2

3

4 1995. 5

1 1 1 7 15 22 22 28 40 61 61 75 89

2 120 120 132 166 190 190 197 218 258 258

3 270 284 307 308 315 321 330 356 377

institutional arrangement

2 1 city-states 2 3 4 20 2 500

3 Robert Gilpin 5 5 20 20 6 1898 1918 1 IMF ITO GATT

4 1949 NATO 20 90 WTO NAFTA 20 1980

5 7 20 90 APEC APEC 8 APEC 9 APEC APEC APEC APEC APEC

6 institutional choice ASEAN 20

7 international regimes tailor-made 1. 1975 John Ruggie 10 1983 Stephen Krasner 瑏瑡 Robert Keohane neoliberal institutionalism

8 neorealism 瑏瑢 rationalism cognitivism i- dentity 瑏瑣 Andreas Hasenclever Peter Mayer Volker Rittberger approaches 瑏瑤 瑏瑥 0. 1 0. 1 Andreas Hasenclever Peter Mayer and Volker Rittberger Theory of International Regimes New York Cambridge U- niversity Press 1997 p. 6.

9 Interest-based Theories of International Regimes 1984 functional theory of international regimes 瑏瑦 瑏瑧 Arthur Stein Duncan Snidal Kenneth Oye

10 Lisa Martin collaboration coordination suasion assurance 瑏瑨 strategic situations situation-structural approach Power -based Theories of International Regimes 瑏瑩 Joseph Grieco positional atomistic

11 relative gains problem 瑐瑠 瑐瑡 power capabilities 瑐瑢 Knowledge -based Theories of International Regimes weak cognitivism strong cognitivism 瑐瑣

12 Alexander Wendt sociological structure 瑐瑤 瑐瑥 瑐瑦 瑐瑧 2. Theory of Alliance Formation

13 capability aggregation model Bruce Russett Harvey Starr 瑐瑨 瑐瑩 M. Barnett J. Levy 瑑瑠 Michael Altfeld 瑑瑡 瑑瑢 Neo-functionalism Theory of Integration 瑑瑣 Ernst Haas Leon Lindberg Joseph Nye David Mitrany spill-over

14 瑑瑤 瑑瑥 Economies-of-scale Theory Richard Bean 瑑瑦 optional scale

15 瑑瑧

16

17 1947 1951 20 80 90 1 1648 1995 56 63

18 2 1960 567 575 3 421 4 371 5 1994 208 6 2001 211 7 WTO 2003 8 APEC APEC APEC APEC APEC APEC APEC 9 2002 337 338 10 John Ruggie International Responses to Technology Concepts and Trends in International Organization Vol. 29 No. 3 Summer 1975 瑏瑡 Stephen Krasner ed. International Regimes Ithaca and London Cornell University Press 1983 瑏瑢 David Baldwin ed. Neorealism and Neoliberalism The Contemporary Debate New York Columbia University Press 1993 pp. 4 8 瑏瑣 reflective approaches Robert Keohane International Institutions Two Approaches in Robert Keohane International Institutions and State Pow-

19 er Essays in International Relations Theory Boulder Westview Press 1989 瑏瑤 Andreas Hasenclever Peter Mayer and Volker Rittberger Theory of International Regimes New York Cambridge University Press 1997 p. 1. 瑏瑥 2002 瑏瑦 Robert Keohane After Hegemony Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy New Jersey Princeton University Press 1984 瑏瑧 2001 1 143 瑏瑨 2003 108 瑏瑩 John Mearsheimer The False Promise of International Institutions in International Security Vol. 19 No. 3 1994 1995 瑐瑠 Joseph Grieco Anarchy and the Limits of Cooperation A Realist Critique of the Newest Liberal Institutionalism in David A. Baldwin ed. Neorealism and Neoliberalism The Contemporary Debate New York Columbia University Press 1993 pp. 127 128. 瑐瑡 Joseph Grieco Anarchy and the Limits of Cooperation A Realist Critique of the Newest Liberal Institutionalism in David A. Baldwin ed. Neorealism and Neoliberalism The Contemporary Debate p.

20 131. 瑐瑢 Stephen Krasner Global Comunications and National Power Life on the Pareto Frontier in David A. Baldwin ed. Neorealism and Neoliberalism The Contemporary Debate pp. 234 249 瑐瑣 瑐瑤 2000 27 瑐瑥 Andreas Hasenclever Peter Mayer and Volker Rittberger Theory of International Regimes p. 157. 瑐瑦 Ibid. p. 139. 瑐瑧 2001 瑐瑨 2001 83 瑐瑩 Bruce Russett Components of an Operational Theory of International Alliance Formation in Journal of Conflict Resolution Vol. 12 1968 瑑瑠 M. Barnet and J. Levy Domestic Sources and Alignments The Case of Egypt 1962 1973 in International Organization Vol. 45 No. 3. Summer 1991 瑑瑡 Michael Altfeld The Decision to Ally A Theory and Test in Western Political Quarterly Vol. 37 No. 4 1984 瑑瑢 Arthur Stein Why Nations Cooperate Circumstance and Choice in International Relations Ithaca and London Cornell University Press 1990 p. 153. 瑑瑣

21 2001 27 瑑瑤 2003 553 瑑瑥 political development through interest-politics 2001 62 63 瑑瑦 Richard Bean War and The Birth of Nation State in Journal of Economic History Vol. 33 No. 1 March 1973 p. 204. 瑑瑧 20

Transaction Cost Economics TCE New Institutional Economics NIE Ronald Coase 1937 1960

23 Oliver Williamson Armen Alchian Property Rights Economics Law and Economics New Economic History transaction cost 1 Douglass North 2 20 30 1890

24 3 John Commons 4 1934 5 looking ahead 6 7 Old Institutional Economics OIE anonymous markets 8 1937 problems and puzzles 9

25 10 瑏瑡 20 70 瑏瑢 瑏瑣 tautology Stanley Fischer 瑏瑤

26 operationalization of transaction cost reasoning 1975 瑏瑥 1985 瑏瑦 1996 瑏瑧 瑏瑨 three -level schema 1. 1

27 1. 1 Oliver Williamson Hierarchies Markets and Power in the Economy An Economic Perspective in Claude Menard eds. Transaction Cost Economics Recent Developments Cheltenham Edward Elgar Publishing Limited 1997 p. 8. institutional arrangement governance structure 瑏瑩 瑐瑠 瑐瑡 瑐瑢 瑐瑣 internal organization 1. 1 institutional environment bracket

28 瑐瑤 瑐瑥 shift parameters 瑐瑦 Herbert Simon 瑐瑧 1. 20 70

29 瑐瑨 1998 瑐瑩 瑑瑠 1990 瑑瑡 1996 Avinash Dixit Transaction-Cost Politics TCP 瑑瑢 20 80 1984 Terry Moe

30 瑑瑣 Barry Weingast William Marshall 1988 瑑瑤 rational choice institutionalism Peter Hall Rosemary Taylor tragedy of the commons

31 瑑瑥 Thráinn Eggertsson 瑑瑦 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 瑑瑧 public choice theory 瑑瑨 2. 1990 瑑瑩 Mill-

32 er 瑒瑠 瑒瑡 瑒瑢 1977 Todd Sandler Jon Cauley 瑒瑣

33 瑒瑤 1987 Beth Yarbrough Robert Yarbrough 瑒瑥 瑒瑦 1992 the strategic organizational approach 瑒瑧 Jeffry Frieden 1994 瑒瑨 home country host country 瑒瑩

34 David Lake 1996 theories of relational contracting 瑓瑠 1999 20 a general theory of security relationships 20 瑓瑡 1997 Katja Weber

35 1. 2 / 瑓瑢 2000 瑓瑣 1. 2 Katja Weber Hierarchy Amidst Anarchy A Transaction Costs Approach to International Security Cooperation in International Studies Quarterly 41 2 June 1997 p. 330.

