,,, ( CI P) /. :, 2004.8 ISBN 7 5629 2094... :.T U56 CI P ( 2004 )003590 : 122 : 430070 http:/ / www.techbook.com.cn E mail: yangxuezh@ mail.w hu t.edu.cn : : : 7871092 1/ 16 : 19 : 474 : 2004 8 1 : 2004 8 1 : 3000 : 28. 00,, : (027) 87394412 87383695 87384729,
,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 5 9 12 ; 2 4 6 8 ; 7 10 11 15 ; 3 13 14,,, 2004 3
0 ( 1) 0.1 ( 1) 0.2 ( 2) 0.2.1 ( 2) 0.2.2 ( 3) 0.2.3 ( 3) 0.3 ( 3) 0.3.1 ( 3) 0.3.2 ( 4) 0.3.3 ( 4) 0.3.4 ( 4) 0.4 ( 5) 1 ( 6) 1.1 ( 6) 1.1.1 ( 6) 1.1.2 ( 8) 1.1.3 (11) 1.1.4 (12) 1.2 (13) 1.2.1 (13) 1.2.2 (15) 1.2.3 (15) 1.2.4 (15) 1.3 (16) (16) 2 (17) 2.1 (17) 2.1.1 (17) 2.1.2 (19) 2.1.3 (20) 2.2 (21) 2.2.1 (21) 2.2.2 (27) 2.3 (33) 1
2.3.1 (33) 2.3.2 (34) 2.3.3 (35) 2.3.4 (35) (38) 3 (39) 3.1 (39) 3.1.1 (39) 3.1.2 (41) 3.1.3 (41) 3.1.4 (41) 3.2 (42) 3.2.1 (42) 3.2.2 (44) 3.2.3 (45) 3.2.4 (46) 3.2.5 (47) 3.2.6 (48) 3.2.7 (48) 3.2.8 (50) 3.2.9 (50) (51) 4 (52) 4.1 (53) 4.1.1 (53) 4.1.2 (59) 4.2 (61) 4.2.1 (62) 4.2.2 (63) (64) 5 (66) 5.1 (66) 5.1.1 (66) 5.1.2 (67) 5.1.3 (72) 5.1.4 (73) 5.2 (75) 5.2.1 (75) 5.2.2 (78) 2
5.2.3 (81) 5.3 (82) 5.3.1 (82) 5.3.2 (83) 5.3.3 (84) 5.3.4 (85) 5.4 (86) 5.4.1 (86) 5.4.2 (90) 5.4.3 (92) (96) 6 (97) 6.1 (97) 6.1.1 (97) 6.1.2 (99) 6.1.3 ( 101) 6.1.4 ( 101) 6.2 ( 105) 6.2.1 ( 105) 6.2.2 ( 107) 6.2.3 ( 108) 6.3 ( 109) 6.3.1 ( 109) 6.3.2 ( 109) 6.3.3 ( 110) 6.3.4 ( 111) 6.3.5 ( 112) 6.4 ( 115) 6.4.1 ( 115) 6.4.2 ( 117) 6.5 ( 117) 6.5.1 ( 117) 6.5.2 ( 117) ( 118) 7 ( 119) 7.1 ( 119) 7.1.1 ( 119) 7.1.2 ( 120) 7.1.3 ( 121) 3
7.2 ( 122) 7.2.1 ( 122) 7.2.2 ( 122) 7.2.3 ( 123) 7.2.4 ( 125) 7.3 ( 126) 7.3.1 ( 126) 7.3.2 ( 127) 7.3.3 ( 129) 7.3.4 ( 129) 7.4 ( 133) 7.4.1 ( 133) 7.4.2 ( 135) 7.4.3 ( 135) 7.4.4 ( 136) 7.4.5 ( 139) 7.4.6 ( 140) 7.4.7 ( 140) 7.4.8 ( 141) 7.4.9 ( 141) 7.4.10 ( 141) 7.5 ( 142) 7.5.1 ( 142) 7.5.2 ( 142) 7.5.3 ( 142) 7.5.4 ( 142) 7.5.5 ( 143) ( 143) 8 ( 144) 8.1 ( 145) 8.1.1 ( 145) 8.1.2 ( 147) 8.2 ( 149) 8.2.1 ( 149) 8.2.2 ( 153) 8.2.3 ( 156) 8.3 ( 157) 8.3.1 ( 157) 8.3.2 ( 158) 4
( 160) 9 ( 161) 9.1 ( 161) 9.1.1 ( 161) 9.1.2 ( 161) 9.1.3 ( 162) 9.2 ( 163) 9.2.1 ( 163) 9.2.2 ( 163) 9.2.3 ( 164) 9.2.4 ( 165) 9.3 ( 166) 9.3.1 ( 166) 9.3.2 ( 167) 9.3.3 ( 168) 9.4 ( 168) 9.4.1 ( 169) 9.4.2 ( 171) 9.4.3 ( 171) 9.4.4 ( 173) 9.4.5 ( 174) 9.4.6 ( 174) 9.5 ( 175) 9.5.1 ( 175) 9.5.2 ( 177) 9.5.3 ( 179) 9.5.4 ( 179) 9.5.5 ( 180) 9.6 ( 181) 9.6.1 ( 182) 9.6.2 ( 182) 9.6.3 ( 183) 9.6.4 ( 183) 9.6.5 ( 184) 9.7 ( 185) 9.7.1 ( 185) 9.7.2 ( 185) 9.7.3 ( 185) ( 189) 5
10 ( 190) 10.1 ( 190) 10.1.1 ( 190) 10.1.2 ( 191) 10.1.3 ( 192) 10.2 ( 192) 10.2.1 ( 192) 10.2.2 ( 193) 10.2.3 ( 194) 10.2.4 PVC ( 194) 10.2.5 ( 197) 10.3 ( 197) 10.3.1 ( 198) 10.3.2 ( 198) 10.4 ( 199) 10.4.1 PVC ( 199) 10.4.2 ( 201) 10.4.3 ( 201) 10.4.4 ( 201) 10.4.5 ( 202) 10.5 ( 203) 10.5.1 ( 203) 10.5.2 ( 204) 10.5.3 ( 205) ( 206) 11 ( 207) 11.1 ( 207) 11.1.1 ( 207) 11.1.2 ( 209) 11.1.3 ( 211) 11.1.4 ( 211) 11.2 ( 213) 11.2.1 ( 213) 11.2.2 ( 214) 11.2.3 ( 216) 11.2.4 ( 216) 11.3 ( 221) 11.3.1 ( 221) 11.3.2 ( 222) 6
11.3.3 ( 223) ( 223) 12 ( 224) 12.1 ( 224) 12.1.1 ( 224) 12.1.2 ( 227) 12.1.3 ( 228) 12.1.4 ( 234) 12.2 ( 235) 12.2.1 ( 235) 12.2.2 ( 236) 12.2.3 ( 237) 12.2.4 ( 237) 12.2.5 ( 237) 12.2.6 ( 237) ( 238) 13 ( 239) 13.1 ( 239) 13.1.1 ( 239) 13.1.2 ( 240) 13.1.3 ( 240) 13.2 ( 242) 13.2.1 ( 242) 13.2.2 ( 243) 13.2.3 ( 243) 13.2.4 ( 243) 13.2.5 ( 244) 13.3 ( 245) 13.3.1 ( 245) 13.3.2 ( 246) 13.3.3 ( 246) 13.3.4 ( 248) 13.3.5 ( 248) 13.3.6 ( 248) ( 249) 14 ( 250) 14.1 ( 250) 14.1.1 ( 250) 14.1.2 ( 251) 7
14.2 ( 252) 14.2.1 ( 252) 14.2.2 ( 254) 14.3 ( 256) 14.3.1 ( 256) 14.3.2 ( 257) 14.3.3 ( 258) 14.3.4 ( 259) 14.3.5 ( 260) ( 263) 15 ( 264) 15.1 ( 264) 15.1.1 ( 264) 15.1.2 ( 265) 15.1.3 ( 266) 15.1.4 ( 267) 15.1.5 ( 268) 15.1.6 ( 269) 15.2 ( 270) 15.2.1 ( 270) 15.2.2 ( 272) 15.2.3 ( 273) 15.3 ( 276) 15.3.1 ( 276) 15.3.2 ( 277) 15.3.3 ( 279) 15.3.4 ( 280) 15.4 ( 283) 15.4.1 ( 283) 15.4.2 ( 284) 15.4.3 ( 284) 15.4.4 ( 285) 15.4.5 ( 287) ( 288) 8
0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 100,5000,, 0.1, : (1 ),, 0.1 (2 ),, 0.2
2 0 0.1 : : ( ) 0.2 0.2 0.2.1,,,,
0.3 3,,,,,,, 50% 70 %, 0.2.2,, ;, ;,,,,, 0.2.3,,,, 0.3,,,, 0.3.1,,,,,,,,,,,
4 0 0.3.2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, : ;, ;, ; ;,, 0.3.3,,,, : (1 ) ( ) (2 ) (3 ), 0.3.4,,,,,
0.4 5 0.4,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,
1,,, ( ),, ;, ;,,, 1.1 1.1.1 1.1.1.1 ( ),, : = m V (1.1 ) ( g/ cm 3 ) ; m ( g) ; V () (cm 3 ),,,,,,, 1.1.1.2,, : 0 = m V0 (1.2 )
1.1 7 0 ( g/ cm 3 kg/ m 3 ) ; m ; V0, (cm 3 m 3 ), ;,,,,,,, 1.1.1.3 ( ), ( ) ( ) : 0 = m V 0 ( 1.3) 0 ( kg/ m 3 ) ; m ( k g) ; V0( m 3 ),, 1.1 1.1 ( kg/ m 3 ) 0 ( kg/ m 3 ) 0 ( kg/ m 3 ) ( % ) 2.60 18002600 2.602.90 25002800 0.53.0 () 2.60 14001700 2.60 14501650 2.502.80 16001800 2040 2.50 10001400 3.10 12001300 21002600 520 1.55 400800 5575 7.85 7850 0 2050 2.55 1.1.1.4 (1 ),, D : D = V V0 = 0 100 % ( 1.4)
8 1,, 0 <, D < 1 D < 100 %, D = 1 D = 100 % (2 ), P : P = V0 (1.4 ) ( 1.5) : V0 - V = 1 - V V0 = ( 1-0 ) 100 % ( 1.5) P + D = 1 ( 1.6),,,,, 1.1 1.1.1.5 (1 ),, D : (2 ) D= V0 V0 = 0 100 % ( 1.7) 0,, P : P= V 0- V0 V0 = 1 - V0 V0 = ( 1-0 ) 100 % ( 1.8) 0 (1.7 ) ( 1.8) : P+ D= 1 ( 1.9) 1.1.2 1.1.2.1,,,, 1.1 ( L ) ( S L ),, 90 ( 1.1 ( a) ),> 90,, ( 1.1 ( b) ),,,,,
1.1 9 1.1 ( a) ; ( b),,,, 1.1.2.2 (1 ), : :,, W = W ( % ) ; m ( g) ; m - m m m ( g) 100% (1.10),, : W ( % ) ; W = V 100 % = m - m 1 100 % (1.11) V0 V0 V (cm 3 ) ; V 0 ( cm 3 ) ; ( g/ cm 3 ), = 1g/ cm 3 : 0 1 W = W 0 = W 0 (1.12),,,, 100%,,, ;,, 0.5 % 0.7 % ; 2% 3 % ; 8% 20% ; 100%
10 1 (2 ),, : W ( % ) ; W = m ( g) ; m - m m m ( g) 100% (1.13),, 1.1.2.3,,,, 3%, : K ; K = f f f ( M Pa) ; f ( M Pa) (1.14),, 01,,, 0.85;, 0.750.80, 1.1.2.4 (), K,, ( ), : W = K h d K (cm/ h ) ; W ; t ( h) ; A (cm 2 ) ; h (cm ) ; d (cm) A t K = Wd 100 % (1.15) A th,, S S ; H ( M Pa) S = 10 H - 1 (1.16)
1.1 11,, ( ), 1.1.2.5,,, ( ),,,, D25 D50 D1 00 D150,,, 9%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.1.3,,,, 1.1.3.1, ( ) 1m, 1K, (1 m 2 ) ( 1s ): ( W/ ( mk) ) ; Q ( J) ; A ( m 2 ) ; ( m) ; t ( s ) ; = T2 - T1 ( K) Q A t( T2 - T1 ) (1.17),, ( = 0.023 W/ ( mk ) ),, 0.58W/ ( mk)2.20 W/ ( mk),,
12 1,, 1.1.3.2,, (, ), 1 g, 1K, 1K, : Q = cm ( T2 - T1 ) (1.18) c = Q ( J) ; c ( J/ ( gk) ) ; m ( g ) ; Q m( T2 - T1 ) T2 - T1 ( K) (1.19),,,, 4.186J/ ( gk), 2.093J/ ( gk),,,, 1.2 1.2 ( W/ ( mk ) ) ( J/ (gk ) ) 58 370 3.49 1.51 0.8 1.170.36 0.03 2.20 0.6 0.023 0.48 0.38 0.92 0.84 0.88 2.72 1.30 2.05 4.19 1.00 1.1.3.3 1/, R,, 0.175W/ ( mk) 1.1.4 1.1.4.1,,,,, ;,,
1.2 13, (),,, 125H z 250H z 500H z 1000 Hz 2000H z 4000 H z 6 0.20 : (1 ),,, (2 ),,, (),, (3 ),, 1.1.4.2, (1 ),, R( R = 10lg 1 ), db,,,,, (2 ),,, 1.2,,, ( ), 1.2.1 ( ), : f = F A (1. 20)
14 1 f ( MPa) ; F ( N) ; A ( mm 2 ),,, 1.3 1.3 f c ( MPa) fc = F A f t ( MPa) f v ( MPa) f t = F A f v = F A F( N ) ; A ( mm 2 ) ; l (mm) ; b (mm) ; h (mm) f tm ( MPa) f tm = 3 F l 2 bh 2,, C7.5 C10 C15 C60 C75 C80, 32.5 62.5,,,,, ;,,,,,, 1%, 3 % 5%,, 1.4,,,,,, 1.4 0 ( kg/ m 3 ) f c ( MPa) f c / 0 2400 7860 500 29.4 415 34.3 ( ) 0.012 0.053 0.069
1.2 15 1.2.2,,,,, E, E,, : ( M Pa) ; ; E ( M Pa) E =, E, (1.21),,,, 1.2.3,,,,,,,,,, : ak ( J/ mm 2 ) ; Ak ( J ) ; A( mm 2 ) 1.2.4 ak = Ak A (1.22), 110 ( ) 1, 10 ( HB ),,, : B = m1 B ; m1 m2 ; A(cm 2 ) - m2 A (1.23)
16 1,,,,, 1.3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.1?? 1.2?? 1.3? 1.4??? 1.5?? 1.6?? 1.7??? 1.8?,? 1.9?? 1.10?? 1.11 100g,40cm 3, 33cm 3,
2,,,,,,,,, 2.1,, 2.1.1,, 2.1.1.1,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 2.1 2.1.1.2,,,,,,,,
18 2 2.1 ( g/ cm 3 ) SiO2 2.65 7, 2.52.7 6,,,,, 2.73.1 23, 34 57 CaCO 3 2.7 3 CaCO 3, MgCO 3 2.9 4 FeS 2 5 66.5,,,,,,,,,,,,, (1 ),,, 89%, ( 3km ),, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 )
2.1 19,,, :,,,, 5%,, 75%,,, :,, 300MPa,, ;,,,,,, ;, (3 ),,,,,, ;,,,,,, 2.1.2 2.1.2.1 1800kg/ m 3, ; 1800kg/ m 3 2.1.2.2,, 100mm100mm100mm, (GBJ3 ), MU100MU80MU60 MU50 MU40MU30MU20MU15 MU10 2.1.2.3, : 0.5 % ; 1% ; 15%,,, 2.1.2.4, F10 F15 F25 F100 F200 0.5%,,
20 2 2.1.2.5 K K,, K > 0.90, K = 0.700.90, K = 0.600.70 K < 0.80,,,, 2.1.3,,,,, : (1 ),, ( ) ( ),,, (2 ),,,,,, (3 ),, ;, ;, (4 ),,,, ;,,,,, (5 ), ;, ;,,,, (6 ), 22623240,,
2.2 21 2.2,,,,,,,, 2.2.1,,,,,,,,, 2.2.1.1 2.2 2.2 CaO MgO SiO2 Al2 O3 Fe2 O3 SO3 ( MnKNa) ( % ) 2854 322 0.523 0.12.5 03 03 CaO MgO, 50 %, 2.2.1.2 2.3 2.3 ( kg/ m 3 ) 25002700 70.0110.0 ( MPa) 6.016.0 7.012.0 (cm) 10 ( % ) 12 ( % ) < 1 ( 10-6 / ) 6.510.12 ( ) 40100
22 2 :,,,, 50,,,,,,, :,,, 3080,, ( ), SO2,,,,,, : CaCO3 + H 2 SO4 + H2 O = CaSO4 2H 2 O + CO2 2.2.1.3 (1 ), : (2 ) ( N)( S), ;, 2.4 2.4 ( mm) ( mm) (mm) ( mm) ( mm) ( mm) 300 150 20 600 600 20 300 300 20 900 600 20 400 200 20 1070 750 20 400 400 20 1200 600 20 600 300 20 1200 900 20 305 152 20 915 610 20 305 305 20 1067 762 20 610 305 20 1220 915 20 (3 ),,,,
2.2 23,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 240 m 3, 27,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.5, 2.6 2.5,,,,,,,,,,,
24 2 2.5,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.6 ( % ) ( % ) (10-6 / ) ( kg/ cm 2 ) 2.68 0.11 0.42 14.20 35.82, 2.32 5.27 11.52 5.10 5.43 2.62 0.65 2.26 5.80 25.15 2.64 0.54 1.27 5.20 21.63 2.69 0.08 0.20 4.80 22.93 2.72 0.07 0.25 19.70 13.84
