( g/ cm 3 kg/ m 3 ) ; m ; V0, (cm 3 m 3 ), ;,,,,,,, ( ), ( ) ( ) : 0 = m V 0 ( 1.3) 0 ( kg/ m 3 ) ; m ( k g) ; V0( m 3 ),, ( k

1,,, ( ),, ;, ;,,, 1.1 1.1.1 1.1.1.1 ( ),, : = m V (1.1 ) ( g/ cm 3 ) ; m ( g) ; V () (cm 3 ),,,,,,, 1.1.1.2,, : 0 = m V0 (1.2 )

1.1 7 0 ( g/ cm 3 kg/ m 3 ) ; m ; V0, (cm 3 m 3 ), ;,,,,,,, 1.1.1.3 ( ), ( ) ( ) : 0 = m V 0 ( 1.3) 0 ( kg/ m 3 ) ; m ( k g) ; V0( m 3 ),, 1.1 1.1 ( kg/ m 3 ) 0 ( kg/ m 3 ) 0 ( kg/ m 3 ) ( % ) 2.60 18002600 2.602.90 25002800 0.53.0 () 2.60 14001700 2.60 14501650 2.502.80 16001800 2040 2.50 10001400 3.10 12001300 21002600 520 1.55 400800 5575 7.85 7850 0 2050 2.55 1.1.1.4 (1 ),, D : D = V V0 = 0 100 % ( 1.4)

8 1,, 0 <, D < 1 D < 100 %, D = 1 D = 100 % (2 ), P : P = V0 (1.4 ) ( 1.5) : V0 - V = 1 - V V0 = ( 1-0 ) 100 % ( 1.5) P + D = 1 ( 1.6),,,,, 1.1 1.1.1.5 (1 ),, D : (2 ) D= V0 V0 = 0 100 % ( 1.7) 0,, P : P= V 0- V0 V0 = 1 - V0 V0 = ( 1-0 ) 100 % ( 1.8) 0 (1.7 ) ( 1.8) : P+ D= 1 ( 1.9) 1.1.2 1.1.2.1,,,, 1.1 ( L ) ( S L ),, 90 ( 1.1 ( a) ),> 90,, ( 1.1 ( b) ),,,,,

1.1 9 1.1 ( a) ; ( b),,,, 1.1.2.2 (1 ), : :,, W = W ( % ) ; m ( g) ; m - m m m ( g) 100% (1.10),, : W ( % ) ; W = V 100 % = m - m 1 100 % (1.11) V0 V0 V (cm 3 ) ; V 0 ( cm 3 ) ; ( g/ cm 3 ), = 1g/ cm 3 : 0 1 W = W 0 = W 0 (1.12),,,, 100%,,, ;,, 0.5 % 0.7 % ; 2% 3 % ; 8% 20% ; 100%

10 1 (2 ),, : W ( % ) ; W = m ( g) ; m - m m m ( g) 100% (1.13),, 1.1.2.3,,,, 3%, : K ; K = f f f ( M Pa) ; f ( M Pa) (1.14),, 01,,, 0.85;, 0.750.80, 1.1.2.4 (), K,, ( ), : W = K h d K (cm/ h ) ; W ; t ( h) ; A (cm 2 ) ; h (cm ) ; d (cm) A t K = Wd 100 % (1.15) A th,, S S ; H ( M Pa) S = 10 H - 1 (1.16)

1.1 11,, ( ), 1.1.2.5,,, ( ),,,, D25 D50 D1 00 D150,,, 9%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.1.3,,,, 1.1.3.1, ( ) 1m, 1K, (1 m 2 ) ( 1s ): ( W/ ( mk) ) ; Q ( J) ; A ( m 2 ) ; ( m) ; t ( s ) ; = T2 - T1 ( K) Q A t( T2 - T1 ) (1.17),, ( = 0.023 W/ ( mk ) ),, 0.58W/ ( mk)2.20 W/ ( mk),,

12 1,, 1.1.3.2,, (, ), 1 g, 1K, 1K, : Q = cm ( T2 - T1 ) (1.18) c = Q ( J) ; c ( J/ ( gk) ) ; m ( g ) ; Q m( T2 - T1 ) T2 - T1 ( K) (1.19),,,, 4.186J/ ( gk), 2.093J/ ( gk),,,, 1.2 1.2 ( W/ ( mk ) ) ( J/ (gk ) ) 58 370 3.49 1.51 0.8 1.170.36 0.03 2.20 0.6 0.023 0.48 0.38 0.92 0.84 0.88 2.72 1.30 2.05 4.19 1.00 1.1.3.3 1/, R,, 0.175W/ ( mk) 1.1.4 1.1.4.1,,,,, ;,,

1.2 13, (),,, 125H z 250H z 500H z 1000 Hz 2000H z 4000 H z 6 0.20 : (1 ),,, (2 ),,, (),, (3 ),, 1.1.4.2, (1 ),, R( R = 10lg 1 ), db,,,,, (2 ),,, 1.2,,, ( ), 1.2.1 ( ), : f = F A (1. 20)

14 1 f ( MPa) ; F ( N) ; A ( mm 2 ),,, 1.3 1.3 f c ( MPa) fc = F A f t ( MPa) f v ( MPa) f t = F A f v = F A F( N ) ; A ( mm 2 ) ; l (mm) ; b (mm) ; h (mm) f tm ( MPa) f tm = 3 F l 2 bh 2,, C7.5 C10 C15 C60 C75 C80, 32.5 62.5,,,,, ;,,,,,, 1%, 3 % 5%,, 1.4,,,,,, 1.4 0 ( kg/ m 3 ) f c ( MPa) f c / 0 2400 7860 500 29.4 415 34.3 ( ) 0.012 0.053 0.069

1.2 15 1.2.2,,,,, E, E,, : ( M Pa) ; ; E ( M Pa) E =, E, (1.21),,,, 1.2.3,,,,,,,,,, : ak ( J/ mm 2 ) ; Ak ( J ) ; A( mm 2 ) 1.2.4 ak = Ak A (1.22), 110 ( ) 1, 10 ( HB ),,, : B = m1 B ; m1 m2 ; A(cm 2 ) - m2 A (1.23)

16 1,,,,, 1.3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.1?? 1.2?? 1.3? 1.4??? 1.5?? 1.6?? 1.7??? 1.8?,? 1.9?? 1.10?? 1.11 100g,40cm 3, 33cm 3,

2,,,,,,,,, 2.1,, 2.1.1,, 2.1.1.1,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 2.1 2.1.1.2,,,,,,,,

18 2 2.1 ( g/ cm 3 ) SiO2 2.65 7, 2.52.7 6,,,,, 2.73.1 23, 34 57 CaCO 3 2.7 3 CaCO 3, MgCO 3 2.9 4 FeS 2 5 66.5,,,,,,,,,,,,, (1 ),,, 89%, ( 3km ),, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 )

2.1 19,,, :,,,, 5%,, 75%,,, :,, 300MPa,, ;,,,,,, ;, (3 ),,,,,, ;,,,,,, 2.1.2 2.1.2.1 1800kg/ m 3, ; 1800kg/ m 3 2.1.2.2,, 100mm100mm100mm, (GBJ3 ), MU100MU80MU60 MU50 MU40MU30MU20MU15 MU10 2.1.2.3, : 0.5 % ; 1% ; 15%,,, 2.1.2.4, F10 F15 F25 F100 F200 0.5%,,

20 2 2.1.2.5 K K,, K > 0.90, K = 0.700.90, K = 0.600.70 K < 0.80,,,, 2.1.3,,,,, : (1 ),, ( ) ( ),,, (2 ),,,,,, (3 ),, ;, ;, (4 ),,,, ;,,,,, (5 ), ;, ;,,,, (6 ), 22623240,,

2.2 21 2.2,,,,,,,, 2.2.1,,,,,,,,, 2.2.1.1 2.2 2.2 CaO MgO SiO2 Al2 O3 Fe2 O3 SO3 ( MnKNa) ( % ) 2854 322 0.523 0.12.5 03 03 CaO MgO, 50 %, 2.2.1.2 2.3 2.3 ( kg/ m 3 ) 25002700 70.0110.0 ( MPa) 6.016.0 7.012.0 (cm) 10 ( % ) 12 ( % ) < 1 ( 10-6 / ) 6.510.12 ( ) 40100

22 2 :,,,, 50,,,,,,, :,,, 3080,, ( ), SO2,,,,,, : CaCO3 + H 2 SO4 + H2 O = CaSO4 2H 2 O + CO2 2.2.1.3 (1 ), : (2 ) ( N)( S), ;, 2.4 2.4 ( mm) ( mm) (mm) ( mm) ( mm) ( mm) 300 150 20 600 600 20 300 300 20 900 600 20 400 200 20 1070 750 20 400 400 20 1200 600 20 600 300 20 1200 900 20 305 152 20 915 610 20 305 305 20 1067 762 20 610 305 20 1220 915 20 (3 ),,,,

2.2 23,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 240 m 3, 27,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.5, 2.6 2.5,,,,,,,,,,,

24 2 2.5,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.6 ( % ) ( % ) (10-6 / ) ( kg/ cm 2 ) 2.68 0.11 0.42 14.20 35.82, 2.32 5.27 11.52 5.10 5.43 2.62 0.65 2.26 5.80 25.15 2.64 0.54 1.27 5.20 21.63 2.69 0.08 0.20 4.80 22.93 2.72 0.07 0.25 19.70 13.84

2.2 25 2.2.1.4 (1 ) ( A)( B)( C) (2 ) : ( M ) : 600mm400 mm 20 mm : : : ( M ) N60040020 B JC 79 2.2.1.5,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 2.2.1.6 ( JC7992) (1 ) 2.7 2.7 ( mm) 0 0 0 1.0 1.0-1.5 15 0.5 1.0 1.0 > 15 + 0.5 < 1.5 + 1.0-2.0 2.0 15mm, 1.0mm; 15mm, 2.0 mm (2 ) 2.8

26 2 2.8 (mm) 400 0.20 0.30 0.50 > 400800 0.50 0.60 0.80 8001000 0.70 0.80 1.00 1000 0.80 1.00 1.20 (3 ) 2.9 2.9 ( mm) 400 0.30 0.40 0.60 > 400 0.50 0.60 0.80 90 (4 ) 2.10 2.10, 8, 3 1 3, 3 1 (5 )

2.2 27,, 2.11 2.11 ( % ) ( ) 4056 05 015 3045 2535 1525 115 3545 2535 1525 1025 2535 3437 1518 01 4245 90 80 70 80 70 60 15 4450 3238 1020 60 50 40 :, 2.60g/ cm 3, 0.75 %, 20.0MPa, 7.0M Pa (6 ),,,, 15,, 1.5m;,, 1.2m 2m 2.2.2,,, 40% 60%, 20% 40%,,, 2.2.2.1,,,,,,,,,,,, SiO2 75 %, 2.12 2.12, 67% SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 CuO MgO Fe 2 O 3 ( % ) 6775 1217 12 12 0.51.5 2.13 2.2.2.2,

28 2 2.13 ( MPa) ( kg/ m 3 ) ( % ) ( 10-6 / ) (cm) ( % ) 25002700 120250 8.515 1319 < 1 5.67.34 8 11 75200 :,, 80100,,, F100F200,,,,, 100200, 5001000, :,,,, 800,,,,, 2.2.2.3 (1 ) 2.14, 2.14 (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) ( mm) 300 400 600 600 900 1070 300 400 300 600 900 759 20 20 20 20 20 20 305 610 610 915 1067 305 305 610 610 762 20 20 20 20 20

2.2 29 (2 ),,, 150, : 80,, 280 m 3 ; : 1 m 3, 100 m 3, 100,,,,, ; ( ),, 2.15 2.15 ( ),,,,,,, :,, 2.16 2.2.2.4,,, (,, ),,,,

30 2 2.16 ( % ) ( % ) (10-6 / ) ( kg/ cm 2 ),, 2.73 0.08 0.48 12.10 41.59 2.70 0.16 0.60 9.80 31.89, 2.61 0.23 0.63 31.22 4.17, 2.62 0.15 0.55 10.00 39.99, 2.59 0.17 0.34 10.60 39.15,, 2.60 0.08 0.34 13.10 46.20, 2.64 0.22 0.67 11.70 70.53, 2.64 0.09 0.69 13.4 31.08, 2.68 0.08 0.31 10.50 29.26,,, 2.2.2.5 (1 ) : a. ( RB) : ; b. ( PL ) :, ; c. ( RV) :, a. ( N) : ; b. ( S) : (2 ) ( A)( B)( C) (3 ) : ( G) : 400mm400m20mm