36 瑓瑤 瑓瑥 fragmented nature

37 3. 20 80 1985 1987 1990 1990 1993 20 90 瑓瑦 1996 1999 2001 2002 瑓瑧 20 90

38 瑓瑨 1994 瑓瑩 1985 瑔瑠 1994 瑔瑡 瑔瑢

39 1971 瑔瑣 1997 瑔瑤 瑔瑥 2000 瑔瑦 瑔瑧 瑔瑨

40 1. 瑔瑩 Karl Popper falsification 瑖瑠

41 Gary King Sidney Verba 瑖瑡 瑖瑢 hypothesis assumption Michael Nicholson 瑖瑣

42 case -study 1. 3 1. 3 Michael Nicholson Rationality and the Analysis of International Conflict Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1992 p. 31. 瑖瑤 R. C. O. Matthews

43 瑖瑥 瑖瑦 瑖瑧 1999 10 瑖瑨 Lijphart 瑖瑩 comparative case studies Alexander George structured focused comparison 瑘瑠

44 / generalisability of findings 瑘瑡 pattern matching looking across time longitudinal comparision 瑘瑢 2.

45 瑘瑣 1 瑘瑤 Anthony Downs 瑘瑥 20 30 Charles Merriam Harold Lasswell Quincy Wright Hans Morgenthau rational reconstruction 瑘瑦

46 瑘瑧 瑘瑨 Kenneth Waltz structural realism 瑘瑩

47 瑝瑠 cognitive psychology prospect theory social constructivism 瑝瑡 瑝瑢 goal-oriented

48 A B B C A C sensitive to costs 瑝瑣 2 瑝瑤 瑝瑥 bounded rationality 1 2 瑝瑦 瑝瑧

49 complete contract 瑝瑨 瑝瑩 Miles Kahler incomplete information 3

50 opportunism Niccol Machiavelli stato

51 1 transaction cost 2 1996 24 3 2000 4 4 Thorstein Veblen Wesley Mitchell 5 1962 73 6 Oliver Williamson and Scott Masten eds. The Economics of Transaction Costs Cheltenham Edward Elgar Publishing Limited 1999 Introduction x.

52 7 Karl Llewellyn 1931 Karl Llewellyn What Price Contract An Essay in Perspective in Yale Law Journal 40 May 1931 pp. 736 737 Chester Barnard 1938 Oliver Williamson and Scott Masten eds. The E- conomics of Transaction Costs Introduction ix Oliver Williamson The Firm as a Nexus of Treaties an Introduction in Masahiko Aoki Bo Gustafsson and Oliver Williamson eds. The Firm as a Nexus of Treaties London Sage Publication 1990 p. 9 8 Ronald Coase The New Institutional Economics in Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics Vol. 140 March 1984 pp. 229 230. 9 Oliver Williamson Reflections on the New Institutional Economics in Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics Vol. 141 March 1985 p. 188. 10 Ronald Coase The Nature of the Firm in Economica Vol. 4

53 No. 16 November 1937 p. 394. 瑏瑡 1996 16 瑏瑢 1990 201 瑏瑣 2001 7 5 瑏瑤 Stanley Fischer Long-Term Contracting Sticky Prices and Monetary Policy Comment in Journal of Monetary Economics Vol. 3 1977 p. 322. 瑏瑥 Oliver Williamson Markets and Hierarchies Analysis and Antitrust Implication New York Free Press 1975 瑏瑦 Oliver Williamson The Economic Institutions of Capitalism New York Free Press 1985 瑏瑧 Oliver Williamson The Mechanisms of Governance New York Oxford University Press 1996 瑏瑨 Oliver Williamson Hierarchies Markets and Power in the Economy An Economic Perspective in Claude Menard ed. Transaction Cost Economics Recent Developments Cheltenham Edward Elgar Publishing Limited 1997 pp. 6 7. 瑏瑩 Oliver Williamson The Firm as a Nexus of Treaties an Introduction in Masahiko Aoki Bo Gustafsson and Oliver Williamson eds. The Firm as a Nexus of Treaties p. 9. 瑐瑠 R. A. D.

54 1994 377 瑐瑡 L. E. D. C. 271 瑐瑢 C. 1994 5 瑐瑣 V. W. 329 瑐瑤 L. E. D. C. 270 瑐瑥 Oliver Williamson The New Institutional Economics Taking Stock Looking Ahead in Journal of Economic Literature Vol. 38 No. 3 2000 瑐瑦 Oliver Williamson Hierarchies Markets and Power in the Economy An Economic Perspective in Claude Menard ed. Transaction Cost Economics Recent Developments p. 7. 瑐瑧 1999 28 瑐瑨 Oliver Williamson and Scott Masten eds. The Economics of Transaction Costs Introduction ix. 瑐瑩 2003 12 瑑瑠 1998 301 瑑瑡 Douglass North A Transaction Cost Theory of Politics in Journal of Theoretical Politics Vol. 2 1990 瑑瑢 Avinash Dixit The Making of Economic Policy A Transaction-Cost Politics Perspective Cambridge MIT Press 1996 瑑瑣 Terry Moe The New Economics of Organization in American

55 Journal of Political Science Vol. 28 No. 4 Nov. 1984 p. 739. 瑑瑤 Barry Weingast and William Marshall The Industrial Organization of Congress or Why Legislatures Like Firms Are not Organized as Markets in Journal of Political Economy Vol. 96 No. 1 1988 p. 132. 瑑瑥 Peter Hall and Rosemary Taylor Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms in Political Studies Vol. XLIV No. 5 Deceber 1996 pp. 944 945. 瑑瑦 28 瑑瑧 20 2003 1 瑑瑨 1999 2000 瑑瑩 Oliver Williamson The Firm as a Nexus of Treaties an Introduction in Masahiko Aoki Bo Gustafsson and Oliver Williamson eds. The Firm as a Nexus of Treaties pp. 6 7. 瑒瑠 2001 21 瑒瑡 110 瑒瑢 111 瑒瑣 Todd Sandler and Jon Cauley Design of Supranational Structures An Economic Perspective in International Studies Quarterly Vol. 21 No. 2 June 1977 p. 273. 瑒瑤 Ibid. p. 251. 瑒瑥 Beth Yarbrough and Robert Yarbrough Cooperation in Liberation

56 of International Trade After Hegemony What in International Organization Vol. 41 No. 1 Winter 1987 p. 3. 瑒瑦 Ibid. p. 4. 瑒瑧 Beth Yarbrough and Robert Yarbrough Cooperation and Governance in International Trade the Strategic Organizational Approach Princeton N. J. Princeton University Press 1992 瑒瑨 contractual monitoring and enforcement costs Jeffry Frieden International Investment and Colonial Control A New Interpretation in International Organization Vol. 48 No. 4 Autumn 1994 p. 568 瑒瑩 Jeffry Frieden International Investment and Colonial Control A New Interpretation p. 559. 瑓瑠 David Lake Anarchy Hierarchy and the Variety of International Relations in International Organization Vol. 50 No. 1 Winter 1996 p. 2. 瑓瑡 David Lake Entangling Relations American Foreign Policy in Its Century Princeton N. J. Princeton University Press 1999 瑓瑢 Katja Weber Hierarchy Amidst Anarchy A Transaction Costs Approach to International Security Cooperation pp. 331 333 瑓瑣 Katja Weber Hierarchy Amidst Anarchy Transaction Costs and Institutional Choice Albany State University of New York 2000 瑓瑤 133 瑓瑥 22 瑓瑦 2003 瑓瑧 瑓瑨

57 1994 瑓瑩 2002 2002 瑔瑠 1 瑔瑡 1994 170 瑔瑢 174 瑔瑣 175 瑔瑤 1997 236 瑔瑥 237 瑔瑦 2000 104 111 瑔瑧 129 瑔瑨 瑔瑩 2001 3 瑖瑠 2001 52 瑖瑡 Gary King Robert Keohane and Sidney Verba Designing Social Inquiry Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research New Jersey Princeton U- niversity Press 1994 p. 101. 瑖瑢 Ibid. p. 103. 瑖瑣 Michael Nicholson Rationality and the Analysis of International Conflict Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1992 p. 31. 瑖瑤 2001 83

