: : :
, (CIP) /,,. - :, 2001.2 ISBN 7-81060 - 224-1... - -.R15 CIP ( 2001) 096383 ( 818 : 200433 ) : 850 1168 1/ 32 : 9. 5 : 247 2002 2 1 2002 2 1 : 1 3 000 ISBN 7-81060-224-1/ R 158 :18. 00
,,,,,,, 2/ 3 3/ 4,,,,,, -,,, ;,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,, 2002 1
( 1) ( 1) ( 2) ( 2) ( 3) ( 6) ( 6) ( 7) ( 7) ( 9) (10) (12) (13) (15) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (19) (21) (22) (25) (26) A (27) D (31) 1
( B1 ) (33) ( B2 ) (36) ( ) (38) B6 (41) ( C) (43) (48) (55) (56) (58) (58) (61) (62) (64) (65) (68) (69) (70) (73) (74) (74) (80) (83) (86) (88) (90) 2 (90) (92) (95)
(98) ( 101) ( 101) ( 102) ( 103) ( 103) ( 104) ( 105) ( 106) ( 107) ( 109) ( 109) ( 109) ( 111) ( 111) ( 111) ( 112) ( 114) ( 115) ( 115) ( 116) ( 119) ( 121) ( 122) ( 122) ( 124) ( 124) ( 124) 3
( 124) ( 125) ( 125) ( 130) ( 143) ( 143) ( 150) ( 151) ( 154) ( 156) ( 159) ( 159) ( 159) ( 160) ( 161) ( 161) ( 163) ( 164) ( 164) ( 164) ( 167) ( 170) ( 170) ( 182) ( 190) 4 ( 190) ( 196) N- ( 203)
( 208) ( 214) ( 214) ( 216) ( 216) ( 217) ( 218) ( 219) ( 220) ( 221) ( 221) ( 221) ( 227) ( 228) ( 228) ( 229) ( 231) ( 231) ( 231) ( 233) ( 234) ( 235) ( 235) ( 236) ( 237) ( 237) ( 241) ( 243) 5
( 243) ( 244) ( 245) ( 246) ( 246) ( 248) ( 249) ( 249) ( 249) ( 250) ( 253) ( 253) ( 253) ( 254) ( 255) ( 256) O15 7 : H7 ( 257) ( 259) ( 260) ( 261) ( 262) ( 263) ( 266) ( 267) ( 268) 6 ( 268) ( 270) ( 272)
( 275) ( 275) ( 276) ( 278) 1 ( DRIs ) ( 280) 2 ( ) ( 287) 7
1,,,, ( ),, ( g ) ( mg),,,,,,,
2,,, ( kilocalorie, kcal) 1 kcal 1 000 g 15 16, ( Joule, J ) 1 J 1 1 kg 1 m 1 000 J 1 ( kilojoule, kj ) ; 1 000 kj 1 ( megajoule, MJ ) : 1 kcal = 4.184 kj 1 k J = 0.239 kcal 1 000 kcal = 4.184 MJ 1 MJ = 239 kcal,,,,, 1 g 17.15 kj (4.1 kcal) ; 1 g 39.54 kj( 9. 45 kcal) ; 1 g 23.64 k J( 5.65 kcal),, ;, 1 g,, 5.44 kj (1.3 kcal) :1 g : 17.15 kj( 4.1 kcal) ; 1 g : 39.54 k J ( 9.45 kcal) ; 1 g :23.64-5.44 = 18.2 kj( 4.35 kcal) 100%
3 98% 95% 92%, : 1 g : 17.15 kj 98% = 16.81 kj( 4.0 kcal) 1 g : 39.54 kj 95% = 37.56 kj( 9.0 kcal) 1 g : 18.2 kj 92 % = 16.74 kj (4.0 kcal),,, : 60% 70 %, 20% 25%, 10% 15% ( ),,, ( h ) : h 0.1529 1603 ( kj ) = ( m 2 ) ( kj/ m 2 h ) 24 Stevenson : ( m 2 ) = 0.0061 ( cm ) + 0.0128 ( kg ) - : ( m 2 ) = 0.00659 ( cm ) + 0.0126 ( kg ) - 0. 1-1