2.2 31 : : : ( G) N P L 40040020 A JC205 2.2.2.6 JC20592, ( ): (1 ) 2.17 2.17 (mm) 0-1.0 0-1.5 0-1.5 0-1.0 0-2.0 0-3.0 15 > 15 0.5 1.0 1.0 2.0 + 1.0-2.0 + 2.0-3.0 + 1.0-2.0 + 2.0-3.0 + 2.0-4.0 15mm, 1.5mm; 15 mm, 3.0mm (2 ) 2.18 2.18 (mm) 400 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 4001000 0.50 0.70 0.90 1.50 2.00 2.20 1000 0.80 1.00 1.20 2.00 2.50 2.80 (3 ) 2.19 2.19 (mm) 400 > 400 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.20 90

32 2 (4 ) 2.20 2.20 10mm ( 5mm ), () 1 2 5mm2mm( 2mm2mm ), ( ), 1/ 10 ( 20mm ),( ) 20mm30mm( 15mm15mm ), ( ) 1/ 10 ( 40mm ),( ) 2 3, (5 ),, 75, 2.50k g/ cm 3, 1.0%, 60.0M Pa, 8.0MPa,,,, 22623240, (,, ),,, 3.823, 510 3000Bq/ m 3, : 200Bq/ m 3, 100Bq/ m 3,,, (,, ) ( GB65662001 ) (

2.3 33 ), A, 22623240, A BC 2.21 Ir, ; Irs, 2.21 Ir Irs A 1.3 1.0 B 1.9 1.3 C 2.8 > 2.8 : I : :, A, B C,,,,,,,, (6 ), 2.3,,,,, 2.3.1, : (1 ),,,,,,, (2 ),,

34 2 (3 ), ( ), ( ),,,,, (4 ),,,,,,, ;,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,, 30%,,,,,,,,,,, 2.3.2 2.3.2.1,,,,,,,, ( ), 2.3.2.2 (1 ), ;,,,

2.3 35 (2 ), ( 12mm ), 5000 mm5000 mm ( ),, 2.22 2.22 ( MPa) ( MPa) ( J/ cm 2 ) ( kg/ cm 3 ) ( HB) ( ) ( % ) ( 1/ ) 80120 2540 > 0.1 21002300 3245 6090 < 0.1 (23) 10-5 (3 ),, < 0.1% (4 ),, ( 200),,, (5 ),,, 2.3.2.3,,,,, 2.3.3,,,,, 2.3.4 2.23

36 2 2.23 (mm) :98 MPa 800, 600, :32 MPa 35 10, :37 H B, :2.1g/ cm 3 10, :82 : < 1% :90 MPa :25 MPa :10 15 20 : > 0.1/ cm 2 : : > 40 ::2g/ cm 3 :82 : < 1% :105MPa, :37 MPa 35, :38 H B, :2.1g/ cm 3 :90 : < 0.1% :98 MPa :32 MPa :38 H B :2.2g/ cm 3 : :520 : :82 : < 0.1% 1., ; 2. ; 3.,, ; 4., 1., ; 2. ; 3.,, ; 4., 1., ; 2. ; 3.,, ; 4., 1., ; 2. ; 3.,, ; 4., :82.3MPa 1., :31.3 Pa ; :6.02MPa :10 15 :0.2J/ cm 2 2. ; : : 85% 3.,, : 100% ; :60 4. :0.1%, :62.5 (Breton stone) :19 300300 :15 300400 300500 300600 12001500 1., ; 2. ; 3.,, ; 4.,

2.3 37 (mm) 2.23 :100MPa :5 10 15 20 :30 MPa ::2.2g/ cm 3 : : < 0.1% : > 35 1005005000 5000 :5 8 10 15 :8 10 :900600 :113MPa :30 MPa : > 0.9 J/ cm 2 : > 80 : > 35 H B :0.15 % :2.2g/ cm 3 1., ; 2. ; 3.,, ; 4., 1., ; 2. ; 3.,, ; 4., 1., ; 2. ; 3.,, ; 4., 2001009 2001509 2002009 1001009 :15 305305 400400 500500 600300 610610 :20 1200900 1070750 1200600 : 77.7112.9Mpa : 3.985.6M pa :84.390 :0.07g/ cm 2 ( )47 : - 40800 40040025 30530525 19019010 1901908 40012020 30530525 40040025 : > 45 MPa : > 4.5MPa : > 80 : < 6% : JCJ984 52. 5

38 2 2.23 (mm) :83.1MPa :7.8MPa :85 23 :6 % :2.21g/ cm 3 :2.0mm :12,,, 56mm,,,,,,,,,,,, ( GB65662001 ),,, 2.1? 2.2? 2.3??? 2.4??? 2.5? 2.6? 2.7?? 2.8?

3,,,,, ( ) () (),,,, 3.1, 3.1.1 3.1.1.1 ( ), CaSO4 2 H2 O,, ( ),,, 107170,, : CaSO4 2 H2 O 107170 CaSO4 1 2 H 2 O + 3 2 H 2 O,, 3.1.1.2, ( ) : CaSO4 1 2 H 2 O + 3 H 2 OCaSO4 2 H2 O 2

40 3 ( ) 1/ 5,,,,,,, (),,,,, 3.1.1.3, 2.62.75g/ cm 3, 8001100kg/ cm 3,, 3.1 ; 6min, 30min,,,,, 30%,, 3.1 (GB977688) ( MPa) ( MPa) (0.02mm ) ( % ) 2.5 4.9 2.1 3.9 1.8 2.9 5.0 10.0 15.0 2h 3.1.1.4 (1 ), 610min, 2030 min,,, 2 h 3 6MPa, 7d 812M Pa,, 0.1% 0.2% ( ), 1%,, (2 ), 0.5 % 1.0 %,,,, (3 ),,,, 60 % 80%, 18.6%,, 50% 60%, 8001100kg/ m 3, (4 )

3.1 41,,, (5 ),,,,,, 65, (6 ),,,,, 0.20.3,, 3.1.2,, 3.1.3, 127kPa ( 124),,,, ( 35% 45 % ),,, 7d 15M Pa,, 3.1.4, (CaSO4 1 2 H 2 O CaSO4 ), ( M) ( D) ( W ) ( A)( B) ( C), 3.2 2.5mm 0.2mm 0 40 % 1h, 8h, 600kg/ m 3 3.2 ( JC/ T51793) ( MPa) 5.0 3.5 2.5 4.0 3.0 2.0 2.5 1.0 ( MPa) 3.0 2.0 1.0 2.5 1.5 0.8 1.5 0.6

42 3,,,, 3.2,,,,, 3.2.1,, ( ) 3.2.1.1 900mm 1200 mm; 1800mm, 2100mm, 2400mm, 2700 mm,3000mm, 3300mm 3600mm; 9mm, 12mm,15mm 18mm ( PJ ) 45( PD) ( PC) ( PB)( PY), 3.1 : : 900mm 12 mm, PC90012 GB9775 3.1 3.2.1.2, 3.3 3.3 (GB977588 ),, 3.4 3.5

3.2 43 ( mm) 3.4 (GB977588) ( kg/ m 2 ), ( % ), 9 8.5 9.5 9.0 10.0 9.5 10.5 (, cm 2 ), 12 11.5 12.5 12.0 13.0 12.5 13.5 15 14.5 15.5 15.0 16.0 15.5 16.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 0 3.0 18 17.5 18.5 18.0 19.0 18.5 19.5 3.5 (GB977588 GB1197889 ) (mm) ( N ), ( N), 9 392 353 353 318 167 150 137 123 12 539 485 490 441 206 185 176 150 15 686 617 637 573 255 229 216 194 18 833 750 784 706 294 265 255 229 : 9mm, 12 mm, 15 mm 3.2.1.3,,, A ( GB5022295) 515 min,,,, 3.2.1.4, 70%,,, ( QS T ),, 3050 kg/ m,,,

44 3, 3.2.2,, 3.2.2.1 1800mm, 2100mm, 2400mm, 2700mm, 3000mm, 3300mm 3600 mm; 900mm 1200mm; 9mm, 12mm 15mm ( SJ ) 45 ( SD) ( SC) ( SB)( SY), 3.1 3.2.2.2, 3.6 3.7, 3.8, 3.5, GB1197889 3.6 (GB1197889) 3.7 (GB1197889 ) ( % ), ( % ), ( % ), 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 5.0 6.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 1.6 2.0 2.4 3.8 (GB1197889 ) ( mm) ( kg/ m 2 ), (mm), 9 9.0 9.5 10.0 48 52 56 12 12.0 12.5 13.0 32 36 40 15 15.0 15.5 16.0 16 20 24 2h, 3.2.2.3,

3.2 45 3.2.2.4 3.2.3,, 3.2.3.1 1800mm, 2100mm, 2700 mm, 3000mm, 3300mm 3600mm; 900mm 1200mm; 9mm, 12mm, 15mm,18mm, 21mm 25mm ( HJ ) 45 ( H D) ( HC ) ( HB)( H Y), 3. 1 3.2.3.2 3.9 3.9 B1, A ( ), 3.10 3.11 3.10 (GB1197989) ( min) 30 25 20 3.11 (GB1197989) ( mm) ( % ), ( kg/ m 2 ) ( N ), ( N ), ( ) 9 8.010.0 400 360 360 320 70 50 40 30 12 10.013.0 550 500 500 450 10 90 80 70 15 18 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 13.016.0 700 630 650 590 60 40 20 10 15.019.0 850 770 800 730 20 90 70 0 0 3.0 21 17.022.0 1000 900 950 860 80 40 20 90 25 20.026.0 1150 1040 1100 1000 40 90 70 30

46 3 3.2.3.3 ( B1 ),, 2030minGB5022295,, A, GB1197989 3.2.3.4, () 3.2.4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.2.4.1,, 3.12 3.12 (GB977788 ) P K D FP FK FD, 500mm 500mm9 mm,600mm600mm11mm, 3.2.4.2 3.13 3.13 (GB977788) ( % ), 2.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.5 ( % ), 5.0 6.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 ( mm), 5 7 10 12 15 17

3.2 47 3.14 3.14 (GB977788) ( N), ( kg/ m 2 ), ( mm) P, K, FP, FK 176 159 147 132 118 106 9 8.0 9.0 10.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 11 10.0 1.0 12.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 D, FD 186 168 167 150 147 132 9 11.0 2.0 13.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 3.2.4.3,,,,, () 3.2.5 3.2.5.1 ( QZ),, ( QS), 600mm600mm, 28mm;500 mm500mm, 25mm ( L ) ( H ) ( S ) 3.2 3.2 3.2.5.2 3.15 ( kg/ m 2 ) 3.15 (GB977888 ) ( % ), ( N ), ( ) 16.0 18.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 196 176 176 157 157 127 0.3

48 3 GB977888 3.2.5.3,, (),,,,,,,,,, 3.2.6,,,, 500mm 500mm 9.5mm, 600mm 600mm 9.5mm, 455mm 910mm 9.5mm, 3.2.7, ( ), 3.16 ( ) 3.16 (GB1197989) K C W( ), Y ( ) WK, YK WC, YC 3.2.7.1 500mm 500mm 600mm 600 mm, 9mm 12 mm 6, 8, 10,, 1824mm, 5.7% 15.7%,, 3.2.7.2, ; 3.17, GB1197989 ( GB1197989), 3.18

3.2 49 3.17 (GB1197989 ) ( % ), ( N ), ( mm) mm 6 18 6 22 6 24 9 12 140 126 130 117 120 108 160 144 150 135 140 126 8 22 8 24 9 12 2.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.5 100 90 90 81 80 72 110 99 100 90 90 81 10 24 9 12 90 81 80 72 70 63 100 90 90 81 80 72 :, 3.18 (GB1197989) 6 18, 8.7 %,12mm, 6 18, 8.7 %,12mm,, 6 18, 8.7 %,12mm,, 50mm (80kg/ m 3 ) ( mm) 75 150 300 0.16 0.15 0.11 0.49 0.50 0.45 0.65 0.64 0.57 ; 125 Hz, 160 Hz, 200 Hz, 250 Hz, 315 Hz, 400 Hz, 500 Hz, 630 Hz, 800 Hz, 1000 H z, 1250 Hz, 1600 Hz, 2000 H z, 2500 Hz, 3150 Hz, 4000 H z 3.2.7.3,, 0.110.65,, 3.2.7.4,,, 70%,, ;,

50 3 3.2.8, ( 100120g/ m 2 ), A 1.5mm 2.0mm, 0.34,,, 1h, 0.16 0.18 W/ ( mk), 3.2.9, ( ),,,, 3.2.9.1 L,,, 45300mm, 18002300mm,, ;,,,, ;,,,, 3.2.9.2,, 0.9 2.5mm, 3.2.9.3,,,, 3.2.9.4 1/ 2,, 1/ 4, 1/ 8 3.2.9.5 1.8m4 m, 3.2.9.6,,,,

51 : ( 1) ; ( 2 ) ; (3 ),, ; (4 ) ; (5 ) ; ( 6) : (), ( ),,,, 3.1?? 3.2 3.3 3.4? 3.5?