58 瑖瑥 29 瑖瑦 1999 26 瑖瑧 11 瑖瑨 Oliver Williamson and Scott Masten eds. The Economics of Transaction Costs 瑖瑩 2001 90 瑘瑠 Gary King Robert Keohane and Sidney Verba Designing Social Inquiry Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research p. 45. 瑘瑡 Gary King Robert Keohane and Sidney Verba Designing Social Inquiry Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research p. 45. 瑘瑢 congruence method Jack Levy Qualitative Methods in International Relations in Frank Harvey and Michael Brecher eds. Evaluting Methodology in International Studies Ann Arbor The University of Michigan Press 2002 p. 141 瑘瑣 Alastair Iain Johnston contractual institutionalism Alastair Iain Johnston Treating International Institutions as Social Environments in International Studies Quarterly Vol. 45 2001 p. 488 瑘瑤 1992 66 瑘瑥 A. C. 1987 283 瑘瑦 1946

59 1948 Miles Kahler Rationality in International Relations in International Organizations Vol. 52 No. 4 Autumn 1998 p. 920 瑘瑧 1990 5 瑘瑨 195 196 瑘瑩 2002 154 瑝瑠 34 瑝瑡 43 45 瑝瑢 8 瑝瑣 Joseph Grieco Realist International Theory and the Study of World Politics in Michael Doyle and G. John Ikenberry eds. New Thinking in International Relations Theory Boulder Westview Press 1997 p. 165 瑝瑤 1989 122 瑝瑥 1994 37

60 瑝瑦 3 瑝瑧 2002 69 瑝瑨 9 瑝瑩 134 941. Miles Kahler Rationality in International Rations pp. 940 72 1985 85 17 2003 166 2000 100

transaction 1 Karl Deutsch analysis of transactions

62 inter-society contacts intergovernmental contracts 2 factor analysis 3 4 Adam Smith 5

63 6 7 8 9 10

64 瑏瑡 瑏瑢 Robert Axelrod 瑏瑣 瑏瑤 瑏瑥 international society 瑏瑦 Hedley Bull 瑏瑧

65 瑏瑨 瑏瑩 瑐瑠 瑐瑡 common government sovereign statehood is an institution 瑐瑢 瑐瑣 1648

66 瑐瑤 瑐瑥 瑐瑦 Anthony Giddens 瑐瑧 瑐瑨 Jean Bodin Hugo Grotius

67 jus necessarium 瑐瑩 minimum order David Easton 瑑瑠 failed states

69 瑑瑨 瑑瑩 Hans-Henrik Holm Geoge Sorensen operational sovereignty 瑒瑠

70 negative sovereignty positive sovereignty 瑒瑡 瑒瑢 瑒瑣 瑒瑤

71 19 瑒瑥 costly effects 1941 瑒瑦

72 瑒瑧 瑒瑨 瑒瑩 瑓瑠

73 / domestic-international dichotomy private ordering 瑓瑡 瑓瑢

74 瑓瑣 瑓瑤 瑓瑥

75 1937 瑓瑦 瑓瑧 瑓瑨 Dahlman

76 瑓瑩 Kenneth Arrow 瑔瑠 瑔瑡 瑔瑢 1 2 3 4 瑔瑣 瑔瑤 瑔瑥

77 瑔瑦

78 瑔瑧 private information asymmetric information outsider insider George Aker-

79 lof market for lemons 瑔瑨 瑔瑩

80 James Fearon 瑖瑠 瑖瑡

81 瑖瑢 17 Thomas Hobbes Michael Williams 瑖瑣 瑖瑤

82 credible commitment Charles Lipson 瑖瑥 abandonment entrapment exploitation 瑖瑦 adverse selection

83 瑖瑧 Glenn Snyder alliance politics 瑖瑨

84 瑖瑩 18 瑘瑠 1856 瑘瑡 arms control theory 瑘瑢 瑘瑣

85 瑘瑤 moral hazard 瑘瑥 瑘瑦 瑘瑧

86 1912 1914 瑘瑨 Henry Kissinger 瑘瑩 Rudolf Richter 1987 2 1987 10 瑝瑠 free riding public goods

87 collective goods X 1 X i X n X i 瑝瑡 瑝瑢 Mancur Olson logic of collective action 瑝瑣 瑝瑤

88 瑝瑥 the exploitation of the great by the small 瑝瑦 Richard Zeckhauser 瑝瑧 2. 1

89 Aaron Hoffman 瑝瑨 John Mearsheimer 瑝瑩

90 1. Gordon Craig

91 interstate contracting cost 1 2 3 2. 2 2. 2 issue-area

92 high politics low politics 1 2 3

93 Economic and Monetary Union EMU homogeneity of states

94 pluralistic security community Suzanne Werner Douglas Lemke 1816 1986

95 autocracies transparency Bernard Finel Kristin Lord black-room deals credibility of signals Peter Cowhey 1945

96 audience cost 2.

97 interstate governance cost 1 2 3 2. 3 asset specificity

98 sunk cost site specificity exit cost Soviet-European gas pipeline physical asset specificity

99 human asset specificity learning-by-doing fashion Michael Polanyi

100 Richard Fuerle Tjalling Koopmans primacy uncertainty secondary uncertainty

101 1919 1939 Edward Karl The Twenty Years Crisis Michael Taylor Charles Kindleberger

102 hege- monic stability theory 19 1945 1968 1929 1939 alliance security dilemma signals James

103 Morrow 1 2 3 costly signaling exogenous shock Robert Jervis system effects

104 A B C A B A C B C A B A B C

105 19 2. 1 2. 1 1950 1970 1950 1960 1970 81 90 134 2 140 3 566 5 388 26 40 40 70 80 115 70 75 117 67 80 115 2001 76

106 1 2000 96 2 communications theory Karl Deutsch Tides among Nations New York Free Press 1979 3 Peter Willetts Transactions Networks and Systems in A. J. R. Groom and Paul Taylor eds. Frameworks for International Cooperation London Pinter 1990 p. 258. 4 Peter Willetts Transactions Networks and Systems in A. J. R. Groom and Paul Taylor eds. Frameworks for International Cooperation p. 258 5 1972 13 6 14 7 1962 73 8 R. R. A. D. 1994 51 9 14 10 73 瑏瑡 1992 3 瑏瑢 1994 7 瑏瑣 1996 3

107 瑏瑤 Robert Keohane International Institutions and State Power Essays in International Relations Theory Boulder Westview Press 1989 p. 7. 瑏瑥 Helen Milner The Assumption of Anarchy in International Relations Theory in David A. Baldwin ed. Neorealism and Neoliberalism The Contemporary Debate p. 145 147 瑏瑦 瑏瑧 Hedley Bull and Adam Waston eds The Expansion of International Society Oxford Clarendon Press 1984 p. 1. 瑏瑨 Axelord Robert and Robert Keohane Achieving Cooperation under Anarchy Strategies and Institutions in Kenneth Oye ed. Cooperation under Anarchy Princeton NJ Princeton University Press 1986 瑏瑩 136 瑐瑠 28 35 瑐瑡 Robert Keohane International Institutions and State Power Essays in International Relations Theory p. 1. 瑐瑢 Robert Keohane Hobbess Dilemma and Institutional Change in World Politics Sovereignty in International Society in Hans-Henrik Holm and Geoge Sorensen eds. Whose World Order Uneven Globalization and the End of the Cold War Boulder Westview Press 1995 p. 173. 瑐瑣 Joseph Strayer 1996

108 Joseph Strayer On the Medieval Origins of the Modern State New Jersey Princeton University Press 1970. 瑐瑤 Andreas Osiander 19 20 fixation Andreas Osiander Sovereignty International Relations and Westphalian Myth in International Organization Vol. 55 No. 2 Spring 2001 瑐瑥 386 瑐瑦 Lynn Miller Global Order Values and Power in International Politics Boulder Westview Press 1990 p. 24. 瑐瑧 1998 331 瑐瑨 345 瑐瑩 387 瑑瑠 1999 576 瑑瑡 1981 92 94 瑑瑢 37 瑑瑣 Jack Donnelly Realism and International Relations Cambridge

109 Cambridge University Press 2000 p. 140. 瑑瑤 R. A. D. 6 瑑瑥 H. R. A. D. 189 瑑瑦 97 瑑瑧 R. R. A. D. 11 瑑瑨 162 瑑瑩 163 瑒瑠 formal sovereignty Hans-Henrik Holm and Geoge Sorensen International Relations Theory in a World of Variation in Hans-Henrik Holm and Geoge Sorensen eds. Whose World Order Uneven Globalization and the End of the Cold War p. 196