4 1-1 (kj/ m 2 h) ( ) 11 195.4 (46.7 ) 172.4( 41.2) 16 193.6 (46.2 ) 181.6( 43.4) 18 166.1 (39.7 ) 154.0( 36.8) 20 158.6 (37.9 ) 146.4( 35.0) 31 157.7 (37.7 ) 146.9( 35.1) 41 154.0 (36.8 ) 142.3( 34.0) 50 149.0 (35.6 ) 138.5( 33.1) k ca l ( ),,, ( 1-2 ) 1-2 kj/ ( m 2 min) k cal/ ( m 2 min) k J/ ( m 2 min ) kcal/ ( m 2 min ) 2.736 0.654 5.777 1.333 3.192 0.763 26.966 6.445 3.628 0.867 4.820 1.152 3.690 0.882 13.615 3.254 11.234 2.685 14.146 3.381 28.602 6.836 16.564 3.959 8.841 2.113 18.108 4.328 7.012 1.676 14.058 3.360 3.481 0.832 22.334 5.338 5.268 1.259 11.698 2.796 18.518 4.426 3.770 0.901 26.967 6.445 11.820 2.825 min
5,,, 4 %,,, ( ),, 6% ; 4% ; 30%, 10%,,,,,,,,, 20,,,,, ( ),, 1 g, 4.78 kcal,
6,, 3, : (1 ) : 75 %, 25% ( RNI) : 10.03 MJ ( 2 400 kcal), 8.80 MJ (2 100 kcal) (3 ) : 25%, 75% ( RNI) : 11.29 MJ ( 2 700 kcal), 9.62 MJ (2 300 kcal) (4 ) : 40%, 60% ( RNI) : 13.38 MJ ( 3 200 kcal), 11.30 MJ (2 700 kcal),, 4.40 MJ (1 050 kcal) 12.00 MJ (2 900 kcal),, 0.84 MJ (200 kcal) 2.09 MJ (500 kcal),,,, 8.00 MJ (1 900 kcal) 13.00 MJ( 3 100 kcal) 1,,
7 1-3 1-3 ( 100 g) kj k cal kj kcal kj kcal 3 761 899 ( ) 598 143 226 54 ( ) 3 414 816 577 138 218 52 1 975 472 540 129 213 51 ( ) 1 654 395 531 127 197 47 ( ) 1 456 348 ( ) 510 122 180 43 1 439 344 510 122 180 43 ( ) 1 406 336 ( ) 494 118 134 32 1 322 316 485 116 126 30 ( ) 1 293 309 456 109 92 22 ( ) 1 105 264 ( ) 444 106 88 21 1 025 245 427 102 ( ) 84 20 1 004 240 427 102 63 15 ( ) 975 233 414 99 59 14 (, ) 828 198 351 84 59 14 (, ) 795 190 318 76 54 13 699 167 297 71 46 11,,, ( )
8,,, 20,,,, 8, 9,,,,,,,,,, ( ), : 1.,,,, ; ; ; ;, 2.,,,,,,
9 3.,,,,,, ( ),,, ( ), ( 37 ),,,,,, ( ),,, ( ),,,,
10,, ( ),,,,,,, ;,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, 16 %, 6.25( 100/ 16 ) ( ),,, :
11 ( % ) = 100 = - ( - ) 100,,,, 24 0.8 1.2 g,,,,, 10% 1-4 1-4 97 ( ) 96 95 86 94 79 85 88 88 95 ( ) 86 86 ( ),,, : = 100
12 = - ( - ) - ( - ) ) = - ( -,,,,, 1-5 1-5 94 64 83 72 96 58 85 52 83 57 76 60 74 76 77 72 67 67 57 59,,,,,,,,
13 1-6,, ( ), 89, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1-6 ( % ) 1 2 3 67 37 31 57 32 40 46 64 16 20 8 48 15 60 40 ( ) 76 15 74 73 89 ( ), 0.75 g/ ( kg ),,, 1.0 1.2 g/ ( kg ) 40 %,