2.2 25 2.2.1.4 (1 ) ( A)( B)( C) (2 ) : ( M ) : 600mm400 mm 20 mm : : : ( M ) N60040020 B JC 79 2.2.1.5,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 2.2.1.6 ( JC7992) (1 ) 2.7 2.7 ( mm) 0 0 0 1.0 1.0-1.5 15 0.5 1.0 1.0 > 15 + 0.5 < 1.5 + 1.0-2.0 2.0 15mm, 1.0mm; 15mm, 2.0 mm (2 ) 2.8
26 2 2.8 (mm) 400 0.20 0.30 0.50 > 400800 0.50 0.60 0.80 8001000 0.70 0.80 1.00 1000 0.80 1.00 1.20 (3 ) 2.9 2.9 ( mm) 400 0.30 0.40 0.60 > 400 0.50 0.60 0.80 90 (4 ) 2.10 2.10, 8, 3 1 3, 3 1 (5 )
2.2 27,, 2.11 2.11 ( % ) ( ) 4056 05 015 3045 2535 1525 115 3545 2535 1525 1025 2535 3437 1518 01 4245 90 80 70 80 70 60 15 4450 3238 1020 60 50 40 :, 2.60g/ cm 3, 0.75 %, 20.0MPa, 7.0M Pa (6 ),,,, 15,, 1.5m;,, 1.2m 2m 2.2.2,,, 40% 60%, 20% 40%,,, 2.2.2.1,,,,,,,,,,,, SiO2 75 %, 2.12 2.12, 67% SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 CuO MgO Fe 2 O 3 ( % ) 6775 1217 12 12 0.51.5 2.13 2.2.2.2,
28 2 2.13 ( MPa) ( kg/ m 3 ) ( % ) ( 10-6 / ) (cm) ( % ) 25002700 120250 8.515 1319 < 1 5.67.34 8 11 75200 :,, 80100,,, F100F200,,,,, 100200, 5001000, :,,,, 800,,,,, 2.2.2.3 (1 ) 2.14, 2.14 (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) ( mm) 300 400 600 600 900 1070 300 400 300 600 900 759 20 20 20 20 20 20 305 610 610 915 1067 305 305 610 610 762 20 20 20 20 20
2.2 29 (2 ),,, 150, : 80,, 280 m 3 ; : 1 m 3, 100 m 3, 100,,,,, ; ( ),, 2.15 2.15 ( ),,,,,,, :,, 2.16 2.2.2.4,,, (,, ),,,,
30 2 2.16 ( % ) ( % ) (10-6 / ) ( kg/ cm 2 ),, 2.73 0.08 0.48 12.10 41.59 2.70 0.16 0.60 9.80 31.89, 2.61 0.23 0.63 31.22 4.17, 2.62 0.15 0.55 10.00 39.99, 2.59 0.17 0.34 10.60 39.15,, 2.60 0.08 0.34 13.10 46.20, 2.64 0.22 0.67 11.70 70.53, 2.64 0.09 0.69 13.4 31.08, 2.68 0.08 0.31 10.50 29.26,,, 2.2.2.5 (1 ) : a. ( RB) : ; b. ( PL ) :, ; c. ( RV) :, a. ( N) : ; b. ( S) : (2 ) ( A)( B)( C) (3 ) : ( G) : 400mm400m20mm
2.2 31 : : : ( G) N P L 40040020 A JC205 2.2.2.6 JC20592, ( ): (1 ) 2.17 2.17 (mm) 0-1.0 0-1.5 0-1.5 0-1.0 0-2.0 0-3.0 15 > 15 0.5 1.0 1.0 2.0 + 1.0-2.0 + 2.0-3.0 + 1.0-2.0 + 2.0-3.0 + 2.0-4.0 15mm, 1.5mm; 15 mm, 3.0mm (2 ) 2.18 2.18 (mm) 400 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 4001000 0.50 0.70 0.90 1.50 2.00 2.20 1000 0.80 1.00 1.20 2.00 2.50 2.80 (3 ) 2.19 2.19 (mm) 400 > 400 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.20 90
32 2 (4 ) 2.20 2.20 10mm ( 5mm ), () 1 2 5mm2mm( 2mm2mm ), ( ), 1/ 10 ( 20mm ),( ) 20mm30mm( 15mm15mm ), ( ) 1/ 10 ( 40mm ),( ) 2 3, (5 ),, 75, 2.50k g/ cm 3, 1.0%, 60.0M Pa, 8.0MPa,,,, 22623240, (,, ),,, 3.823, 510 3000Bq/ m 3, : 200Bq/ m 3, 100Bq/ m 3,,, (,, ) ( GB65662001 ) (
2.3 33 ), A, 22623240, A BC 2.21 Ir, ; Irs, 2.21 Ir Irs A 1.3 1.0 B 1.9 1.3 C 2.8 > 2.8 : I : :, A, B C,,,,,,,, (6 ), 2.3,,,,, 2.3.1, : (1 ),,,,,,, (2 ),,
34 2 (3 ), ( ), ( ),,,,, (4 ),,,,,,, ;,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,, 30%,,,,,,,,,,, 2.3.2 2.3.2.1,,,,,,,, ( ), 2.3.2.2 (1 ), ;,,,
2.3 35 (2 ), ( 12mm ), 5000 mm5000 mm ( ),, 2.22 2.22 ( MPa) ( MPa) ( J/ cm 2 ) ( kg/ cm 3 ) ( HB) ( ) ( % ) ( 1/ ) 80120 2540 > 0.1 21002300 3245 6090 < 0.1 (23) 10-5 (3 ),, < 0.1% (4 ),, ( 200),,, (5 ),,, 2.3.2.3,,,,, 2.3.3,,,,, 2.3.4 2.23
36 2 2.23 (mm) :98 MPa 800, 600, :32 MPa 35 10, :37 H B, :2.1g/ cm 3 10, :82 : < 1% :90 MPa :25 MPa :10 15 20 : > 0.1/ cm 2 : : > 40 ::2g/ cm 3 :82 : < 1% :105MPa, :37 MPa 35, :38 H B, :2.1g/ cm 3 :90 : < 0.1% :98 MPa :32 MPa :38 H B :2.2g/ cm 3 : :520 : :82 : < 0.1% 1., ; 2. ; 3.,, ; 4., 1., ; 2. ; 3.,, ; 4., 1., ; 2. ; 3.,, ; 4., 1., ; 2. ; 3.,, ; 4., :82.3MPa 1., :31.3 Pa ; :6.02MPa :10 15 :0.2J/ cm 2 2. ; : : 85% 3.,, : 100% ; :60 4. :0.1%, :62.5 (Breton stone) :19 300300 :15 300400 300500 300600 12001500 1., ; 2. ; 3.,, ; 4.,
2.3 37 (mm) 2.23 :100MPa :5 10 15 20 :30 MPa ::2.2g/ cm 3 : : < 0.1% : > 35 1005005000 5000 :5 8 10 15 :8 10 :900600 :113MPa :30 MPa : > 0.9 J/ cm 2 : > 80 : > 35 H B :0.15 % :2.2g/ cm 3 1., ; 2. ; 3.,, ; 4., 1., ; 2. ; 3.,, ; 4., 1., ; 2. ; 3.,, ; 4., 2001009 2001509 2002009 1001009 :15 305305 400400 500500 600300 610610 :20 1200900 1070750 1200600 : 77.7112.9Mpa : 3.985.6M pa :84.390 :0.07g/ cm 2 ( )47 : - 40800 40040025 30530525 19019010 1901908 40012020 30530525 40040025 : > 45 MPa : > 4.5MPa : > 80 : < 6% : JCJ984 52. 5
38 2 2.23 (mm) :83.1MPa :7.8MPa :85 23 :6 % :2.21g/ cm 3 :2.0mm :12,,, 56mm,,,,,,,,,,,, ( GB65662001 ),,, 2.1? 2.2? 2.3??? 2.4??? 2.5? 2.6? 2.7?? 2.8?
3,,,,, ( ) () (),,,, 3.1, 3.1.1 3.1.1.1 ( ), CaSO4 2 H2 O,, ( ),,, 107170,, : CaSO4 2 H2 O 107170 CaSO4 1 2 H 2 O + 3 2 H 2 O,, 3.1.1.2, ( ) : CaSO4 1 2 H 2 O + 3 H 2 OCaSO4 2 H2 O 2
40 3 ( ) 1/ 5,,,,,,, (),,,,, 3.1.1.3, 2.62.75g/ cm 3, 8001100kg/ cm 3,, 3.1 ; 6min, 30min,,,,, 30%,, 3.1 (GB977688) ( MPa) ( MPa) (0.02mm ) ( % ) 2.5 4.9 2.1 3.9 1.8 2.9 5.0 10.0 15.0 2h 3.1.1.4 (1 ), 610min, 2030 min,,, 2 h 3 6MPa, 7d 812M Pa,, 0.1% 0.2% ( ), 1%,, (2 ), 0.5 % 1.0 %,,,, (3 ),,,, 60 % 80%, 18.6%,, 50% 60%, 8001100kg/ m 3, (4 )
3.1 41,,, (5 ),,,,,, 65, (6 ),,,,, 0.20.3,, 3.1.2,, 3.1.3, 127kPa ( 124),,,, ( 35% 45 % ),,, 7d 15M Pa,, 3.1.4, (CaSO4 1 2 H 2 O CaSO4 ), ( M) ( D) ( W ) ( A)( B) ( C), 3.2 2.5mm 0.2mm 0 40 % 1h, 8h, 600kg/ m 3 3.2 ( JC/ T51793) ( MPa) 5.0 3.5 2.5 4.0 3.0 2.0 2.5 1.0 ( MPa) 3.0 2.0 1.0 2.5 1.5 0.8 1.5 0.6
42 3,,,, 3.2,,,,, 3.2.1,, ( ) 3.2.1.1 900mm 1200 mm; 1800mm, 2100mm, 2400mm, 2700 mm,3000mm, 3300mm 3600mm; 9mm, 12mm,15mm 18mm ( PJ ) 45( PD) ( PC) ( PB)( PY), 3.1 : : 900mm 12 mm, PC90012 GB9775 3.1 3.2.1.2, 3.3 3.3 (GB977588 ),, 3.4 3.5
3.2 43 ( mm) 3.4 (GB977588) ( kg/ m 2 ), ( % ), 9 8.5 9.5 9.0 10.0 9.5 10.5 (, cm 2 ), 12 11.5 12.5 12.0 13.0 12.5 13.5 15 14.5 15.5 15.0 16.0 15.5 16.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 0 3.0 18 17.5 18.5 18.0 19.0 18.5 19.5 3.5 (GB977588 GB1197889 ) (mm) ( N ), ( N), 9 392 353 353 318 167 150 137 123 12 539 485 490 441 206 185 176 150 15 686 617 637 573 255 229 216 194 18 833 750 784 706 294 265 255 229 : 9mm, 12 mm, 15 mm 3.2.1.3,,, A ( GB5022295) 515 min,,,, 3.2.1.4, 70%,,, ( QS T ),, 3050 kg/ m,,,
44 3, 3.2.2,, 3.2.2.1 1800mm, 2100mm, 2400mm, 2700mm, 3000mm, 3300mm 3600 mm; 900mm 1200mm; 9mm, 12mm 15mm ( SJ ) 45 ( SD) ( SC) ( SB)( SY), 3.1 3.2.2.2, 3.6 3.7, 3.8, 3.5, GB1197889 3.6 (GB1197889) 3.7 (GB1197889 ) ( % ), ( % ), ( % ), 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 5.0 6.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 1.6 2.0 2.4 3.8 (GB1197889 ) ( mm) ( kg/ m 2 ), (mm), 9 9.0 9.5 10.0 48 52 56 12 12.0 12.5 13.0 32 36 40 15 15.0 15.5 16.0 16 20 24 2h, 3.2.2.3,
3.2 45 3.2.2.4 3.2.3,, 3.2.3.1 1800mm, 2100mm, 2700 mm, 3000mm, 3300mm 3600mm; 900mm 1200mm; 9mm, 12mm, 15mm,18mm, 21mm 25mm ( HJ ) 45 ( H D) ( HC ) ( HB)( H Y), 3. 1 3.2.3.2 3.9 3.9 B1, A ( ), 3.10 3.11 3.10 (GB1197989) ( min) 30 25 20 3.11 (GB1197989) ( mm) ( % ), ( kg/ m 2 ) ( N ), ( N ), ( ) 9 8.010.0 400 360 360 320 70 50 40 30 12 10.013.0 550 500 500 450 10 90 80 70 15 18 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 13.016.0 700 630 650 590 60 40 20 10 15.019.0 850 770 800 730 20 90 70 0 0 3.0 21 17.022.0 1000 900 950 860 80 40 20 90 25 20.026.0 1150 1040 1100 1000 40 90 70 30
46 3 3.2.3.3 ( B1 ),, 2030minGB5022295,, A, GB1197989 3.2.3.4, () 3.2.4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.2.4.1,, 3.12 3.12 (GB977788 ) P K D FP FK FD, 500mm 500mm9 mm,600mm600mm11mm, 3.2.4.2 3.13 3.13 (GB977788) ( % ), 2.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.5 ( % ), 5.0 6.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 ( mm), 5 7 10 12 15 17
3.2 47 3.14 3.14 (GB977788) ( N), ( kg/ m 2 ), ( mm) P, K, FP, FK 176 159 147 132 118 106 9 8.0 9.0 10.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 11 10.0 1.0 12.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 D, FD 186 168 167 150 147 132 9 11.0 2.0 13.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 3.2.4.3,,,,, () 3.2.5 3.2.5.1 ( QZ),, ( QS), 600mm600mm, 28mm;500 mm500mm, 25mm ( L ) ( H ) ( S ) 3.2 3.2 3.2.5.2 3.15 ( kg/ m 2 ) 3.15 (GB977888 ) ( % ), ( N ), ( ) 16.0 18.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 196 176 176 157 157 127 0.3
48 3 GB977888 3.2.5.3,, (),,,,,,,,,, 3.2.6,,,, 500mm 500mm 9.5mm, 600mm 600mm 9.5mm, 455mm 910mm 9.5mm, 3.2.7, ( ), 3.16 ( ) 3.16 (GB1197989) K C W( ), Y ( ) WK, YK WC, YC 3.2.7.1 500mm 500mm 600mm 600 mm, 9mm 12 mm 6, 8, 10,, 1824mm, 5.7% 15.7%,, 3.2.7.2, ; 3.17, GB1197989 ( GB1197989), 3.18
3.2 49 3.17 (GB1197989 ) ( % ), ( N ), ( mm) mm 6 18 6 22 6 24 9 12 140 126 130 117 120 108 160 144 150 135 140 126 8 22 8 24 9 12 2.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.5 100 90 90 81 80 72 110 99 100 90 90 81 10 24 9 12 90 81 80 72 70 63 100 90 90 81 80 72 :, 3.18 (GB1197989) 6 18, 8.7 %,12mm, 6 18, 8.7 %,12mm,, 6 18, 8.7 %,12mm,, 50mm (80kg/ m 3 ) ( mm) 75 150 300 0.16 0.15 0.11 0.49 0.50 0.45 0.65 0.64 0.57 ; 125 Hz, 160 Hz, 200 Hz, 250 Hz, 315 Hz, 400 Hz, 500 Hz, 630 Hz, 800 Hz, 1000 H z, 1250 Hz, 1600 Hz, 2000 H z, 2500 Hz, 3150 Hz, 4000 H z 3.2.7.3,, 0.110.65,, 3.2.7.4,,, 70%,, ;,
50 3 3.2.8, ( 100120g/ m 2 ), A 1.5mm 2.0mm, 0.34,,, 1h, 0.16 0.18 W/ ( mk), 3.2.9, ( ),,,, 3.2.9.1 L,,, 45300mm, 18002300mm,, ;,,,, ;,,,, 3.2.9.2,, 0.9 2.5mm, 3.2.9.3,,,, 3.2.9.4 1/ 2,, 1/ 4, 1/ 8 3.2.9.5 1.8m4 m, 3.2.9.6,,,,
51 : ( 1) ; ( 2 ) ; (3 ),, ; (4 ) ; (5 ) ; ( 6) : (), ( ),,,, 3.1?? 3.2 3.3 3.4? 3.5?