110 瑒瑡 Hans-Henrik Holm and Geoge Sorensen International Relations Theory in a World of Variation in Hans-Henrik Holm and Geoge Sorensen eds. Whose World Order Uneven Globalization and the End of the Cold War p. 197. 瑒瑢 Robert Keohane Hobbess Dilemma and Institutional Change in World Politics Sovereignty in International Society in Hans-Henrik Holm and Geoge Sorensen eds. Whose World Order Uneven Globalization and the End of the Cold War p. 177. 瑒瑣 2002 瑒瑤 9 10 瑒瑥 1 1972 254 255 瑒瑦 1995 79 瑒瑧 81 瑒瑨 61 66 瑒瑩 64 65 瑓瑠 瑓瑡 34 瑓瑢 Beth Yarbrough and Robert Yarbrough International Institutions

111 and the New Economics of Organization in International Organization Vol. 44 No. 2 Spring 1990 p. 257. 瑓瑣 Ibid. p. 251. 瑓瑤 6 7 瑓瑥 3 4 瑓瑦 203 瑓瑧 Ronald Coase The Nature of the Firm p. 390. 瑓瑨 1996 7 瑓瑩 1998 9 瑔瑠 31 瑔瑡 contract contract 瑔瑢 33 瑔瑣 35 瑔瑤 203 瑔瑥 65 瑔瑦 J. Hicks A Theory of Economic History Oxford Oxford University Press 1969 p. 34 2001 62

112 瑔瑧 Xinyuan Dai Information Systems in Treaty Regimes in World Politics Vol. 54 July 2002 p. 409. 瑔瑨 1997 421 瑔瑩 瑖瑠 James Fearon Rationalist Explanations for War in International Organization Vol. 49 No. 3 Summer 1995 p. 398. 瑖瑡 C. 1994 24 25 瑖瑢 瑖瑣 Michael Williams Hobbes and International Relations A Reconsideration in International Organization Vol. 50 No. 2 Spring 1996 p. 213. 瑖瑤 1985 103 104 瑖瑥 Charles Lipson International Cooperation in Economic and Security Affairs in World Politics Vol. 37 No. 1 October 1984 p. 4. 瑖瑦 David Lake Entangling Relations American Foreign Policy in Its Century pp. 52 53. 瑖瑧 128 129 瑖瑨 Glenn Snyder The Security Dilemma in Alliance Politics in World Politics Vol. 36 No. 4 1984 p. 466. 瑖瑩 Avery Goldstein Discounting the Free Ride Alliance and Security in the Postwar World in International Organization Vol. 49 No. 1

113 Winter 1995 p. 47. 瑘瑠 215 219 瑘瑡 1995 169 189 瑘瑢 Charles Glaser Realists as Optimists Cooperation as Selphelp in International Security Vol. 19 No. 3 Winter 1994 /1995 p. 80. 瑘瑣 117 瑘瑤 129 瑘瑥 moral hazard 瑘瑦 R. A. D. 405 p. 467. 瑘瑧 Glenn Snyder The Security Dilemma in Alliance Politics 瑘瑨 1997 192 瑘瑩 176 瑝瑠 325 343 瑝瑡 1995 13 瑝瑢 32 瑝瑣 4 5 瑝瑤

114 47 瑝瑥 19 30 瑝瑦 Mancur Olson Increasing the Incentive for International Cooperation in International Organization 25 4 Autumn 1971 p. 870. 瑝瑧 Mancur Olson and Richard Zeckhauser An Economic Theory of Alliance in Francis Beer ed. Alliance Latent War Communities in the Contemporary World New York Holt Rinehart and Winston Inc 1970 p. 138 139. 瑝瑨 Aaron Hoffman A Conceptualization of Trust in International Relations in European Journal of International Relations Vol. 8 No. 3 2002 p. 395. 瑝瑩 2003 43 44 4 5 > < 2001 19 20

115 36 2004 235 238 Harrison Wagner Economic Interdependence Bargaining Power and Political Influence in International Organization Vol. 42 No. 3 Summer 1988 Gary Libecap 2001 25 30 Matthew Evangelista William Zimmerman Matthew Evangelista Issue-area and Foreign Policy Revisited in International Organization Vol. 43 No. 1 Winter 1989 p. 147 William Zimmerman Issue Area and Foreign-policy Process A Research Note in Search of a General Theo-

116 ry in American Political Science Review Vol. 67 December 1973 p. 1212 issue-area 73 Charles Lipson International Cooperation in Economic and Security Affairs p. 12. Karl Deutsch et al. Political Community and the North Atlantic Area New Jersey Princeton University Press 1957. 558 561 27 Suzanne Werner and Douglas Lemke Opposites Do not Attract The Impact of Domestic Institutions Power Prior Commitments on Alignment Choices in International Studies Quarterly Vol. 41 1997 p. 543 544. Bernard Finel and Kristin Lord The Surprising Logic of Transparency in International Studies Quarterly Vol. 43 1999 p. 2. James Fearon Rationalist Explanations for War pp. 395 401 Peter Cowhey Domestic Institutions and the Credibility of International Commitments Japan and the United States in International Organization Vol. 47 No. 2 Spring 1993 p. 307. James Fearon Demestic Political Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes in American Political Science Review Vol.

117 88 No. 3 1994 Lawrence Broz Political System Transparency and Monetary Commitment Regimes in International Organization Vol. 56 No. 4 Autumn 2002 p. 866. 14 70 80 81 James Alt Fredrik Carlsen Per Heum and Kare Johansen Asset Specificity and Political Behavior of Firms Lobbying for Subsidies in Norway in International Organization 53 1 Winter 1999 Nikolaos Zahariadis Asset Specificity and State Subsidies in Industrialized Countries in International Studies Quarterly Vol. 45 2001 Beth Yarbrough and Robert Yarbrough Cooperation in Liberation of International Trade After Hegemony What p. 11. 2003

118 2003 9 11 9 190 126 33 34 Katja Weber Hierarchy Amidst Anarchy Transaction Costs and Institutional Choice p. 24. 94 76 77 86 87 Edward Karl The Twenty Years Crisis 1919 1939 An Introduction to the History of International Relations New York Harper Collins 1981 29 Michael Taylor Community Anarchy and Liberty Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1982 p. 22. Charles Kindleberger Dominance and Leadership in the International Economy in International Studies Quarterly 25 2 1981 p. 247. 1929 1939 1986 365 Katja Weber Hierarchy Amidst Anarchy A Transaction Costs Approach to International Security Cooperation p. 332. p. 494. Glenn Snyder The Security Dilemma in Alliance Politics Katja Weber Hierarchy Amidst Anarchy Transaction Costs and In-

119 stitutional Choice p. 21. James Morrow The Strategic Setting of Choices Signaling Commitment and Negotiation in International Politics in David Lake and Robert Powell eds. Strategic Choice and International Relations Princeton NJ Princeton University Press 1999 p. 86. Robert Jervis Systems and Interaction Effects in Jack Snyder and Robert Jervis eds. Coping with Complexity in the International System Boulder Westview Press 1993 p. 33. Robert Jervis System Efects Complexity in Political and Social Life New Jersey Princeton University Press 1997 p. 177. 144 16 78 37 96

Susan Strange a passing fad 1 international regimes / international institutions 2 20 80 3

121 formal /legal institutionalism 20 60 4 Hayward Alker 5 6 20 70

122 Beth Simmons 1971 7 1975 8 9 10 /

123 / Donald Puchala Raymond Hopkins formal regimes informal regimes 瑏瑡 specific regimes diffuse regimes 瑏瑢 formal intergovernmental or cross-national nongovernmental organizations international regimes international convention

124 1944 20 70 20 60 瑏瑣 20 90 multilateralism 瑏瑤 bilateralism Christian Reus-Smit

125 constitutional structures fundamental institutions 瑏瑥 issue-specific regimes 瑏瑦 瑏瑧

126 瑏瑨 Daniel Diermeier k k + 1 瑏瑩 international institutional environments international institutional arrangements k + 1 k moral purpose of the state organizing principle of sovereignty norm of procedural justice 瑐瑠

