(91 5 )
2001 GIMEX Green Island Mesoscale Experiment GIMEX 2001 5 24 250 500 1000 600 8 8 500 750 10 5 250 1000 7 10 i
ii
iii
i iii iv v.. 1 1.1. 1 1.2. 2 1.3. 6.. 7 2.1. 7 2.2. 8 2.3 12. 13 3.1.. 13 3.2.. 14. 18 4.1.. 18 4.2.. 27. 30 5.1.. 30 5.2.. 32... 33... 36 iv
2.1 2.1 2001 2.2 3.1 ECMWF 2001 5 24 00Z 2hPa 3.2 ECMWF 850hPa 2001 5 24 00Z 30m 3.3 ECMWF 700hPa 2001 5 24 00Z 30m 3.4 ECMWF 2001 5 24 12Z 2hPa 3.5 ECMWF 850hPa 2001 5 24 12Z 30m 3.6 ECMWF 700hPa 2001 5 24 12Z 30m 3.7 GMS IR1 (a) 2001 5 24 00Z (b) 2001 5 24 12Z v
3.8 GIMEX 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 3.9 GIMEX 2001 5 23 16Z 2001 5 23 21Z 0.5m/s 1m/s 5m/s 3.9 2001 5 23 22Z 2001 5 24 03Z 3.9 2001 5 24 04Z 2001 5 24 09Z 3.9 2001 5 24 10Z 2001 5 24 15Z 3.10 2001 5 24 3.11 2001 5 24 3.12 2001 5 24 3.13 2001 5 24 3.14 2001 5 24 4.1 2001 5 24 00Z 12Z ECMWF (a)24 00Z (b)24 00Z ECMWF (c)24 12Z (d)24 12Z ECMWF 4.2 2001 5 24 00Z 12Z ECMWF 850hPa 850hPa 850hPa (a)24 00Z (b)24 00Z ECMWF (c)24 12Z (d)24 12Z ECMWF 4.3 2001 5 24 00Z 12Z ECMWF 700hPa 700hPa 700hPa (a)24 00Z (b)24 00Z ECMWF (c)24 12Z (d)24 12Z ECMWF vi
4.4 2001 5 24 00Z 12Z ECMWF 850hPa (a)24 00Z (b)24 00Z ECMWF (c)24 12Z (d)24 12Z ECMWF 4.5 2001 5 24 09Z QSCAT (a) (b)qscat 10 4.6 2001 5 24 C (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) 4.7 2001 5 24 (a) (b) (b) (d) (e) (f) 4.8 2001 5 23 16Z 5 24 16Z (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 4.9 2001 5 24 23 21Z 24 00Z 4.9 24 01Z 24 03Z 24 06Z 4.9 24 10Z 24 13Z 4.9 24 14Z 4.10 2001 5 24 (a) (b) (c) 4.11 2001 5 24 (a) (b) vii
4.12 (a) 18km 9km (b) 6km 0.9km (c) 2km 0.9km 4.13 (a)d2-2001/05/23/21z (b)d2-2001/05/24/06z (c)d3-2001/05/23/21z (d) D3-2001/05/24/06Z 4.14 2 2001 5 24 4.15 (a b) (c d) 2001 5 23 21Z 2001 5 24 06Z (m/s) viii
1.1 Green Island Mesoscale Experiment, GIMEX GIMEX MM5-1 -
1.2 5 15 6 15 Chen and Li 1995 TAMEX 64% 13% 61% 11% - 2 -
Mahrer and Pielke 1977 Kikuchi et al. 1981 Zhong and Takle 1993 1990 HaRP Hawaii Rain-band Project Chen and Wang 1994 Chen and Wang 1995 Wang and Chen 1998 Chen and Feng 2001-3 -
1985 1987 1987 1988 1990 500 200 1997 1987 TAMEX Taiwan Mesoscale Experiment Johnson and Bresch 1991 1987 5 24 1990 9 Sun et al 1991 Sun and Chern 1993-4 -
- 5-0.5 54 24 1997 1991 1992
1.3 1998 1987 2001 GIMEX 2001 5 6 Aerosonde ISS Integrated Sounding System FluxPAM radiometer GIMEX 2001 5 24 MM5 1 2-6 -
2.1 2.1.1 (GIMEX), 2001 1987 1998 2001 5 16 6 15 5 24 5 30 2.1 (1) (2) ( ) ( ) (5), 2001-7 -
GIMEX CWB CWB ISS Integrated Sounding System FluxPAM Microwave radiometer Aerosonde Pibal, 2001 2.1.2 GMS IR1 JMA NASA QuikSCAT 2.2 2.2.1 MM5 MM5 Fifth-Generation NCAR / Penn State Mesoscale Model nested domain MM5-8 -