4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 180, 4.1 4.1 ( ) ( )
4.1 53 4.1 : GB, JC600 30,, 98%, 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.1.1 ( GB17599 ) 05%, ( ),, P ; 5%, P 4.1.1.2 (1 ),,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,
54 4, 1100 1500, 70% 80%,, (3 ), 4.1.1.3,, ;,, ;,,,,,,, 4.1 4.1.1.4 4.1 ( ) CaOSiO2 Al2 O3 Fe2 O3, 95%, : (1 ) 3CaOSiO2, C3 S, 37% 60% ; (2 ) 2CaOSiO2, C2 S, 15% 37% ; (3 ) 3CaOAl2 O3, C3 A, 7% 15% ; (4 )4CaOAl2 O3 Fe2 O3, C4 AF, 10% 18%, ( f CaO) ( ) 75%,,,,, 22%, 12501280,, 95%, 4.2
4.1 55 4.2 28d ( J/ g) C3 S () C 2 S, C3 A, ( ) C 4 AF,, C3 S C3 A, ; C3 S C3 A, C2 S C4 A F, ; C4 A F 4.1.1.5, ( ),,,,,, ;, (1 ), : C3 S C2 S 2 (3CaOSiO2 ) + 6 H2 O 3CaO2SiO2 3 H2 O + 3Ca( O H) 2 2( 2CaOSiO2 ) + 4 H2 O 3CaO2SiO2 3 H2 O + Ca( O H ) 2 CaO, C3 A, : 3 CaOAl2 O3 + 6H 2 O 3CaOAl2 O3 6H 2 O C3 A, C3 S,,,, : 3CaOAl2 O3 6H2 O + 3 ( CaSO4 2 H2 O) + 19 H2 O 3CaOAl2 O3 3CaSO4 31 H2 O() C3 A ( 70% ) (20% ) (7% ), (2 ),,,,
56 4,, :,,,,,,,,, ;,, 4.1.1.6, 9 4.34.4 4.3 ( GB1751999) P P 1 ( % ) 0.75 1.50 2 ( % ) 3.0 3.5 3 ( ) ( m 2 / kg) > 300 4 (min) 45 390 5 (mm) 5 6 ( % ) 5.0 6.0 7 ( % ) 3.5 8 ( Na 2 O + 0.658K 2 O) 0.6 4.4 ( GB1751999 ) ( MPa) ( MPa) 3d 28d 3d 28d 42.5 17.0 42.5 3.5 6.5 42.5R 22.0 42.5 4.0 6.5 52.5 23 52.5 4.0 7.0 52.5R 27 52.5 5.0 7.0 62.5 28 62.5 5.0 8.0 62.5R 32 62.5 5.5 8.0 (1 ),
4.1 57, 3 d 7d,28d, 3 28d,, 28d 42.5 42.5 R 52.5 52.5R 62.5 62.5 RR, 3d, 28d 4.4 (2 ),,,,,, (3 ), SiO2, R2 O3, 9501000 (4 ),,, ( ),, (5 ),, 21 % 26 % (6 ),, ;, ;,,, (7 ) N a2 O + 0.658K2 O (),,,,, Na2 O + 0.658K2 O
58 4 0.60 % ;, (8 ) 3.1 3.2 g/ cm 3, 1000 1300 kg/ m 3, 15001900kg/ m 3,,, (9 ),,,,,,,,, 4.1.1.7,,,,, 4.5 4.5 ( ) (, ),,,,,,,,, C3 S Ca( O H ) 2, C3 A,, 4.1.1.8 (1 ),,,, (2 ),,, (3 ),
4.1 59 4.1.2 ( P P ),,,,,, :,, ;,,, ;,,, ;,, 4.1.2.1 (1 )( GB1751999 ) 6 % 15 %, ( ), P O, 15 % 5% 10%, 10% (2 )( GB13441999) ( ), PS 20 % 70 %, 8%, 20% (3 )( GB13441999) (), PP 20% 50% (4 ) ( GB13441999) (), PF 20% 40% (5 )( GB129581999 ), ( ), PC 15%, 50 % 8%, (6 ) ( JC600),, PL 10 %, 25% 4.1.2.2 32.5 32.5 R 42.5 42.5R 52.5 52.5R
60 4 32.5 42.5 42.5 R 52.5 52.5R 4.1.2.3 4.6, 4.7 ( % ) 4.6 PO PS PP PF PC 5.0, 5.0 ;, 6.0 :5% 6 %, PS, 40 %, P P PF 6.0 30 %, ( % ) 3.5 4.0 3.5 ( 0.080mm ) ( % ) ( min) ( % ) 5.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 45 390 ( mm) 5 5 5 ( Na2 O + 0.658 K2 O) ( % ) 0.6 4.7 ( MPa) ( MPa) 3d 28d 3d 28d 32.5 11 32.5 2.5 5.5 32.5R 16 32.5 3.5 5.5 42.5 16 42.5 3.5 6.5 42.5R 21 42.5 4.0 6.5 52.5 22 52.5 4.0 7.0 52.5R 26 52.5 5.0 7.0 32.5 10.0 32.5 2.5 5.5 32.5R 15.0 32.5 3.5 5.5 42.5 15.0 42.5 3.5 6.5 42.5R 19.0 42.5 4.0 6.5 52.5 21.0 52.5 4.0 7.0 52.5R 23.0 52.5 4.5 7.0 32.5 11.0 32.5 2.5 5.5 32.5R 16.0 32.5 3.5 5.5 42.5 16.0 42.5 3.5 6.5 42.5R 21.0 42.5 4.0 6.5 52.5 22.0 52.5 4.0 7.0 52.5R 26.0 52.5 5.0 7.0
4.2 61 4.1.2.4 4.8 4.8 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4., 37d 3 % 7% 1. ; 1. 2. ; 3. ; 2. 1. ; 2. ; ; 3. 3. ; 4., 4-3, 1. 1., 1. 1., ; ; 2. ; ; 2. ; ; 2. 3. ; 3., 4. ; 5. 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5.,, 1. 1., 1. 1. ;, ; 20 30d 2. ; ; 2. ; 3. ; 2. ; ; 2. 4. 3. ; 3. ; ; ; 4. 4. ; 3. 5. 5. 1., :,,,,,, ; 2. 4.2,, ;,
62 4 4.2.1 4.2.1.1, (), 5% 4.2.1.2,,,, 4.9 4.9 Fe 2 O 3 ( % ) 34 0.450.70 0.350.45 ( ), :,, ; 90%, ;,,,, ; ; 4.2.1.3 (1 )( 4.10 ) 4.10 (GB2015 ) ( % ) ( % ) ( 0.080mm ) ( % ) ( ) ( min) (h ) 4.5 3.5 10 45 12 (2 ) 32.5 42.5 52.5 62.5, 4.11 4.11 ( MPa) ( MPa) 3d 7d 28d 3d 7d 28d 32.5 14.0 20.5 32.5 2.5 3.5 5.5 42.5 18.0 26.5 42.5 3.5 4.5 6.5 52.5 23.0 33.5 52.5 4.0 5.5 7.0 62.5 28.0 42.0 62.5 5.0 6.0 8.0 (3 ),,
4.2 63,, 4.12 4.12 ( % ) 86 84 80 75 (4 ),, 4.13 4.13 62.5 52.5 52.5 42.5 52.5 42.5 42.5 32.5 32.5 4.2.1.4, MgO CaF2, (12501350),, :, ;,,,, 4.2.2 4.2.2.1 : (1 ) ( ),, ; ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),,,,,,,, (2 ),, Cr2 O3 Cr ( O H ) 3
64 4 ; CaO, (0.1 % 2.0% ),,, :, ;,,, 4.2.2.2 (1 ),,, (2 ), (3 ),,, (4 ),,,,,,, 4.1,?? 4.2???? 4.3???? 4.4?? 4.5?? 4.6?? 4.7,?
65 4.8?? 4.9??? 4.10,? 4.11? 4.12??
5,,,,,,, 5.1 5.1.1, 4 5.1.1.1 6% 15% ( GB17599 ), 42.5 42.5 R 52.5 52.5R 62.5 62.5R 5.1.1.2,,,,, 5.1.1.3,,,, ;,
5.1 67,,, : ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ),, 5.1.1.4, : (1 ) 28d 1.5 2.0, ;,,, (2 ),,, (5.1 ) 5.1 ( > C40 ), ( > 32.5 ) ( > 42.5) ( > 32.5 ) 5.1.2 150m4.75mm, ; 4.75mm
68 5 70 % 80 %, 5.1.2.1 2500 kg/ m 3 ; 1350kg/ m 3, 47%,,,,,,,,,, ( GB/ T146842001 ), ( MK ), C60 ; C30C60 ; C30 : (1 ) 75m,,,,, 5.2 5.2 ( ) ( % ) < 1.0 < 3.0 < 5.0 ( ) ( % ) 0 < 1.0 < 2.0 ( ) ( % ) < 1.0 < 2.0 < 2.0 ( ) ( % ) < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0 () ( SO 3 ) ( % ) < 0.5 < 0.5 < 0.5 () ( % ) < 0.01 < 0.02 < 0.06 : 2000 kg/ m 3 (2 )( MK ),,,,, 5.1 : ( a), ; ( b), ; ( c),,
5.1 69 5.1, : 500g 9.50mm 4.75mm 2.36mm 1.18mm 600m 300m 150m,,, a1 a2 a6, A1 A2 A6 : A1 = a1 A2 = a1 + a2 MK A6 = a1 + a2 + + a6, : MK = ( A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 + A5 + A6 ) - 5 A1 100 - A1 ( 5.1), 3.71.6 MK = 3.73.1, MK = 3.02.3, MK = 2.21.6, 3.7 1.6, 600m ( ), ( 5.3), 5.3 5.3 ( % ) 9.50mm 0 0 0 4.75mm 100 100 100 2.63mm 355 250 150 1.18mm 6535 5010 250 600m 8571 7041 4016 300m 9580 9270 8555 150m 10090 10090 10090 :, 4.75m 600m,, 5 % 150m 100 % 85 %, 150m 100 % 80 %, 150m 100 % 75 %
70 5,, 5.4 ( 5.2 ),, (3 ),,, 5,, 5.4 5.2 5.4 ( % ) < 8 < 8 < 10 ( % ) < 20 < 25 < 30 (4 ),,,, 0.10 % 5.1.2.2 ; 2600 2700 kg/ m 3, 13001400kg/ m 3, 45% ; 14001600kg/ m 3, 35% 45% C60 ; C30C60 ; C30 : ( GB/ T146852001) (1 ) 75m ; 4.75mm 2.36mm 5.5 (2 ),
5.1 71,, 2.4 ; 0.4 5.6 5.5 ( ) ( % ) < 0.5 < 1.0 < 1.5 ( ) ( % ) 0 < 0.5 < 0.7 ( SO 3 ) ( % ) < 0.5 < 1.0 < 1.0 5.6 ( ) ( % ) < 5 < 15 < 25,,,,, ;,,, 10% (3 ),, ( GB50204 ), 1/ 4, 3/ 4 ;, 1/ 2, 50mm;, 13, 12.5, 2.36mm 4.75 mm 9.50mm 16mm 19mm 26.5mm 31.5 mm 37.5mm 53.0mm 63.0mm 75.0mm 90.0 mm,, 2,,,,, 6,,,,,
72 5 (4 ),,,, 5, 5.7 5.7 ( % ) < 5 < 8 < 12 (5 ),,, 5cm 5cm 1.5, 80M Pa; 60M Pa; 30M Pa,, 200kN, G1, 2.36mm, G2, Qa : G1 - G2 Qa = G1 100 % ( 5.2), 5.8 5.8 < 10 < 20 < 30 < 12 < 16 < 16 (6 ), 5.3,, 5.1.3 :,
5.1 73 5.3 ;, ; 5.9 5.9 p H > 4 > 4 > 4 ( mg/ L) < 2000 < 2000 < 5000 ( mg/ L) < 2000 < 5000 < 10000 (Cl - ) (mg/ L) < 500 < 1200 < 3500 2 - ( SO 4 ) ( mg/ L) < 600 < 2700 < 2700 ( S 2 - ) (mg/ L) < 100 :, 350 mg/ L 5.1.4, 5.1.4.1, ( GB80752003), : (1 ),, ;,, ( ),, (2 ) :, ;, ;, ;, 5.1.4.2 (1 )
74 5 :,, ;,,, :,, 1020 mm,, 10% 15%, 15% 20%,, 30% 50%,, 10% 15%,, M ; NF FDN U N FMF N NO ; SM CRS,, 15% 27% 3 d 30% 100%, 28d 20% 30% (2 ) : ( )( ), 0.1% 0.3%, 24h,, - 5, (3 ) ( - 5), CaCl2 NaCl KCl AlCl3 0.5% 1.0% CaCl2, 3d 50% 100% 7d 20 % 40 %, Cl -, ( GB50204 ) : CaCl2 1% 3 % Na2 SO4 CaSO4 Al2 ( SO4 ) 3, Na2 SO4, 0.5% 2.0%,,
5.2 75 0.02% 0.05%,,, ( ), (4 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 1%, 4% 6%, 2% 3%, 0.005%0.2%,,, (6 ), (NaCl CaCl2 )( ) ( ), 0-15 C,,,, 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.1.1 ( ),,,,,,,,
76 5,,,,,, 5.2.1.2,, : (1 ),, 300mm 100mm 200mm,,,,, mm,, 5.4, : 160mm; 100150mm; 5090mm; 1040mm (2 ) 5.4 10mm,, 5. 5 :,,,,,, ( s ), 40mm, 530s : 510s; 1120 s; 2130 s; 31 s 5.2.1.3 (1 ),,,
5.2 77,,,,,,, ( ),,, ;,,,, 5.5 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,, ; ;,, ;,,,,, (3 ) ( Sp ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (4 ),,,,,,,
78 5, (5 ) ( ),,,, (6 ),,,,,, :, ;, ; ; ;, 5.2.2, 5.2.2.1,,,, ( GBJ81 ), 150mm 150mm 150mm ( 20390 % ) 28d, fcu 95%, fcu, k,, ( 5.10) 5.10 ( mm) ( mm) 31.5 100100100 0.95 40 150150150 1 60 200200200 1.05
5.2 79 C ( N/ m 2 MPa ), C7.5 C10 C15 C20 C25 C30 C35 C40 C45 C50 C55 C60 C65 C70 C75 C80 16, 5.2.2.2,, ( fcp ) ( GBJ81), 150mm150 mm300mm fcp fcu fcu 1055M Pa, fcp ( 0.700.80 ) f cu 5.2.2.3, 1/ 101/ 20,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, f ts f ts = 0.637 P A ( 5.3) f ts ( M Pa) ; P( N) ; A( mm 2 ),, 0.90, : 5.2.2.4 f ts = 0.35 f cu 3 4 ( 5.4), (1 ),,,,,,
80 5,, :, fcu = a fce f cu 28d ( MPa) ; C1m 3 ( kg ) ; W1m 3 ( kg) ; C W - b ( 5.5) f ce ( MPa), f ce, k,, f ce (1.13) ; = c fc e, k, c a b,,, (2 ), ( JGJ/ T552000) : a = 0.46, b = 0.07; a = 0.48, b = 0.33,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (4 )
5.2 81 :, 28d,, : f n f28 = lg n lg28 f n n (M Pa) ; f 28 28 ( M Pa) ; n( d), n3 (5 ) ( 5.6),,,,, 5.2.3,,, 5.2.3.1,,,, 28d,, 25% 5 % F10 F15 F25 F50 F10 0 F1 50 F200 F25 0 F3 00,,,,, 5.2.3.2 (),,, 28d P4 P6 P8 P1 0 P12,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,
82 5, 5.2.3.3 CO2,,,,,, 5.2.3.4,,,,, : (1 )( N a2 O + 0.658K2 O) 0.6% (2 )SiO2 (3 ),, : (1 ) 0.6 %,, ; (2 ); (3 ), ; (4 ), 5.3,,,,, 5.3.1,, (1 ),,,
5.3 83, (2 ),,,, 11% (3 ), (4 ),,,, 6% (5 ), 5.3.2,, 5.3.2.1,,,, : (1 ) ( ), :,,,, (2 ),,,,,,, ( 3),,,,,
84 5 5.3.2.2,,,,,,,,, Ca ( O H ) 2 Na2 SO4 N a2 CO3 :,,, ;,, ; 5.3.2.3,,,,,,,,,, 5.6 5.6 5.3.3, ;,, (1 ),,,,,,,,,,
5.3 85,, 10mm, 5 10mm, ;,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,, 1/ 6,,,,,,, ( ), (3 ),,,,, 5.3.4,,, (1 ),, 12 h,, 45, (2 ),,,,, (3 ) 24h (4 ),, 1220MPa
86 5 (5 ) 1.52m/ min, 6580m/ s,,,,,,,, 5.4,,, :,,, :,,,,,,,,, : ;,,,,, 5.4.1 5.4.1.1,,, 45, 32.542.5M Pa 5.4.1.2,, (1 ),, SiO2, (2 ), :, 80-20,
5.4 87,,,, (3 ),,, 5.11 5.11 ( mm) 1 20 2 15 3 8 4 6 5 4 1.,, ; 2. 6 0.31.2 (4 ), (5 ), 1.23mm,,,,, 5.4.1.3, ;, ;,, 5.12, 5.13
88 5 5.12 : : TiO 2,,,,,,,, : TiO2,,,; T io 2,, : : ZnS + BaSO 4 : : : ZnO : Mg3 ( Si4 O10 ) ( OH ) 2 : :CaCO3,,,,,,,,,, 140325,90 % CaCO 3, 320, 98 % CaCO 3 SO 2,, SO 2, : : : Fe 2 O 3 xh 2 O, :,,, ( > 1 % ) : 55, 80, : : PbCrO 4 90 ;65,6070; 90,60; 90,55; 90, 50 : : : ZnCrO 4, 150, 120g/ m 2
5.4 89 5.12 :,,,,, 0.52m, 78 : : Fe 2 O 3 : : : H gs : : : 3CdS2CdSe, 25m, 5 20m,,, H gs98 % ( CdS ) ( CdSe),,,,, :,, : : Co( AlO 2 ) 2,,,,,, : : Fe 2 O 3 Fe 3 O 4 : : Fe 2 O 3,, Fe 2 O 3 85 %,,, Fe 2 O 3 > 96 % : : : Fe 3 O 4 Fe2 O3 FeO : : C,,,,,,,,
90 5 5.12 : : MnO 2,,,,,, :,,,, ( ) 5.13 ( % ) 42.5 93 86 79 95 90 85 93 86 79 95 90 85 95 90 85 93 86 79 94 83 82 7 14 21 4 7 9 5 10 15 3 7 12 5 10 15 5 10 15 7 14 21 2 5 9 :, 60 % 70 %,,,, = 1( 2.5 3.0 ), 5.4.2 5.4.2.1,,
5.4 91 5.4.2.2,,,,, 5.4.2.3,, L,,, 5.4.2.4,,, 5.4.2.5, ;,,,, 5.4.2.6 5.4.2.7 110,,,,, 5.4.2.8,,, 5.4.2.9,,,,,, 5.4.2.10, ( ),, 13mm,,,,
92 5 5.4.3 5.4.3.1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5.4.3.2,,,,,,,, = 11.5, = 11.25 ( 30% ),,, 5.7 5.7 5.4.3.3 56mm,,,,,,,,, 5.4.3.4,,,,, 2/ 3,
5.4 93,,,, 107,, 5.14 5.14 (mm) 1., 13 12 2., ; 12 3.,11.252 ( 12 30 %, 2 % 3 % ) 1.,13 ; 12 2.,122.5 ; 6 3.: 78, 107 = 11 1.50.050.15, 107 = 1 0.5 2 0.05 0.15 = 10.5 4., 1.24h ; 2. ; 3.23d ; 4.,,, ; 5.,, 1520mm 1. ; 2.,, 10mm ; 3., ( ) ; 4.,,,; 5., 1.,13 ; 2., ; 3.,= 11 () 11.25( ) 11.5 () 12 12 815 1.,; 2., ( ), 1.,10.54 12 1. :,, 13 ; ; ; 2.:,, ; 2., ; 3.,,, 5 % ; ( 3 % ) ;, 10 %20% ( : 4 3% ) ; 5 25% 30 % 1.,13 ; 15 2.; 3., 11 3 5 1. ; 2. ; 3.( ), ; 4. 1.,13 ; 2.,116 ; 15 10 1.,; 2.,,,,,
94 5 5.4.3.5,,,,, (),, (1 ) ( Q ), (D), ( T ), ( G) ( M) ( P ) 5.15 5.15 (mm) 1010 ( mm) > 53 : 53 4, ( mm) 2 3 4 ( mm) 2, 10, 3 20 ( ) > 45.0 > 35.0 > 25.0 ( % ) < 8.0 ( MPa) > 5.0,> 4.0 (2 ) :,,,, 13 14, 1520 mm, 24h,, 3mm, ( ),,, 1 2mm,,,,,,,,,,,,,
5.4 95,,,,,,,,,, 6080, ; 120180, ; 180240,,,,, 280,,,,,, 5.16 5.16 ( kg) ( % ) 160 40 100 2 4 160 40 100 0.5 140 60 100 100 100 100 4 1.5 140 60 100 2 60 140 100 140 40 20 100
96 5 ( )() ;, ;, : ; 5.1?? 5.2?? 5.3??? 5.4?? 5.5? 5.6??? 5.7 5.8?? 5.9??? 5.10??? 5.11?? 5.12??? 5.13?