127 瑐瑡 degree of institutionalization dimension 瑐瑢 瑐瑣 formalization tacit agreement oral agreement executive agreements nonbinding treaties joint declarations final communiqués agreed minutes memoranda of understanding agreements pursuant to legislation 瑐瑤

128 international publication or registration informal agreement centralization Kenneth Abbott 瑐瑥 Barbara Koremenos centralized activities 瑐瑦 瑐瑧 free trade agreements FTAs self-enforcing formal agreement formal

129 international organization International Labor Organization ILO delegation make further rules 瑐瑨 Daniel Nielson Michael Tierney 瑐瑩 European Court of Justice ECJ European Court of Human Rights ECHR EU Commission 瑑瑠

130 supranational organization 瑑瑡 3. 1 3. 1 3. 1 3. 1

131 3. 2 瑑瑢 3. 2 forum 瑑瑣 continuum

132 瑑瑤 institu- tions matter 瑑瑥 comparative institutional analysis cost and competence

133 1. 瑑瑦 unspoken rule 1 2 3 4 瑑瑧

134 瑑瑨 瑑瑩

135 瑒瑠 1925 1975 hidden agreement 瑒瑡 20 80 瑒瑢

136 瑒瑣 1990 1 18 2 12 瑒瑤 瑒瑥 1972

137 瑒瑦 1904 1907 瑒瑧 瑒瑨 瑒瑩

138 瑓瑠 2. 1969 5 瑓瑡 Abram Chayes Antonia Handler Chayes 瑓瑢

139 瑓瑣 E c p E v 1 - p E n E c E v E v E n E c > p E v + 1 - p E n hostage 瑓瑤 reciprocity issue-linkage 瑓瑥

140 瑓瑦 瑓瑧

141 A X B A B Y A B 瑓瑨 瑓瑩 titfor-tat prisoners dilemma

142 瑔瑠 瑔瑡 瑔瑢 瑔瑣 issue 瑔瑤

143 瑔瑥 瑔瑦 Michael McGinnis 瑔瑧 瑔瑨 瑔瑩 tactical linkage

144 瑖瑠 瑖瑡 negative linkage positive linkage X S X S 瑖瑢 S X X

145 X R X R 瑖瑣 side payment X 3. 2 3. 2 A B B X B X A X SQ - Cx + Bx A SQ A R SQ - Cx + R A SQ A SQ - Cx A S SQ - S = = SQ = B Cx = B X Bx = B A X R = A B S = A B Ronald Mitchell and Patricia Keilbach Situation Structure and Institutional Design Reciprocity Coercion and Exchange International Organization Vol. 55 No. 4 Autumn 2001 p. 900.

146 瑖瑤 瑖瑥

147 A B A myopic self-interest 瑖瑦 B A B 瑖瑧 reputational effect

148 瑖瑨 瑖瑩 verification treaty-relevant behavior Nancy Gallagher

149 瑘瑠 瑘瑡 3. international administrative union 19 1874 22 瑘瑢

150 coordination game 瑘瑣 collaboration game 瑘瑤 瑘瑥

151 information collection pooling joint production dispute resolution rule making and implementation 瑘瑦 International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA Bonald Mitchell compliance-oriented information 瑘瑧

152 瑘瑨 law merchant Paul Milgrom

153 private judge 瑘瑩 瑝瑠 瑝瑡

154 World Health Organization WHO 瑝瑢 Harold Demsetz team production

155 瑝瑣 1 2 3 瑝瑤 瑝瑥 瑝瑦

156 Alan Schwartz 瑝瑧 incomplete contract

157 1 2 3 瑝瑨 Andrew Moravcsik 1 2 3 4 5 瑝瑩 1899 1982 International Court of Justice ICJ

158 1 binding regulations 2 binding internal policies 3 coordination standards 4 conventions 5 recommenda- tions de facto coordination equilibrium

159 UN Environment Program UNEP 20 90

160 4. 20 1945 1985 1985 378 1995 Lloyd Gruber 20 70

161 open-ended fixed filling in escape clauses Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC

162

163 Yoram Barzel public domain

164 European Coal and Steel Community 1952

165 1958 1967 20 80 / 1986 1992 / John Pinder

166 20 90 1998 1995 1648 Westphalian model

167 ideal type

168 hierarchy

169 sovereignty costs

170

171 X X 3. 3 GC CC TC GC CC GC CC E 3. 3

172 3. 4 GC CC GC' CC' E 4 E 1 3. 4

173 1 3. 4 CC CC' GC E 1 E 2 E 2 E 1 2 3. 4 CC CC' GC E 1 E 2 E 2 E 1 3

174 3. 4 CC CC' GC E 1 E 2 E 2 E 1 4 3. 4 GC GC' CC E 1 E 3 E 3 E 1 5 3. 4 GC GC' CC E 1 E 3 E 3 E 1

175 6 3. 4 GC GC' CC E 1 E 3 E 3 E 1 1 Susan Strange Cave hic dragones A Critic of Regime Analysis in Stephen Krasner ed. International Regimes p. 338. 2 78 82 20 80 international regimes 3 Stephan Haggard and Beth Sim-

176 mons Theories of International Regimes in International Organization Vol. 41 No. 3 Summer 1987 Lisa Martin and Beth Simmons Theories and Empirical Studies of International Institutions in International Organization Vol. 52 No. 4 Autumn 1998. 4 Oran Young Oran Young ed. The International Political Economy and International Institutions Cheltenham E. Elgar Pub. Co. 1996. Part I 5 Hayward Alker and Bruce Russett World Politics in General Assembly New Haven Yale University Press 1965. Quoted in Lisa Martin and Beth Simmons Theories and Empirical Studies of International Institutions p. 734. 6 Stephan Haggard and Beth Simmons Theories of International Regimes p. 491. 7 Lisa Martin and Beth Simmons Theories and Empirical Studies of International Institutions p. 736. 8 John Ruggie International Responses to Technology Concepts and Trends p. 570. 9 Stephen Krasner Structural Causes and Regime Consequences Regimes as Intervening Variables in Stephen Krasner ed. International Regimes p. 2. 10 Robert Keohane International Institutions and State Power Essays in International Relations Theory Boulder Westview Press 1989 p. 3. 瑏瑡 Donald Puchala and Raymond Hopkins International Regimes Lessons from Inductive Analysis in Stephen Krasner ed. International Regimes p. 65. 瑏瑢 Ibid. p. 64. 瑏瑣 Robert Keohane International Institutions and State Power Essays in International Relations Theory pp. 3 4. 瑏瑤

177 2003 12 瑏瑥 Christian Reus-Smit The Constitutional Structure of International Society and the Nature of Fundamental Institutions in International Organization Vol. 51 No. 4 Autumn 1997 p. 557. 瑏瑦 2002 39 44 瑏瑧 208 瑏瑨 Russican doll approach 瑏瑩 2004 127 瑐瑠 Christian Reus-Smit The Constitutional Structure of International Society and the Nature of Fundamental Institutions p. 567. 瑐瑡 Hendrik Sprupt 14 city-leagues city-states sovereign territorial states

178 Hendrik Sprupt Institutional Selection in International Relations State Anarchy as Order in International Organization Vol. 48 No. 4 Autumn 1994 瑐瑢 international legalization obligation precision delegation Kenneth Abbott Robert Keohane Andrew Moravcsik Anne-Marie Slaughter and Duncan Snidal The Concept of Legalization in International Organization Vol. 54 No. 3 Summer 2000 p. 401 瑐瑣 1989 commonality specificity antonomy Robert Keohane International Institutions and State Power Essays in International Relations Theory pp. 5 6 瑐瑤 Charles Lipson Why Are Some International Agreements Informal in International Organization Vol. 45 No. 4 Autumn 1991 p. 502. 瑐瑥 Kenneth Abbott and Duncan Snidal Why States Act through Formal International Organizations in Journal of Conflict Resolution Vol. 42 No. 1 1998 p. 9. 瑐瑦 Barbara Koremenos Charles Lipson and Duncan Snidal The Rational Design of International Institutions in International Organization Vol. 55 No. 4 Autumn 2001 p. 771. 瑐瑧

