cc-52.PDF

16. Suaeda physophora, S. microphylla; 17. Kalidium schrenkianum; 18. Kalidium cuspidatum; 19. Artemisia sphaerocephala, Psammochloa mongolica; 20. Artemisia arenaria; 21. A. santolina; 22. Artemisia terrae-ablae; 23. A. borotalensis; 24. A. kaschgarica; 25. A. parvula; 26. Brachanthemum gobicum; 27. Asterothamnus centraliasiaticus; 28. Ajania fruticulosa; 29. A. fastigiata, A. fruticulosa; 30. Ceratoides compacta; 31. Ajania tibetica; 32. Artemisia rhodantha. 5.3.4 ( ) 3 (5 13) 4600 5500 3900 4200 5.4 1100 1 0.5 10.0 0.5 4 ( 1991 1983) 5 14 9 6 1

5 14 * 1. + 2. + 3. ++ + 4. ++ ++ 5. + + 6. + + 7. ++ ++ 8. ++ ++ 9. ++ ++ 10. ++ ++ 11. ++ ++ ++ 12. ++ ++ + 13. +++ ++ 14. ++ 15. + 16. ++ 17. + 18. ++ 19. ++ * 1. Sphagnum spp.; 2. Larix gmellini, Pinus pumila, Sphagnum spp.; 3. L. gmellini, Ledum palustre var. angustum, Sphagnum spp.; 4. L. gmellini, Vaccinium uliginosum, moss; 5. L. gmellini, Betula fruticosa, Carex sp.; 6. Carex lasiocarpa, Sphagnum spp.; 7. C. meyeriana; 8. C. schimidtii; 9. C. tato; 10. C. appendiculata; 11. Phragmites communis, Carex sp.; 12. Deyeuxia angustifolia, Carex sp.; 13. Carex lasiocarpa; 14. C. pseudocuraica; 15. C. meyeriana, C. appendiculata; 16. Kobresia tibetica, Carex muliensis; 17. Menyanthes trifoliata, Carex sp.; 18. Carex muliensis; 19. Kobresia sp., Carex sp.. 227 4600 (460 ) 11 80 5350

10 4 0.05 4 10 1980 60 5.5 5.5.1 100 50000 1 000 1500 300 104 1 000 22 2.8 45

64 56.7 36 ( 1983) 4.8 6.7 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.1 60 80 5 25 5.93 26 46 5.5.2 5.5.2.1 10 6300 180 3000 900 3 10000 46.4

47.3 6.3 ( 1983) 5.5.2.2 5464 75 500 3000-3 300 2 3 1000 1300 89 40 400 750 152 230 874 4 5 13 14C 180 230 5.5.2.3 3101 88.7 100 160 0.1 1.2 5.5.2.4 44.3 3490 4 34.1 77.8 368 46710 10 523

27040 6 60 20 5.5.3 24800 83400 1 2848 80645 1. 50 0.93 79.84 2. 56500 67.8 3. 45000 60 5 5 98.2 74 5.5.3.1 22900 27.5 2.4 4 ( 1989) 5.5.3.2 3 3800 4.6 0.3

373 5.5.3.3 4000 4900 38700 47.9 2 5.5.3.4 9400 11.7 0.6 55 31 56.3 5.5.3.5 1100 1.4 1.3 1280 3270 5.5.4 4 5.5.4.1

(Cyanophyta) (Cryptophyta) (Xanthophyta) (Pyrrophyta) (Bacillariophyta) (Bacillariophyta) (Euglenophyto) (Chlorophyta) (5 15) 5 15 % % % % % % % % 4 2.4 5 3.0 31 18.3 76 45.0 9 5.3 7 4.1 34 20.1 3 1.8 169 2 1.0 1 0.5 36 18.2 76 38.4 17 8.6 11 5.5 52 26.3 3 1.5 198 6 3.5 3 1.8 32 18.8 80 47.1 7 4.1 40 23.5 2 1.2 170 6 2.8 10 4.7 38 17.9 97 45.8 6 2.8 53 25.0 2 1.0 212 (1990) 0.1 30 53 49 79 128 134 154 0.527 9.802 ( 1990) 5 16 % % % % % 13 10.2 11 8.7 37 29.1 50 39.4 16 12.6 127 7 6.3 9 8.0 37 33.0 38 34.0 21 18.8 112 11 6.5 29 17.1 50 29.4 49 28.8 31 18.2 170 16 13.9 18 15.7 18 15.7 37 32.2 26 22.6 115