6 ; ; (GB/ T4100.11999GB/ T4100.51999 ),,, 6.1 6.1.1 6.1.1.1,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 6.1.1.2,,, (1 ), ( )( ), ( ),,
98 6,,,,,,, 6.1 (2 ),, 6.1 ( % ) > 10 1822 912 48 < 1 < 0.5 < 0.5 < 0.5 < 0.5, 6.1.1.3,,, GB/ T91951999,, 6.2 6.3 6.2 ( % ) E0.5 0.5 < E3 3 < E6 6 < E10 E > 10,
6.1 99 6.3, 6.1.2,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, 6.1.2.1,,,,,,, (1 ),, :,,,, :
100 6 1580,,, 10 %,,, 13501580, 10% 15%, 1350,,,, (2 ),, SiO2 Al2 O3 H2 O, K2 O N a2 O, CaO MgO Fe2 O3 TiO2 SiO2, ; K2 O Na2 O,, ( 1000 ) ; CaOMgO,, ; Al2 O3 T io2 ; Fe2 O3 TiO2 Fe2 O3 0.8% TiO2 0.5 %, ; Fe2 O3 0.8% TiO2 0.5%,, :, () ( ), Al2 O3 2SiO2 nh2 O, n 2 4, ( ) Al2 O3 4SiO2 nh2 O, n 12 1, K2 O 3Al2 O3 6SiO2 2H 2 O,,,,, 12m,, (3 ),,,,,,,,
6.1 101,,,,, 3% 12 %, (,,,, ),,, 1% 2%,, 900,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 250, 200, 5080,, (4 ),,, 6.1.2.2,,,, 6.1.2.3,,,, 6.1.2.4, 6.1.3, :, 5% 8% ;, 40 %,, 6.1 6.1.4,,
102 6 6.1, 6.1.4.1 (1 ),,,, ;, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6.4 6.4 (1100) (11001250) (1250) ( ) (3 ), :,, (
6.1 103 ), ( ),,,, 6.5 6.5 ( ) ( ) ( ) (mm) 11501200 13001450 3060 (20100, 110-6 - 1 ) 2.95.3 ( MPa) ( ) 60009000 220 ( ) ( % ) > 90 ( % ) > 80 6.1.4.2,, (1 ),, 600850,,,,,,, (2 ),,, 10501150,,,,,,, (3 )
104 6, ( ),,,,,,,,, (),, 11001150,,,,,, (4 ), ( ) ( ),,,,,,,, (),,,,, (5 ),,,,,,,, ( ),,, ( ) A. (),,, ( ),,,,,,,
6.2 105 B. ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6.2 10% 20%,,, 6.2.1 6.2.1.1,,, 6.6 6.6 F, J,, YG, SHG,, H Y,,,, JJ, BW, LSH,, BT YG T D YGT SHGT,,, ( YG ) ( SHG),,,,,,,,,
106 6 6.2.1.2 ( ) ( ),, 6.2, 6.3,, () (), ( ) ( ) 6.2 6.7 6.3
6.2 107 6.7 (mm) 152 152 5 152 76 5 108 108 5 76 76 5 152 75 5 80 80 4 300 150 5 110 110 4 300 200 5 152 152 4 300 200 4 108 108 4 300 150 4 152 75 4 200 200 5 200 200 4 300 200 6 200 200 5 6.2.2 6.2.2.1,, ;, (1 ) 6.8 6.8 (mm) ( % ) (2 4 ) ( 2 4 ) 10 ( 20 40 ) L12cm 0.75 L > 12cm 0.50 L12cm 0.50 L > 12cm 0.30 + 0.60-0.30 0.25 10.0 10.0 : (2 )1.55mm, 2mm (3 ) 6.9 6.2.2.2 : 95% 0.8m : 95% 1m 6.2.2.3 (1 ) E > 10 %, 9% E > 20%,
108 6 ( % ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 6.9 0.20 0.30 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.50 0.20 0.30 1. - 0.40-0.50-0.70-0.80 ( 2. - 0.20-0.30-0.10-0.20 ) 3. - 0.30 0.50 S250cm 2 0.30 S250cm 2 0.50 S > 250cm 2 0.50 S > 250cm 2 0.75 : (2 ) : 7.5 mm, 600N ; < 7.5mm, 200N ( 3000N ) : 15M Pa, 12M Pa (3 ) 10 (4 ), (5 ) (6 ) (7 )( 100) (8 )( mm/ m ) (9 ) (10) 6.2.3,,,,,, 10% 20%,,,,,,,, 5%,,,, 5002000 H z, 95%,,,
6.3 109 6.3,,,, ( 10 % ),, 6.3.1 6.3.1.1,,, ; ; ;, 6.3.5 6.103 812mm,, 1200mm3000mm 6.10 500500 600600 800800 900900 10001000 1200600 100100 150150 200200 250250 300300 400400 15075 200100 200150 250150 30050 300200 11565 24065 13065 26065 6.3.1.2,,,,,,, ;, ( E < 3% ), 10%,,, 6.3.2, (), 6.3.5 300mm 300mm 400mm 400mm 450mm 450 mm 500mm
110 6 500mm 600mm600mm 800mm800mm, 712mm,, 900mm900mm 1000 mm1000 mm 1000 mm2000 mm,,,, 6,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6.3.3 6.3.3.1 (),,, 6.3.5 20 60,,,,,, DIN 6.3.3.2 6.11 6.11 ( mm) 2405211 1949411 1945213 19019013 2407111 12012012 1949413 15015014 24011511 24011512 2405213 20020014 20010011 24011512 24011513 30030014
6.3 111 6.3.3.3,,,,,, ;,, ;, 6.3.4 6.3.4.1,,,,, 2mm,,,, 2mm, : :,,,,, 6.3.4.2,,,,,,,,,, :, 3%, ; 8 %,,, :
112 6 ( ) ( ) ( ), 6.3.5 6.3.4.3, 17mm,,,,,,,,, 6.3.4.4,,,,,,, 6.3.4.5,,,,, 6.3.5,, ( GB/ T4100.11999GB/ T4100. 41999),,, 6.3.5.1 (1 ) 6.12 (2 4 )1.0% 25mm, 2% ( 5mm) 6.13
6.3 113 6.12 ( % ) S(cm 2 ) S90 90 < S190 190 < S410 410 < S1600 S > 1600 1.( 2 4 ) 2.( 2 4 ) 10 ( 20 40 ) 1.2 1.0 0.75 0.6 0.5 0.75 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 10.0 10.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 6.13 S90 90 < S190 190 < S410 410 < S1600 S > 1600 S( cm 2 ) ( % ) ( ) ( 0.50 0.75 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.5 ) ( ) ( 0.70 1.0 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.5 ) 1. 0.70 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 2. 0.70 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 3. 0.70 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 : 0.2 %, 2.0mm (2 ) 6.14 6.14 ( E0.5 ) ( 0.5 < E3 ) (3 < E6 ) ( 6 < E10) : 95 %0.8m : 95 %1m ( % ) 0.6 3.3 6.5 11 7.5mm, ( N ) < 7.5mm, ( N ) 1300 1100 1000 800 700 700 600 500
114 6 6.14 ( ( MPa) 35 30 22 18 > 3000 ) ( MPa) 32 27 20 16 10,, ( % ) 55 ( mm 3 ) 175 175 345 540, 3 3 3 3 : 6.3.5.2 (1 ) 6.12 25mm, 2% ( 5mm) 6.13 (2 )6.14 6.3.5.3 (1 ) 6.15 6.15 ( % ) S(cm 2 ) S90 90 < S190 190 < S410 S > 410 (1) ( 2 4 ) (2) ( 2 4 ) 10 (20 40 ) 1.2 1.0 0.75 0.6 0.75 0.5 0.5 0.4 10.0 10.0 5.0 5.0 : 25mm, 2% ( 5mm)
6.4 115 6.16 (2 )6.14 6.3.5.4 (1 ) 6.15 25mm, 2 % (5 mm) 6.16 6.16 ( % ) S(cm 2 ) S90 90 < S190 190 < S410 S > 410 ( ) 0.50 0.75 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 ( ) 0.70 1.0 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 1. 0.7 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 2. 0.7 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 3. 0.7 1.0 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 : 6.14 6.4, ( 50mm),, 284.0mm 295.0mm 305.0mm 325.0mm 305mm, 0.09m 2, 0.65kg, 40, 3.7m 2 6.4.1, 6.17, 6.18
116 6 6.17 ( ) ( mm) a b c d 39.0 39.0 5.0 23.6 23.6 5.0 18.5 18.5 5.0 15.2 15.2 5.0 39.0 18.5 5.0 39.0 19.2 27.9 5.0 32.1 15.9 22.8 5.0 ( ) ( mm) a b c d 36.4 11.9 37.9 22.7 5.0 25 5.0 15 15 18 40 5.0 7.5 15 18 20 5.0 6.18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
6.5 117 6.4.2 ( 0.2%, 1.0% ),,,,, 6.5 6.5.1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,,, 6.5.2,,,,,,,,,,,,,
118 6,,,, 1979 ;1984 10,, 756, 8m, 2.5m,,,, ;, 180m 2, 1984 11, ;, 29.43m, 4.65 m, 2260,,,,,,,,,, :, 6.1??? 6.2?? 6.3,, 6.4???? 6.5? 6.6? 6.7?? 6.8? 6.9
7, ;, ;,,,, 7.1 7.1.1,,,,, ( SiO2 ) ( Na2 CO3 ) ( CaCO3 ), 15501600 SiO2 ( 72% ) N a2 O( 15% )CaO( 9% ), Al2 O3 MgO, 7.1 ( SiO2 ) ( Na 2 O) ( CaO ) ( Al2 O3 ) ( MgO ) 7.1
120 7 7.1.2 7.1.2.1,,,,, 2.2 g/ cm 3, 6.5g/ cm 3, 2.52.6g/ cm 3 7.1.2.2,, :,, 100%,,,, 19%,,,,,, ( ),,,, :, ;,,,,, 3mm 87%, 5mm 84 %, ;,, 7.1.2.3 (1 ),, (700 ), (2 ),,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,
7.1 121, ;,, 7.1.2.4,,, (1 ),, 6001200M Pa ; (2 ), 4080MPa,,,, 4080MPa,,,,,,,, (3 ) 6000075000M Pa, 1/ 3,, ;,,, 47, 7.1.2.5,,,,, 7.1.3 (1 ), :, (),, (2 )
122 7 (3 ) (4 ),,, 7.2,,, ( 85 % 90 % ), 7.2.1 7. 1 7.1 7.2.2 ( ), 7.2.2.1,,, ( 7.2, 7.3),,,,, 7.2.2.2 7001000mm,
7.2 123 7.2 7.3,,,,, 7.2.2.3,,,,,,,,,, 7.4 7.4,, 75%,, 2.44.6m, 7.2.3,, ( GB116141999 ) 7.2.3.1 : 2mm 3mm 4 mm 5mm 6mm 8mm 10mm 12mm 15 mm 19mm
124 7 7.2.3.2, (1 ) 7.2 7.2 ( mm) 3000 30005000 2, 3,4 5,6 2 3 8,10 + 2, - 3 + 3, - 4 12,15 3 4 19 5 5 (2 )7.3, 2 mm 3mm 0.2mm; 4 mm 5mm 6mm 8mm 10 mm, 0.3mm 7.3 ( mm) 2, 3,4,5,6 0.2 8, 10 0.3 12 0.4 15 0.6 19 1.0 (3 ) 7.4 (4 ) 0.2% (5 ) 7.5 7.2.3.3 (1 ) ( ), () () () ( ), (2 )( ), (3 )( ) (4 )
7.2 125 7.4 L 0.5mmL1.5mm L 1.5mmL3.0mm L 3.0mmL5.0mm L L > 5.0mm 5.0S 1.0S 0.22S 0 L 0.5mmL1.0mm L 1.0mm < L2.0mm L 2.0mm < L3.0mm L L > 3.0mm 2.2S 0.44S 0.22S 0 1.5mm 1.0mm : 300mm 0.5mm,60mm,3S, : 2mm,40 ;3mm, 45 ;4mm,50 : S, S, GB/ T 8170 7.5 ( mm) ( % ) 2 89 3 88 4 87 5 86 6 84 8 82 10 81 12 78 15 76 19 72 7.2.4 : 35mm, 812mm
126 7 7.3,,,,,,, 7.3.1 7.3.1.1,,, :, (),, ; ( ) 7.3.1.2 (1 ),,, 60% (2 ) 6mm 3, (3 ) (4 ), (5 ), 7.5 7.6 7.6,, 83.9 %,,, ; 68.9%,
