1. 2. 3.
21 James Lovelock
eco 2.1 ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 20% ( ) ( ) 2.2 (economics eco- nomics )
3.1 65% 90% 70% 3.2 ( )
3.3. ( ) 3.4 ( ) ( ) 3.5 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( 3.6 ) ( ) 0.028% 0.035% ( 7.2 ) 3.6 ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4.1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) 4.2. 4.3
螩 1859 1950 4.4 ( ) ( ) ( 4.3 ) ( ) ( 4.6 ) ( ) ( )
4.5 3.6 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 3.5 3.6 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
. ( )
( ) 5.1 30% ( ) 5.2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) 5.3 36,000 220 3000 100 鯝
6 2 356 12 509 106 347 70 78 75 281 55 桕 桕
1987 ( ) 7.1
7.2 ( 3.5) 10% (CFCs) ( ) ph
170 10 ( ) 7.3 (Buckminster Fuller) - (spaceship earth) 60 50
1. 2002 (Ecology, Concepts and Applications, Manuel C. Molles) 2. 1998 3. 1996 4. The sixth extinction : biodiversity and its survival by Richard E. Leakey and Roger Lewin 1996 Weidenfeld and Nicolson 5. Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth by Buckminster R. Fuller 1978 Buckminster Fuller Institute http://www.bfi.org/operating_manual.htm 6. 1996 7. http://evec.kta.kh.edu.tw/database/