4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 180, 4.1 4.1 ( ) ( )

4.1 53 4.1 : GB, JC600 30,, 98%, 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.1.1 ( GB17599 ) 05%, ( ),, P ; 5%, P 4.1.1.2 (1 ),,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,

54 4, 1100 1500, 70% 80%,, (3 ), 4.1.1.3,, ;,, ;,,,,,,, 4.1 4.1.1.4 4.1 ( ) CaOSiO2 Al2 O3 Fe2 O3, 95%, : (1 ) 3CaOSiO2, C3 S, 37% 60% ; (2 ) 2CaOSiO2, C2 S, 15% 37% ; (3 ) 3CaOAl2 O3, C3 A, 7% 15% ; (4 )4CaOAl2 O3 Fe2 O3, C4 AF, 10% 18%, ( f CaO) ( ) 75%,,,,, 22%, 12501280,, 95%, 4.2

4.1 55 4.2 28d ( J/ g) C3 S () C 2 S, C3 A, ( ) C 4 AF,, C3 S C3 A, ; C3 S C3 A, C2 S C4 A F, ; C4 A F 4.1.1.5, ( ),,,,,, ;, (1 ), : C3 S C2 S 2 (3CaOSiO2 ) + 6 H2 O 3CaO2SiO2 3 H2 O + 3Ca( O H) 2 2( 2CaOSiO2 ) + 4 H2 O 3CaO2SiO2 3 H2 O + Ca( O H ) 2 CaO, C3 A, : 3 CaOAl2 O3 + 6H 2 O 3CaOAl2 O3 6H 2 O C3 A, C3 S,,,, : 3CaOAl2 O3 6H2 O + 3 ( CaSO4 2 H2 O) + 19 H2 O 3CaOAl2 O3 3CaSO4 31 H2 O() C3 A ( 70% ) (20% ) (7% ), (2 ),,,,

56 4,, :,,,,,,,,, ;,, 4.1.1.6, 9 4.34.4 4.3 ( GB1751999) P P 1 ( % ) 0.75 1.50 2 ( % ) 3.0 3.5 3 ( ) ( m 2 / kg) > 300 4 (min) 45 390 5 (mm) 5 6 ( % ) 5.0 6.0 7 ( % ) 3.5 8 ( Na 2 O + 0.658K 2 O) 0.6 4.4 ( GB1751999 ) ( MPa) ( MPa) 3d 28d 3d 28d 42.5 17.0 42.5 3.5 6.5 42.5R 22.0 42.5 4.0 6.5 52.5 23 52.5 4.0 7.0 52.5R 27 52.5 5.0 7.0 62.5 28 62.5 5.0 8.0 62.5R 32 62.5 5.5 8.0 (1 ),

4.1 57, 3 d 7d,28d, 3 28d,, 28d 42.5 42.5 R 52.5 52.5R 62.5 62.5 RR, 3d, 28d 4.4 (2 ),,,,,, (3 ), SiO2, R2 O3, 9501000 (4 ),,, ( ),, (5 ),, 21 % 26 % (6 ),, ;, ;,,, (7 ) N a2 O + 0.658K2 O (),,,,, Na2 O + 0.658K2 O

58 4 0.60 % ;, (8 ) 3.1 3.2 g/ cm 3, 1000 1300 kg/ m 3, 15001900kg/ m 3,,, (9 ),,,,,,,,, 4.1.1.7,,,,, 4.5 4.5 ( ) (, ),,,,,,,,, C3 S Ca( O H ) 2, C3 A,, 4.1.1.8 (1 ),,,, (2 ),,, (3 ),

4.1 59 4.1.2 ( P P ),,,,,, :,, ;,,, ;,,, ;,, 4.1.2.1 (1 )( GB1751999 ) 6 % 15 %, ( ), P O, 15 % 5% 10%, 10% (2 )( GB13441999) ( ), PS 20 % 70 %, 8%, 20% (3 )( GB13441999) (), PP 20% 50% (4 ) ( GB13441999) (), PF 20% 40% (5 )( GB129581999 ), ( ), PC 15%, 50 % 8%, (6 ) ( JC600),, PL 10 %, 25% 4.1.2.2 32.5 32.5 R 42.5 42.5R 52.5 52.5R

60 4 32.5 42.5 42.5 R 52.5 52.5R 4.1.2.3 4.6, 4.7 ( % ) 4.6 PO PS PP PF PC 5.0, 5.0 ;, 6.0 :5% 6 %, PS, 40 %, P P PF 6.0 30 %, ( % ) 3.5 4.0 3.5 ( 0.080mm ) ( % ) ( min) ( % ) 5.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 45 390 ( mm) 5 5 5 ( Na2 O + 0.658 K2 O) ( % ) 0.6 4.7 ( MPa) ( MPa) 3d 28d 3d 28d 32.5 11 32.5 2.5 5.5 32.5R 16 32.5 3.5 5.5 42.5 16 42.5 3.5 6.5 42.5R 21 42.5 4.0 6.5 52.5 22 52.5 4.0 7.0 52.5R 26 52.5 5.0 7.0 32.5 10.0 32.5 2.5 5.5 32.5R 15.0 32.5 3.5 5.5 42.5 15.0 42.5 3.5 6.5 42.5R 19.0 42.5 4.0 6.5 52.5 21.0 52.5 4.0 7.0 52.5R 23.0 52.5 4.5 7.0 32.5 11.0 32.5 2.5 5.5 32.5R 16.0 32.5 3.5 5.5 42.5 16.0 42.5 3.5 6.5 42.5R 21.0 42.5 4.0 6.5 52.5 22.0 52.5 4.0 7.0 52.5R 26.0 52.5 5.0 7.0

4.2 61 4.1.2.4 4.8 4.8 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4., 37d 3 % 7% 1. ; 1. 2. ; 3. ; 2. 1. ; 2. ; ; 3. 3. ; 4., 4-3, 1. 1., 1. 1., ; ; 2. ; ; 2. ; ; 2. 3. ; 3., 4. ; 5. 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5.,, 1. 1., 1. 1. ;, ; 20 30d 2. ; ; 2. ; 3. ; 2. ; ; 2. 4. 3. ; 3. ; ; ; 4. 4. ; 3. 5. 5. 1., :,,,,,, ; 2. 4.2,, ;,

62 4 4.2.1 4.2.1.1, (), 5% 4.2.1.2,,,, 4.9 4.9 Fe 2 O 3 ( % ) 34 0.450.70 0.350.45 ( ), :,, ; 90%, ;,,,, ; ; 4.2.1.3 (1 )( 4.10 ) 4.10 (GB2015 ) ( % ) ( % ) ( 0.080mm ) ( % ) ( ) ( min) (h ) 4.5 3.5 10 45 12 (2 ) 32.5 42.5 52.5 62.5, 4.11 4.11 ( MPa) ( MPa) 3d 7d 28d 3d 7d 28d 32.5 14.0 20.5 32.5 2.5 3.5 5.5 42.5 18.0 26.5 42.5 3.5 4.5 6.5 52.5 23.0 33.5 52.5 4.0 5.5 7.0 62.5 28.0 42.0 62.5 5.0 6.0 8.0 (3 ),,

4.2 63,, 4.12 4.12 ( % ) 86 84 80 75 (4 ),, 4.13 4.13 62.5 52.5 52.5 42.5 52.5 42.5 42.5 32.5 32.5 4.2.1.4, MgO CaF2, (12501350),, :, ;,,,, 4.2.2 4.2.2.1 : (1 ) ( ),, ; ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),,,,,,,, (2 ),, Cr2 O3 Cr ( O H ) 3

64 4 ; CaO, (0.1 % 2.0% ),,, :, ;,,, 4.2.2.2 (1 ),,, (2 ), (3 ),,, (4 ),,,,,,, 4.1,?? 4.2???? 4.3???? 4.4?? 4.5?? 4.6?? 4.7,?

65 4.8?? 4.9??? 4.10,? 4.11? 4.12??

5,,,,,,, 5.1 5.1.1, 4 5.1.1.1 6% 15% ( GB17599 ), 42.5 42.5 R 52.5 52.5R 62.5 62.5R 5.1.1.2,,,,, 5.1.1.3,,,, ;,

5.1 67,,, : ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ),, 5.1.1.4, : (1 ) 28d 1.5 2.0, ;,,, (2 ),,, (5.1 ) 5.1 ( > C40 ), ( > 32.5 ) ( > 42.5) ( > 32.5 ) 5.1.2 150m4.75mm, ; 4.75mm

68 5 70 % 80 %, 5.1.2.1 2500 kg/ m 3 ; 1350kg/ m 3, 47%,,,,,,,,,, ( GB/ T146842001 ), ( MK ), C60 ; C30C60 ; C30 : (1 ) 75m,,,,, 5.2 5.2 ( ) ( % ) < 1.0 < 3.0 < 5.0 ( ) ( % ) 0 < 1.0 < 2.0 ( ) ( % ) < 1.0 < 2.0 < 2.0 ( ) ( % ) < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0 () ( SO 3 ) ( % ) < 0.5 < 0.5 < 0.5 () ( % ) < 0.01 < 0.02 < 0.06 : 2000 kg/ m 3 (2 )( MK ),,,,, 5.1 : ( a), ; ( b), ; ( c),,

5.1 69 5.1, : 500g 9.50mm 4.75mm 2.36mm 1.18mm 600m 300m 150m,,, a1 a2 a6, A1 A2 A6 : A1 = a1 A2 = a1 + a2 MK A6 = a1 + a2 + + a6, : MK = ( A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 + A5 + A6 ) - 5 A1 100 - A1 ( 5.1), 3.71.6 MK = 3.73.1, MK = 3.02.3, MK = 2.21.6, 3.7 1.6, 600m ( ), ( 5.3), 5.3 5.3 ( % ) 9.50mm 0 0 0 4.75mm 100 100 100 2.63mm 355 250 150 1.18mm 6535 5010 250 600m 8571 7041 4016 300m 9580 9270 8555 150m 10090 10090 10090 :, 4.75m 600m,, 5 % 150m 100 % 85 %, 150m 100 % 80 %, 150m 100 % 75 %

70 5,, 5.4 ( 5.2 ),, (3 ),,, 5,, 5.4 5.2 5.4 ( % ) < 8 < 8 < 10 ( % ) < 20 < 25 < 30 (4 ),,,, 0.10 % 5.1.2.2 ; 2600 2700 kg/ m 3, 13001400kg/ m 3, 45% ; 14001600kg/ m 3, 35% 45% C60 ; C30C60 ; C30 : ( GB/ T146852001) (1 ) 75m ; 4.75mm 2.36mm 5.5 (2 ),

5.1 71,, 2.4 ; 0.4 5.6 5.5 ( ) ( % ) < 0.5 < 1.0 < 1.5 ( ) ( % ) 0 < 0.5 < 0.7 ( SO 3 ) ( % ) < 0.5 < 1.0 < 1.0 5.6 ( ) ( % ) < 5 < 15 < 25,,,,, ;,,, 10% (3 ),, ( GB50204 ), 1/ 4, 3/ 4 ;, 1/ 2, 50mm;, 13, 12.5, 2.36mm 4.75 mm 9.50mm 16mm 19mm 26.5mm 31.5 mm 37.5mm 53.0mm 63.0mm 75.0mm 90.0 mm,, 2,,,,, 6,,,,,