7.3 127 7.5 6mm 6mm 7.6,,,, 7.3.1.3,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ; 7.3.2 7.3.2.1,
128 7 7.3.2.2 (1 ), 20% 65%, 30%, 7% 8 %,,,, 3mm 1,,, 7.6 7.6 ( mm) ( mm) 3 1 8 0.60.75 8 0.93 8 0.240.49 8 0.77 (2 ), () ( ),,,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,, 7.3.2.3, 6mm, 1600mm2100mm 1800mm2000mm 2100mm3600mm 7.7 7.7 2002500nm 30%, 60% 5 % 24h,, - 4050
7.3 129 7.3.2.4,,,, 20 80,,,, 7.3.3,, 70 %,, ;,, 90%,,,,, 1500mm900mm 1500mm1200mm 1800mm750mm 1800 mm1200 mm 1800mm1600mm 2200mm1250mm 7.3.4,,,,,, ( ),, 1975,, 7.3.4.1,,,,,, 7.7, 3mm 4mm 5mm 6mm 612mm 7.3.4.2 (1 ),,
130 7 7.7 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 7, 10% 80 %, 25% 80%, 25% 50% (2 ) 312mm, 6.55.9 W/ ( m 2 K), 6 mm, ( ) 6mm 9mm, 3.4 3.1 W/ ( m 2 K), 100mm,, (3 ),, ( 0),,, ;,,, (4 ), 3040dB, (5 ), 7.3.4.3 7.8
7.3 131 7.8 (mm) 3 12001200 12001500 4 13001300 13001500 13001800 13002000 5 6 9 12 15001500 15002400 16002400 18002500 6 18001800 18002400 20002500 22002600 : (1 ) GB11614 GB4871 GB9962 GB9963 (2 ) :, ; ; (3 ) ; (4 ) 7. 97. 10 7. 11 (5 ) GB7020, 7.12 7.9 ( mm) < 1000 2.0 10002000 2.5 > 20002500 3.0 7.10 ( mm) 6 < 18 1.0 1825 1.5 > 6 > 25 2.0
132 7 7.11 ( mm) < 1000 4 10002500 6 7.12 10 0.5kPa, 0.8mm 2.5h, < 15 % - 40, 3min 168h 320, 224, 12, 11 7.3.4.4,,,, ; ;,,,,, 3% 5% :, ( 0, 0 ),, ( 0.5W/ ( mk), 0.021W/ ( mk),,, ),,, ( ),
7.4 133 7.4 7.4.1,,, : ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) ( ) ; ( 4) 7.4.1.1 ( ) (1 ), ( 650 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 7.8 7.8 ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c) (2 ), ( N a + ) ( K + ) ( Li + ),,,,,
134 7,,, 7.4.1.2 (1 ) 125MPa, 3 5, (2 ),,,,,, (3 ), 1200mm350mm6mm, 100mm,,,, (4 ),,,, 288, 204, (5 ),,,,, 7. 13 7.13 (mm) 5 6 ( g) ( m) 50010 1.3 50010 1.9 ( mm 2 ) < 300 < 200 ( m) < 80 < 50 ( MPa) 125-40, 2h, ; 200, 30, 7.4.1.3 ;
7.4 135,,, 7.4.2 7.4.2.1 ( 0.4mm ),,,, ;,,,, 7.4.2.2 6mm 7mm 10mm 600mm 400mm, 2000mm1200mm,, 7.4.2.3 : (1 ) (2 ),,,, 50%, (3 ),,, (4 ),,,, 7.4.3 7.4.3.1, ( PAM ), ( A ), 2 3 5 7, 9,,
136 7 2mm + 3mm + 3 mm 3mm + 5mm 7.9 7.4.3.2 (1 ), (2 ),,,, (3 ) ; P VB, 7.9 (4 )P VB, 7.14 7.14 602, 0.8kg 1m,,, 0.5%, 1.5mm 82% (2mm + 2mm ) 7.4.3.3 (1 ),, (2 ) 7.4.4 7.4.4.1,,,, 7.4.4.2,, : (1 ),
7.4 137,,, 40% 50%,,,, (2 ) 90%,, 14501500, (3 ),,,,,,,,,, (4 ),,,,,, (5 ),,,,,, 7.4.4.3, : (1 ),,,,,,,, (2 ),,,
138 7 (3 ),,, ;,, (4 ),,,,, (5 ),,, (6 ) 7.4.4.4,,,,,, 21 500 mm 500 mm600mm 600mm600mm 900mm900mm 1800 mm 1000mm2000mm 1500mm3000mm 7.4.4.5 : (1 ) 40MPa, GB9966. 2 (2 ): 10080mm, 5, 95 4h, 20, (3 )0.5mm, 1mm, 1/ 1000 (4 ), (5 ) 85 (6 ) 2.0CIEIAB : (1 ),, ; ; 10 (2 )100% 4 ( )
7.4 139 (3 ), :, :,,,, 7.4.5 7.4.5.1 (), 810 mm,,,,, : 80100mm, 115mm 190mm 240mm 300mm 7.4.5.2 : (1 ),,,,,, (2 ), 2.93.2W/ ( mk ),,, 7. 10 7.10 ( a) 6 mm + 12 mm + 6mm ; ( b) 6mm + 12mm + 6 mm
140 7 (3 ), 50dB, ( ),, 45 db (4 ),,, 1h (5 ), 9M Pa,, 7.4.5.3,,, 7.4.6, (1 ),,,,,,,,,, 50% 70%, 35 mm, 1600900mm 60 % 70 % (2 ),,, (3 ) (4 ),,, 7.4.7, ;,,,
7.4 141 7.4.8,,,,,,,, (5 mm ) ( 5mm + 5mm ) (8 mm + 5mm) 20 90,,,, + 7.4.9,, ; 190230V, 60, 80 %,,,, 7.4.10, ( TiO2 ),, CO2 H 2 O,,,,,,,,,,, PPG, 10% 20% 2000mm1500mm,
142 7 7.5 7.5.1, 2050mm 46mm,,,, 7.5.2,, 13001500, ( ),, 650800 ( ),,,, ;, ;,, 7.5.3 (1 ),,,,,,,, (2 ),, (3 ),, 7.5.4 ( GB/ T76971996 ), 20mm 20 mm 25mm25mm 30mm30mm, 4.0mm 4.2 mm 4.3 mm,, 45mm 327mm, () ( ) 2.0mm 3.0mm 7.15
143 7.15 5min 40min 901825 30min 10min 3 1mol/ L 100, 4h 1mol/ L 100, 4h 70% K99.90, K99.93, K99.88, K99.96, 7.5.5,,,,, ( ),,,,, :, : :, : ( ) : 7.1 7.2?? 7.3?? 7.4? 7.5?? 7.6? 7.7??
8,,,,,, :,, ; ; ; ;,,,, :, ; ; ; ;,,,, 3, 8000 (1 ),,,,,,, ;, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 3 ; 3,
8.1 145 8.1 8.1.1,,, 8.1.1.1 8.18.2,,, ; ; 8.1 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 8.2 () 8.1, (1 ), ;,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,, (3 ),,
146 8, ; ;,,,,, ( ) ;,,,, ( ),, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, V 8.1 8.1.1.2 8.38.4,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 8.3 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 8.4 1 ; 2 ;3,,,, ;,,, : ( 0.2mm ), ;, ( 0.1 0.2mm ), ;, ( 0.1mm ),,,,,,, 1mm,,
8.1 147,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, 8.1.2 8.1.2.1 :, 1.55g/ cm 3 :, 186kg/ m 3, 1128 kg/ m 3 400600kg/ m 3, 500kg/ m 3 8.1.2.2 (1 ),,,, (2 ),,,, 25% 35 %, 30% (3 ),,, (4 ),,,
148 8,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 6 % 12 % 8.1.2.3,,, 8.1 8.1 ( MPa) ( MPa) ( MPa) ( MPa) 100 1020 200300 620 150200 1520 50100, 4956M Pa, 3340M Pa,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 140,, ( > 60), 50% 60% 8.1.2.4,, ;, ( : 0.154%, 0.146%, 0.043% ), ( : 0.953%, 0.798 %, 0.774% )
8.2 149 8.2,,,, 8.2.1 ( ) ( ) 8.2.1.1, 8.58.6 (1 ) 8.5 ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c) ; ( d),,,,, 155mm22.5mm8mm 250mm 50 mm10 mm 300mm60mm10mm,, (2 ) ( ),,,,,,, 200mm40m( 1215 ) mm, 250mm50mm( 1520 ) mm, (4004000 ) mm( 60120) mm(1520) mm
150 8 8.6,, 8.5 (3 ) ( 8.6 ),, 250300mm, 4060mm, 2025mm, (4 ),,,,,, 400mm400mm 500mm500mm 600mm600mm,, 5cm 7cm 9cm,,, (5 ), ( 18304000 ) mm( 4075 ) mm (1218) mm (6 ) ( ),,,,, (18304000 ) mm(150200 ) mm( 1218) mm, 1830mm150mm15mm
8.2 151 8.2.1.2 ( ) (1 ), 8. 7 8.7 1; 2 ; 3 ; 4 A l2 O3 Al2 O3,, Al2 O3 A l2 O3,, Al2 O3 32g/ m 2 45g/ m 2 ;, Al2 O3 62g/ m 2,,,,,, ( HDF ) ( MDF ),,, GB1171889, (2 ) : :,, ; ;,,, 0.12 mg/ m 3 ( GB/ T185802001 ) 1.5mg/ L ( 11201400 ) mm(180200 ) mm(6 10 ) mm, 3mm,
152 8 8.2.1.3,,,,, (1 ),,,,, 2200 mm (180200) mm(1415) mm8.8,, 8.8,,,,,,,, (2 ),, : :,,,, 8.2.1.4,,,,, : (1 ),,,, 8.9,,,,,,, ;
8.2 153 8.9 (2 ),, (3 ),,,,,, 8.2.1.5, ( ),,,, :,,,,,, 8.2.2,,,, ;,, : (1 ),,
154 8,,, 2.7mm 3.0 mm 3.5mm 4.0mm 5.0mm 5.5mm 6.0mm, 6 mm 1mm 4mm 8.2 8.2 ( mm) ( mm) 915 1220 1830 2135 2440 915 915 1220 1830 2135 1220 1220 1830 2135 2440, ;, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,, ; ;, ;, 8.3 (mm) 915 1220 1520 1830 2138 2440 8.3 ( mm) 915 1830 2135 915 1220 1830 2135 2440 1220 (mm) :, 8.3 10 MPa (3 ) 16 19 22 25 : 10 %3 % 16mm, 15MPa < 16mm, 12MPa 1MPa,,, () ( ), ( ), ( > 800 kg/ m 3 ) ( 500
8.2 155 800kg/ m 3 )(< 500 kg/ m 3 ) ; ;,, 610mm 1220 mm 915mm 1830mm1000mm 2000mm915mm 2135mm 1220 mm1830mm 1200 mm 2440mm; 2.50mm 3.00mm 3.20mm 4.00mm 5.00 mm, ( GB1171899 )80 70 60 80 :, 0.80g/ cm 3,, 70 : 0.700.79g/ cm 3,, 80 60 : 0.600.69 g/ cm 3, 80 70, ( GB/ T117899 ) : 1830mm, 2135mm, 2440mm; 1220 mm; 12 mm,15mm, 16mm, 18mm, 21mm, 24 mm,,,,,, (4 ) ( ) ; (, ) ( PVC ) ; (A ) (B ) A 1830mm 915mm2000mm 1000mm2440mm 1220mm 1220 mm1220 mm, 4mm 8mm 10mm 12mm 16mm 19 mm 22mm 25mm 30mm,,, ( ),, A, (80 ),,,,,,,
156 8, (5 ),,, 9.518mm, 1935mm, 18m,,, (6 ),,, 0.5mm, 0.7 0.8mm0.5mm, 0.20.3mm () ( ) (, ) : ; 0.11mm, 0.70.8mm, 0.20.3 mm, 0.5mm,,,,,,,, 1830mm915 mm(36) mm, 2135mm915mm( 36 ) mm, 2135 mm220mm( 36 ) mm, 1830mm1220mm( 36 ) mm 8.2.3 8.2.3.1,,,,,,,,
8.3 157 8.108.11 8.10 8.11 ; ; ; 25m 8.2.3.2,,,,,,, (1 ),,, (2 ),,, 8.2.3.3, (, ),, 8.3,, 8.3.1 8.3.1.1,,,,,,,,,,, :
158 8 (1 ) 338, 2530, 5,, 60, (2 ) 20% 30%,, 20%, (3 ), 8.3.1.2 : (1 ),,, 20%,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,, (),,,, 8.3.2,,,,, :,, 220,,,,,,, 450,, 8001000,, : (1 ),,,,
8.3 159 (2 ),,,,,,, 1/ 3 1/ 2,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
160 8 8.1? 8.2? 8.3?? 8.4?? 8.5?? 8.6?