- 9 - MM5 MM5 * p p p p p p p t t s t = = σ P P s P t P * =P s -P t + + = + θ θ γ γ ρ D T c Q T p p V V p gw t p p 0 0 0 & X u earth D r uw ew x m v y m u f v u V p x p p x p m t u + + + = + α σ σ ρ cos Y v earth D r vw ew x m v y m u f u v V p y p p y p m t v + + + = + α σ σ ρ sin Z ( ) w earth p d D r v u v u e p p c gr T T p p g w V p p g p p g t w + + + + + = + + 2 2 0 0 0 sin cos α α γ σ ρ ρ θ θ ρ ρ D T c Q gw p V t p c T V t T p p 0 0 0 1 + + + + = &
A A A V A mu + mv + σ& x y σ σ σ& σ& ρ 0 g mσ = w p p p mσ u x p p v y V = m 2 x u m mσ p p x u σ + m 2 y v m mσ p p y v σ ρ 0 g p w σ D e = 2Ω cos λ α = φ φc λ φ φ c m MM5 Grell et al. 1995 MM5 2002 Simple Ice 0 0 0-40 0 Anthes-Kuo Grell Anthes and 30km - 10 -
Grell 15~30km singlecloud updraft flux downdraft flux compensating motion 10km MRF MRF Bulk Richardson Number BR BR 0.2 BR 0 0.2 BR 0 BR 0 2.2.2 2001 5 ECMWF European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting TOGA Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Programme Global Analysis Data 00UTC 12UTC 2.5 x 2.5-11 -
2.3 2.2 79 x 79 D1 73 x 73 D2 100 x 100 D3 112 x 112 D4 3 1 54km 18km 6km 2km 10min 5min 30sec 30sec 2.1 24 2000 Anthes-Kuo Grell MRF simple ice - 12 -
3.1 2001 5 24 00Z 1000hPa 1016hPa 3.1 18~21 N 3.7 850hPa 850hPa 3.2 700hPa 850hPa 3.3 12 1002hPa 3.4 110 E, 32 N 102 E, 30 N 1010hPa - 13 -
12 12 850hPa 850hPa 3.5 3.7 700hPa 12 700hPa 3.6 20 N 3.7 12 3.2 3.2.1 GIMEX 3.8 3000 1000-14 -
3.9 ECMWF 3.1 23 23Z 2 24 01Z 24 02Z 24 00Z 3 24 03Z 24 10Z 24 12Z 24 14Z 2 5 24 3.10 3.2.2-15 -
3.11 00Z 06Z 2000 09Z 3000 2000 3000 2000 ECMWF 3.12 2500 00Z 06Z 500 1500 12Z 3.2.3 3000 3000-16 -
3.13 3000 00Z 400 03Z 09Z 15Z 3000 3.14 00Z 300 300 600 03Z 12Z 900 15Z 3.2.4-17 -
4.1 a ECMWF 4.1 ECMWF 850hPa ECMWF 4.2 ECMWF 700hPa ECMWF 850hPa 4.3 850hPa ECMWF 4.4 QSCAT 4.5 QSCAT QSCAT - 18 -
QSCAT QSCAT 4.5 (a) ECMWF MM5 GIMEX GIMEX b 5 24 4.6 4.7 06 07LST 4.7 (e) 09LST 4.7 (a) and (f) - 19 -
09LST 10LST 4.7 (b), (c) and (d) 18LST c 4.8 (a) 2500 16Z 08Z 12Z 3.10 ECMWF - 20 -
850hPa 00Z 12Z 4.2 850hPa 1500 22Z 20Z 250 21Z 22Z 23Z 06Z 700 06Z 600 3.10 08Z 4.8 (b) 2500 2000 2500 3000 1500 2000 3000 3.11 00Z 3000 00Z 00Z 500 2 3 00Z 06Z - 21 -
1000 08Z 250 500 23Z 00Z 1000 600 08Z 12Z 4.8 (c) 2000 500 19Z 250 500 250 21Z 02Z 750 02Z 08Z 09Z - 22 -
4.8 (d) 2000 500 00Z 02Z 750 02Z 07Z 08Z 1000 3.12 00Z 02Z 12Z 08Z 6 12 500 02Z 750 08Z 09Z 4.8 (e) 1000 1000-23 -
20Z 250 23Z 04Z 06Z 1000 14Z 2 d Whiteman 1990 4.9 1. 23 21Z 24 03Z 2. 24 06Z 3. 24 10Z 24 14Z 23 21Z 23 22Z - 24 -
23 23Z 24 00Z 24 01Z 24 02Z 24 03Z 24 06Z 24 03Z 06Z 24 10Z - 25 -