72 5 (4 ),,,, 5, 5.7 5.7 ( % ) < 5 < 8 < 12 (5 ),,, 5cm 5cm 1.5, 80M Pa; 60M Pa; 30M Pa,, 200kN, G1, 2.36mm, G2, Qa : G1 - G2 Qa = G1 100 % ( 5.2), 5.8 5.8 < 10 < 20 < 30 < 12 < 16 < 16 (6 ), 5.3,, 5.1.3 :,

5.1 73 5.3 ;, ; 5.9 5.9 p H > 4 > 4 > 4 ( mg/ L) < 2000 < 2000 < 5000 ( mg/ L) < 2000 < 5000 < 10000 (Cl - ) (mg/ L) < 500 < 1200 < 3500 2 - ( SO 4 ) ( mg/ L) < 600 < 2700 < 2700 ( S 2 - ) (mg/ L) < 100 :, 350 mg/ L 5.1.4, 5.1.4.1, ( GB80752003), : (1 ),, ;,, ( ),, (2 ) :, ;, ;, ;, 5.1.4.2 (1 )

74 5 :,, ;,,, :,, 1020 mm,, 10% 15%, 15% 20%,, 30% 50%,, 10% 15%,, M ; NF FDN U N FMF N NO ; SM CRS,, 15% 27% 3 d 30% 100%, 28d 20% 30% (2 ) : ( )( ), 0.1% 0.3%, 24h,, - 5, (3 ) ( - 5), CaCl2 NaCl KCl AlCl3 0.5% 1.0% CaCl2, 3d 50% 100% 7d 20 % 40 %, Cl -, ( GB50204 ) : CaCl2 1% 3 % Na2 SO4 CaSO4 Al2 ( SO4 ) 3, Na2 SO4, 0.5% 2.0%,,

5.2 75 0.02% 0.05%,,, ( ), (4 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 1%, 4% 6%, 2% 3%, 0.005%0.2%,,, (6 ), (NaCl CaCl2 )( ) ( ), 0-15 C,,,, 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.1.1 ( ),,,,,,,,

76 5,,,,,, 5.2.1.2,, : (1 ),, 300mm 100mm 200mm,,,,, mm,, 5.4, : 160mm; 100150mm; 5090mm; 1040mm (2 ) 5.4 10mm,, 5. 5 :,,,,,, ( s ), 40mm, 530s : 510s; 1120 s; 2130 s; 31 s 5.2.1.3 (1 ),,,

5.2 77,,,,,,, ( ),,, ;,,,, 5.5 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,, ; ;,, ;,,,,, (3 ) ( Sp ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (4 ),,,,,,,

78 5, (5 ) ( ),,,, (6 ),,,,,, :, ;, ; ; ;, 5.2.2, 5.2.2.1,,,, ( GBJ81 ), 150mm 150mm 150mm ( 20390 % ) 28d, fcu 95%, fcu, k,, ( 5.10) 5.10 ( mm) ( mm) 31.5 100100100 0.95 40 150150150 1 60 200200200 1.05

5.2 79 C ( N/ m 2 MPa ), C7.5 C10 C15 C20 C25 C30 C35 C40 C45 C50 C55 C60 C65 C70 C75 C80 16, 5.2.2.2,, ( fcp ) ( GBJ81), 150mm150 mm300mm fcp fcu fcu 1055M Pa, fcp ( 0.700.80 ) f cu 5.2.2.3, 1/ 101/ 20,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, f ts f ts = 0.637 P A ( 5.3) f ts ( M Pa) ; P( N) ; A( mm 2 ),, 0.90, : 5.2.2.4 f ts = 0.35 f cu 3 4 ( 5.4), (1 ),,,,,,

80 5,, :, fcu = a fce f cu 28d ( MPa) ; C1m 3 ( kg ) ; W1m 3 ( kg) ; C W - b ( 5.5) f ce ( MPa), f ce, k,, f ce (1.13) ; = c fc e, k, c a b,,, (2 ), ( JGJ/ T552000) : a = 0.46, b = 0.07; a = 0.48, b = 0.33,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (4 )

5.2 81 :, 28d,, : f n f28 = lg n lg28 f n n (M Pa) ; f 28 28 ( M Pa) ; n( d), n3 (5 ) ( 5.6),,,,, 5.2.3,,, 5.2.3.1,,,, 28d,, 25% 5 % F10 F15 F25 F50 F10 0 F1 50 F200 F25 0 F3 00,,,,, 5.2.3.2 (),,, 28d P4 P6 P8 P1 0 P12,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,

82 5, 5.2.3.3 CO2,,,,,, 5.2.3.4,,,,, : (1 )( N a2 O + 0.658K2 O) 0.6% (2 )SiO2 (3 ),, : (1 ) 0.6 %,, ; (2 ); (3 ), ; (4 ), 5.3,,,,, 5.3.1,, (1 ),,,

5.3 83, (2 ),,,, 11% (3 ), (4 ),,,, 6% (5 ), 5.3.2,, 5.3.2.1,,,, : (1 ) ( ), :,,,, (2 ),,,,,,, ( 3),,,,,

84 5 5.3.2.2,,,,,,,,, Ca ( O H ) 2 Na2 SO4 N a2 CO3 :,,, ;,, ; 5.3.2.3,,,,,,,,,, 5.6 5.6 5.3.3, ;,, (1 ),,,,,,,,,,

5.3 85,, 10mm, 5 10mm, ;,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,, 1/ 6,,,,,,, ( ), (3 ),,,,, 5.3.4,,, (1 ),, 12 h,, 45, (2 ),,,,, (3 ) 24h (4 ),, 1220MPa

86 5 (5 ) 1.52m/ min, 6580m/ s,,,,,,,, 5.4,,, :,,, :,,,,,,,,, : ;,,,,, 5.4.1 5.4.1.1,,, 45, 32.542.5M Pa 5.4.1.2,, (1 ),, SiO2, (2 ), :, 80-20,

5.4 87,,,, (3 ),,, 5.11 5.11 ( mm) 1 20 2 15 3 8 4 6 5 4 1.,, ; 2. 6 0.31.2 (4 ), (5 ), 1.23mm,,,,, 5.4.1.3, ;, ;,, 5.12, 5.13

88 5 5.12 : : TiO 2,,,,,,,, : TiO2,,,; T io 2,, : : ZnS + BaSO 4 : : : ZnO : Mg3 ( Si4 O10 ) ( OH ) 2 : :CaCO3,,,,,,,,,, 140325,90 % CaCO 3, 320, 98 % CaCO 3 SO 2,, SO 2, : : : Fe 2 O 3 xh 2 O, :,,, ( > 1 % ) : 55, 80, : : PbCrO 4 90 ;65,6070; 90,60; 90,55; 90, 50 : : : ZnCrO 4, 150, 120g/ m 2

5.4 89 5.12 :,,,,, 0.52m, 78 : : Fe 2 O 3 : : : H gs : : : 3CdS2CdSe, 25m, 5 20m,,, H gs98 % ( CdS ) ( CdSe),,,,, :,, : : Co( AlO 2 ) 2,,,,,, : : Fe 2 O 3 Fe 3 O 4 : : Fe 2 O 3,, Fe 2 O 3 85 %,,, Fe 2 O 3 > 96 % : : : Fe 3 O 4 Fe2 O3 FeO : : C,,,,,,,,

90 5 5.12 : : MnO 2,,,,,, :,,,, ( ) 5.13 ( % ) 42.5 93 86 79 95 90 85 93 86 79 95 90 85 95 90 85 93 86 79 94 83 82 7 14 21 4 7 9 5 10 15 3 7 12 5 10 15 5 10 15 7 14 21 2 5 9 :, 60 % 70 %,,,, = 1( 2.5 3.0 ), 5.4.2 5.4.2.1,,

5.4 91 5.4.2.2,,,,, 5.4.2.3,, L,,, 5.4.2.4,,, 5.4.2.5, ;,,,, 5.4.2.6 5.4.2.7 110,,,,, 5.4.2.8,,, 5.4.2.9,,,,,, 5.4.2.10, ( ),, 13mm,,,,

92 5 5.4.3 5.4.3.1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5.4.3.2,,,,,,,, = 11.5, = 11.25 ( 30% ),,, 5.7 5.7 5.4.3.3 56mm,,,,,,,,, 5.4.3.4,,,,, 2/ 3,

5.4 93,,,, 107,, 5.14 5.14 (mm) 1., 13 12 2., ; 12 3.,11.252 ( 12 30 %, 2 % 3 % ) 1.,13 ; 12 2.,122.5 ; 6 3.: 78, 107 = 11 1.50.050.15, 107 = 1 0.5 2 0.05 0.15 = 10.5 4., 1.24h ; 2. ; 3.23d ; 4.,,, ; 5.,, 1520mm 1. ; 2.,, 10mm ; 3., ( ) ; 4.,,,; 5., 1.,13 ; 2., ; 3.,= 11 () 11.25( ) 11.5 () 12 12 815 1.,; 2., ( ), 1.,10.54 12 1. :,, 13 ; ; ; 2.:,, ; 2., ; 3.,,, 5 % ; ( 3 % ) ;, 10 %20% ( : 4 3% ) ; 5 25% 30 % 1.,13 ; 15 2.; 3., 11 3 5 1. ; 2. ; 3.( ), ; 4. 1.,13 ; 2.,116 ; 15 10 1.,; 2.,,,,,

94 5 5.4.3.5,,,,, (),, (1 ) ( Q ), (D), ( T ), ( G) ( M) ( P ) 5.15 5.15 (mm) 1010 ( mm) > 53 : 53 4, ( mm) 2 3 4 ( mm) 2, 10, 3 20 ( ) > 45.0 > 35.0 > 25.0 ( % ) < 8.0 ( MPa) > 5.0,> 4.0 (2 ) :,,,, 13 14, 1520 mm, 24h,, 3mm, ( ),,, 1 2mm,,,,,,,,,,,,,

5.4 95,,,,,,,,,, 6080, ; 120180, ; 180240,,,,, 280,,,,,, 5.16 5.16 ( kg) ( % ) 160 40 100 2 4 160 40 100 0.5 140 60 100 100 100 100 4 1.5 140 60 100 2 60 140 100 140 40 20 100

96 5 ( )() ;, ;, : ; 5.1?? 5.2?? 5.3??? 5.4?? 5.5? 5.6??? 5.7 5.8?? 5.9??? 5.10??? 5.11?? 5.12??? 5.13?

6 ; ; (GB/ T4100.11999GB/ T4100.51999 ),,, 6.1 6.1.1 6.1.1.1,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 6.1.1.2,,, (1 ), ( )( ), ( ),,

98 6,,,,,,, 6.1 (2 ),, 6.1 ( % ) > 10 1822 912 48 < 1 < 0.5 < 0.5 < 0.5 < 0.5, 6.1.1.3,,, GB/ T91951999,, 6.2 6.3 6.2 ( % ) E0.5 0.5 < E3 3 < E6 6 < E10 E > 10,

6.1 99 6.3, 6.1.2,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, 6.1.2.1,,,,,,, (1 ),, :,,,, :

100 6 1580,,, 10 %,,, 13501580, 10% 15%, 1350,,,, (2 ),, SiO2 Al2 O3 H2 O, K2 O N a2 O, CaO MgO Fe2 O3 TiO2 SiO2, ; K2 O Na2 O,, ( 1000 ) ; CaOMgO,, ; Al2 O3 T io2 ; Fe2 O3 TiO2 Fe2 O3 0.8% TiO2 0.5 %, ; Fe2 O3 0.8% TiO2 0.5%,, :, () ( ), Al2 O3 2SiO2 nh2 O, n 2 4, ( ) Al2 O3 4SiO2 nh2 O, n 12 1, K2 O 3Al2 O3 6SiO2 2H 2 O,,,,, 12m,, (3 ),,,,,,,,

6.1 101,,,,, 3% 12 %, (,,,, ),,, 1% 2%,, 900,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 250, 200, 5080,, (4 ),,, 6.1.2.2,,,, 6.1.2.3,,,, 6.1.2.4, 6.1.3, :, 5% 8% ;, 40 %,, 6.1 6.1.4,,

102 6 6.1, 6.1.4.1 (1 ),,,, ;, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6.4 6.4 (1100) (11001250) (1250) ( ) (3 ), :,, (

6.1 103 ), ( ),,,, 6.5 6.5 ( ) ( ) ( ) (mm) 11501200 13001450 3060 (20100, 110-6 - 1 ) 2.95.3 ( MPa) ( ) 60009000 220 ( ) ( % ) > 90 ( % ) > 80 6.1.4.2,, (1 ),, 600850,,,,,,, (2 ),,, 10501150,,,,,,, (3 )