9,, ; ; 9.1 9.1.1,,,,,,,, 18,,, 20 20,, 1927, 20 60,,,, 9.1.2,,,, 50% 80 %,,,,, 65%, 85 %,,,
162 9 30%,,, ;,, 39 %, 80 %, 66%,20 70, (106 ) (107 ),,, 20 80,,,,,,, ;, ; ; ; 20 90,, 9.1.3, : (1 )VOC (),, VOC, VOC (2 ),,, (3 ),,,,, 1/ 3 (4 ), (5 ),
9.2 163 9.2 9.2.1,,, : (1 ), (2 ), (535), (3 ), (4 ) (5 ),, (6 ),,, 9.2.2,,,,,,,, 9.2.2.1, ; () 9.1,
164 9 9.1 ( PbCrO 4 ) ( FeO ( OH ) nh 2 O ) ( Fe2 O3 ) ( H gs) (CoOAl 2 O 3 ) ( Fe( NH 4 ) Fe( CN ) 5 ) ( C) (C) ( Fe 3 O 4 ) ( T io 2 )( ZnO) (ZnO + BaSO 4 ) ( Al) (Cu) 9.2.2.2, (BaSO4 )( CaCO3 )(3MgO4SiO2 H2 O)( K2 OAl2 O3 6SiO2 H2 O) 9.2.3,,,,,,,, 200,,,,, : (1 ), ;,,,,,,,,,
9.2 165 (2 ),,,,,,,, (3 ),,, 5s,, 25 9.2 9.2 ( ) () ( ) ( ) - 20 53.6 38 42.6 34.3 21 45.5 33 42.1 18 46.9 16 42.6 24.6-4 51.4 5 55.0,,, (4 ),,,,,,,,,, 9.2.4,,,,, : (1 ),
166 9 (2 ) (3 ) 9.3 9.3.1,,,, 9.3.1.1, (1 ) :,, ( ),,,,,, 0:,,,,,,,,,, 0.1 0.5m,,,,,,,,, 10,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,
9.3 167, (3 ),,,,, 9.3.1.2, 9.3.1.3, 9.3.1.4, 9.3 17, 9.3 1 Y 10 X 2 T 11 B 3 F 12 Z 4 L 13 H 5 C 14 S 6 A 15 W 7 Q 16 J 8 M 17 E 9 G 9.3.2 ( GB270592 ),,,, ( 9.4 ),,
168 9 9.4 00 27 46 78 01 26 47 ( ) 79 02 28 50 80 03 30 ( ) 51 81 04 31 ( ) 52 82 05 06 32 () 53 83 54 84 07 33 ( ) 55 85 09 34 60 11 35 61 86 12 36 62 87 ( ) 13 ( ) 37 63 88 ( ) 14 38 64 89 15 39 65 90 66 93 16 40 67 94 17 41 18 ( ) 42 20 43 22 44 70 71 72 73 95 ( ) 96 98 23 45 77 99 24 9.3.3 :, ;, ; (, ), Q0117 H075 9.4,,, : (1 ),,, (2 ),,,
9.4 169,,, (3 ),,, (4 ),,, (5 ),, : ( ) 9.4.1 () ( ),, 9.5 9.5 (1202,2h, % ) (, g/ m 2 ) ( h) ( ) (48h) (96h), 45 250, 2 300,
170 9 9.4.1.1,,,,, 9.4.1.2,,,,, 9.4.1.3,,,,,, 50%, 30% 60%,,,,,, 0.05 % 0.2%, 9.4.1.4,, (),,,, 9.6 9.6 (4 ) ( s) 20 ( % ) 10 ( % ) 512 ( g/ m 2 ) : 130 :110 () > 3 ( - 1515, 5 ), (96h) 2000
9.4 171 9.6 (4,25) ( s ) 2050 ( % ) 20 ( % ) 45 ( mm) 1 ( Nm) 4 ( 96h, ) ( % ) 5 () 5 ( g/ m 2 ) ( 4,211) ( s ) 170, 3040 ( % ) 45 (25, 65% 5% ) ( h ) 2 ( g/ m 2 ),170 (80,6h ) 96h ( ) ( % ) 100 ( Nm) 4 (,48h ) 0.3 9.4.2,,,, 9.4.3,,,, 9.7, ( 106 ) ( 803 )
172 9 9.7 1 2 ( s ) 3075 3 (m) 100 4 ( g/ m 2 ) 300 5 ( % ) 80 6 7 ( % ) 100 8 9 ( ) 1 10 ( ) 300 : ; 9.4.3.1,,,,,,,, 9.4.3.2 803,,, 100, 9.4.3.3,, 5001000, :, 10% 20%,
9.4 173 9.4.4,,, 9.8,,, 9.8 O/ W () W/ O () O/ O () W/ W ( ) 9.9 9.9,030 ( % ) (25) kv ( h) ( 96h) ( 48h) ( ), 6 19 80100 24,,,, 300,,,,,,,,,
174 9 9.4.5,,,,,, : ; ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 9.4.6 9.4.6.1,,,,,,,,,,, 9.4.6.2,,,
9.5 175 ( ),,,,,, 9.4.6.3,,,, 9.4.6.4,,,,, 9.5,,,, : (1),, (2 ),, (3 ),, (4 ),,,,, 9. 1 9.5.1,,,,,,,,,,
176 9 9.5.1.1 9. 1,,,, 10,, : (1 ),, (2 ),,, (3 ),, 9.10 9.10 ( % ) > 45 ( h) ( mm) ( ) (g/ ) ( 232) 96h (232) 0.5% 2000 : 2, :24 60 170,, ()5 30 % ( ) 200h 9.5.1.2, 2,
9.5 177,, ; : (1 ), JISA5403, 5000, 500 ( 2)1000 h (1 ), (3 ) (4 ),,, 15,,,, 9.11 9.11 ( h) ( ) (232 ) 96h (232 ) 48h 0.5 % 2000 ( )5 ( ) 200h 2h 10% 9.5.2, () : (1 ),,,, (2 ),, (3 ), (4 ),, 10,, ; 9.5.2.1,,,
178 9,,,, 9.12 ( 4 ) ( s ) ( % ) ( ) ( g/ ) ( 96h) ( % ) 9.12 ( ) ( 48h) ( % ) 17 45 170 ( min) :30, ( h) :24 5 5,30 50 % 9.5.2.2 5,,,,,,,,,,, 9.13 ( % ) ( h) ( ) ( g/ ) ( - 51 ) 16h (232 ) 96h ( )48h 0.5 % 1000 9.13 45 : 2, : 12 200,, ( )5,( % ) < 50 9.5.2.3,,,,,
9.5 179,, 9.5.2.4,,,, 8 10,,,,,, 9.5.3,,,,, 10,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, 50m 2 / d 9.14 9.14, ( % ) < 10 ( h) 2, (10 ), ( MPa) 0.69 (240h), (240h), (1000 ) ( % ) 5, 45% (500h) 2 9.5.4,
180 9,, ;, ;,,,, ( CE) ( Si) ( E) ( R E),, 9.15 9.15 CE Si E RE ( - 52) 3, ( MPa) > 0.49 > 0.68 > 0.98 > 0.49 > 0.49 > 0.68 (10 ) (ml) < 0.5 ;< 2.0 (7d) (500g 300mm) (250h) ; 1 ;2 ( % ) < 30, 12 ( CE RE ), ( ) 24h,, 2 9.5.5, :,, ( A ),,, ( B ),,,,,,
9.6 181, 9.16 9.16 ( 25, 60d) ( Ca( OH ) 2 30d) ( 30 ) 18 %32% ( H ) 6 100 % ( 50 ) ( 600h) ( 4 ) ( s) 1415 ( h) 0.5 ( H ) 6 ( 15d) ( Ca( OH ) 2 15d) ( 30 ) ( 4 ) ( s) 1520 ( h) 0.5 p H 8.89.7 ( H ) > 6 ( 1000h) ( Ca( OH ) 2 500h) ( 1000h), ( 50 ) ( ) 3.55.5 ( ) > 5 9.6,,,, : (1 ),, (2 ), (3 ),,, (4 ), (5 ),
182 9 (6 ),,,, : 9.6.1,,, 9.17 9.17 ;,, ( T801),,, ( F801), 9.6.2,,,,
9.6 183 : (1 ), 2h (2 ), 12 (3 ) (4 ), (5 ),,, 9.18 9.18 ( 4 ) ( s ) (202; < 70% ) ( min),,, 150200 3050; 70180 ( ) (g/ m 2 ) < 130 ( Teber ) ( g) < 0.03 (, 1mm ) ( % ) 100 ( Nm) 3.5 9.6.3, : (1 ), (2 ) (3 ), (4 ), (5 ),,, 8% 9.19 9.6.4,,,,,,, :
184 9 9.19, (4,25) ( s ) 1426 1640 (m) 30 (252, 65 % ) ( h) 24 ; 24; 72 24 ; 24; 72 ( Ncm) 490 490 () ( ) 1 1 (mm) 1 1 (/ ) 0.0132 (1 ), (2 ),,,, (3 ), (4 ), (5 ),,,, 9.20 9.20 BP 7491 ( MPa) 3.819.2 ( % ) 103272 ( % ) 012 (cm 3 / 1.61km) 0.1080.160 9.6.5 9.6.5.1,,,
9.7 185 9.6.5.2 ( P VA), 777,, A B C A ; B ; C, 12, 8% 12%,,,,,, 9.6.5.3 ( P VAc) ( PV Ac),,,,,,,,,, 9.7 ( ) 9.7.1,,,, 9.21 9.7.2,,,,,,,,, 9.22 9.7.3,,,, 9.23
186 9 9.21 : ; ;
9.7 187 9.22 : ; ;
188 9 9.23 () 12 5 10 12 5 10 12 5 10 :
189, VOC,,,,,,,,, 9.1? 9.2 9.3?? 9.4 9.5? 9.6?? 9.7?? 9.8?? 9.9?
10,, ( ) 10.1 10.1.1, 10.1.1.1, 30% 60%,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10.1.1.2,, 40% 70 %,,, 10.1.1.3,,,
10.1 191 10.1.1.4,, ( ), ( ) ( ) () 10.1.1.5, (1 ),,,,,, (2 ),,,,, 10.1.1.6,,,,,,, 10.1.2,, : (1 ) 0.92.2g/ cm 3, 1.45 g/ cm 3, 1/ 2 1/ 5 1/ 3,,, (2 ),, (3 ),, ; (4 ),,, ;,, (5 )
192 10 (6 ),, ;, 30%,, (7 ), ;,,,,,,, (8 ),, 1/ 201/ 10,,,,,,, 40,,,,, 10.1.3,, : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) (7 ) (8 ) (9 ), (10) 10.2 10.2.1,, :
10.2 193 (1 ),,,, (2 ),, (3 ), (m 2 3kg ), P VC 12, 0.2mm (4 ),,, ;,, (5 ),,,,,, 10.2.2, (1 ) P VC,,, ( 80), 0.2% 0.4 % (2 ),,, P VC 0.0150.02g/ cm 2 PVC 0.00250.004g/ cm 2 (3 ),,, PVC 1218mm (4 ) 43.5mm, 136N 1min,, PVC 230.3 mm (5 ) PVC,, ( ),,, 21%, P VC 35, 18, PVC,,,
194 10 10.2.3 10.2.3.1 34 10.1 P VC 10.1 ( a), PVC, 10.1 ( b),, PVC, 10.1 ( c), PVC,, 10.1 PVC 1P VC ; 2 ; 10.2.3.2 3 P VC ; 4 ; (1 ) ( PVC ) 5PVC ; 6, P VC, (2 ), (3 ) (4 ) 10.2.4 PVC 10.2.4.1 PVC P VC PVC,, P VC : (1 ),,, (2 ) 23,,,,, (3 ),,
10.2 195,,, P VC 300 mm300mm, 1.5mm, 240mm240mm 480mm480mm, 23mm P VC :,, ;, ;,,,, ;, 10.2.4.2 PVC PVC PVC, 10.2 10.2 PVC ( a) ; ( b) 1 P VC ; 2 ; 3PVC ; 4 ; 5P VC (1 ) P VC, PVC, 0.2 mm,, WC,, ; ; ;,, ; P VC ;,, (2 ) P VC,,,,,,,, P VC, PVC
196 10 10.2.4.3 P VC P VC, (1 ),, 1mm, 34 0.5 mm,,, PVC,,,,,,,, 1200mm, 1.53.0 mm (2 ), P VC 0.60.8mm,,,, (3 ),,, 10.1( a),,,, 10.1 ( b) P VC, PVC,, ( ),,,, P VC,,, PVC, P VC,,,,,,,,,, P VC 1800mm2000mm; 20m/ 30 m/ ; 1. 5mm ( ) 2.0mm( )
10.3 197 10.2.5 10.2.5.1,,,,,, ;, 10.2.5.2 : (1 ) 24h, 710d, (2 ), 12 (3 ) ( ), (4 ),, (5 ),,,, ( ), (6 ) 60, (7 ),, 12 (8 ),, (9 ),,,,,,, 24h 10.3,,, : (1 ),,,,, (2 ),,, (3 ),,, 107,,,,, (4 ),,,,,
198 10 10.3.1 : 34, 10.3.1.1 80g/ cm 2, 100g/ cm 2, : (1 ), (2 ),,, (3 ), ;,, 10.3.1.2 100g/ cm 2, 300400g/ cm 2,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10.3.1.3,, 100200 g/ cm 2,,,,,, 10.3.2 10.3.2.1 : (1 ) 530600mm, 1012m, 56m 2 (2 ) 760900mm, 2550m, 2545m 2 (3 ) 9201200mm, 50 m, 4650m 2,,,,, 10.3.2.2 : (1 ),
10.4 199,, (2 ) 20h (3 ) 25, 2, (4 ) 5min, 2. 0N/ 15mm 10.1 10.1 ( mm) : 920 1000 1200 : 5000 20h 20h 25, 2 25, 2 ( 1983 ) ( N/ 15mm) :1.96 (5 ) (6 ) ( 73 ), 2h 4h 24h, 10.3.2.3,,,,,,, 10.4, P VC 10.4.1 PVC PVC
200 10 P VC,, PVC,, PVC (1 ) PVC,, 2000mm 1000 mm 1600mm700mm 700mm700mm, 1mm 2mm 3mm (2 ) PVC, PVC, PVC, 9001300mm,,, 5m;, 500800mm, 1030m,, 1.21.5mm PVC, 75% 85 % PVC, PVC PVC,,,, (3 ) PVC, 10.3,,,,,,,,, 100200mm, 40006000mm, 1.01.5mm,,,,,,, PVC,,, (4 ) PVC PVC,,,,,,, P VC, 500mm 500mm, 3mm
10.4 201 10.3 PVC ( a) ; ( b) 10.4.2 ( GRP ),,,, P VC,,, ; ( )( 1/ 51/ 4, 1/ 3 ), ;, ; ;, 10.4.3 PVC, 3mm 4mm 5mm 6mm,,,,, ;,,,,, ;,, ; ( ),,,,, 10.4.4,
202 10, 10.4, ( D) 6mm 7mm 11mm 18.5mm 27mm, ( A) 6mm 8mm 10mm 16mm 10.4,,, 5800mm1210mm, ;,,, ;, ;,6 mm 80 % ;,, ;, ;,,, 40120;, 1050mm (6mm ) 10.4.5,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 25 30 kg/ m 2 0.40.6mm, 100200 kg/ m 2,, 80 250kg/ m 2,, 5% 15%,,,,,,,, ( 140150, > 4.9M Pa),,,,, 100,,, 90MPa,,
10.5 203,,,, ( Y ) ( R ) ( S )(Z), (80% ),, ( 50% ),, : ( 1 ) ( P ),, ; (2 ) ( L),, ; ( 3 ) ( H ),,, ( ZC) ( P L H ) ( Y R S Z)ZCPZ, ZCLS 915mm915mm 915mm 1830mm 1220mm 2440mm 0. 5mm 0. 8mm 1. 0mm 1. 2mm 1. 5mm 2. 0mm 0.81.5mm, () 2mm ( GB7911.11987 ),,, ( ) 10.5 PVC,,,, 10.5.1 (1 ),,,, (2 ) DIN4109, 30dB, 25dB, (3 ),,, (4 ),, P VC, 30 (5 )
204 10 P VC,, (6 ),,,,,,, 10.5.2 10.5.2.1 ; 10.5.2.2 ( )( ), 10.5.2.3 (1 ) PVC PVC PVC, PVC ; P VC ( ),,, (2 ), ;, ; P VC,,, (3 ) P VC,,,,,,,,,,,, 10.5.2.4 10.2 10.3,
10.5 205 10.2 ( mm) 8802390( ) 9802390( ) 8802490( ) 11802490 () 7802090 () 13802090 (g/ cm 3 ) ( J/ cm 2 ) ( MPa) ( 1/ ) ( ) 1.41.55 80120 80 (56) 10-5 60 (g/ cm 3 ) 1.581.68 () ( ) ( ) ( MPa) ( MPa) ( MPa) ( J/ cm 2 ) ( ) 40 70 71 60 64 14.9 :400600 :500650 :400550 :300400 ( MPa) ( MPa) ( ) 400 30 48 1225 80 2000876 120 2000876 (g/ cm 3 ) 1950808 ( MPa) ( % ) 1950758( ( % ) ) ( ) 1950808( ) 1.351.45 45 0.1 0.2 (g/ cm 3 ) 1.371.38 PVC 8252027( ) 9002400( ) 7002400( ) 7002027 ( MPa) ( MPa) ( J/ cm 2 ) 20 0 51.455.2 (3.13.4 )10 4 80120 70100 (100,30min)( % ) 1.52 10.5.3 P VC,,,, JG/ T3017301894
206 10 10.3 : : 1.5m PVC PP,,,,, 180,, : 8005000mm : 10004000mm,,,,,, :, P VC, :, :, : P VC 10.1? 10.2? 10.3? 10.4? 10.5??? 10.6? 10.7??