14, ( 2001 ) ( RNI) : 1.5 3 g/ ( kg ), 35 75 g/, 80 85 g/,, 75 90 g/ 65 80 g/, 5 20 g/, 75 g/ 65 g/ ( 1 ),, 11% 14%, 13% 14%, ; 11% 12%,, 30 % 50 % ( ) ; ; 1-7 1-7 ( 100 g) ( g ) ( g ) ( g) 35.1 17.6 2.0 21.6 16.4 1.8 ( ) 20.5 15.5 1.4 ( ) 20.3 15.4 1.3 ( ) 20.2 (, ) 13.2 ( ) 1.2 ( ) 20.2 ( ) 12.7 1.1 20.1 ( ) 11.2 ( ) 1.1 19.7 ( ) 10.1 0.9 19.3 (, ) 9.5 0.8 19.3 9.5 0.8 (, ) 19.0 ( ) 8.8 0.8 18.8 (, ) 8.0 0.7 18.5 ( ) 3.2 0.7 (, ) 18.1 3.0 0.5 17.8 2.5 0.4 17.7 2.4 0.2
15,, ( ), (95% ),,,,, 5%,,, 4 24, ( 4 6 ) ( 8 12 ) ( 14 ), ( ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ),,,,,,,,,,
16,,,,, ( ) 1., 1.25,,, 2., 3.,,,,,,,,, 4., 5.,,,,, ;, ( ),
17,, D3,, ( ) : (1 ),,,,, (2 ),,,,, (3 ),,,,,, (4 ),, (5 ) - D H A ( ), -,,, -,,,,,,,
18,,,,, 50 g,, 2. 4%, - 0.5% 1%,,,,,,, ( Als ) : 35% 50 %, 25% 30%, 20 % 30%,, 300 mg,, 50%,,,,, 1-8 1-8 (mg/ 100 g) 2 571 296 130 82 2 110 288 125 81 2 004 267 109 80 1 576 193 106 77 1 510 192 101 76 1 132 181 98 74
19 ( ) 647 165 94 72 608 165 93 71 585 156 92 62 428 148 86 60 356 148 86 59 349 137 86 58 348 135 84 57 297 133 84 15,,,,, ( ),,, (1 ) :,,,, (2 ) :, 1.75,, (3 ) :,
20,, ( ),,,, : (1 ) : (2 ) :,,,,, (3 ) :,, ( ) 3 10, 30 % 60 %, ( ) 10,,,, : ( 1) :,,,,,
21 (2 ) :,, ;,,, (3 ) :,,, 0.5, ;,,, ;,, (4 ) :,,,, ( ),,, ;,,, ( ) (DN A),
22 ( ),, ;,,, ( ), ( ), ;,,,,, ( ),,, 1970,,, 20,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, 1975
23,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 1977 10 (, 22 40 ), 60 g, : 482 g ; ( ) ; 444 ml, 150 ml
24,, 20 0 ; + 10 ; - 10 : 180,,, ; 20, 7 ; 5 ; 1 ; 60 70, 2 ;,, ; :,,,,,, ( ),,,, 1%, 2%,,
25 ( ),,,,, ; ( ), 55%, 2, ( Al) 55% 65% 12 552 kj( 3 000 kcal), 6 904 8 159 kj (1 650 1 950 kcal), 413 488 g 40% 70%, 15 % 29 % ( ) ( 1-9) 1-9 ( 100 g) 22.5 12.2 11.2 3.0 1.6 1.8 21.6 7.2 15.0 2.9 1.6 2.2 17.9 6.7 11.9 2.7 1.7 1.4 15.8 8.0 8.8 2.7 1.3 1.6 14.4 6.2 9.1 2.3 1.2 1.2 7.9 1.6 6.9 2.3 1.3 1.1 5.4 2.8 2.9 2.2 1.1 1.2 4.8 2.2 3.0 2.0 1.0 1.1 4.5 2.2 3.5 1.9 1.0 1.3 4.2 2.0 2.4 1.9 0.9 1.1 3.2 2.1 1.5 1.7 0.7 1.1 3.2 1.9 1.4 1.6 0.7 1.0 3.1 1.8 2.0 1.3 0.7 0.8 3.0 1.4 1.7 1.0 0.5 0.6
26,,, 20 40 g, 12 g, 24 g,, Ca Fe Zn, ( 1-9 ) ;,,,,, ( mg g ),,, :, A ( ) ; D(, ) ; E(, ) ; K( ), B C B B1 ( ), B2 ( ), pp ( ), B6 ( ), ( ),,, B12 ( ),
27 A D B1 B2 B6 C A A 493,,, 20, A 1913 A, A 1920, Dr ummond A 1930 Karrer 1948 1919 Steenbock, A, 1930, Moore -, A ( ) A, A1 A2 A1, A2, A1 40%, 100,, A, A -, - -, - A A,,, A ( ) 1.,,,,,
28,,, ( ), ;,, ;,,, A, A,,, A 2., A,,,, A,,,, A, A A,, A 3. A, ( ) A 1.
