06 最新計算機概論 6-1 電腦軟體的類型 6-2 智慧財產權與軟體授權 6-3 認識作業系統 6-4 作業系統的功能 6-5 作業系統的演進 6-6 知名的作業系統 6-7 記憶體管理 6-8 行程管理 6-9 磁碟管理
06 最新計算機概論 6-1 電腦軟體的類型 (software) (system software) (application software) Microsoft Office Adobe Photoshop Internet Explorer Macromedia Dreamweaver (machine dependency) 6-2
(OS operating system) CPU / (utility) Ghost WinZip WinRAR Windows Trend PC-cillin Kaspersky Internet Security (program development tool) (assembler) (object code) (compiler) (debugger) (linker) (loader) 6-3
06 最新計算機概論 (horizontal application software) CD DVD Microsoft Office Dreamweaver Flash Photoshop InDesign AutoCAD ( Microsoft Oracle Sun ) Microsoft Office Sun StarOffice (vertical application software) 6-4
/ / 6-5
06 最新計算機概論 6-2 智慧財產權與軟體授權 (intellectual property) (IPR intellectual property rights) ( ) ( ) (copyright) 6-6
(software license) (volume license) (software piracy) 6-7
06 最新計算機概論 資訊部落 (freeware) (public domain software) (shareware) WinRAR WinZip Acrobat Reader GetRight (trial software) Nero CloneCD SnagIt PC-cillin (open source software) Linux RedHat Linux OpenOffice.org Apache PHP MySQL 6-8
6-9
06 最新計算機概論 6-3 認識作業系統 (OS operating system) CPU / ( 6.6) 6-10
UNIX IBM PC MS-DOS Microsoft Windows Linux Novell Netware Mac OS PDA Palm OS Windows Mobile (kernel) (supervisor program) (resident) (nonresident)( 6.7) (bootstrap program) (bootstrap loader) (ROM) 6-11
06 最新計算機概論 6-4 作業系統的功能 CPU / (resource allocator) ( 6.8(a)) (function) (user interface) (shell) ( ) (command line user interface) UNIX MS-DOS ( 6.8(b)) (GUI graphical user interface) Microsoft Windows ( 6.8(c)) 6-12
6-13
06 最新計算機概論 6-5 作業系統的演進 (1951 ~ 1958) (1959 ~ 1964) ( ) (1965 ~ 1970) (1971 ~ ) 6-5-1 (single task system) / ( CPU) (job control program) (batch) (batch processing) (batch system)( 6.9) 6-14
6-5-2 (multiprogramming) CPU CPU / ( CPU) (multiprogramming system) / CPU / CPU CPU ( 6.10) 6-15
06 最新計算機概論 6-5-3 (time-sharing) (interactive system) CPU (time slice) CPU CPU (time-sharing system) (multitasking system) ( 6.11) CPU 6-16
6-5-4 CPU (single processor system) (multiprocessor system) CPU CPU (parallel system) (tightly coupled system)( 6.12) CPU (graceful degration) 6-5-5 (clustered system) CPU 6-17
06 最新計算機概論 6-5-6 (distributed system) CPU ( 6.13) CPU 6-5-7 (real time system) 6-18
6-5-8 (handheld system) PDA CPU CPU 6-5-9 (embedded system) 6-19
06 最新計算機概論 6-6 知名的作業系統 6-6-1 UNIX UNIX AT&T Ken Thompson Dennis Ritchie 1971 DEC 1970 UNIX UNIX UNIX UNIX X Window UNIX Sun Solaris IBM AIX HP HP-UX UNIX (client server model) 6-6-2 Linux Linux (Linus Torvalds) 1991 UNIX UNIX UNIX UNIX Linux Linux Linux Linux (open source) Beta Linux 6-20
6-6-3 MS-DOS MS-DOS (Microsoft disk operating system) Microsoft 1975 IBM PC MS-DOS Microsoft Windows MS-DOS Microsoft Windows [ ] MS-DOS 6-21
06 最新計算機概論 6-6-4 Mac OS Mac OS Apple 1984 Mac OS Microsoft Windows IBM PC Mac OS Mac OS Mac OS X Snow Leopard Mac OS X Server 6-6-5 Microsoft Windows Mac OS Microsoft 1985 1987 1990 Windows 1.0 Windows 2.0 Windows 3.0 Windows MS-DOS Microsoft MS-DOS (shell) MS-DOS Microsoft 1995 Windows 95 Windows MS-DOS Microsoft Windows Windows Me Windows XP Windows Vista Windows 7 UNIX Microsoft Windows NT (New Technology) Windows NT Server Windows NT Workstation Windows 2000 Server Windows Server 2003 Windows Server 2008 Windows 2000 Professional Windows XP Professional Windows Vista Windows 7 6-6-6 PDA PDA CPU 6-22