104 6, ( ),,,,,,,,, (),, 11001150,,,,,, (4 ), ( ) ( ),,,,,,,, (),,,,, (5 ),,,,,,,, ( ),,, ( ) A. (),,, ( ),,,,,,,

6.2 105 B. ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6.2 10% 20%,,, 6.2.1 6.2.1.1,,, 6.6 6.6 F, J,, YG, SHG,, H Y,,,, JJ, BW, LSH,, BT YG T D YGT SHGT,,, ( YG ) ( SHG),,,,,,,,,

106 6 6.2.1.2 ( ) ( ),, 6.2, 6.3,, () (), ( ) ( ) 6.2 6.7 6.3

6.2 107 6.7 (mm) 152 152 5 152 76 5 108 108 5 76 76 5 152 75 5 80 80 4 300 150 5 110 110 4 300 200 5 152 152 4 300 200 4 108 108 4 300 150 4 152 75 4 200 200 5 200 200 4 300 200 6 200 200 5 6.2.2 6.2.2.1,, ;, (1 ) 6.8 6.8 (mm) ( % ) (2 4 ) ( 2 4 ) 10 ( 20 40 ) L12cm 0.75 L > 12cm 0.50 L12cm 0.50 L > 12cm 0.30 + 0.60-0.30 0.25 10.0 10.0 : (2 )1.55mm, 2mm (3 ) 6.9 6.2.2.2 : 95% 0.8m : 95% 1m 6.2.2.3 (1 ) E > 10 %, 9% E > 20%,

108 6 ( % ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 6.9 0.20 0.30 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.50 0.20 0.30 1. - 0.40-0.50-0.70-0.80 ( 2. - 0.20-0.30-0.10-0.20 ) 3. - 0.30 0.50 S250cm 2 0.30 S250cm 2 0.50 S > 250cm 2 0.50 S > 250cm 2 0.75 : (2 ) : 7.5 mm, 600N ; < 7.5mm, 200N ( 3000N ) : 15M Pa, 12M Pa (3 ) 10 (4 ), (5 ) (6 ) (7 )( 100) (8 )( mm/ m ) (9 ) (10) 6.2.3,,,,,, 10% 20%,,,,,,,, 5%,,,, 5002000 H z, 95%,,,

6.3 109 6.3,,,, ( 10 % ),, 6.3.1 6.3.1.1,,, ; ; ;, 6.3.5 6.103 812mm,, 1200mm3000mm 6.10 500500 600600 800800 900900 10001000 1200600 100100 150150 200200 250250 300300 400400 15075 200100 200150 250150 30050 300200 11565 24065 13065 26065 6.3.1.2,,,,,,, ;, ( E < 3% ), 10%,,, 6.3.2, (), 6.3.5 300mm 300mm 400mm 400mm 450mm 450 mm 500mm

110 6 500mm 600mm600mm 800mm800mm, 712mm,, 900mm900mm 1000 mm1000 mm 1000 mm2000 mm,,,, 6,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6.3.3 6.3.3.1 (),,, 6.3.5 20 60,,,,,, DIN 6.3.3.2 6.11 6.11 ( mm) 2405211 1949411 1945213 19019013 2407111 12012012 1949413 15015014 24011511 24011512 2405213 20020014 20010011 24011512 24011513 30030014

6.3 111 6.3.3.3,,,,,, ;,, ;, 6.3.4 6.3.4.1,,,,, 2mm,,,, 2mm, : :,,,,, 6.3.4.2,,,,,,,,,, :, 3%, ; 8 %,,, :

112 6 ( ) ( ) ( ), 6.3.5 6.3.4.3, 17mm,,,,,,,,, 6.3.4.4,,,,,,, 6.3.4.5,,,,, 6.3.5,, ( GB/ T4100.11999GB/ T4100. 41999),,, 6.3.5.1 (1 ) 6.12 (2 4 )1.0% 25mm, 2% ( 5mm) 6.13

6.3 113 6.12 ( % ) S(cm 2 ) S90 90 < S190 190 < S410 410 < S1600 S > 1600 1.( 2 4 ) 2.( 2 4 ) 10 ( 20 40 ) 1.2 1.0 0.75 0.6 0.5 0.75 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 10.0 10.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 6.13 S90 90 < S190 190 < S410 410 < S1600 S > 1600 S( cm 2 ) ( % ) ( ) ( 0.50 0.75 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.5 ) ( ) ( 0.70 1.0 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.5 ) 1. 0.70 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 2. 0.70 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 3. 0.70 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 : 0.2 %, 2.0mm (2 ) 6.14 6.14 ( E0.5 ) ( 0.5 < E3 ) (3 < E6 ) ( 6 < E10) : 95 %0.8m : 95 %1m ( % ) 0.6 3.3 6.5 11 7.5mm, ( N ) < 7.5mm, ( N ) 1300 1100 1000 800 700 700 600 500

114 6 6.14 ( ( MPa) 35 30 22 18 > 3000 ) ( MPa) 32 27 20 16 10,, ( % ) 55 ( mm 3 ) 175 175 345 540, 3 3 3 3 : 6.3.5.2 (1 ) 6.12 25mm, 2% ( 5mm) 6.13 (2 )6.14 6.3.5.3 (1 ) 6.15 6.15 ( % ) S(cm 2 ) S90 90 < S190 190 < S410 S > 410 (1) ( 2 4 ) (2) ( 2 4 ) 10 (20 40 ) 1.2 1.0 0.75 0.6 0.75 0.5 0.5 0.4 10.0 10.0 5.0 5.0 : 25mm, 2% ( 5mm)

6.4 115 6.16 (2 )6.14 6.3.5.4 (1 ) 6.15 25mm, 2 % (5 mm) 6.16 6.16 ( % ) S(cm 2 ) S90 90 < S190 190 < S410 S > 410 ( ) 0.50 0.75 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 ( ) 0.70 1.0 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 1. 0.7 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 2. 0.7 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 3. 0.7 1.0 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 : 6.14 6.4, ( 50mm),, 284.0mm 295.0mm 305.0mm 325.0mm 305mm, 0.09m 2, 0.65kg, 40, 3.7m 2 6.4.1, 6.17, 6.18

116 6 6.17 ( ) ( mm) a b c d 39.0 39.0 5.0 23.6 23.6 5.0 18.5 18.5 5.0 15.2 15.2 5.0 39.0 18.5 5.0 39.0 19.2 27.9 5.0 32.1 15.9 22.8 5.0 ( ) ( mm) a b c d 36.4 11.9 37.9 22.7 5.0 25 5.0 15 15 18 40 5.0 7.5 15 18 20 5.0 6.18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

6.5 117 6.4.2 ( 0.2%, 1.0% ),,,,, 6.5 6.5.1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,,, 6.5.2,,,,,,,,,,,,,

118 6,,,, 1979 ;1984 10,, 756, 8m, 2.5m,,,, ;, 180m 2, 1984 11, ;, 29.43m, 4.65 m, 2260,,,,,,,,,, :, 6.1??? 6.2?? 6.3,, 6.4???? 6.5? 6.6? 6.7?? 6.8? 6.9

7, ;, ;,,,, 7.1 7.1.1,,,,, ( SiO2 ) ( Na2 CO3 ) ( CaCO3 ), 15501600 SiO2 ( 72% ) N a2 O( 15% )CaO( 9% ), Al2 O3 MgO, 7.1 ( SiO2 ) ( Na 2 O) ( CaO ) ( Al2 O3 ) ( MgO ) 7.1

120 7 7.1.2 7.1.2.1,,,,, 2.2 g/ cm 3, 6.5g/ cm 3, 2.52.6g/ cm 3 7.1.2.2,, :,, 100%,,,, 19%,,,,,, ( ),,,, :, ;,,,,, 3mm 87%, 5mm 84 %, ;,, 7.1.2.3 (1 ),, (700 ), (2 ),,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,

7.1 121, ;,, 7.1.2.4,,, (1 ),, 6001200M Pa ; (2 ), 4080MPa,,,, 4080MPa,,,,,,,, (3 ) 6000075000M Pa, 1/ 3,, ;,,, 47, 7.1.2.5,,,,, 7.1.3 (1 ), :, (),, (2 )

122 7 (3 ) (4 ),,, 7.2,,, ( 85 % 90 % ), 7.2.1 7. 1 7.1 7.2.2 ( ), 7.2.2.1,,, ( 7.2, 7.3),,,,, 7.2.2.2 7001000mm,

7.2 123 7.2 7.3,,,,, 7.2.2.3,,,,,,,,,, 7.4 7.4,, 75%,, 2.44.6m, 7.2.3,, ( GB116141999 ) 7.2.3.1 : 2mm 3mm 4 mm 5mm 6mm 8mm 10mm 12mm 15 mm 19mm

124 7 7.2.3.2, (1 ) 7.2 7.2 ( mm) 3000 30005000 2, 3,4 5,6 2 3 8,10 + 2, - 3 + 3, - 4 12,15 3 4 19 5 5 (2 )7.3, 2 mm 3mm 0.2mm; 4 mm 5mm 6mm 8mm 10 mm, 0.3mm 7.3 ( mm) 2, 3,4,5,6 0.2 8, 10 0.3 12 0.4 15 0.6 19 1.0 (3 ) 7.4 (4 ) 0.2% (5 ) 7.5 7.2.3.3 (1 ) ( ), () () () ( ), (2 )( ), (3 )( ) (4 )

7.2 125 7.4 L 0.5mmL1.5mm L 1.5mmL3.0mm L 3.0mmL5.0mm L L > 5.0mm 5.0S 1.0S 0.22S 0 L 0.5mmL1.0mm L 1.0mm < L2.0mm L 2.0mm < L3.0mm L L > 3.0mm 2.2S 0.44S 0.22S 0 1.5mm 1.0mm : 300mm 0.5mm,60mm,3S, : 2mm,40 ;3mm, 45 ;4mm,50 : S, S, GB/ T 8170 7.5 ( mm) ( % ) 2 89 3 88 4 87 5 86 6 84 8 82 10 81 12 78 15 76 19 72 7.2.4 : 35mm, 812mm

126 7 7.3,,,,,,, 7.3.1 7.3.1.1,,, :, (),, ; ( ) 7.3.1.2 (1 ),,, 60% (2 ) 6mm 3, (3 ) (4 ), (5 ), 7.5 7.6 7.6,, 83.9 %,,, ; 68.9%,

7.3 127 7.5 6mm 6mm 7.6,,,, 7.3.1.3,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ; 7.3.2 7.3.2.1,

128 7 7.3.2.2 (1 ), 20% 65%, 30%, 7% 8 %,,,, 3mm 1,,, 7.6 7.6 ( mm) ( mm) 3 1 8 0.60.75 8 0.93 8 0.240.49 8 0.77 (2 ), () ( ),,,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,, 7.3.2.3, 6mm, 1600mm2100mm 1800mm2000mm 2100mm3600mm 7.7 7.7 2002500nm 30%, 60% 5 % 24h,, - 4050

7.3 129 7.3.2.4,,,, 20 80,,,, 7.3.3,, 70 %,, ;,, 90%,,,,, 1500mm900mm 1500mm1200mm 1800mm750mm 1800 mm1200 mm 1800mm1600mm 2200mm1250mm 7.3.4,,,,,, ( ),, 1975,, 7.3.4.1,,,,,, 7.7, 3mm 4mm 5mm 6mm 612mm 7.3.4.2 (1 ),,

130 7 7.7 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 7, 10% 80 %, 25% 80%, 25% 50% (2 ) 312mm, 6.55.9 W/ ( m 2 K), 6 mm, ( ) 6mm 9mm, 3.4 3.1 W/ ( m 2 K), 100mm,, (3 ),, ( 0),,, ;,,, (4 ), 3040dB, (5 ), 7.3.4.3 7.8

7.3 131 7.8 (mm) 3 12001200 12001500 4 13001300 13001500 13001800 13002000 5 6 9 12 15001500 15002400 16002400 18002500 6 18001800 18002400 20002500 22002600 : (1 ) GB11614 GB4871 GB9962 GB9963 (2 ) :, ; ; (3 ) ; (4 ) 7. 97. 10 7. 11 (5 ) GB7020, 7.12 7.9 ( mm) < 1000 2.0 10002000 2.5 > 20002500 3.0 7.10 ( mm) 6 < 18 1.0 1825 1.5 > 6 > 25 2.0