29 A,, (2001 ), ( RNI) : 0 1 400 g R E/, 1 3 500 g R E/, 4 6 600 g RE/, 7 13 700 g RE/, 14, 800 g R E/ ; 700 g R E/, 900 g R E/, 1200 g RE/ A,, A, ( RE ) A, 1 g = 1 g 6 g - 1 IU A = 0.3 g = 0.3 g 1 g = 0.167 g = 0.556 IU A 1-2 A, 1/ 3, A 1/ 2,,1 g 0. 556 IU A 2. A,,,, A 1-10 1-10 A ( 100 g) A ( g ) ( g ) ( g ) A( g) ( g) ( g) 25 526 25 526 790 132 20 972 20 972 750 125 20 220 20 220 ( ) 114 114 10 414 10 414-600 100
30 ( ) A ( g ) ( g ) ( g ) A( g) ( g) ( g) 4 972 4 972 580 97 1 980 1 980 88 88 5 140 857 450 75 4 010 668 300 50 2 920 487 42 42 438 438 250 42 2 590 432 240 40 389 389 240 40 310 310 220 37 ( ) 1 640 273 29 29 ( ) 1 390 232 160 27 1 370 228 25 25 226 226 24 24 202 202 22 22 1 160 193 130 22 1 149 192 100 17 890 148 90 15 ( ) A A,, 85 g, 100 A, 1960 1964, 20 A, A, A A, A, 1975, A A A,,
31, X, A ( UL) : 3 000 g RE, 2 400 g RE, 2 000 g RE D D,, 1932 Windaus As kew D2 1936 Brockmann D3 1952 Woodward D ( ) D, D2 ( ) D3 ( ), D2 D3 D2, ; D3, 7-, 7-, D3,,,, 130 90,,, D3 D3, 1 g D3 40 ; 1 D3 0.025 g ( ) D3,
32 D3, 1, 25- D3 D3,,,,,,,,,,,, D3,,, ( ) 1. D, D 100 IU (2.5 g ), 300 400 IU ( 7. 5 10 g ) 800 IU D,, ( 2001 ), ( RNI) : 11 49 5 g/, 10 50 10 g/ 2. D,
33 ( 1-11 ) D 1-11 D ( 100 g) ( IU/ 100 g) ( IU/ 100 g) 8 500 67 2 800 50 900 41 167 23 158 19 100 2.3 ( ) D D,, 100 000 IU ; 40 000 IU :,,, D ( UL) 20 g (800 IU) ( B1 ) B1 1400, B1 19 20 1897, Eijkman,, 1927 Jansen Donath B1, 1931 Windaus 1936 Williams Cliene, B1,, B1, ( )
34 B1 B1 B1,,, ;, 1 g 1 ml, ;, 140 1 ;,, ( ) 1.,, -, -,, A,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, B1,,,,,
35, ;,,,, 2. B1 ( ) B1,,,, B1, ( ) 1.,, 4 184 kj (1 000 kcal), 0.33 0.35 mg/ 4 184 kj( 1 000 kcal),, 0.5 mg/ 4 184 kj ( 1 000 kcal), 0.3 mg/ 4 184 k J ( 1 000 kcal), ; 0.25 mg/ 4 184 kj ( 1 000 kcal) ; 0.33 mg/ 1 000 kcal,, 0.4 mg/ 4 184 kj ( 1 000 kcal), (2001 ) ( mg/ ) : 0.2 0.3 mg, 0.6 1.2 mg, 1.5 mg, 1.2 mg, 1.4 mg, 1.3 mg, 1.5 mg, 1.8 mg 2. B1,,
36 ; ; ( 1-12) 1-12 B 1 ( mg/ 100 g) 1.89 0.27 0.03 0.72 (, ) 0.22 0.03 0.54 0.21 0.03 0.41 0.09 0.02 0.37 0.07 0.02 0.33 0.05 0.02 0.30 0.05 0.01 ( ) 0.28 0.04 0.01 ( B2 ) B2 1879, 20, 1933 Kuh n B2 1935, 1952 ( ),,,,,,, ;120 6,,, ( 40 % 80 % ), 2, ; p H,
37,, ( ),,,,,, ( ) ( ) 1.,, B2 0.25 mg/ 4 184 kj (1 000 kcal), 0. 5 mg/ 4 184 k J( 1 000 kcal),, B2, B2 (2001 ) : 0.4 0.5 mg/, 0.6 1.2 mg/, 1.5 mg/, 1.2 mg/, 1.4 mg/, 1.2 mg/, 1.7 mg/ 2. B2,,, ; ;, ( 1-13 )