6 22 10 8 46 9 8 6 7 30 2 13 5 3 23 5.5.4.2 (Protoza) (Rotifera) (Cladocera) (Copepoda) 110 203 32 52 27 53 23 56 28 42 127 112 170 115 (5 16) 5 17 () 21 33 21 13 88 3 22 5 7 37 41 42 25 14 122 19 19 17 14 69 22 59 40 13 134 44 55 47 23 169 19 27 14 6 66 23 31 8 6 68 13 27 15 7 62 22 21 17 9 69 5 11 14 9 39 10 22 16 11 59 15 34 11 8 68 14 29 3 4 50 1 11 5 6 23 3 8 6 5 22 3 8 5 5 21 3 4 2 3 12 62 52 35 22 171 6 12 8 4 30 (1989) 1000 360 ( 240 86 46 ) 252 ( 7 ) 136 ( 43

) 200 ( 30 ) (5 17) ( 1989) 5.5.4.3 (Annelida) (Mollusa) (Arthropoda) ( 1990)(5 18) 5 18 22 7 30 13 7 1 1 30 89 200 2 11 3 4 7 7 1 3 1 9 27 75 1 2 2 13 4 7 3 18 9 59 1 8 4 25 14 5 1 5 1 68 37 169 1 1 2 5 30 19 6 1 2 6 13 86 1 3 38 10 58 49 8 4 4 1 57 43 273 1 1 5 20 9 49 32 9 11 5 1 19 103 265 (1990) (5 19) 5.5.4.4 4 186 40 76 88 50 54 25 131 121 98 78 (5 20)

5 13 20 38 1981-1982 2 1 3 6 1981-1982 11 4 15 1979-1980 1 20 1 22 1980-1981 5 19 () () 11 43 28 5 87 1982 3 10 26 39 1980-1981 8 14 33 55 1980-1981 9 27 29 65 1981 8 25 24 11 68 1981 6 10 5 21 1980-1981 8 23 8 39 1980-1983 3 1 4 1980-1982 4 6 4 14 1980-1982 3 29 9 41 1982-1983 4 59 3 2 68 1981-1982 4 28 4 36 1981-1982 1 8 5 14 1985 2 3 5 1977 6 2 8 1964-1965 2 12 14 1980-1981 2 12 3 17 1981 8 39 55 10 112 1981-1982 5 4 22 31 1982-1983 9 7 14 30 1979-1980 (1989) 5 20 % % % % 43 43.9 6 6.1 17 17.3 32 32.7 98 36 48.7 4 5.1 11 14.1 25 32.1 78 58 47.9 11 9.1 22 18.2 30 24.8 121 62 47.3 12 9.2 20 15.3 37 28.2 131 88 47.3 12 6.5 32 17.2 54 29.0 186 (1990)

4 (5 21) 5.5.4.5 5 21 () 25 1981 1983 37 1983 98 1984 61 1981 24 1981 89 1982 50 1980 1981 7 1980 1981 68 1982 83 1962 1964 55 1974 68 1983 12 1981 5 1981 40 1979 30 1981 1982 (1990) 8400 (Nelson 1984) 691 10 ( ) 772 19 53 240 691 18 63 11 691 240 691 134 538 409 76.0 78 14.5 49 9.1 1 0.2

5 22 ( ) 1 3 3 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 7 2 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 3 4 0 1 3 2 1 4 0 2 3 3 6 10 6 2 3 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 5 11 0 6 4 3 1 2 1 0 0 0 1 7 0 1 2 2 1 1 0 0 1 0 104 409 59 82 177 175 ( ) 3 8 0 1 3 2 19 34 15 8 11 13 15 55 15 14 27 34 3 13 3 5 9 6 4 22 4 10 18 9 20 100 0 0 32 60 20 81 16 29 44 28 9 57 0 7 20 3 3 21 3 2 3 16 1 15 1 4 8 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 13 78 8 19 27 25 15 49 0 0 16 22 1 7 2 2 2 4 1 3 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 4 34 2 6 24 12

1 7 0 0 4 1 8 19 0 0 7 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 2 0 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 2 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 2 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 2 10 1 1 6 8 3 4 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 8 13 2 1 5 9 17 32 1 8 15 11 3 3 0 1 3 3 2 2 0 1 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 2 1 4 1 1 3 1 1 3 0 1 2 2 2 2 0 1 2 1 3 4 2 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 1 1 0 1 3 0 3 2 1 1 5 0 2 3 4 (334 ) (313 ) (113 ) (160 ) (150 ) (157 ) (99 ) (97 )(5 22) 9 100

5 23( 1989) 5 23 () 106 83 84 118 122 54 52 28 32 33 21 21 13 1 5 3 3 3 28 27 22 14 5.6 32 44 2 21 27 38 9 54

