2.2 0.0 2.2 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 1,107,082 276,771 0 7,302 5,998 13,300 0.0 2.6 2.2 4.8 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 7

1,232,847 308,212 0 16,511 10,608 27,119 0.0 5.4 3.4 8.8 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 907,479 226,870 0 1,169 10,648 11,817 0.0 0.5 4.7 5.2 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 465,150 116,288 0 4,050 5,735 9,785 0.0 3.5 4.9 8.4 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 352,459 88,115 0 1,088 2,403 3,491 0.0 1.2 2.7 4.0 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 244,631 61,158 0 246 1,835 2,081 0.0 0.4 3.0 3.4 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 92,424 23,106 0 194 637 831 0.0 0.8 2.8 3.6 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 390,764 97,691 0 6,995 3,889 10,884 0.0 7.2 4.0 11.1 5,393 5.5 0.00 0.0 375,862 93,966 0 9,633 5,015 14,648 0.0 10.3 5.3 15.6 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 990,041 247,510 5,202 18,485 3,942 27,629 2.1 7.5 1.6 11.2 0 0.0 0.70 1.4 267,592 66,898 0 2,729 4,134 6,863 0.0 4.1 6.2 10.3 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 742,574 185,644 7,200 8,779 2,590 18,569 3.9 4.7 1.4 10.0 72,101 38.8 3.00 0.9 67,302 16,826 1,528 0 0 1,528 9.1 0.0 0.0 9.1 0 0.0 5.20 3.9 57,892 14,473 1,528 0 0 1,528 10.6 0.0 0.0 10.6 0 0.0 5.90 4.7 9,410 2,353 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.00 0.0 22,457,576 5,614,394 488,986 435,481 187,261 1,138,600 8.7 7.8 3.3 19.8 502,584 9.0 7.50 1.2 8

9

2.1 () (temperature) () (color) (turbidity) (1)JTU (2) NTU (electrical conductance) 1000 (micromhos/cm) / (micromhos/cm) 150500 1000 (total solidsts) (suspended solidsss) (nonfiltrable residue) (dissolved solidsds) (filtrable residue 110 () ph ( ) ph=-log 10 [H + ]=log 10 (1/[H + ])ph<7 ph>7 ph 7.0 ph 7.0 (hardness) 10

( ) ( ) (odor) (dissolved oxygendo) DO DO DO 3ppm (biochemical oxygen demandbod) CO 2 H 2 O 20 7~10 5 BOD 20 20100 BOD (chemical oxygen demandcod) BOD (K 2 CrO 7 ) (KMnO 4 ) (SO 2-3 S 2- Fe 2+ ) 2 BOD (acidity) (alkalinity) CO 2 CO 2 HCO - 3 CO 2-3 OH - (sulfate) (chloride) NaMg SO 2-4 250mg/l 960mg/l Cl - (Fe) (Mn) Mn Mn 2+ MnO - 4 Mn 11

() MPN(Maximum Possible Number) () (grease) DO (phenols) COD (detergents) (Alkyl Benzene SulfonateABS) (Linera Alkyl Sul-fonateLAS) ABS LAS DDT PCB DDTDichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane DDT PCB Poly Chlorinated Biphenyl ( ) () (Arsenic As) 0.2ppm (Cadmium Cd) 20ppb (Chromium Cr) 12

(Mercury Hg) (minamata disease) (Lead Pb) 0.01ppm [(C 2 H 5 ) 4 Pb] 0.5mg (Fluoride F-) 3ppm 115ppm (Cyanide CN-) 0.20.3 g (KCN) HCN 50100 mg (NaCN) 0.10.2 g 13

2.2 1. (SO 2 NONO 2 ) ( ) 2. 3. 4. 5. ( ) 6. 2.1 7. 8. 2.1 B.O.D. C.O.D. ph B.O.D. A.B.S. ( ) B.O.D. B.O.D. 14 B.O.D.

( )B.O.D. ph B.O.D. ( ) B.O.D. ( ) ph B.O.D. B.O.D. - ph C.O.D. ( ) 烟 ph B.O.D. C.O.D. B.O.D. ph B.O.D.C.O.D. C.O.D.B.O.D.p C.O.D.B.O.D. C.O.D.B.O.D. 15

B.O.Dp p B.O.D. B.O.D. P.V.T ( ) T.N.T (24-D D.D.T) ph P 4 SiF B.O.D HCHO ph H 2 SO 4 FeSO 4 2.1 16

() 17

18 3.1 1970-18

3.2 1 2 3 3.1 1 2 BOD 19

3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 CO 2 H 2 ONO 3 SO 4 ( ) CO 2 H 2 ONH 3 H 2 CO 2 CH 4 H 2 S 20

(BOD) : (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) SS BOD ( ) ( ) 21

RBC ( )RBC 40% 0.5-2mm ( ) RBC 22

3.1 0.2mm 2.02.5 1) 2) 3) 4) ( ) 23

3.2 SSBOD ph NH 4 ph ph 24

3.3 BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD BOD SS BOD BOD 25

3.4 ( ) ( ) RBC ( ) 26

3.5 (%) SS BOD520 2-20 5-10 10-20 25-35 30-40 25-75 70-80 60-70 40-80 70-80 75-85 90-95 70-80 80-85 80-95 75-85 85-90 80-95 80-90 85-95 90-98 80-90 80-90 90-95 27

3.1 ph ( ) 28 RBC ( )

30

31

3.2 32

() 33

34

3.3 35

3.3 68 19.6 12.6 92 93 30 35 36

3.4 37

4.1 ( ) 63 91 5 22 ( ) 90 8 8 () 88 9 22 ( ) () () ()() () () () () () () () () () () ()() () () 38

39 () () () () ( ) () () () 1. 2. 3. 4. 4.1 4.1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) () 1. 2. 3. 4. 4.2 4.2 40

41

4.2 500 100 42

1. (1991) 2. (1992) 3. (1996) 4. (1999) 5. (1998) 6. (2002) 7. http://www.epa.gov.tw 8. (1999) 9. http://www.cpami.gov.tw 10. http://www.kcg.gov.tw 11. 12. http://www.kscg.gov.tw 13. Qasin, S. R., Wastewater Treatment Plants, Technomic Publishing Company, Inc., U.S.A. (1994). 14. Hammer, M. J., Water and Wastewater Technology, 4 th Ed, Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey (2001). 43