38 1-13 B 2 (mg/ 100 g) 2.08 0.22 0.11 ( ) 1.40 0.21 0.10 1.30 0.21 0.09 1.10 0.19 0.08 0.98 0.16 0.08 0.85 0.16 0.07 0.79 0.15 0.06 0.45 0.14 0.04 0.44 0.14 0.03 0.31 0.13 0.03 0.30 0.12 0.02 0.23 0.11 ( ), B5 1867 1937 1945, ( ),,,, 25,1 g 60 ml 80 ml,,1 g 1 ml 1.5 ml,,,,
39,, 60 mg 1 mg, : ( mgne ) = ( mg) + 1/ 60 ( mg) ( ),, ( derma titis ) ( diarrhea) ( dementia), D,, ;,, ( ) ( ) ( ),,, ( ) 1., ;,,, 5.5 mg/ 1 000 kcal,, 5.5 mg/ 1 000 kcal,, 6.6 mg/ 1 000
40 kcal ( 2001 ) : 2 3 mgne/, 6 12 mgne/, 15 mgne/, 12 mgne/, 14 mgne/, 13 mgne/, 15 mgne/, 18 mgne/ 2. ;, ;,, 80 % 90%, 1-14,,, :, ;,,,,,, ( ), 1-14 ( 100 g) ( mg) ( mg N E ) ( mg) ( mg N E ) ( mg) ( mgn E ) 24.4 28.4 3.0 5.4 0.9 1.2 17.9 21.9 1.9 5.1 0.6 0.9 15.0 19.4 2.1 5.0 0.1 0.7 2.1 10.0 2.5 5.0 0.5 0.7 6.3 10.0 2.6 4.9 0.4 0.7 5.3 9.8 2.0 4.3 0.4 0.4 5.6 9.5 0.2 3.9 0.3 0.4 5.2 8.7 2.3 3.6 0.2 0.4 2.8 6.4 0.5 2.2 0.3 0.4 3.0 6.4 1.1 1.6 0.2 0.3
41 B6 20, B2,, B2 B1 1934, Gyorgy, B6 B6 3, 1938, 5, 1939 1942, Snell B6 ( ) B6,,, B6,,,,,,, B6,, ( ) B6 100, B6,, 5-,
42,,, B6, B6, 1-, B6 B6, B6, B6,, ; ; ; B6,, 6,, B6, B6, B6, B6 ( ) 1. B6, DN A B6, B6 1 g, B6 0.02 mg,, B6 1.3 2.2
43 mg, B6,, B6, 0.6 mg B6, B6 2.5 mg, 0.2 mg/ L,, 5.0 mg/, 15% 20%, 10 mg B6, 75%, 30 mg,, B6, B6, B6,, B6 B6, B6,, ( 2001 ) ( A l) : 0.1 0.3 mg/, 0.5 0.9 mg/, 1.1 mg/, 1.2 mg/, 1.5 mg/, 1.9 mg 2. B6,,, ( 1-15 ) ( C) C 1550, 450, 1747, ( J.Lind) 1932 1933 Reich stem C
44 1-15 B 6 (mg/ 100 g) 1.25 0.40 0.21 0.08 0.92 0.35 0.19 0.07 0.84 0.34 0.16 0.06 0.82 0.33 0.16 0.06 0.73 0.33 0.15 0.06 0.72 ( ) 0.32 0.15 0.06 0.67 0.30 0.11 0.05 0.65 0.28 0.11 0.04 0.53 0.25 0.10 0.04 0.43 0.25 0.09 0.02 0.40 0.24 0.08 0.01 ( ) C 6, C1 C4, C2 C3 H +,, L D 2,,,, C,,,,,,,,, C,, ( )
45 1.,, ( - O H ),,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,, ( - S H ),, - SH, - S H - S H, 3., ;,,,
46,,, 4. ; ; 5.,,,,,,,, 6.,,, 7.,, 8., (, ),,,
47,,,, ( ) 1., 100 mg/, ; 1 000 mg/, C 200 mg/, 100%,, C 10 mg/,, 60 mg/,,, ( 1989 ) C 60 mg/ ( ), 2000 90 mg/, (2001 ) ( RNI) : 40 50 mg/,1 13 60 90 mg/, 14 100 mg/, 130 mg/ 2. C, ;, ; C( 1-16)
48 1-16 C (mg/ 100 g) 1 170 47 23 10 ( ) 243 47 22 9 160 43 21 8 144 40 20 7 131 39 19 5 72 37 19 5 72 32 18 5 68 30 18 4 61 27 16 4 57 26 14 4 56 25 12 1 53 24 11 ( ) E E, E, ;,, E,,, E E, E, E,,, E ;