85 73 18 ( 1988 1990) 1965 720 1979 302 1965 274 19 ) 1958 6.6 2.2 0.8 60 1 5 24 * ( ) 1. ++ 2. ++ ++ ++ ++ 3. + + + + + 4. ++ 5. ++ 6. +++ 7. ++ 8. + 9. 2.02 ++ +++ ++ ++ ++ + 10. + + ++ + 11. ++ 12. ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ 13. + + 14. + + + + 15. + + 16. ++ + 17. + ++ + 18. + + + * 1. Rhizophora apiculata; 2. R. stylosa; 3. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza; 4. B. sexangula; 5. Rhizophora mucronata; 6. Sonneratia caseolaris; 7. Xylocarpus granatum; 8. Lumnitzera littorea; 9. Kandelia candel, Aegiceras corniculatus; 10. Ceriops tagal; 11. Nypa fruticans; 12. Avicennia marina; 13. Excoecaria agallocha; 14. Acanthus ebracteatus; 15. Hernandia sonora; 16. Barringtonia racemosa, Acrostichum aureum, 17. Heritiera littoralis, Excoecaria agallocha; 18. Hibiscus tiliaceus, Cerbera manghas. 58 154

30 50 5 25 60 ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 0.48 4600 0.8 2000 0.06 0.03 60 70 2000 60 70 ( ) 0.33 2.02 5.7 5 26 1 5 1 1 3 12 1 4 4 49 3 4 3 13 3 3 8 17 5 18 3 13 2 5 2 17 4 9 3 3 1 1 2 4 1 1 12 37 3 7 50 1 3 3 3 1 8 2 2 2 2

243 200 14 50 ( 1984) 5 26 5.8 5.8.1 3 41 3 472 350 1.8 5000 1.4 ( 15 ) 13.4 1.8 4.2 70

5.8.2 5.8.2.1 7.7 5 883.6 20 3 ( ) 30 9.0 12.3, 12.8 600 0.8 2.7 2937 51 26.4 64.5 19.7 11 2423 22 ( 1979) 5.8.2.2 38 34 3 44 60 80 149 770.8 ( ) 32 9.4 14.2 12.1 15.2 700 1000 2.4 2.8

3927 55 63.1 18.9 9.2 7.3 202 27.5 5.8.2.3 77 57 74 60 140 50 60 15.7 22.8 18.0 1000 2.4 3.5 2.3 4.0 5745 49 25.7 33 27.3 21.4 28.9 212 28.9 5.8.2.4 350 37.4 20 50 1000 3000 800 4 22.2 24.5 23.10 25.8 1800 1 0.6 1.5 5792 37 19.2 52.6 31.0 9.0 4.3 3.1 159 21.6

5.8.3 5.8.3.1 3 91 83 ( 2 2 ) 7 1 93 85 ( 2 2 ) 7 1 31.5 4 6 5 27 2 3 6 8 9 10 10 2 2 4 5 8 9 10 11 12 2 3 4 6 8 9 10 12

342 175 17 14 37 3 10 1 2 23.8 12.2 9.9 ( 1990) 5 27 5.8.3.2 55 51 40 60 150 300 20.6 13.8 96 46 3 105 38 36.2 2 236 5 28 5 28 1991 5.8.3.3, 913 672 627 291 ( 5 29)

5 29 291 627 672 8 2.7 53 18.2 90 30.9 85 29.2 11 3.8 10 3.4 23 7.9 11 3.8 20 3.2 99 15.8 199 31.7 120 19.1 38 6.1 22 3.5 110 17.5 19 3.0 13 1.9 42 6.3 294 43.8 196 29.2 11 1.6 41 6.1 48 7.1 27 4.0 913 28 3.1 99 10.8 321 35.2 150 16.4 54 5.9 41 4.5 210 23.0 10 1.1 1991 5.8.3.4 1417 839 540 422 236 37 187 2 2 253 1136 2 3 27 56 1 1, 45 196 2 2 1 2, 83 428, 51 311 41 137 24 92 5 30 5 31 5 30 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 236 14.8 36 22 9 17 422 25.8 33.8 25.6 9 5.8 540 18.0 24.8 20.9 3.1 33.2 839 7.1 28.8 22.6 8.4 55.7 5 31.

5.8.3.5 5 32 ( ) 1 1 3 4 0.24 2 1 1 2 0.12 3 4 5 7 0.41 4 2 6 6 0.35 5 4 22 58 3.42 6 1 8 21 1.24 7 1 1 2 0.12 8 1 1 1 0.06 9 1 1 1 0.06 10 6 9 25 1.48 11 8 13 31 1.83 12 2 5 9 0.53 13 2 5 8 0.47 14 1 2 3 0.18 15 4 4 4 0.24 16 2 2 2 0.12 17 3 18 43 2.53 18 12 28 34 2.00 19 9 18 44 2.59 20 2 2 2 0.12 21 13 36 79 4.66 22 2 2 4 0.24 23 1 2 2 0.12 24 4 13 36 2.13 25 2 3 3 0.18 26 6 27 56 3.31 27 9 16 34 2.00 28 2 6 10 0.59 29 3 3 4 0.24 30 6 13 24 1.42 31 3 11 22 1.30 32 87 328 796 47.00 33 14 61 103 6.08 34 6 41 89 5.25 35 8 43 97 5.79 36 1 1 2 0.12 37 9 16 26 1.53

4 1694 175 1519 5 32( 1990)