132 7 7.11 ( mm) < 1000 4 10002500 6 7.12 10 0.5kPa, 0.8mm 2.5h, < 15 % - 40, 3min 168h 320, 224, 12, 11 7.3.4.4,,,, ; ;,,,,, 3% 5% :, ( 0, 0 ),, ( 0.5W/ ( mk), 0.021W/ ( mk),,, ),,, ( ),

7.4 133 7.4 7.4.1,,, : ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) ( ) ; ( 4) 7.4.1.1 ( ) (1 ), ( 650 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 7.8 7.8 ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c) (2 ), ( N a + ) ( K + ) ( Li + ),,,,,

134 7,,, 7.4.1.2 (1 ) 125MPa, 3 5, (2 ),,,,,, (3 ), 1200mm350mm6mm, 100mm,,,, (4 ),,,, 288, 204, (5 ),,,,, 7. 13 7.13 (mm) 5 6 ( g) ( m) 50010 1.3 50010 1.9 ( mm 2 ) < 300 < 200 ( m) < 80 < 50 ( MPa) 125-40, 2h, ; 200, 30, 7.4.1.3 ;

7.4 135,,, 7.4.2 7.4.2.1 ( 0.4mm ),,,, ;,,,, 7.4.2.2 6mm 7mm 10mm 600mm 400mm, 2000mm1200mm,, 7.4.2.3 : (1 ) (2 ),,,, 50%, (3 ),,, (4 ),,,, 7.4.3 7.4.3.1, ( PAM ), ( A ), 2 3 5 7, 9,,

136 7 2mm + 3mm + 3 mm 3mm + 5mm 7.9 7.4.3.2 (1 ), (2 ),,,, (3 ) ; P VB, 7.9 (4 )P VB, 7.14 7.14 602, 0.8kg 1m,,, 0.5%, 1.5mm 82% (2mm + 2mm ) 7.4.3.3 (1 ),, (2 ) 7.4.4 7.4.4.1,,,, 7.4.4.2,, : (1 ),

7.4 137,,, 40% 50%,,,, (2 ) 90%,, 14501500, (3 ),,,,,,,,,, (4 ),,,,,, (5 ),,,,,, 7.4.4.3, : (1 ),,,,,,,, (2 ),,,

138 7 (3 ),,, ;,, (4 ),,,,, (5 ),,, (6 ) 7.4.4.4,,,,,, 21 500 mm 500 mm600mm 600mm600mm 900mm900mm 1800 mm 1000mm2000mm 1500mm3000mm 7.4.4.5 : (1 ) 40MPa, GB9966. 2 (2 ): 10080mm, 5, 95 4h, 20, (3 )0.5mm, 1mm, 1/ 1000 (4 ), (5 ) 85 (6 ) 2.0CIEIAB : (1 ),, ; ; 10 (2 )100% 4 ( )

7.4 139 (3 ), :, :,,,, 7.4.5 7.4.5.1 (), 810 mm,,,,, : 80100mm, 115mm 190mm 240mm 300mm 7.4.5.2 : (1 ),,,,,, (2 ), 2.93.2W/ ( mk ),,, 7. 10 7.10 ( a) 6 mm + 12 mm + 6mm ; ( b) 6mm + 12mm + 6 mm

140 7 (3 ), 50dB, ( ),, 45 db (4 ),,, 1h (5 ), 9M Pa,, 7.4.5.3,,, 7.4.6, (1 ),,,,,,,,,, 50% 70%, 35 mm, 1600900mm 60 % 70 % (2 ),,, (3 ) (4 ),,, 7.4.7, ;,,,

7.4 141 7.4.8,,,,,,,, (5 mm ) ( 5mm + 5mm ) (8 mm + 5mm) 20 90,,,, + 7.4.9,, ; 190230V, 60, 80 %,,,, 7.4.10, ( TiO2 ),, CO2 H 2 O,,,,,,,,,,, PPG, 10% 20% 2000mm1500mm,

142 7 7.5 7.5.1, 2050mm 46mm,,,, 7.5.2,, 13001500, ( ),, 650800 ( ),,,, ;, ;,, 7.5.3 (1 ),,,,,,,, (2 ),, (3 ),, 7.5.4 ( GB/ T76971996 ), 20mm 20 mm 25mm25mm 30mm30mm, 4.0mm 4.2 mm 4.3 mm,, 45mm 327mm, () ( ) 2.0mm 3.0mm 7.15

143 7.15 5min 40min 901825 30min 10min 3 1mol/ L 100, 4h 1mol/ L 100, 4h 70% K99.90, K99.93, K99.88, K99.96, 7.5.5,,,,, ( ),,,,, :, : :, : ( ) : 7.1 7.2?? 7.3?? 7.4? 7.5?? 7.6? 7.7??

8,,,,,, :,, ; ; ; ;,,,, :, ; ; ; ;,,,, 3, 8000 (1 ),,,,,,, ;, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 3 ; 3,

8.1 145 8.1 8.1.1,,, 8.1.1.1 8.18.2,,, ; ; 8.1 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 8.2 () 8.1, (1 ), ;,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,, (3 ),,

146 8, ; ;,,,,, ( ) ;,,,, ( ),, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, V 8.1 8.1.1.2 8.38.4,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 8.3 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 8.4 1 ; 2 ;3,,,, ;,,, : ( 0.2mm ), ;, ( 0.1 0.2mm ), ;, ( 0.1mm ),,,,,,, 1mm,,

8.1 147,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, 8.1.2 8.1.2.1 :, 1.55g/ cm 3 :, 186kg/ m 3, 1128 kg/ m 3 400600kg/ m 3, 500kg/ m 3 8.1.2.2 (1 ),,,, (2 ),,,, 25% 35 %, 30% (3 ),,, (4 ),,,

148 8,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 6 % 12 % 8.1.2.3,,, 8.1 8.1 ( MPa) ( MPa) ( MPa) ( MPa) 100 1020 200300 620 150200 1520 50100, 4956M Pa, 3340M Pa,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 140,, ( > 60), 50% 60% 8.1.2.4,, ;, ( : 0.154%, 0.146%, 0.043% ), ( : 0.953%, 0.798 %, 0.774% )

8.2 149 8.2,,,, 8.2.1 ( ) ( ) 8.2.1.1, 8.58.6 (1 ) 8.5 ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c) ; ( d),,,,, 155mm22.5mm8mm 250mm 50 mm10 mm 300mm60mm10mm,, (2 ) ( ),,,,,,, 200mm40m( 1215 ) mm, 250mm50mm( 1520 ) mm, (4004000 ) mm( 60120) mm(1520) mm

150 8 8.6,, 8.5 (3 ) ( 8.6 ),, 250300mm, 4060mm, 2025mm, (4 ),,,,,, 400mm400mm 500mm500mm 600mm600mm,, 5cm 7cm 9cm,,, (5 ), ( 18304000 ) mm( 4075 ) mm (1218) mm (6 ) ( ),,,,, (18304000 ) mm(150200 ) mm( 1218) mm, 1830mm150mm15mm

8.2 151 8.2.1.2 ( ) (1 ), 8. 7 8.7 1; 2 ; 3 ; 4 A l2 O3 Al2 O3,, Al2 O3 A l2 O3,, Al2 O3 32g/ m 2 45g/ m 2 ;, Al2 O3 62g/ m 2,,,,,, ( HDF ) ( MDF ),,, GB1171889, (2 ) : :,, ; ;,,, 0.12 mg/ m 3 ( GB/ T185802001 ) 1.5mg/ L ( 11201400 ) mm(180200 ) mm(6 10 ) mm, 3mm,

152 8 8.2.1.3,,,,, (1 ),,,,, 2200 mm (180200) mm(1415) mm8.8,, 8.8,,,,,,,, (2 ),, : :,,,, 8.2.1.4,,,,, : (1 ),,,, 8.9,,,,,,, ;

8.2 153 8.9 (2 ),, (3 ),,,,,, 8.2.1.5, ( ),,,, :,,,,,, 8.2.2,,,, ;,, : (1 ),,

154 8,,, 2.7mm 3.0 mm 3.5mm 4.0mm 5.0mm 5.5mm 6.0mm, 6 mm 1mm 4mm 8.2 8.2 ( mm) ( mm) 915 1220 1830 2135 2440 915 915 1220 1830 2135 1220 1220 1830 2135 2440, ;, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,, ; ;, ;, 8.3 (mm) 915 1220 1520 1830 2138 2440 8.3 ( mm) 915 1830 2135 915 1220 1830 2135 2440 1220 (mm) :, 8.3 10 MPa (3 ) 16 19 22 25 : 10 %3 % 16mm, 15MPa < 16mm, 12MPa 1MPa,,, () ( ), ( ), ( > 800 kg/ m 3 ) ( 500

8.2 155 800kg/ m 3 )(< 500 kg/ m 3 ) ; ;,, 610mm 1220 mm 915mm 1830mm1000mm 2000mm915mm 2135mm 1220 mm1830mm 1200 mm 2440mm; 2.50mm 3.00mm 3.20mm 4.00mm 5.00 mm, ( GB1171899 )80 70 60 80 :, 0.80g/ cm 3,, 70 : 0.700.79g/ cm 3,, 80 60 : 0.600.69 g/ cm 3, 80 70, ( GB/ T117899 ) : 1830mm, 2135mm, 2440mm; 1220 mm; 12 mm,15mm, 16mm, 18mm, 21mm, 24 mm,,,,,, (4 ) ( ) ; (, ) ( PVC ) ; (A ) (B ) A 1830mm 915mm2000mm 1000mm2440mm 1220mm 1220 mm1220 mm, 4mm 8mm 10mm 12mm 16mm 19 mm 22mm 25mm 30mm,,, ( ),, A, (80 ),,,,,,,

156 8, (5 ),,, 9.518mm, 1935mm, 18m,,, (6 ),,, 0.5mm, 0.7 0.8mm0.5mm, 0.20.3mm () ( ) (, ) : ; 0.11mm, 0.70.8mm, 0.20.3 mm, 0.5mm,,,,,,,, 1830mm915 mm(36) mm, 2135mm915mm( 36 ) mm, 2135 mm220mm( 36 ) mm, 1830mm1220mm( 36 ) mm 8.2.3 8.2.3.1,,,,,,,,

8.3 157 8.108.11 8.10 8.11 ; ; ; 25m 8.2.3.2,,,,,,, (1 ),,, (2 ),,, 8.2.3.3, (, ),, 8.3,, 8.3.1 8.3.1.1,,,,,,,,,,, :

158 8 (1 ) 338, 2530, 5,, 60, (2 ) 20% 30%,, 20%, (3 ), 8.3.1.2 : (1 ),,, 20%,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,, (),,,, 8.3.2,,,,, :,, 220,,,,,,, 450,, 8001000,, : (1 ),,,,

8.3 159 (2 ),,,,,,, 1/ 3 1/ 2,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

160 8 8.1? 8.2? 8.3?? 8.4?? 8.5?? 8.6?