11,,,,, 11.1,,, 11.1.1 11.1.1.1, 12%,, ( Ni) ( Mn )( Ti) ( Si), (1 ),,,,,, (2 ), ( ),, ( ) 40, Cr18Ni8 0Cr17T i 1Cr17Mn2T i 9001100 ( ) ( ) ( ) (3 ),, 0,
208 11, 2Cr13Mn9Ni4 0. 2%, 13 % 9 % 4 % 11.1 11.1 (GB436084 ) Cr Ni C 1115 < 1.20 1627 < 0.35 16 > 7 < 0.25, 1.31.5, 1/ 3,,,,,, ( ), (),,,,, 90%,, 11.1.1.2 (1 ) : ( 90% ) ( 0.0150.5mm ) () (2 ) (3 ) :, ; ;,, ; ;, ; ;, ; ; ; ; ; 11.1.1.3,,, 200180,, 11.2,,
11.1 209 11.2 ( mm) (mmmm) 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 20001000 1000500 11.1.2,20 70,,,,,,, : 11.1.2.1,,,, ( ), 11.1.2.2 P VC PVC : PVC, PVC ; PVC, P VC, P VC, 100300m, 20m PVC,,,,, P VC, P VC PVC 11.1.2.3 1517mm, 11.1.2.4,, : (1 ) 24h,, (2 ) 120 90h, (3 ) - 54 24h, (4 ) 60h,
210 11,,,,, 11.3 ; 11.4 ; 11.5 11.3 JW NR JN SJ JD YJ TC Y H Ya H DL XP WZ DP NZ GZ WB XT DX 11.4 ( mm) ( mm) ( mm) 0.32.0 7001550 5004000 11.5 60( % ) > 0.8mm 0.8mm > 0.8mm 0.8mm ( h) 8 6 9 500 20 > 70 HB 10 4 750 500 100 20 30 100 40 70 < 40 HB 0 8 2 0 90 6 9 4 9 9 1000 250 500 1000 20 > 70 HB 4 60 200
11.1 211 11.1.3, V U ( GB/ T1275591 ) 10 27 50mm 100mm 150mm 200mm 250mm 300 mm ( ) ; 21mm 28mm 35mm 38mm 51mm 70mm 75mm 130mm 173mm; 300mm 450mm 600mm 750mm 900mm l000 mm ( ) ( YX), YX38 175 700 38 mm 175mm700mm 11.1 11.1 ( 0.51.2mm) (), 11.1.4,,,,,,,,,,
212 11 11.2,,, ; 11.3, ( GB1198189 ) (1 ) Q50 Q75 Q100; D38 D45 D50 D60 11.2 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 11.3 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 (2 ),,,,, 11.6 11.6 (GB1198189), 1cm 2 5 11.4 GB1198189 11.7 (3 ),,
11.2 213 11.4 ( a) ; ( b) 11.7 10.0mm 2.0mm 5.0mm 2.0mm 10.0mm, 2.0mm 11.2,,,,,, 11.2.1 11.2.1.1, ( 2.7g/ cm 3 ), ( 660),,,,,, 150250MPa ( Al2 O3 ),, 0.1m, (),
214 11 ( 50% ),, ( 610-3 2510-3 mm ), ( 87% 97 % ) ( b = 80100MPa, HB = 200 ),, 11.2.1.2,, ( 210 500MPa, 380550MPa),,,,, ( 1/ 3 ) 11.2.2 11.2.2.1 :,, ;, ;, Al Mn Al Mg Al Si Al Cu Mg Al Zn Mg Al Zn Mg Cu,,,, ( ) : (1 ),, LF, LF1 L F2 LF21 ( ) (),,,,,,,,, ) LY, LY1 LY2 ( Mg
11.2 215,,,,, ( 2% 8% ),, LC, LC1 LC2 LC9 ( ),,, LD, LD1 LD2 LD11 ( ) (2 ), : ( Al Si) ( Al Cu) ( Al Mg) ( Al Zn), ZL ( ) ZL101 101 (14) 1, 2, 3,4,,,, 2 % 3 % (, 2/ 3NaF + 1/ 3NaCl),,,,,,,,, 11.2.2.2, : LF () ; LY( ) ; LC ( ) ; LD( ) ; LT LF21 L F2 L F3 L F5 L F6 L F11 LF21 Al, Al Mg 11, LY12 8, LC9 LD30 LD31, 6061 6063 Mn
216 11 11.2.3 :, ( < 0.1m ),, ;, 11.2.3.1, ( 520m), ( ),,, 2 H + + 2e - H2 2Al 3 + + 3O 2 - Al2 O3 + Q, Al2 O3, ;, Al2 O3, H + SO4 2 - Al2 O3 H 2 O, HSO4 -,,,,, (GB/ T523793 ) AA10 AA15 A A20 AA25, 10m 15m 20m 25m 11.2.3.2,,,,,,,,,, 11.2.4 11.2.4.1,,, 34,, (1 ), : 812kg, 1720kg, 50 %
11.2 217,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ) () ( ) () : ; ; ; (3 ), :,, Pa 19612353Pa, 2353 2764Pa 1/ 70, 4.92.94Pa, ( m 3 ), m 3 / ( hm 2 ) 10Pa, 8m 3 / ( hm 2 ), 2m 3 / ( h m 2 ), 2s, 4L, 10min,, 343Pa, 490Pa, 49Pa (m 2 h / k J), : R1 = 0.05, R2 = 0.06, R3 = 0.076 mm, 0.05m 2 h / kj,,, 25dB, 3045 db, 1216mm 1, 2024 mm 5, 30 60 mm 10,
218 11 (4 ),, ( GB847887 ) ( GB847987 ) ( GB848087 ) (GB848187 )(GB848287), 11.8 11.8 PLC APLC PLM APLM T LC AT LC T LM A TLM HPLC GLC SLC CLC XLC LLC A B C,, 11.9 11.9 ( Pa) (10 Pa) ( Pa) A ( ) B ( ) ( A 1 ) ( A2 ) ( A 3 ) ( B1 ) ( B 2 ) ( B 3 ) 3500 3500 3000 3000 3000 2500 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 500 450 450 400 400 350 C ( ) ( C 1 ) (C2 ) (C 3 ) 2500 2500 2000 2.0 2.0 2.5 350 250 250 A ( ) B ( ) ( A1 ) ( A 2 ) ( A 3 ) ( B 1 ) ( B 2 ) ( B3 ) 3500 3000 2500 2500 2500 2000 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 350 300 300 250 250 200 C ( ) ( C 1 ) (C2 ) (C 3 ) 2000 2000 1500 2.5 2.5 3.0 200 150 150
11.2 219 11.9 ( MPa) (10 Pa) ( Pa) A ( ) B ( ) ( A 1 ) ( A2 ) ( A 3 ) ( B 1 ) ( B2 ) ( B 3 ) 3500 3000 3000 3000 2500 2500 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 400 400 350 350 300 250 C ( ) ( C 1 ( C 2 ( C3 ) ) ) 2500 2000 1500 2.0 2.5 3.0 250 150 100 A ( ) B ( ) ( A 1 ) ( A 2 ) ( A3 ) ( B 1 ) (B 2 ) ( B3 ) 3000 3000 2500 2500 2500 2000 1.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.5 300 300 250 250 200 200 C ( ) ( C1 ( C 2 ( C 3 ) ) ) 2000 2000 1500 2.5 3.0 3.5 150 150 100 11.2.4.2, : (1 ),,,,,,,,,,, 20%,, (2 ),,,,,,,, (0.51.0mm) 11.5 (3 ),,
220 11 11.10 11.5 ( a) 1 ; ( b) 2 ; ( c)6 ; ( d) 7 ; ( e) 9 (1 3 5, 1 3, 2 5 ; 9 7 ) 11.10 ( mmmmmm) :( LF21) :1mm : 6 :10 :1.16 :48dB : ( Hz/ ), 75nm :( LF21) :1mm : 6 :10 :2.17 :48dB : ( Hz/ ), 75nm : : 68 :48dB, 58m 1012m,,,, 495495(50100) 750750100 500500(0.81) 10001000( 0.81) 5005000.5 5005000.8 : LF21 5005000.8, 11.2.4.3 (1 ), (2 )
11.3 221,, ( 180 ),,,,, 11.11 11.11 ( mm) (mm) ( mm) LGH 101 LGH 102 LGH 103 LGH 104 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 4802000 6000 LGH 105 (3 ), (4 ), ( 427),,,, (5 ), (6 ),, (), ( ),, 11.3,,,,, 11.3.1, 8.9 g/ cm 3, 1083,
222 11 ( ),, ( b 230250MPa, 40% 50% ),,, : T1 T2 T3 T4T,,, :, ;, 11.12 11.12,, Cu 1 Cu 2 Cu 3 Cu 4 T1 T2 T3 T4 99.95 99.90 99.70 99.50 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.005 0.005 0.010 0.050 0.02 0.06 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.10 0.30 0.50 11.3.2,,, (),, (1 ),,, Pb Mn SnAl ; H ( ),,, H62H,, HPb59 (2 ) 1, Z, ZHAl 6.7 2. 5,,,, Q ( ),, QSn4 ZQAl 9 4 3 QBe2, Z,
223 11.3.3,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, :, : :, 11.1? 11.2?? 11.3??? 11.4?? 11.5??? 11.6?? 11.7
12,,,,,,,,,,,,, 12.1,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 12.1.1 12.1.1.1, : (1 ),,, (2 ),,, (3 ),
12.1 225 (4 ),,,,, (5 ),,,, 12.1.1.2, : (1 ),,, (2 ), 20%, 5,, (3 ),,, (4 ) ( ),,,, (5 ),,, 12.1.1.3, : (1 ),, (8 ),,,,,,, (2 ), ( ),,,,,, 510mm, 710mm,,,,, (3 ),,
226 12,,,,, 12.1 12.1 12.1.1.4 (1 ),, 610mm610 mm3660mm6710mm, 56, 500 mm500mm, (2 ), 14 m, 2050m,,, 12.1.1.5 (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ),, (6 ),,,,
12.1 227,, 12.1.2,, (1 ),,,,,,,,,, 90150, 200, 400, (2 ),,,,, (3 ) 12.1 12.1 ( mm) ( ),,,, 1/ 5 1/ 10 90 610 910 3050 4270, 90 ( ) 90 120 :615 : :,,,,
228 12 12.1 ( mm) ( ) 21403660 610 910,, 90 140 ( ) 4m,, ( ) ( ) ( ) : : 2m :430m :500500 :6 : 6 : 2 3 : 650N/ 5cm 700N/ 5cm :40N/ 4cm : < 5000 :, 12.1.3 20 70, ( ),, 12.1.3.1 (1 ),, (2 ),, (3 ),
12.1 229, ; (4 ),, (5 ), (6 ),, 12.1.3.2 (1 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,, 12.1.3.3 : (1 ),,,, 50mm, 50mm 25N,
230 12, 35N (2 ), 12N, 20N ( ), 63.7N (3 ),,,, 610mm, 500010000, (2500 ) (4 ),, ( ), 7mm, : 3.5mm, 2.2mm; 3mm 2 mm, (5 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, (6 ),,,,,,,, (7 ),,, 12min, 17.96cm, (8 ),,,, 8 5,
12.1 231 12.2 12.2 ( MPa) 0.11 0.112 0.118 0.107 1 ( MPa) > 0.07 > > > 2 ( MPa) > 0.1 > 0.1 > 0.1 > 0.1 ( N ) 5.6 63.7 ( ) 49.0 (mm) ( ) 7 10 10 8 6 5800 > 10000 7000 6400 6000 500 37 23 37 23 1000 43 25 43 25 1500 ( % ) 43 27 43 57 2000 44 26 44 26 () 5.810 11 5.4510 2 5.810 11 5.4510 2 ( V ) + 60 + 164 + 60 + 164 () 8.510 9 8.510 9 ( V ) - 15-15 ( h ) 0 100 312 500 ( mm) 8 ( ) 3400 3155 2852 2632 ( h) 0 100 312 500 500 32 28 38 29 1000 36 31 43 35 ( % ) 1500 39 36 45 38 2000 41 27 47 41 ( s ) 626 0 100 312 500 8 3400 3155 2852 2632 ( h) 0 100 312 500 32 28 38 29 36 31 43 35 39 36 45 38 41 27 47 41 143 108 3.6cm 2.4cm 3cm 2cm
232 12 12.1.3.4,,,,,, 12.3 12.4,,,, 12.3 1 ( 7mm) mm 3.5 2.2 2 mm 3 2 3 N 12 20 4 g/ m 2 375 250 5 ( ) 4 6 ( ) 34 7 ( ) mm 75 0.5 8 % 0.5 9 N 25 12.4 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 4 5 ( ) 6 7 8 9
12.1 233 12.1.3.5,,, 12.5 12.5 ( 1) : 4m, : 15m 25m ( 2) : 3m ( 3), ( ) 1.25m1.66m 1.50m1.9m 1.7m2.35m 2.0m2.86m 2.5m3.31m 3m3.86m ( 1) ( N) : : 25 : 10 ( N) : : > 500 : > 300 ( ) :4 ( mm) : < 75 : < 0.70 ( 2) ( N) : 400 : 800 ( % ) : 55 ( ) :4 ( mm) : < 75,:57mm,:4m : ( ) ( % ) :9.71 :14.05 ( N ) : 54.5 45.6 : 53.5 49.6 ( N ) :52.2; : 43.1 ( ) 5 ; 6 (mm) :6.0 ; :6.1 :312mm : : : () : 4m :2m :125m/ ( N ) : 27.46 ; :19.61 ( g/ m 2 ) :300 : 350 ( N) :28.4 : 27.5 ( % ) : 25 : 40 :
234 12 12.5 :1m, :1020m/ :500mm500mm,, :, :6 :710mm :1.4m 1.6m 1. 8m 2.0m, :20m/, : 1450g/ 1850g/ :1213mm, :4m () :910mm :1.3m ( N/ 5cm) : 800 : 300 :, : : ( N ) :38 :37 ( ) :2690 :2500 :2min : 2cm :, : 48 : - 25 ( % ) :0.50.8 : 0. 05MPa :2m :40m/ () :720g/ m 2 ( ) ( N) 900 ( ) ( % ) 3 : : 20 : 0 12.1.4,,,,,, 12.6 12.6 ( ) 120 140 ( ) ( )
12.2 235 12.6 120 1/ 4 130 1/ 3 10mm 7mm 9mm 9.5mm () 912mm 12.2,,,,,, ( ),,, 12.2.1 (1 ),,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,, 12.7
236 12 12.7 : 914. 4mm, 530mm : ( ) 914.4mm :15m/ 530mm :10.05m/ () : 914mm : 7.3m/ 50m/ : 1mm : 910mm : : 0.81.3mm : 914mm : 7.315m,5.486m : > 4 :4 : : : 30 ( 20 % ) : : 178 N,34 N : - 0.5 % - 2 % 0.25% 1 % : 2000 ( 2502000 Hz) : 0.19 : 2022 : 4.510 7 : - 12.2.2,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 12.8 12.8 ( mm) ( mm) 0.17840 0.20 880 0.17 850 900 (mm) 50 50 (g/ m 2 ) 190 200 170 200 () 0.20 880 50 20 46 0.71 860 880 () ( ) ( N) 56 45 34 700 600 4 ( ) 45 600 500 50 180 5 3 4 450 400 ()
12.2 237 12.2.3,,,,,,,,,,, 12.2.4 ( ), 12.2.5,, 12.2.6,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
238 12, ;,,,, 12.1 12.2? 12.3? 12.4 12.5 12.6,? 12.7? 12.8??