179 1993 5 瑐瑨 Kenneth Abbott Robert Keohane Andrew Moravcsik Anne - Marie Slaughter and Duncan Snidal The Concept of Legalization p. 401. 瑐瑩 Daniel Nielson and Michael Tierney Delegation to International Organizations Agency Theory and World Bank Environmental Reform in International Organization Vol. 57 No. 2 Spring 2003 p. 247. 瑑瑠 Kenneth Abbott Robert Keohane Andrew Moravcsik Anne-Marie Slaughter and Duncan Snidal The Concept of Legalization p. 416 瑑瑡 瑑瑢 1998 13 瑑瑣 1 G Group 2 instant international organizations 9

180 3 treaty organization treaty body 2005 36 90 瑑瑤 90 92 瑑瑥 Christian Reus-Smit The Constitutional Structure of International Society and the Nature of Fundamental Institutions p. 557. 瑑瑦 Charles Lipson Why Are Some International Agreements Informal p. 533. 瑑瑧 Ibid. p. 501. 瑑瑨 361 瑑瑩 2003 734 瑒瑠 1993 1164 瑒瑡 1995 408 411 瑒瑢 Raymond Garthoff Reflections on the Cuban Missile Crisis Wachington D. C. Brookings Institution 1989 pp. 86 95 Catherine Langlois and Jean-Pierre Langlois Tacit Bargaining in International Rela-

181 tions A Game Model and A Case Study in Journal of Conflict Resolution Vol. 40 No. 4 1996 瑒瑣 Charles Lipson Why Are Some International Agreements Informal p. 501. 瑒瑤 2003 328 332 瑒瑥 696 瑒瑦 Charles Lipson Why Are Some International Agreements Informal pp. 523 527 瑒瑧 1995 402 瑒瑨 190 瑒瑩 瑓瑠 George Downs David Rocke George Downs and David Rocke Tacit Bargaining and Arms Control in World Politics 39 3 1987 p. 325 瑓瑡 1986 744 瑓瑢 Abram Chayes and Antonia Handler Chayes On Compliance in International Organization Vol. 47 No. 2 Spring 1993 p. 175. 瑓瑣

182 Robert Yarbrough and Beth Yarbrough Reciprocity Bilateralism and Economic Hostages Self-enforcing Agreements in International Trade in International Studies Quarterly Vol. 30 No. 1 March 1986 pp. 13 14 瑓瑤 hostage hostage hostage 瑓瑥 235 瑓瑦 瑓瑧 Robert Yarbrough and Beth Yarbrough Reciprocity Bilateralism and Economic Hostages Self-enforcing Agreements in International Trade pp. 10 11. 瑓瑨 153 瑓瑩 Robert Keohane Reciprocity in International Relations in International Organization Vol. 40 No. 1 Winter 1986 p. 8. 瑔瑠 1996 瑔瑡 Robert Axelord and Robert Keohane Achieving Cooperation under Anarchy Strategy and Institutions in Kenneth Oye ed. Cooperation under Anarchy p. 244. 瑔瑢 Robert Keohane Reciprocity in International Relations p. 27. 瑔瑣 Joshua Goldstein and Jon Pevehouse Reciprocity Bullying and International Cooperation Time-series Analysis of the Bosnia Conflict in American Political Science Review Vol. 91 No. 3 September 1997 p. 515. 瑔瑤

183 瑔瑥 Michael McGinnis Issue Linkage and the Evolution of International Cooperation in Journal of Conflict Resolution Vol. 30 No. 1 March 1986 瑔瑦 2004 419 瑔瑧 Michael McGinnis Issue Linkage and the Evolution of International Cooperation p. 149. 瑔瑨 1980 171 瑔瑩 172 瑖瑠 Ernst Hass Why Collaborate Issue-linkage and International Regimes in World Politics Vol. 32 No. 3 April 1980 p. 372. 瑖瑡 126 127 瑖瑢 Ronald Mitchell and Patricia Keilbach Situation Structure and Institutional Design Reciprocity Coercion and Exchange in International Organization Vol. 55 No. 4 Autumn 2001 p. 898. 瑖瑣 Ronald Mitchell and Patricia Keilbach Situation Structure and Institutional Design Reciprocity Coercion and Exchange p. 899. 瑖瑤 2001 73 瑖瑥 38 1 1998 56 57 瑖瑦

184 121 瑖瑧 2000 88 瑖瑨 Charles Lipson Why Are Some International Agreements Informal pp. 508 509. 瑖瑩 Anne Sartori The Might of the Pen A Reputational Theory of Communication in International Disputes in International Organization Vol. 56 No. 1 Winter 2002 p. 122. 瑘瑠 Nancy Gallagher The Politics of Verification Baltimore and London The Johns Hopkins University Press 1999 p. 10. 189. 瑘瑡 Abram Chayes and Antonia Handler Chayes On Compliance p. 瑘瑢 1993 18 瑘瑣 117 瑘瑤 dominant strategy

185 109 110 Arthur Stein Why Nations Cooperate Circumstance and Choice in International Relations pp. 32 33. 瑘瑥 224 202. 瑘瑦 Abram Chayes and Antonia Handler Chayes On Compliance p. 瑘瑧 effectiveness-oriented information Ronald Mitchell Sources of Transparency Information System in International Regimes in International Studies Quarterly Vol. 42 1998 p. 109 瑘瑨 Barbara Koremenos Charles Lipson and Duncan Snidal The Rational Design of International Institutions p. 788. 瑘瑩 Paul Milgrom Douglass North and Barry Weingast The Role of Institutions in the Revival of Trade The Law Merchant Private Judges and the Champagne Fairs in Economics and Politics Vol. 2 No. 1 1990 pp. 1 23 瑝瑠 84 瑝瑡 Kenneth Abbott and Duncan Snidal Why States Act through Formal International Organizations p. 13. 瑝瑢 Ibid. p. 14. 瑝瑣 59 瑝瑤 A. H. R. A. D. 63 瑝瑥 77 瑝瑦 Kenneth Abbott and Duncan Snidal Why States Act through For-

186 mal International Organizations pp. 14 15. 瑝瑧 102 103 瑝瑨 Robert Keohane Andrew Moravcsik and Anne-Marie Slaughter Legalized Dispute Resolution Interstate and Transnational in International Organization Vol. 54 No. 3 Summer 2000 p. 459. 瑝瑩 Kenneth Abbott Robert Keohane Andrew Moravcsik Anne- Marie Slaughter and Duncan Snidal The Concept of Legalization p. 416. William Dixon transnational or subnational organizations ad hoc commissions William Dixon Third-party Techniques for Preventing Conflict Escalation and Peaceful Settlement in International Organization Vol. 50 No. 4 Autumn 1996 p. 653 95 96 1994 58 101 Kenneth Abbott Robert Keohane Andrew Moravcsik Anne- Marie Slaughter and Duncan Snidal The Concept of Legalization p. 416. Kenneth Abbott and Duncan Snidal Why States Act through Formal International Organizations p. 15. Barbara Koremenos Charles Lipson and Duncan Snidal The Rational Design of International Institutions p. 772. Gayl Ness and Steven Brechin Bridging the Gap International Organizations as Organizations in International Organization Vol. 42 No. 2

187 Spring 1988 p. 252 Barbara Koremenos Charles Lipson and Duncan Snidal The Rational Design of International Institutions p. 787. 60 62 Lloyd Gruber Ruling the World Power Politics and the Rise of Supranational Institutions New Jersey Princeton 2000 p. 62. Ibid. p. 61. University Press Charles Lipson Why Are Some International Agreements Informal pp. 518 519. B. Peter Rosendorff and Helen Milner The Optimal Design of International Trade Institutions Uncertainty and Escape in International Organization Vol. 55 No. 4 Autumn 2001 Lloyd Gruber Ruling the World Power Politics and the Rise of Supranational Institutions p. 73. Ibid. pp. 73 74. 1997 159 89 94 95 1998 24 Karen Alter The European Unions Legal System and Domestic Policy Spillover or Backlash in International Organization Vol. 54 No. 3 Summer 2000 p. 491. 1996 70 74