9,, ; ; 9.1 9.1.1,,,,,,,, 18,,, 20 20,, 1927, 20 60,,,, 9.1.2,,,, 50% 80 %,,,,, 65%, 85 %,,,

162 9 30%,,, ;,, 39 %, 80 %, 66%,20 70, (106 ) (107 ),,, 20 80,,,,,,, ;, ; ; ; 20 90,, 9.1.3, : (1 )VOC (),, VOC, VOC (2 ),,, (3 ),,,,, 1/ 3 (4 ), (5 ),

9.2 163 9.2 9.2.1,,, : (1 ), (2 ), (535), (3 ), (4 ) (5 ),, (6 ),,, 9.2.2,,,,,,,, 9.2.2.1, ; () 9.1,

164 9 9.1 ( PbCrO 4 ) ( FeO ( OH ) nh 2 O ) ( Fe2 O3 ) ( H gs) (CoOAl 2 O 3 ) ( Fe( NH 4 ) Fe( CN ) 5 ) ( C) (C) ( Fe 3 O 4 ) ( T io 2 )( ZnO) (ZnO + BaSO 4 ) ( Al) (Cu) 9.2.2.2, (BaSO4 )( CaCO3 )(3MgO4SiO2 H2 O)( K2 OAl2 O3 6SiO2 H2 O) 9.2.3,,,,,,,, 200,,,,, : (1 ), ;,,,,,,,,,

9.2 165 (2 ),,,,,,,, (3 ),,, 5s,, 25 9.2 9.2 ( ) () ( ) ( ) - 20 53.6 38 42.6 34.3 21 45.5 33 42.1 18 46.9 16 42.6 24.6-4 51.4 5 55.0,,, (4 ),,,,,,,,,, 9.2.4,,,,, : (1 ),

166 9 (2 ) (3 ) 9.3 9.3.1,,,, 9.3.1.1, (1 ) :,, ( ),,,,,, 0:,,,,,,,,,, 0.1 0.5m,,,,,,,,, 10,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,

9.3 167, (3 ),,,,, 9.3.1.2, 9.3.1.3, 9.3.1.4, 9.3 17, 9.3 1 Y 10 X 2 T 11 B 3 F 12 Z 4 L 13 H 5 C 14 S 6 A 15 W 7 Q 16 J 8 M 17 E 9 G 9.3.2 ( GB270592 ),,,, ( 9.4 ),,

168 9 9.4 00 27 46 78 01 26 47 ( ) 79 02 28 50 80 03 30 ( ) 51 81 04 31 ( ) 52 82 05 06 32 () 53 83 54 84 07 33 ( ) 55 85 09 34 60 11 35 61 86 12 36 62 87 ( ) 13 ( ) 37 63 88 ( ) 14 38 64 89 15 39 65 90 66 93 16 40 67 94 17 41 18 ( ) 42 20 43 22 44 70 71 72 73 95 ( ) 96 98 23 45 77 99 24 9.3.3 :, ;, ; (, ), Q0117 H075 9.4,,, : (1 ),,, (2 ),,,

9.4 169,,, (3 ),,, (4 ),,, (5 ),, : ( ) 9.4.1 () ( ),, 9.5 9.5 (1202,2h, % ) (, g/ m 2 ) ( h) ( ) (48h) (96h), 45 250, 2 300,

170 9 9.4.1.1,,,,, 9.4.1.2,,,,, 9.4.1.3,,,,,, 50%, 30% 60%,,,,,, 0.05 % 0.2%, 9.4.1.4,, (),,,, 9.6 9.6 (4 ) ( s) 20 ( % ) 10 ( % ) 512 ( g/ m 2 ) : 130 :110 () > 3 ( - 1515, 5 ), (96h) 2000

9.4 171 9.6 (4,25) ( s ) 2050 ( % ) 20 ( % ) 45 ( mm) 1 ( Nm) 4 ( 96h, ) ( % ) 5 () 5 ( g/ m 2 ) ( 4,211) ( s ) 170, 3040 ( % ) 45 (25, 65% 5% ) ( h ) 2 ( g/ m 2 ),170 (80,6h ) 96h ( ) ( % ) 100 ( Nm) 4 (,48h ) 0.3 9.4.2,,,, 9.4.3,,,, 9.7, ( 106 ) ( 803 )

172 9 9.7 1 2 ( s ) 3075 3 (m) 100 4 ( g/ m 2 ) 300 5 ( % ) 80 6 7 ( % ) 100 8 9 ( ) 1 10 ( ) 300 : ; 9.4.3.1,,,,,,,, 9.4.3.2 803,,, 100, 9.4.3.3,, 5001000, :, 10% 20%,

9.4 173 9.4.4,,, 9.8,,, 9.8 O/ W () W/ O () O/ O () W/ W ( ) 9.9 9.9,030 ( % ) (25) kv ( h) ( 96h) ( 48h) ( ), 6 19 80100 24,,,, 300,,,,,,,,,

174 9 9.4.5,,,,,, : ; ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 9.4.6 9.4.6.1,,,,,,,,,,, 9.4.6.2,,,

9.5 175 ( ),,,,,, 9.4.6.3,,,, 9.4.6.4,,,,, 9.5,,,, : (1),, (2 ),, (3 ),, (4 ),,,,, 9. 1 9.5.1,,,,,,,,,,

176 9 9.5.1.1 9. 1,,,, 10,, : (1 ),, (2 ),,, (3 ),, 9.10 9.10 ( % ) > 45 ( h) ( mm) ( ) (g/ ) ( 232) 96h (232) 0.5% 2000 : 2, :24 60 170,, ()5 30 % ( ) 200h 9.5.1.2, 2,

9.5 177,, ; : (1 ), JISA5403, 5000, 500 ( 2)1000 h (1 ), (3 ) (4 ),,, 15,,,, 9.11 9.11 ( h) ( ) (232 ) 96h (232 ) 48h 0.5 % 2000 ( )5 ( ) 200h 2h 10% 9.5.2, () : (1 ),,,, (2 ),, (3 ), (4 ),, 10,, ; 9.5.2.1,,,

178 9,,,, 9.12 ( 4 ) ( s ) ( % ) ( ) ( g/ ) ( 96h) ( % ) 9.12 ( ) ( 48h) ( % ) 17 45 170 ( min) :30, ( h) :24 5 5,30 50 % 9.5.2.2 5,,,,,,,,,,, 9.13 ( % ) ( h) ( ) ( g/ ) ( - 51 ) 16h (232 ) 96h ( )48h 0.5 % 1000 9.13 45 : 2, : 12 200,, ( )5,( % ) < 50 9.5.2.3,,,,,

9.5 179,, 9.5.2.4,,,, 8 10,,,,,, 9.5.3,,,,, 10,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, 50m 2 / d 9.14 9.14, ( % ) < 10 ( h) 2, (10 ), ( MPa) 0.69 (240h), (240h), (1000 ) ( % ) 5, 45% (500h) 2 9.5.4,

180 9,, ;, ;,,,, ( CE) ( Si) ( E) ( R E),, 9.15 9.15 CE Si E RE ( - 52) 3, ( MPa) > 0.49 > 0.68 > 0.98 > 0.49 > 0.49 > 0.68 (10 ) (ml) < 0.5 ;< 2.0 (7d) (500g 300mm) (250h) ; 1 ;2 ( % ) < 30, 12 ( CE RE ), ( ) 24h,, 2 9.5.5, :,, ( A ),,, ( B ),,,,,,

9.6 181, 9.16 9.16 ( 25, 60d) ( Ca( OH ) 2 30d) ( 30 ) 18 %32% ( H ) 6 100 % ( 50 ) ( 600h) ( 4 ) ( s) 1415 ( h) 0.5 ( H ) 6 ( 15d) ( Ca( OH ) 2 15d) ( 30 ) ( 4 ) ( s) 1520 ( h) 0.5 p H 8.89.7 ( H ) > 6 ( 1000h) ( Ca( OH ) 2 500h) ( 1000h), ( 50 ) ( ) 3.55.5 ( ) > 5 9.6,,,, : (1 ),, (2 ), (3 ),,, (4 ), (5 ),

182 9 (6 ),,,, : 9.6.1,,, 9.17 9.17 ;,, ( T801),,, ( F801), 9.6.2,,,,

9.6 183 : (1 ), 2h (2 ), 12 (3 ) (4 ), (5 ),,, 9.18 9.18 ( 4 ) ( s ) (202; < 70% ) ( min),,, 150200 3050; 70180 ( ) (g/ m 2 ) < 130 ( Teber ) ( g) < 0.03 (, 1mm ) ( % ) 100 ( Nm) 3.5 9.6.3, : (1 ), (2 ) (3 ), (4 ), (5 ),,, 8% 9.19 9.6.4,,,,,,, :

184 9 9.19, (4,25) ( s ) 1426 1640 (m) 30 (252, 65 % ) ( h) 24 ; 24; 72 24 ; 24; 72 ( Ncm) 490 490 () ( ) 1 1 (mm) 1 1 (/ ) 0.0132 (1 ), (2 ),,,, (3 ), (4 ), (5 ),,,, 9.20 9.20 BP 7491 ( MPa) 3.819.2 ( % ) 103272 ( % ) 012 (cm 3 / 1.61km) 0.1080.160 9.6.5 9.6.5.1,,,

9.7 185 9.6.5.2 ( P VA), 777,, A B C A ; B ; C, 12, 8% 12%,,,,,, 9.6.5.3 ( P VAc) ( PV Ac),,,,,,,,,, 9.7 ( ) 9.7.1,,,, 9.21 9.7.2,,,,,,,,, 9.22 9.7.3,,,, 9.23

186 9 9.21 : ; ;

9.7 187 9.22 : ; ;

188 9 9.23 () 12 5 10 12 5 10 12 5 10 :

189, VOC,,,,,,,,, 9.1? 9.2 9.3?? 9.4 9.5? 9.6?? 9.7?? 9.8?? 9.9?

10,, ( ) 10.1 10.1.1, 10.1.1.1, 30% 60%,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10.1.1.2,, 40% 70 %,,, 10.1.1.3,,,

10.1 191 10.1.1.4,, ( ), ( ) ( ) () 10.1.1.5, (1 ),,,,,, (2 ),,,,, 10.1.1.6,,,,,,, 10.1.2,, : (1 ) 0.92.2g/ cm 3, 1.45 g/ cm 3, 1/ 2 1/ 5 1/ 3,,, (2 ),, (3 ),, ; (4 ),,, ;,, (5 )

192 10 (6 ),, ;, 30%,, (7 ), ;,,,,,,, (8 ),, 1/ 201/ 10,,,,,,, 40,,,,, 10.1.3,, : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) (7 ) (8 ) (9 ), (10) 10.2 10.2.1,, :

10.2 193 (1 ),,,, (2 ),, (3 ), (m 2 3kg ), P VC 12, 0.2mm (4 ),,, ;,, (5 ),,,,,, 10.2.2, (1 ) P VC,,, ( 80), 0.2% 0.4 % (2 ),,, P VC 0.0150.02g/ cm 2 PVC 0.00250.004g/ cm 2 (3 ),,, PVC 1218mm (4 ) 43.5mm, 136N 1min,, PVC 230.3 mm (5 ) PVC,, ( ),,, 21%, P VC 35, 18, PVC,,,

194 10 10.2.3 10.2.3.1 34 10.1 P VC 10.1 ( a), PVC, 10.1 ( b),, PVC, 10.1 ( c), PVC,, 10.1 PVC 1P VC ; 2 ; 10.2.3.2 3 P VC ; 4 ; (1 ) ( PVC ) 5PVC ; 6, P VC, (2 ), (3 ) (4 ) 10.2.4 PVC 10.2.4.1 PVC P VC PVC,, P VC : (1 ),,, (2 ) 23,,,,, (3 ),,

10.2 195,,, P VC 300 mm300mm, 1.5mm, 240mm240mm 480mm480mm, 23mm P VC :,, ;, ;,,,, ;, 10.2.4.2 PVC PVC PVC, 10.2 10.2 PVC ( a) ; ( b) 1 P VC ; 2 ; 3PVC ; 4 ; 5P VC (1 ) P VC, PVC, 0.2 mm,, WC,, ; ; ;,, ; P VC ;,, (2 ) P VC,,,,,,,, P VC, PVC

196 10 10.2.4.3 P VC P VC, (1 ),, 1mm, 34 0.5 mm,,, PVC,,,,,,,, 1200mm, 1.53.0 mm (2 ), P VC 0.60.8mm,,,, (3 ),,, 10.1( a),,,, 10.1 ( b) P VC, PVC,, ( ),,,, P VC,,, PVC, P VC,,,,,,,,,, P VC 1800mm2000mm; 20m/ 30 m/ ; 1. 5mm ( ) 2.0mm( )

10.3 197 10.2.5 10.2.5.1,,,,,, ;, 10.2.5.2 : (1 ) 24h, 710d, (2 ), 12 (3 ) ( ), (4 ),, (5 ),,,, ( ), (6 ) 60, (7 ),, 12 (8 ),, (9 ),,,,,,, 24h 10.3,,, : (1 ),,,,, (2 ),,, (3 ),,, 107,,,,, (4 ),,,,,

198 10 10.3.1 : 34, 10.3.1.1 80g/ cm 2, 100g/ cm 2, : (1 ), (2 ),,, (3 ), ;,, 10.3.1.2 100g/ cm 2, 300400g/ cm 2,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10.3.1.3,, 100200 g/ cm 2,,,,,, 10.3.2 10.3.2.1 : (1 ) 530600mm, 1012m, 56m 2 (2 ) 760900mm, 2550m, 2545m 2 (3 ) 9201200mm, 50 m, 4650m 2,,,,, 10.3.2.2 : (1 ),