13,, 13.1,,,,,,,,,, 13.1.1 ( ) ( ),,,,, : (,, ) ;,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 1, 1 h 1m 2,, 0.29W/ ( mk ), 1000 kg/ m 3, 0.3MPa
240 13 13.1.2 (1 ),,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,, (3 ),, ( = 0.58W/ ( mk), = 0.029W/ ( mk), 20 ),,, ( = 2.33 W/ ( mk ) ),,,, 050,,, (4 ),,,,,, = 0. 175W/ ( mk),, = 0. 349 W/ ( mk), : (1 ) R( mk/ W),, (2 ) ( m 2 / s),,,, (3 ) S( W/ ( m 2 K) ), 13.1.3,, (
13.1 241 ),,,,,,, 13.1.3.1 (1 ),,,,, (2 ), ;,,,,, (3 ),,, 50150mm, 12m,, 4m,,,,, (4 ), 3% 6%,,,,,,,,, (5 ) (8001000), (620 ),,,,, (6 ),,,,,,, 80% 90%,,,
242 13,,,, 20,,, - 200430, 13.1.3.2 (1 ),,,,,,, (2 ),, 300,,,,, (3 ),, 13.1.3.3,,,,,,,,, 13.2 13.2.1,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 125H z 250 Hz 500 Hz 1000H z 2000 Hz 4000H z 6 0.2
13.2 243,,, ;,, 13.2.2 (1 ),,,,, (2 ),,, (3 ),,, (4 ),,,,, 13.2.3, 13.1 13.1 ( ) 13.2.4 () (),,,
244 13,,, ( ),,,, ( ),, 13.2.5 (1 ),,,,,,,, ;,,, ;, ; 13.2 13.2 :, :, :,,,, :,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,
13.3 245,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,, (4 ),,,,,, ;, (5 ),,,,,, 13.3 13.3.1,,,,, 13.3.1.1 ;, 500mm500mm 600mm600mm 300mm600mm 600mm1200mm 300mm300 mm, 830mm 13.3.1.2 (1 ),,,, 15,,,,
246 13 H T,,,,,, T,,,, (2 ),,, (),,,,,,, 72h,,,, (3 ), 6,,,,,,,, 40cm 13.3.2,,, PVC,,, 13.3.3,,,,,
13.3 247 13.3.3.1 (1 ) ( ), PB (2 ) ( ),, FB (3 ) 400mm400mm 500mm500mm 600mm600mm, 15 mm 17mm 20mm (4 ) : 13.3.3.2 ( JC4391) (1 ) 13.3 (2 ) 13.4 13.3 E 3 13.4 0-0.3 0-1.0 0-1.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 ( ) ( ) 0.10 0.80 0.40 1.0 0.60 2.50 13.3.3.3 (1 ),,, 10min, 1h,,,, 3cm,,, (2 ), ( ), 20,,,
248 13, (3 ),,, 13.3.4, 300mm300mm 400mm400mm 610 mm610mm, 47 mm 13.3.5,,, 300mm300mm 500mm 500mm 600mm600mm 1200mm600mm, 320 mm 13.3.6, ; ;,,,,, GB8624, A,,,,,,, (),, ;,, : ;
249 ; ;, ( ),,, 13.1 13.2 13.3? 13.4 13.5
14,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, () 14.1,,,,,,, 14.1.1 (1 ),,,,,,,,,
14.1 251,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,, (3 ),, (4 ),,,, :,, ;,,,, (5 ),,,,,,,,,,,, 14.1.2,,, : 14.1.2.1
252 14 14.1.2.2,, : : : : : : : : : : : : 14.1.2.3 14.1.2.4 (1 ), 15M Pa, 3MPa, (2 ),, (3 ), 14.2,,,,,, 14.2.1, :,,,,,,,,
14.2 253,,,,,,,,, (1 ),,,,,,,,,, (2 ) () : ;,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, (4 ),,,,,
254 14,, (5 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 14.2.2,, () 14.2.2.1, (1 ),,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, (2 ) - 60
14.2 255 80; A, - 50180; + 500,, (3 ),,,,,,,, 14.2.2.2,,,,,,,,, : (1 ),,,, (2 ),,,,, m (, m, ), 3.212.5m, 12.5m (3 ),,, (4 ), 14.2.2.3,,,,,,,,,,
256 14,,,, 14.2.2.4 (1 ) (2 ),, 0.10.2 mm, 0.050.1mm,, (3 ),,,, (4 ), : ; ;,,,,,,,,,,, 14.2.2.5,,,,, 14.3 14.3.1 ( ), A (E ),,,,,, : (1 ), ; (2 ) ; (3 ),,,, 1%2% ; (4 ); (5 ), 14.1, 14.2
14.3 257 14.1 E G E T N EG S EX J EL A EI R F Y B D ZQ IQ H 3,4 6 3,4 6 L W 14.2 AH 03 E E 1 E E 2 E EI 3 SG 792 W H 1 YJ I 601, 621F 6202,,, 4115,,, 14.3.2, : (1 ), 50%, ph 46, (2 ),,, (3 ),,,
258 14 (4 ),,, (5 ),, (6 ), 5, 80 (7 ) (8 ) 14.3 14.3 KFT841 SG701 SJ 801 17 88 106 106 424A 801 8402 SG8104,, 10 4115 14.3.3 (),, : (1 ),, (2 ),, (3 ), (4 )
14.3 259 (5 ),, CX401 XY401,, 10, 14.4 14.4 CX401 LDN15 202 XY401 804 S PVC 801, CBJ 84, JY 7 8123 PVC 14.3.4 14.3.4.1 (107 ), (1 ), 0.9MPa10 %, 1.05g/ cm 3, ph 78 10, (2 ), 14.3.4.2 801, (1 ),, 107 9%, < 1%, ph 78 (2 ), 10, 6 14.5
260 14 14.5 BA 01 SA 101 SC 01 WL 2 W H 3 506 845 841 8404 8123 MD 157 JD 508 502 SF 1 AH 05 SG 8407 BEA 02 ZB 103 903 A 14.3.5 14.6 14.6
14.3 261 14.6 ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS PVC PVC PVC PVC ABS
262 14 14.6 PVC PVC PVC PVC PVC PVC ABS PVC ABS PVC
263 14.6 ABS ;, ; ;,,, :, () 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5
15 15.1 15.1.1 15.1.1.1 (1 ):, 1%, 20% 90% (2 ) : 0.02mm 15.1.1.2 (1 )50mm, 0.5mm,, 5 (2 ) (3 ) 500 0.08 mm 0.5 (4 ) 15.1.1.3 (1 ) 105224h,,, 10005N,, (2 ) 205 48h,, (1 ) (1 ) (3 ), 24 h - 202, 4h,, 4h,,, 25 4h,,
15.1 265 (1 ) (1 ) 15.1.1.4 : Rc = P S Rc ( MPa) ; P( N) ; S ( mm 2 ) 15.1.1.5 15.1.2 15.1.2.1 (1 ) : 1 %, 20 % 90 % (2 ) : 0.02mm 15.1.2.2 ( 1) 160mm, 400.5mm, 200.5mm, 0.08mm,, 5 (2 ) (3 ) 500 (4 ) ( 15.1 ),, 15.1.2.3 (1 )105224h, 15.1 1 ; 2 ; 3 (2 ) 1400.5 mm,, 2mm/ min, 15.1.2.4 : Rt ( MPa) ; P( N) ; Rt = 3 PL 2 bh 2
266 15 L ( mm) ; b( mm) ; h( mm) 15.1.2.5 15.1.3 15.1.3.1 (1 ): 200; (2 ) : 1000g, 10mg100g, 1mg; (3 ) : 0.02mm; (4 ): 2530mL ; (5 ): 240 15.1.3.2 (1 ) 50mm, 5 (2 ) 1000g,, 5mm, 150g,, 240,, 1052, 4h,, 15.1.3.3 (1 ), 105 2 24h,,, ( m0 ), 0.02g, 48h,,, ( m1 ), 0.02g,,, ( m2 ), 0.02g (2 ), 10g( m0 ),,,, 1015 min,,,,,, ( m2 ),, ( m1 )m0m1m2 0.02 g 15.1.3.4 (1 ) 0 ( g/ cm 3 ), :
15.1 267 0 = m0 ( g) ; m1 ( g) ; m2 ( g) ; (2 ) ( g/ cm 3 ), : = m0 ( g) ; m0 m1 - m2 m1 ( g) ; m2 ( g) (3 )P( % ) m0 m0+ m1 - m2, : 0 ( g/ cm 3 ) ; ( g/ cm 3 ) (4 )Wa ( % ) P = 1-0, : m1 - m0 Wa = m0 100 % m0 ( g) ; m1 ( g) 15.1.3.5, 15.1.4 15.1.4.1,,, 15.1.4.2 (1 ) : ; (2 ) : ( GB178) ; (3 ) : 100g, 0.01g 15.1.4.3 250.5mm, 60mm,
268 15 4, 4 15.1.4.4 ( 1) 1052 24h,,, ( m0 ), 0.01 g ( 2), 1250g, 1000,,,,, 0.01g (3 ) 2,, A 15.1.4.5 : M ( g/ cm 2 ) ; m0 ( g) ; m1 ( g) ; M = m0 A (cm 2 ) 15.1.4.6 - m1 A, 15.1.5 ( ) 15.1.5.1, 100 15.1.5.2 (1 ) C V ( ) 30, 60, 15.1 15.1 ( ) () 0.750.25 3.00 4.400.10 11.700.30 (2 ), 1.567, 60 100,,
15.1 269 15.1.5.3 300mm300mm, 5 15.1.5.4 (1 ),,,, (2 ),, 15.2 15.1.5.5 15.1.6 15.2, 15.1.6.1, 15.1.6.2 (1 ) : (2 ) : 15.1.6.3 (1 ) : 200g, 10mg (2 ) : 200 (3 ) : 240mm, 2030mm,, 15.1.6.4 80mm60mm10mm, 4, 4, 3,1, 15.1.6.5 (1 ) 1052, 24h,, ( m0 ) (2 ), N a2 SO3 + H2 SO4 Na2 SO4 + H 2 O + SO2 SO2 + H2 O H 2 SO3 (3 )1900mL,, 10mm,,, 100g,, 14 d,,,, ; ( m1 ),,,,,, ; ( m2 )
270 15 15.1.6.6 14 d ( m14 ( % ) )28d ( m28 ( % ) ): m14 = m1 - m0 m0 100% m2 - m0 m28 = m0 m0 ( g) ; m1 14d ( g) ; m2 28d ( g) 15.1.6.7 m14 m28 100% 15.2 15.2.1 15.2.1.1 1mm 15.2.1.2, 0.01mm, 15.2.1.3 (1 ) ( ) A, 2 1 (2 ) BTGI 15.3 15.3 BTGl 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ( CIE A ), (), 0.4%,
15.2 271 (3 ), 5mm 5%, (4 ), 15.4, 40mm60mm 3 1mm 15.4 (5 ), ( ),, 10min,,,,,, 3min,, (100% ),,,, (6 ) 3, 3, 15.2.1.4,,,, c( % ) : c = h l 100% l ( mm ) ; h( mm) 15.2.1.5 1m,, 15.2.1.6 (1 ) 2500 mm2500 mm 25mm 25nm 45,, 2 (2 )
272 15, 4500 mm, 4500mm, ( 15.5 ),,,, 15.5 15.2.1.7 (1 ) 40 W, 300mm (2 ), 600mm, 600mm,, 1mm 10 0.1mm 15.2.2 15.2.2.1 0.5mm 15.2.2.2,, ;, ( ) 15.2.2.3 ( GB121685 ), mm 15.2.2.4, 600mm, 15.2.2.5 610mm610mm, 15.6, 15.6 1 ; 2 ; 3 ( 3 mm ) ; 4, 3mm, 15mm, A50 ; 5
15.2 273 63.5mm( 1040g ) 1000mm, 25mm, 15.2.2.6 (1 )4 mm 1500mm,, 500mm, 5min (2 ) 5mm (, ), 15.7, 20 mm, 0.20.05 mm, 15.7 80mm,, 50mm50mm, 1/ 2 15.2.2.7 300 mm300mm, 200mm, 100mm, 15mm/ min 15.2.2.8 300mm300mm 2 h, (327.5), 200 0.5 h,, 25, 15.2.3 15.2.3.1 (1 ) ; ;, 100m 2 (2 ) : ; ;
274 15 ; ; ; ; ;, 15.2.3.2 : ( 1) ; ( 2 ) ( ) ; ( 3 ) ; ( 4 ) 15.2.3.3 (1 ) ( GB/ T1522794 ), L/ 180( L ) 3s,, 5kPa, 10min, 15.8,, L/ 180,,, 1.25 L/ 180 (2 ) ( GB/ T1522894 ),, 4L/ ( m 2 / min ), ( ) (15.9) ;,,, (3 ) ( GB/ T1522694 ), ( m 3 / ( mh) ) 15.9,,,,, D,,,, D1, : V1 = D1 - D0 S1 D0 ( m 3 / h ) ; D1 ( m 3 / h ) ; S1 ( m ) ;
15.2 275 15.8 1 ;2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 V1 ( m 3 / ( mh) ),, D2, : D2 ( m 3 / h ) ; S2 ( m ) ; V2 = D2 - D1 V2 ( m 3 / ( mh) ) S2 15.9 1 ; 2 ;3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 D : (10Pa),, 10Pa,,, 10Pa, (4 ),, (5 ), ( GB848487),, 15.10 (6 ), ( GB848587),, 15.11 (7 )
276 15 15.10 15.11 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 11/ 3 ; 2 ; 6 ; 7 ;8 ; 9 ; 3 ; 4 I ( ) ;5 ; 6 ; 10 ; 11 7 D( ) ; 8 ; 91/ 3 ; 10, :,,, ;,,, 15.3 15.3.1 15.3.1.1,, 15.3.1.2,, 15.12,, 15.13 15.3.1.3,,, GB3810 10 15.3.1.4 (1 ),, ( 10mm ),, 5mm, 5mm,,,,,, 0.01mm, 90,,
15.3 277 15.12 1 ; 2 ( ) ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ( ) ; 7 ( ) ; 8 15.13 1 ; 2 4 ; 3 ; 5 ( ) ; 6 ; 7 ; 8, ;,, (2 ),, ( 10 mm ),, 5mm, 5mm, ( ),,,, 0.01mm 90,,, ;,, 15.3.2 15.3.2.1,, 15.3.2.2 :,, 15.14; (0300) ; ( 0 3000W ) ; ; ; ; ;, 0.01g 0. 001g 1 15.3.2.3,, GB3810 5,
278 15 15.14 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 11 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15, 105110, 0. 1%, m, 0.001g, 0.01g 15.3.2.4 (1 ), ( 15. 14),,,, 700mm Hg 10min,,,, 10 min,,,,, m1, 0. 001 g, 0. 01g (2 ), 50mm 2h, 4h, 4h, 1h,, m1, 0.001g, 0. 01g (3 ), : W, 1 % ; W = m1 - m m 100%
15.3 279 m1 ( g ), 0. 001g, 0. 01g; m ( g), 0. 001g, 0. 01g, 15.3.3 15.3.3.1, 15.3.3.2 (1 ) : 1105 (2 ): 1%, 20mm,, 20mm, ( GB557485) A45 60, 5mm15.15 (3 ) : 0.2mm (4 ) : 0.1s (5 ) 15.3.3.3 (1 ), 15.15, GB3810 10 (2 ) 300mm 300mm,, 15.3.3.4 (1 ) 11051h, b, mm, 0.2mm (2 ),, 102mm, ( 15.16 ) ;, L, mm, 0.2mm (3 ) 15.16,, 10.2M Pa/ s, F, Nh( mm), 0.2mm (4 ) ( ),
280 15 15.3.3.5 (1 ): E = 3 F L 2bh 2 E ( M Pa), 0.1M Pa; F( N), 10N ; L( mm), 0.2mm; b ( mm), 0.2mm; h ( mm), 0.2mm (2 ), 10 15.3.4 15.3.4.1,, 15.3.4.2 (1 ) : 5mm 3mm 2mm 1mm, GB308 :80, GB2479 ; ; : 700mm, 30015r/ min 9 ( 9 ), 240mm,, 22.5mm ( e), 45mm 15.17, 83mm, 54cm 2 18mm, 25 mm, 15.18,,, : 300 lx : 60 W 2, 1, 1, 300 lx, 15.19 (2 ) :80, GB2479 : 15.20 : HB500, 200 0.2mm, 10 0. 1mm, 199mm, : 3L, :,
15.3 281 15.17 15.18 15.19 15.20 1 8 ; 9 1 ;2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 : 2.5kg, 15.3.4.3 (1 ), GB3810 16, 8, 8 100200mm, ; 100mm100mm,, (2 ), GB3810 5,, ;,
282 15 15.3.4.4 (1 ), 15.2 15.2 ( mm) ( g) 5 3 2 1 70.000.50 52.500.50 43.750.10 0.750.10 80 3.0 20mL ( 15.18 ),,, 150 300 450 600 750 900 1200 1500r/ min, 10%,, 110 51h ( 15.19), 300 lx,,,,,, 200 (2 ), 15.20 75r/ min, 150 150g,,,, 150,,,, 15.3.4.5 (1 ) 15.3
15.4 283 15.3 150 750 900 1200 1500 300 450 600 > 1500 (2 ), : L(15.21) ; V, V = sin 2 = L d V( mm 3 ) ; 180 - sinhd2 8 d( mm) ; 15.21 h( mm) ; ; L ( mm) 15.4 15.4.1 ( GB915288 ), 15d, 1,,, ph 10, ( 232, 45 % 55 % )7d 15.4 15.4 ( mm) () 150703 3 150703 3 150703 3 4501503 3 :,, 7d,
284 15 15.4.2 15.4.2.1,, () 15.4.2.2 (1 ) : 125250mm; (2 )(2555mm) ; (3 ) : 0.01g; (4 ) ( 150mm70mm),3 ; (5 ) ( ) 15.4.2.3 (1 ) (2 )1.2g/ dm 2 ( ) ( ),,, ( 232, 45% 55% ), (3 ) 2h ( ),, 0.5g ( 125 250mm), 50mm 150mm (4 )10s 20,,,, 15.4.2.4,,, 15.4.3 15.4.3.1, 15.4.3.2 ( 2555mm );, 0.01 g; ; : /, A4,, ; () 15.4.3.3 (1 ), 2.0g/ dm 2 ( ),, 6h, 1.2g/ dm 2 0.8g/ dm 2, 24h, (2 ) 4, RB ()RW () (3 ) ( KV ) : KV = RB/ RW
15.4 285 RB ( % ) ; RW ( % ) 15.4.3.4 KV 0.93 15.4.4, 4, 15.4.4.1 4 (1 ) 4 15.22 (2 ),,,,, 15.22 4,,, (3 ), 3%, 251 15.4.4.2, 200r/ min, g ( Krebs ) 200r/ min (1 ) 15.23 85mm, 500mL ; : 050, 0.1; :, (2 ) 5g,,, 232, 200r/ min, 15 %,, 19 mm, 232, 15.23,, 2535s 100r
286 15,, 200r/ min (15.24 ), 5g, 200r/ min, ;, 200r/ min, 200r/ min, (15.25 ),, 15.24 200r/ min 15.25 200r/ min (3 ) g K U 200r/ min 100 r/ 30s, 15.5 K U 15.5 200r/ min KU g KU g KU g KU g KU g KU g KU g KU g KU g KU g KU g KU 100 61 200 82 300 95 400 104 500 112 600 120 700 125 800 131 900 136 1000 140 105 62 205 83 110 63 210 83 310 96 410 105 510 113 610 120 710 126 810 132 910 136 1010 141 115 64 215 84 120 65 220 85 320 97 420 106 520 114 620 121 720 126 820 132 920 137 1020 140 125 67 225 86 130 68 230 86 330 98 430 106 530 114 630 121 730 127 830 133 930 137 1030 140 135 69 235 87 140 70 240 88 340 99 440 107 540 115 640 122 740 127 840 133 940 138 1040 140 145 71 245 88 150 72 250 89 350 100 450 108 550 116 650 122 750 128 850 134 950 138 1050 141 155 73 255 90 160 74 260 90 360 101 460 109 560 117 660 123 760 129 860 134 960 138 1060 141 165 75 265 91 70 53 170 76 270 91 370 102 470 110 570 118 670 123 770 129 870 135 970 139 1070 141 75 54 175 77 275 92 80 55 180 78 280 93 380 102 470 110 570 118 680 124 780 130 880 135 980 139 1080 141 85 57 185 79 285 93 90 58 190 80 290 94 390 103 490 111 590 119 690 124 790 131 890 136 990 140 1090 141 95 60 195 81 295 94
15.4 287 15.4.5 15.4.5.1, 15.4.5.2 (2555mm) ;, 0.01g; ( 430mm150mm )3 ; () ;, 15.26, 37 / min( 74 ), 300mm, 100mm 90mm 38 mm25mm ( ), 60 3mm, 19mm 20 12mm, 30min, 12mm, 20min 16mm, 15.26 1 ;2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 :0.5 % (), ph 9.510.0 15.4.5.3 (1 ) ( 430mm 150mm) 3 CO6, CO4 83 (ZBG51037 ), 1 ( ZBG51010 ), (2 )2.0g/ dm 2 ( ), 6h, 1.2g/ dm 2, 0.8g/ dm 2,, ( 232, 45 % 55 % ) 7d; (3 )0.5% ( ), ph 9.5 10.0 (4 ),,, 450g (5 ) 37 / min, 0.04g/ s, (6 ) ( 300 ),, 15.4.5.4 100mm, 3 2
1.. :, 2001 2.. :,2002 3.. :,2000 4.. :,1998 5,,.. :, 1998 6,,.. :,2003 7.. :,2003 8.. :,1998 9.. :, 2001 10.. :, 2002 11.. :,2003 12.. :,1994 13.. :,1999 14,.. :,1998 15.. :,1999 16..,2002 17.. :,1999 18.. :,2001 19,.. :,1991 20.. :, 2000 21.,2003