Palm OS Palm OS U.S. Robotics PDA 3Com Palm PDA Windows Phone/Windows Mobile Microsoft Pocket PC Windows Phone 7 Office Mobile Internet Explorer Mobile Windows Media Player Android Android Google Linux Google Maps Google Mail Google Talk Google Symbian OS Symbian OS Symbian Nokia Symbian BlackBerry OS Research in Motion (RIM) ios (iphone OS) ios Apple iphone ipod Touch ipad Mac OS X iphone Android Symbian OS ios App Store 6-23
06 最新計算機概論 6-7 記憶體管理 (logical address) (physical address) (relative address) (address binding) 6-7-1 (monoprogramming) L X X+L 6.17 I/O CPU 6-24
6-7-2 CPU CPU (fixed partitioning) CPU 6.18 CPU A I/O CPU B A (internal fragmentation) 6.18 B 6MB 8MB 2MB 6-25
06 最新計算機概論 6-7-3 (dynamic partitioning) 6.19 A B C 16M 32M 44M 16M 12M 14M 8M D B 32M 12M 32M 8M D 8M E 6.20 E (external fragmentation) 6-26
6-27
06 最新計算機概論 6-7-4 (paging) (frame) (page) 2 512 16MB (page table) 6.21 A 4 B 3 6 C 6 6 CPU CPU 6-28
6-7-5 (segmenting) (segment) (segment table) 6.22 ( 0, 600) ( 1, 900) SUB1 ( 2, 200) SUB2 ( 3, 300) 0 CPU 6-29
06 最新計算機概論 6-7-6 (virtual memory) ( ) (swap) (swap file) 6.23 CPU I/O 6-30
6-7-7 (demand paging) 6.24 A 4 0 2 (valid) (invalid) 1 3 6-7-8 (demand segmentation) (invalid) 6-31
06 最新計算機概論 6-8 行程管理 CPU CPU CPU (process) CPU CPU CPU CPU 6-8-1 6.25 (process state diagram) 6-32
(new) (ready) CPU (running) CPU CPU CPU CPU i. I/O CPU ii. CPU CPU iii. (waiting) CPU I/O I/O CPU (terminated) (thread) (multithreading) 6-33
06 最新計算機概論 6-8-2 CPU CPU (CPU sheduling) CPU CPU (FCFS first-come first-served) 5 行程 所需的執行時間 P1 40 P2 75 P3 20 P4 80 P5 25 6.26 (Gantt Chart) P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 FCFS CPU CPU I/O 6-34
(SJF shortest job first) P3 P5 P1 P2 P4 6.27 SJF ( ) SJF (priority) ( ) CPU (RR round robin) CPU CPU 6-35
06 最新計算機概論 6-9 磁碟管理 (disk scheduling) (FCFS first-come first-served) 0 ~ 99 50 85 27 66 9 68 32 42 ( ) 25 FCFS 25 50 85 27 6.28 6-36
6.28 85 27 25 27 SSTF (SSTF shortest seek time first) (25) 27 27 27 32 32 42 50 66 68 85 9 6.29 SSTF FCFS 6.29 FCFS SSTF 85 9 85 9 (starvation) 6-37
06 最新計算機概論 (SCAN) SCAN 25 0 9 0 27 32 42 50 66 68 85 99 6.30 SCAN 85 90 90 80 6-38
(Circular SCAN) SCAN C-SCAN SCAN 0 85 99 C-SCAN 99 0 0 25 27 32 42 50 66 68 85 99 0 9 73 59 38 9 SCAN 73 59 38 9 6.31 6-39
06 最新計算機概論 SCAN C-SCAN (LOOK) (C-LOOK) SCAN C-SCAN LOOK 6.31 85 99 9 0 6.32 6-40
(OS) (batch system) (multiprogramming) (time-sharing) (multiprocessor system) CPU CPU (clustered system) (distributed system) (real time system) (handheld system) PDA (embedded system) CPU CPU (FCFS) (SJF) (RR) (FCFS) (SSTF) (SCAN) (C-SCAN) (LOOK) (C-LOOK)
1. A. B. C. D. 2. A. Windows 7 B. Linux C. Mac OS D. Solaris 3. A. Mac OS B. Palm OS C. Linux D. MS-DOS 4. A. B. C. D. CPU 5. A. B. C. D. 6. A. B. C. D. 7. A. B. C. D.
8. A. B. C. D. 9. A. B. C. D. 10. A. B. C. D. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. (multiprogramming) 6. (multiprocessor system) 7. (distributed system) 8. (handheld system) 9. P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 60 30 90 75 40 (1) FCFS (2) SJF 10. 0 ~ 99 35 7 17 61 65 28 75 ( ) 45 (1) FCFS (2) SSTF (3) SCAN ( )