24 11Z 24 12Z 24 13Z 24 14Z e 4.11 (a) and (b) 4.10 (a) and (b) 1500-26 -
1000 4.10 (c) 1800 4.2 (a) 4.12 4.13 (a) 4.13 (b) 4.13 (c) - 27 -
4.13 (d) (b) 4.14 1 7.5 4.15 (a) and (b) 4.15 (c) and (d) - 28 -
- 29 -
5.1 2001 7 11 6 10 3000-30 -
2001 5 24 250 500 1000 600 8 10 500 750 10 5 250 1000 7 10-31 -
5.2-32 -
- 33-1985 12 134-158 1988 1990 18 287-308 1990 TAMEX 133-144 2001 29 568-578 1991 2000 -TAMEX IOP8 1992 1987 15 179-198
1987 15 69-88 1997 Chen, Y.-L., and J.-J. Wang, 1994 Diurnal variations of surface airflow and rainfall frequencies on the island of Hawaii. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 2125-2138 Chen, Y.-L., and J.-J. Wang, 1995 : The effects of precipitation on the surface temperature and airflow over the island of Hawaii. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 681-694. Chen, Y. -L., and J. Li, 1995 : Characteristics of Surface Airflow and Pressure Patterns over the Island of Taiwan during AMEX. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 695-716. Chen, Y. -L., and J. Feng, 2001: Numerical simulations of airflow and cloud distributions over the windward side of the island of Hawaii. Part I:Effects of trade wind inversion. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 1117 1134. Grell, G. A., J. Dudhia, and D. R. Stauffer, 1995 A description of the fifthgeneration Penn State/NCAR mesoscale modeling system (MM5): NCAR technical note, NCAR/TN-398+STR, 122pp. Johnson, R. H., and J. F. Bresch, 1991: Diagnosed characteristics of precipitation system in northern Taiwan during May-Jun 1987 TAMEX. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 2540-2557. - 34 -
Kikuchi Y., Arakawa S., Kimura F., Shirasaki K., 1981 Numerical study on the effect of mountains on the Land and Sea Breeze circulation in the Kanto District. J. Meteoro. Soc. Jap., 59, 723-738. Mather, Y. and R. A. Pielke, 1977 The effect of topography on sea and land breeze in a two-dimensional numerical model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 1151-1162. Sun, W. Y., J. D. Chern, C. C. Wu and W. R. Hsu, 1991 Numerical Simulation of Mesoscale Circulation in Taiwan and Surrounding Area. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 2558-2573. Sun, W. Y., and J. D. Chern, 1993 Diurnal variation of lee vortices in Taiwan and the surrounding area. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3403-3430. Wang J.-J., and Y. -L. Chen, 1998 A case study of trade-wind rainbands on the windward side of the island of Hawaii. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 409-423. Whiteman, C. D.: 1990, Observations of Thermally Developed Wind Systems in Mountainous Terrain, in W. Blumen (ed.), Meteorol. Monographs, Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 23, No. 45, 5 42. Zhong S. and E. S. Takle, 1993 The effect of large-scale wind on the sea-land-breeze circulation in an area of coastal heating. J. App. Meteoro., 32, 1181-1195. - 35 -