188 Alec Sweet and Thomas Brunell Constructing a Supranational Constitution Dispute Resolution and Governance in the European Community in American Political Science Review Vol. 92 No. 1 March 1998 39 2001 66 214 Stephen Krasner Compromising Westphalia in International Security Vol. 20 No. 3 Winter 1995 /1996 p. 115. 104 138 Stephen Krasner Compromising Westphalia p. 147. hierarchy bureaucracy hierarchy 2001 17 David Lake Anarchy Hierarchy and the Variety of International Relations p. 14

189 Kenneth Abbott and Duncan Snidal Hard and Soft Law in International Governance in International Organization Vol. 54 No. 3 Summer 2000 pp. 436 437. Ibid. p. 435. Robert Keohane International Institutions and State Power Essays in International Relations Theory p. 118. joint production economies David Lake Entangling Relations American Foreign Policy in its Century pp. 44 51 3. 3 1998 9 29 David Lake Anarchy Hierarchy and the Variety of International Relations p. 16 539

1796 9 19

191 1 2 1801 1823

192 1898 entangling alliance 20 3 1945 1945 5 350 1946 3 40 4 1949 4 4 North Atlantic Treaty NAT Armin Rappaport 1949 American Revolution of 1949 5 1949 1952

193 6 1950 6 1951 4 Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe SHAPE 1951 5 12 1952 1952 2 Atlantic Alliance formal alliance 7 20 40 8 orthodox traditionalists

194 1947 1948 1949 9 revisionism Gabriel Kolko Joyce William Williams 10 John Lewis Gaddis post-revisionism

195 瑏瑡 瑏瑢 瑏瑣

196 50 60 70 瑏瑤 瑏瑥 瑏瑦 150 incomplete explanation 瑏瑧

197 瑏瑨 20

198 1939 1945 瑏瑩 Alexis de Tocqueville 瑐瑠 Paul Kennedy 19 20 瑐瑡

199 瑐瑢 1.

200 瑐瑣 1954 4 150 100 瑐瑤 1946 1954 瑐瑥 瑐瑦

201 1949 12 瑐瑧 50 1955 1961 / 35. 6: 33. 0: 31. 3 51. 5: 31. 2: 17. 2 76. 9: 11. 5: 11. 5 4. 1 4. 1 1955 1961 David Lake Entangling Relations American Foreign Policy in its Century Princeton New Jersey Princeton University Press 1999 p. 165. 4. 1

202 Malcolm Hoag 瑐瑨 4 1 4. 2 B-29 B -29 1 500 瑐瑩 B-29

203 4. 2 1977 9

204 stepping stones 瑑瑠 4 2 2. Ernest Bevin 1945

205 瑑瑡 瑑瑢

206 瑑瑣 瑑瑤 瑑瑥 瑑瑦 1946 350 40 1951 22 4. 3 瑑瑧

207 4. 3 1950 Ronald Powaski The Entangling Alliance The United States and European Security 1950 1993 Westport Greenwood Press 1994 p. 1. Arthur Vandenberg Robert Taft 瑑瑨 1949 China lobby

208 瑑瑩 瑒瑠 瑒瑡 1947 3 4 瑒瑢 瑒瑣 1947 12 spiritual federation of the West

209 John Hicherson 瑒瑤 1948 3 17 Western Union 51 瑒瑥 John Baylis 瑒瑦 5 3 1

210 Tom Connally 瑒瑧 time horizon 瑒瑨 1940 瑒瑩

211 Peter Calvocoressi 瑓瑠 5 4 5 3. 瑓瑡 瑓瑢

212 瑓瑣 Jan Honig 瑓瑤 1949 1778 瑓瑥 1796 瑓瑦

213 20 30 瑓瑧 Lawrence Kaplan 40 1919

214 瑓瑨 1947 82% 1948 72% 瑓瑩 瑔瑠

215 William Olson 瑔瑡 1944 瑔瑢 1 6 1 3 4. 瑔瑣

216 4. 4 1946 11 1986 82 1947 2 1 /3 瑔瑤 1947 4

217 1947 5 1948 4 1948 瑔瑥 47. 9% 31% 1948 Timothy Smith 1948 瑔瑦 瑔瑧

218 瑔瑨 2 7 8 1947 1951

219 1. 1946 George Kennan Long Telegram 4 1947 2 21 1947 24 28 3 31 4 1 瑔瑩

220 瑖瑠 1947 3 12 瑖瑡 瑖瑢 瑖瑣

221 瑖瑤 1948 6 30 瑖瑥 1947 6 5 瑖瑦 瑖瑧

222 瑖瑨 1947 6 6 1947 12 瑖瑩 12 17 瑘瑠

223 瑘瑡 Robert Lovett unwritten and informal understandings 1948 1 13 瑘瑢 creating some form of union

224 Theodore Achiles Charles Bohlen unilateral guarantee 瑘瑣 1 20 瑘瑤

225 3 17 1948 瑘瑥 瑘瑦 瑘瑧 James Reston 瑘瑨 Lucius Clay Forrestal 瑘瑩 3 9 4 6

226 瑝瑠 3 11 Halvard Lange 3 11 瑝瑡

227 Don Cook 1948 瑝瑢 瑝瑣 3 12 3 11 瑝瑤 1948 3 22 3 17 瑝瑥 1 13 collective defense agreement 2

228 3 4 5 瑝瑦 1920 瑝瑧 2. 1948 4 11

229 6 11 64 4 瑝瑨 瑝瑩 treaty alliance collective arrangements

230 5 19 Hume Wrong 4 17 4 23

231 1940 5 20 6 19 6 24

232 1948 7 6 1 2 3 4 7 9 van Kleffens North Atlantic Pact Oliver Franks

233 7 14 two-pillar concept North Atlantic guarantee 9 2

234 1948 9 9 North Atlantic Treaty 10 13 10 25 11 12 10

235 1 commitment clause 2 3 4 1948 3 9 9

236 1949 1 20 1948

237

238 1949 3 18 5 4 4 12 5 3 6 7 7 25 8 24 3.

239 1952 2 1949 9 17 12 12 11 5 1949 10 5 1949 11 18

240 1776 5 3 consulting member participation as appropriate 4. 1

241 4. 1 / Lawrence Kaplan The United States and NATO The Formative Years Lexington Kentucky The University Press of Kentucky 1984 p. 140 1949 1950 1991 183 1950 14 1 000 25 6 000

242 1950 6 15 1950 8 11 1949 9 1950 6 25

243 30 perception 6 27 6 30 /

244 1950 7 8 4 6 9 9 9 16 1950 12 18

245 Great Debate 12 20 1951 1 5 2 14 118

246 4 4 69 21 1 S. F. 1985 119 2 Ronald Powaski The Entangling Alliance The United States and European Security 1950 1993 Westport Greenwood Press 1994 p. vi. 3 associate informal collaborator Lawrence Kaplan The Long Entanglement NATOs First Fifty Years Westport Praeger 1999 p. 1 4 J. 1992 33 5 Armin Rappaport The American Revolution of 1949 in NATO Letter 12 1964 Quoted in Lawrence Kaplan The Long Entanglement NATOs First Fifty Years p. 1. 6 Ronald Powaski The Entangling Alliance The United States and

247 European Security 1950 1993 p. 1. 7 1988 182 8 1998 1 9 2002 168 169 10 169 170 瑏瑡 170 172 瑏瑢 Robert McCalla NATOS Persistence after the Cold War in International Organization Vol. 50 No. 3 Summer 1996 p. 450. 瑏瑣 142 瑏瑤 207 瑏瑥 瑏瑦 204 瑏瑧 David Lake Entangling Relations American Foreign Policy in Its Century p. 151. 瑏瑨 Mancur Olson and Richard Zeckhauser An Economic Theory of Alliance in Francis Beer ed. Alliance Latent War Communities in the Contemporary World New York Holt Rinehart and Winston Inc 1970 John R. Oneal The Theory of Collective Action and Burden Sharing in NATO In International Organization Vol. 44 No. 3 Summer 1990 Alan Tonelson The Economics of NATO in Ted Galen Carpenter ed. NATO at 40 Confronting a Changing World Washington D. C. Cato Institute