10.4 199,, (2 ) 20h (3 ) 25, 2, (4 ) 5min, 2. 0N/ 15mm 10.1 10.1 ( mm) : 920 1000 1200 : 5000 20h 20h 25, 2 25, 2 ( 1983 ) ( N/ 15mm) :1.96 (5 ) (6 ) ( 73 ), 2h 4h 24h, 10.3.2.3,,,,,,, 10.4, P VC 10.4.1 PVC PVC

200 10 P VC,, PVC,, PVC (1 ) PVC,, 2000mm 1000 mm 1600mm700mm 700mm700mm, 1mm 2mm 3mm (2 ) PVC, PVC, PVC, 9001300mm,,, 5m;, 500800mm, 1030m,, 1.21.5mm PVC, 75% 85 % PVC, PVC PVC,,,, (3 ) PVC, 10.3,,,,,,,,, 100200mm, 40006000mm, 1.01.5mm,,,,,,, PVC,,, (4 ) PVC PVC,,,,,,, P VC, 500mm 500mm, 3mm

10.4 201 10.3 PVC ( a) ; ( b) 10.4.2 ( GRP ),,,, P VC,,, ; ( )( 1/ 51/ 4, 1/ 3 ), ;, ; ;, 10.4.3 PVC, 3mm 4mm 5mm 6mm,,,,, ;,,,,, ;,, ; ( ),,,,, 10.4.4,

202 10, 10.4, ( D) 6mm 7mm 11mm 18.5mm 27mm, ( A) 6mm 8mm 10mm 16mm 10.4,,, 5800mm1210mm, ;,,, ;, ;,6 mm 80 % ;,, ;, ;,,, 40120;, 1050mm (6mm ) 10.4.5,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 25 30 kg/ m 2 0.40.6mm, 100200 kg/ m 2,, 80 250kg/ m 2,, 5% 15%,,,,,,,, ( 140150, > 4.9M Pa),,,,, 100,,, 90MPa,,

10.5 203,,,, ( Y ) ( R ) ( S )(Z), (80% ),, ( 50% ),, : ( 1 ) ( P ),, ; (2 ) ( L),, ; ( 3 ) ( H ),,, ( ZC) ( P L H ) ( Y R S Z)ZCPZ, ZCLS 915mm915mm 915mm 1830mm 1220mm 2440mm 0. 5mm 0. 8mm 1. 0mm 1. 2mm 1. 5mm 2. 0mm 0.81.5mm, () 2mm ( GB7911.11987 ),,, ( ) 10.5 PVC,,,, 10.5.1 (1 ),,,, (2 ) DIN4109, 30dB, 25dB, (3 ),,, (4 ),, P VC, 30 (5 )

204 10 P VC,, (6 ),,,,,,, 10.5.2 10.5.2.1 ; 10.5.2.2 ( )( ), 10.5.2.3 (1 ) PVC PVC PVC, PVC ; P VC ( ),,, (2 ), ;, ; P VC,,, (3 ) P VC,,,,,,,,,,,, 10.5.2.4 10.2 10.3,

10.5 205 10.2 ( mm) 8802390( ) 9802390( ) 8802490( ) 11802490 () 7802090 () 13802090 (g/ cm 3 ) ( J/ cm 2 ) ( MPa) ( 1/ ) ( ) 1.41.55 80120 80 (56) 10-5 60 (g/ cm 3 ) 1.581.68 () ( ) ( ) ( MPa) ( MPa) ( MPa) ( J/ cm 2 ) ( ) 40 70 71 60 64 14.9 :400600 :500650 :400550 :300400 ( MPa) ( MPa) ( ) 400 30 48 1225 80 2000876 120 2000876 (g/ cm 3 ) 1950808 ( MPa) ( % ) 1950758( ( % ) ) ( ) 1950808( ) 1.351.45 45 0.1 0.2 (g/ cm 3 ) 1.371.38 PVC 8252027( ) 9002400( ) 7002400( ) 7002027 ( MPa) ( MPa) ( J/ cm 2 ) 20 0 51.455.2 (3.13.4 )10 4 80120 70100 (100,30min)( % ) 1.52 10.5.3 P VC,,,, JG/ T3017301894

206 10 10.3 : : 1.5m PVC PP,,,,, 180,, : 8005000mm : 10004000mm,,,,,, :, P VC, :, :, : P VC 10.1? 10.2? 10.3? 10.4? 10.5??? 10.6? 10.7??

11,,,,, 11.1,,, 11.1.1 11.1.1.1, 12%,, ( Ni) ( Mn )( Ti) ( Si), (1 ),,,,,, (2 ), ( ),, ( ) 40, Cr18Ni8 0Cr17T i 1Cr17Mn2T i 9001100 ( ) ( ) ( ) (3 ),, 0,

208 11, 2Cr13Mn9Ni4 0. 2%, 13 % 9 % 4 % 11.1 11.1 (GB436084 ) Cr Ni C 1115 < 1.20 1627 < 0.35 16 > 7 < 0.25, 1.31.5, 1/ 3,,,,,, ( ), (),,,,, 90%,, 11.1.1.2 (1 ) : ( 90% ) ( 0.0150.5mm ) () (2 ) (3 ) :, ; ;,, ; ;, ; ;, ; ; ; ; ; 11.1.1.3,,, 200180,, 11.2,,

11.1 209 11.2 ( mm) (mmmm) 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 20001000 1000500 11.1.2,20 70,,,,,,, : 11.1.2.1,,,, ( ), 11.1.2.2 P VC PVC : PVC, PVC ; PVC, P VC, P VC, 100300m, 20m PVC,,,,, P VC, P VC PVC 11.1.2.3 1517mm, 11.1.2.4,, : (1 ) 24h,, (2 ) 120 90h, (3 ) - 54 24h, (4 ) 60h,

210 11,,,,, 11.3 ; 11.4 ; 11.5 11.3 JW NR JN SJ JD YJ TC Y H Ya H DL XP WZ DP NZ GZ WB XT DX 11.4 ( mm) ( mm) ( mm) 0.32.0 7001550 5004000 11.5 60( % ) > 0.8mm 0.8mm > 0.8mm 0.8mm ( h) 8 6 9 500 20 > 70 HB 10 4 750 500 100 20 30 100 40 70 < 40 HB 0 8 2 0 90 6 9 4 9 9 1000 250 500 1000 20 > 70 HB 4 60 200

11.1 211 11.1.3, V U ( GB/ T1275591 ) 10 27 50mm 100mm 150mm 200mm 250mm 300 mm ( ) ; 21mm 28mm 35mm 38mm 51mm 70mm 75mm 130mm 173mm; 300mm 450mm 600mm 750mm 900mm l000 mm ( ) ( YX), YX38 175 700 38 mm 175mm700mm 11.1 11.1 ( 0.51.2mm) (), 11.1.4,,,,,,,,,,

212 11 11.2,,, ; 11.3, ( GB1198189 ) (1 ) Q50 Q75 Q100; D38 D45 D50 D60 11.2 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 11.3 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 (2 ),,,,, 11.6 11.6 (GB1198189), 1cm 2 5 11.4 GB1198189 11.7 (3 ),,

11.2 213 11.4 ( a) ; ( b) 11.7 10.0mm 2.0mm 5.0mm 2.0mm 10.0mm, 2.0mm 11.2,,,,,, 11.2.1 11.2.1.1, ( 2.7g/ cm 3 ), ( 660),,,,,, 150250MPa ( Al2 O3 ),, 0.1m, (),

214 11 ( 50% ),, ( 610-3 2510-3 mm ), ( 87% 97 % ) ( b = 80100MPa, HB = 200 ),, 11.2.1.2,, ( 210 500MPa, 380550MPa),,,,, ( 1/ 3 ) 11.2.2 11.2.2.1 :,, ;, ;, Al Mn Al Mg Al Si Al Cu Mg Al Zn Mg Al Zn Mg Cu,,,, ( ) : (1 ),, LF, LF1 L F2 LF21 ( ) (),,,,,,,,, ) LY, LY1 LY2 ( Mg

11.2 215,,,,, ( 2% 8% ),, LC, LC1 LC2 LC9 ( ),,, LD, LD1 LD2 LD11 ( ) (2 ), : ( Al Si) ( Al Cu) ( Al Mg) ( Al Zn), ZL ( ) ZL101 101 (14) 1, 2, 3,4,,,, 2 % 3 % (, 2/ 3NaF + 1/ 3NaCl),,,,,,,,, 11.2.2.2, : LF () ; LY( ) ; LC ( ) ; LD( ) ; LT LF21 L F2 L F3 L F5 L F6 L F11 LF21 Al, Al Mg 11, LY12 8, LC9 LD30 LD31, 6061 6063 Mn

216 11 11.2.3 :, ( < 0.1m ),, ;, 11.2.3.1, ( 520m), ( ),,, 2 H + + 2e - H2 2Al 3 + + 3O 2 - Al2 O3 + Q, Al2 O3, ;, Al2 O3, H + SO4 2 - Al2 O3 H 2 O, HSO4 -,,,,, (GB/ T523793 ) AA10 AA15 A A20 AA25, 10m 15m 20m 25m 11.2.3.2,,,,,,,,,, 11.2.4 11.2.4.1,,, 34,, (1 ), : 812kg, 1720kg, 50 %

11.2 217,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ) () ( ) () : ; ; ; (3 ), :,, Pa 19612353Pa, 2353 2764Pa 1/ 70, 4.92.94Pa, ( m 3 ), m 3 / ( hm 2 ) 10Pa, 8m 3 / ( hm 2 ), 2m 3 / ( h m 2 ), 2s, 4L, 10min,, 343Pa, 490Pa, 49Pa (m 2 h / k J), : R1 = 0.05, R2 = 0.06, R3 = 0.076 mm, 0.05m 2 h / kj,,, 25dB, 3045 db, 1216mm 1, 2024 mm 5, 30 60 mm 10,

218 11 (4 ),, ( GB847887 ) ( GB847987 ) ( GB848087 ) (GB848187 )(GB848287), 11.8 11.8 PLC APLC PLM APLM T LC AT LC T LM A TLM HPLC GLC SLC CLC XLC LLC A B C,, 11.9 11.9 ( Pa) (10 Pa) ( Pa) A ( ) B ( ) ( A 1 ) ( A2 ) ( A 3 ) ( B1 ) ( B 2 ) ( B 3 ) 3500 3500 3000 3000 3000 2500 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 500 450 450 400 400 350 C ( ) ( C 1 ) (C2 ) (C 3 ) 2500 2500 2000 2.0 2.0 2.5 350 250 250 A ( ) B ( ) ( A1 ) ( A 2 ) ( A 3 ) ( B 1 ) ( B 2 ) ( B3 ) 3500 3000 2500 2500 2500 2000 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 350 300 300 250 250 200 C ( ) ( C 1 ) (C2 ) (C 3 ) 2000 2000 1500 2.5 2.5 3.0 200 150 150

11.2 219 11.9 ( MPa) (10 Pa) ( Pa) A ( ) B ( ) ( A 1 ) ( A2 ) ( A 3 ) ( B 1 ) ( B2 ) ( B 3 ) 3500 3000 3000 3000 2500 2500 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 400 400 350 350 300 250 C ( ) ( C 1 ( C 2 ( C3 ) ) ) 2500 2000 1500 2.0 2.5 3.0 250 150 100 A ( ) B ( ) ( A 1 ) ( A 2 ) ( A3 ) ( B 1 ) (B 2 ) ( B3 ) 3000 3000 2500 2500 2500 2000 1.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.5 300 300 250 250 200 200 C ( ) ( C1 ( C 2 ( C 3 ) ) ) 2000 2000 1500 2.5 3.0 3.5 150 150 100 11.2.4.2, : (1 ),,,,,,,,,,, 20%,, (2 ),,,,,,,, (0.51.0mm) 11.5 (3 ),,

220 11 11.10 11.5 ( a) 1 ; ( b) 2 ; ( c)6 ; ( d) 7 ; ( e) 9 (1 3 5, 1 3, 2 5 ; 9 7 ) 11.10 ( mmmmmm) :( LF21) :1mm : 6 :10 :1.16 :48dB : ( Hz/ ), 75nm :( LF21) :1mm : 6 :10 :2.17 :48dB : ( Hz/ ), 75nm : : 68 :48dB, 58m 1012m,,,, 495495(50100) 750750100 500500(0.81) 10001000( 0.81) 5005000.5 5005000.8 : LF21 5005000.8, 11.2.4.3 (1 ), (2 )