2.1 2001-36 -
(km) (km 2 ) 1 79 x 79 54 4266 x 4266 10 min (~19km) 2 73 x 73 18 1314 x 1314 5 min (~9km) 3 100 x 100 6 600 x 600 30 sec (~0.9km) 4 112 x 112 2 224 x 224 30 sec (~0.9km) 2.1 2.2-37 -
3.1 ECMWF 2001 5 24 00Z 2hPa 3.2 ECMWF 850hPa 2001 5 24 00Z 30m - 38 -
3.3 ECMWF 700hPa 2001 5 24 00Z 30m 3.4 ECMWF 2001 5 24 12Z 2hPa - 39 -
3.5 ECMWF 850hPa 2001 5 24 12Z 30m 3.6 ECMWF 700hPa 2001 5 24 12Z 30m - 40 -
(a) (b) 3.7 GMS IR1 (a) 2001 5 24 00Z (b) 2001 5 24 12Z - 41 -
3.8 GIMEX 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13-42 -
3.9 GIMEX 2001 5 23 16Z 2001 5 23 21Z 0.5m/s 1m/s 5m/s - 43 -
3.9 2001 5 23 22Z 2001 5 24 03Z - 44 -
3.9 2001 5 24 04Z 2001 5 24 09Z - 45 -
3.9 2001 5 24 10Z 2001 5 24 15Z - 46 -
3.10 2001 5 24-47 -
3.11 2001 5 24 3.12 2001 5 24-48 -
3.13 2001 5 24 3.14 2001 5 24-49 -
(a) (b) (c) (d) 4.1 2001 5 24 00Z 12Z ECMWF (a)24 00Z (b)24 00Z (c)24 12Z (d)24 12Z - 50 -
(a) (b) (c) (d) 4.2 2001 5 24 00Z 12Z ECMWF 850hPa 850hPa 850hPa (a)24 00Z (b)24 00Z (c)24 12Z (d)24 12Z - 51 -
(a) (b) (c) (d) 4.3 2001 5 24 00Z 12Z ECMWF 700hPa 700hPa 700hPa (a)24 00Z (b)24 00Z (c)24 12Z (d)24 12Z - 52 -
(a) (b) (c) (d) 4.4 2001 5 24 00Z 12Z ECMWF 850hPa (a)24 00Z (b)24 00Z (c)24 12Z (d)24 12Z - 53 -
(a) (b) 4.5 2001 5 24 09Z QSCAT (a) (b)qscat 10-54 -
4.6 2001 5 24 C (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) - 55 -
4.7 2001 5 24 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) - 56 -
(a) (b) 16Z 18Z 20Z 22Z 00Z 02Z 04Z 06Z 08Z 10Z 12Z 14Z 16Z 5/23 5/24 (c) 16Z 18Z 20Z 22Z 00Z 02Z 04Z 06Z 08Z 10Z 12Z 14Z 16Z 5/23 5/24 (d) 16Z 18Z 20Z 22Z 00Z 02Z 04Z 06Z 08Z 10Z 12Z 14Z 16Z 5/23 5/24 16Z 18Z 20Z 22Z 00Z 02Z 04Z 06Z 08Z 10Z 12Z 14Z 16Z 5/23 5/24 (e) 16Z 18Z 20Z 22Z 00Z 02Z 04Z 06Z 08Z 10Z 12Z 14Z 16Z 5/23 5/24 4.8 2001 5 23 16Z 5 24 16Z (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) - 57 -
4.9 2001 5 24 23 21Z 24 00Z - 58 -
4.9 24 01Z 24 03Z 24 06Z - 59 -
4.9 24 10Z 24 13Z - 60 -
4.9 24 14Z - 61 -
(a) (b) (c) 4.10 2001 5 24 (a) (b) (c) - 62 -
(a) (b) 4.11 2001 5 24 (a) (b) (a) (b) (c) 4.12 (a) 18km 9km (b) 6km 0.9km (c) 2km 0.9km - 63 -
(a) (b) (c) (d) 4.13 (a)d2-2001/05/23/21z (b)d2-2001/05/24/06z (c)d3-2001/05/23/21z (d) D3-2001/05/24/06Z - 64 -
4.14 2 2001 5 24-65 -
(a) (b) (c) (d) 4.15 (a b) (c d) 2001 5 23 21Z 2001 5 24 06Z (m/s) - 66 -