248 1990 Todd Sander and Keith Hartley The Political Economy of NATO Past Present and into the 21 st Century Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1999 瑏瑩 2000 87 瑐瑠 1835 1988 480 481 瑐瑡 1989 445 446 瑐瑢 瑐瑣 1994 22 瑐瑤 Hastings Ismay NATO The First Five Years 1949 1954 Utrecht Bosch 1954 p. 136. 瑐瑥 W. F. G. P. 1989 135 瑐瑦 1952 10 1960 2 瑐瑧 1949 1980 147 瑐瑨 Malcolm Hoag What Interdependence for NATO in World Politics Vol. 12 No. 3 1960 p. 372. 瑐瑩

249 1986 445 瑑瑠 1949 103 瑑瑡 Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO 1945 1950 New York Arbor House /William Morrow 1989 pp. 22 23. 瑑瑢 1945 1988 1999 3 瑑瑣 C. M. Woodhouse Attitudes of NATO Countries Toward the United States in World Politics Vol. 10 No. 2 1958 p. 208. 瑑瑤 Celeste Wallander Institutional Assets and Adaptability NATO After the Cold War in International Organization Vol. 54 No. 4 Autumn 2000 p. 715. 瑑瑥 John Duffield International Regimes and Alliance Behavior Explaining NATO Conventional Force Levels in International Organization Vol. 46 No. 4 Autumn 1992 p. 843. 瑑瑦 111 瑑瑧 Ronald Powaski The Entangling Alliance The United States and European Security 1950 1993 p. 1. 瑑瑨 Lynn Hinds and Theodore Windt The Cold War as Rhetoric The Beginnings 1945 1950 New York Praeger 1991 p. 224. 瑑瑩 1974 83 瑒瑠 1959 113 瑒瑡 83 瑒瑢 1945 1947 1959 437

250 瑒瑣 1994 103 瑒瑤 John Baylis Britain The Brussels Pact and the Continent Commitment in International Affairs Vol. 60 No. 4 Autumn 1984 p. 622. 瑒瑥 1948 1949 1959 50 瑒瑦 John Baylis Britain The Brussels Pact and the Continent Commitment p. 627. 瑒瑧 1949 38 39 41 瑒瑨 1951 1 30 4 000 1987 68 瑒瑩 1949 57 58 瑓瑠 1947 1948 1990 138 瑓瑡 1949 1954 Emil Kirchner and James Sperling eds. The Federal Republic of Germany and NATO 40 Years After New York St. Press 1992 p. 4 Martins

251 瑓瑢 1951 81 瑓瑣 瑓瑤 Jan Honig NATO An Institution under Threat New York Institute for East-West Security Studies 1991 p. 20. 瑓瑥 1648 1871 1984 222 瑓瑦 1796 S. F. 117 118 瑓瑧 Lawrence Kaplan The United States and NATO The Formative Years Lexington Kentucky The University Press of Kentucky 1984 p. 30. 瑓瑨 Ibid. p. 30. 瑓瑩 Ibid. p. 31. 瑔瑠 Lynn Hinds and Theodore Windt The Cold War as Rhetoric The Beginnings 1945 1950 p. 222. 瑔瑡 1987 299 瑔瑢 1958 瑔瑣 1945 10 26. 2% 1946 11 28. 2% 1946 6 19% 1946 2 12% 1945 10 11% 1986

252 82 瑔瑤 1944 1992 1993 33 瑔瑥 E. Timothy Smith The United States Italy and NATO 1947 1952 New York St. Martins Press 1991 p. 55. 瑔瑦 Ibid. p. 36. 瑔瑧 1948 瑔瑨 E. Timothy Smith The United States Italy and NATO 1947 1952 p. 91. 瑔瑩 56 57 瑖瑠 1947 1948 18 瑖瑡 60 瑖瑢 1974 121 瑖瑣 1947 1948 瑖瑤 Lawrence Kaplan NATO and the United States The Enduring Alliance Boston Twayne Publishers 1988 p. 16. 瑖瑥 5 15 5 22 瑖瑦 1945 1959 1991 221 瑖瑧 1947 1948 27 瑖瑨 Lawrence Kaplan The United States and NATO The Formative Years p. 49. 瑖瑩 Ibid. p. 50.

253 p. 110. 瑘瑠 Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO 1945 1950 瑘瑡 Lawrence Kaplan The United States and NATO The Formative Years p. 51. p. 114. 瑘瑢 Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO 1945 1950 瑘瑣 Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO 1945 1950 p. 115. p. 116. 瑘瑤 Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO 1945 1950 瑘瑥 Lawrence Kaplan NATO and the United States The Enduring Alliance p. 20. 瑘瑦 1945 1980 1986 78 瑘瑧 153 157 瑘瑨 Lawrence Kaplan The United States and NATO The Formative Years p. 61. p. 121. 瑘瑩 Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO 1945 1950 瑝瑠 1947 1948 213 p. 125. 瑝瑡 Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO 1945 1950 瑝瑢 Lawrence Kaplan The United States and NATO The Formative Years p. 62. p. 126. 瑝瑣 419 瑝瑤 Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO 1945 1950 瑝瑥

254 1995 149 150 p. 131. p. 163. 瑝瑦 Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO 1945 1950 瑝瑧 289 瑝瑨 Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO 1945 1950 瑝瑩 Lawrence Kaplan The United States and NATO The Formative Years p. 77. p. 167. p. 155. Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO 1945 1950 Ibid. p. 144. 291 45 293 Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO 1945 1950 6 p. 175. Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO 1945 1950 David Lake Entangling Relations American Foreign Policy in Its Century p. 156. p. 193. Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO 1945 1950 1949 75 82 p. 194. Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO 1945 1950 1948 11 1949 1 20

255 Lawrence Kaplan The United States and NATO The Formative Years p. 84. 1947 9 2 1945 1947 437 p. 207. Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO 1945 1950 1978 150 151 p. 208. Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO 1945 1950 1948 1949 193 152 153 1989 46 1948 1949 Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO 1945 1950 pp. 220 221. 1949 1950 1991 182 183 256 257

256 Todd Sander and Keith Hartley The Political Economy of NATO Past Present and into the 21 st Century p. 240. Lawrence Kaplan The United States and NATO The Formative Years p. 140. 1949 155 156 1949 1950 195 Lawrence Kaplan The United States and NATO The Formative Years p. 153. 1941 1950 1997 482 2003 277 2005 114 114 Ronald Powaski The Entangling Alliance The United States and European Security 1950 1993 p. 4. Lawrence Kaplan NATO and the United States The Enduring Alliance p. 44. 1976 398 468 Ronald Powaski The Entangling Alliance The United States and European Security 1950 1993 p. 4. 489 Lawrence Kaplan The United States and NATO The Formative Years p. 150. 1949 157 158 301

257 Ronald Powaski The Entangling Alliance The United States and European Security 1950 1993 p. 13. Lawrence Kaplan The United States and NATO The Formative Years p. 164. 1949 162 164 Ronald Powaski The Entangling Alliance The United States and European Security 1950 1993 p. 17. Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO 1945 1950 p. 250.

H. 20 30 Great Depression

259 1 1930 Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act 2 3 1944 4 1944 7

260 1945 12 1946 2 International Trade Organization ITO 1946 10 1947 4 11 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GATT 5 6 8 1948 7 Protocol of Provisional Application PPA 1948 1 1 PPA 1949

261 1950 William Diebold 8 1955 Organization for Trade Cooperation OTC 9

262 5. 1 birth defects 10 瑏瑡 5. 1 1947 23 100 1949 33 1950 34 1956 22 25 1960 1961 45 49 1962 1967 48 400 1973 1979 99 1 550 1986 1994 117 5 000 2002

263 20 70 80 1986 The Uruguay Round 1990 4 1993 12 1994 4 World Trade Organization WTO 1995 1 1 WTO WTO H. John H. Jackson non-binding 瑏瑢 grandfather rights

264 single package 瑏瑣 Renato Ruggiero 1996 12 瑏瑤 瑏瑥 1947 dispute settlement procedure DSP / panels block Standing Appellate Body SAB

265 瑏瑦 瑏瑧 Giovanni Maggi Ⅹ A A A 瑏瑨

266 G. R. Shell 5. 2 5. 2 G. R. Shell Trade Legalism and International Relations Theory An Analysis of the World Trade Organization in Robert Howse ed. The World Trading System Critical Perspective on the World Economy Vol. Ⅱ London and New York Routledge 1998 p. 374.