49 E E,, E 15, 12 (2001 ) : 3 mg/,1 13 4 7 mg/, 14 14 mg/ E,, E, E ( mg) ( g) 0.6 E E,, E 1-17 1-17 E(mg/ 100 g) 389.90 20.70 5.06 1.66 95.70 18.90 4.90 1.34 93.08 18.53 4.39 1.23 68.53 18.09 3.63 1.13 60.89 12.72 ( ) 3.04 1.19 54.60 11.34 2.71 ( ) 1.01 51.94 10.95 2.24 0.93 42.06 10.54 2.22 ( ) 0.54 32.79 9.87 2.21 0.86 29.93 8.76 1.80 0.49 21.70 ( ) 8.23 1.80 0.21
50 ( ) K K, K,,,, K K,, K, K,, K,,,,,, K, K,, 20 100 g ( ) B3,,, 1993 Williams,1940 A,,,,, 1.7 12.7 mg/, 4 mg/, ( 0.91 2.74 mol/ L ), ( 9.13 36.5 mol/ L ),
51 ( 2001 ) : 1.7 1.8 mg/,1 10 2.0 4.0 mg/, 11 5.0 mg/, 6.0 7.0 mg/,, ( ) B7 H, 1942, 1943 -, CO2,,,,,, A A,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10 6,
52, (2001 ) : 5 6 g/, 8 12 g/, 16 25 g/, 30 g/, 35 g/,, ( ),, M U 1939 Lucy Wills 1945 Angier, ( ),,, DN A RN A,,,,,,,, 60 g 3.1 g/ kg,,, 3 4
53, 50%, 85%, 1.7, : ( g) ( DF E ) = ( g ) + 1.7 (2001 ) : 65 80 g DF E/, 150 300 g DF E/, 14 400 g DFE/, 600 g DFE/, 500 g DFE/, ( 1-18) 1-18 ( g/ 100 g) 193 42 152 39 145 32 130 32 110 21 109 19 96 11 65 10 55 8 54 5 44 5 42 ( ) B12 B12 1849 ( T.Addison ), 1926, ( Minot ) ( Murphy )
54 1948, B12 1955, B12, B12 B12, B12, B12, B12 ( ) B1 2 (5- ) : ;,, ; - B1 2 :, ;, ;, B12, B12 : B12,, ;, ; B1 2 B12, ( 2001 ) B12 ( Al) : 0.4 0.5 g/, 0.9 1.8 g/, 14 2.4 g/, 2.6 g/, 2.8 g/ B12,
55 B12 ( 1-19 ) B12,,,, 7%, 2 5 30%, 119 120 13 77% 1-19 B12 ( g/ 100 g) 111.34 3.00 63.00 2.20 25.00 1.80 19.10 1.55 10.00 0.80 9.50 ( ) 0.78 5.30 ( ) 0.40 3.99 0.37 3.80 0.36 3.50 0.20 3.50,, 20, ( > 0.01% ), 100 mg, 7, ( < 0.01% ),, 1973 W H O 14, 1990 F AO/ IAEA/ W H O,
56 :, 8, ;, 5, ;,,,, 8 ( ) 2 % 1 200 g, 99 %, ; 1 %,, ;,, 700 mg, 1 2, 10 12 18,,, 40,,,, 70% 80%, ;, ;,, D,, ( ) (1 ),
57 (2 ) ;, (3 ),, (4 ) ( ) ( 2001 ), ( AI) : 300 400 mg/, 600 800 mg/, 1000 mg/, 800 mg/, 1000 mg/, 1 200 mg/,, 1-20 1-20 ( mg/ 100 g) 2 458 138 47 11 875 108 46 10 583 104 45 9 325 97 42 9 308 82 39 9 264 81 35 8 247 80 32 6 231 74 31 6 191 64 31 6 190 55 30 5 175 50 24 5 146 48 20 4
58 ( ) 1% 400 800 g, 85%, 15%,,,,,,,,,, D D,,, ( ),,, ( ) ( 2001 ), ( AI) : : 150 300 mg/, 450 700 mg/, 1 000 mg/, 700 mg/,, ( )
59 4 5 g, 72 % 3% 0.2 % ;, 25%, ( 1 mg),,, : :, (, Fe 2 + ),,, ( Fe 2 + ) ( Fe 2 + ),, :,, 10%, 1%, 7%, 3 %, 4%, 5% ;, 11%, 12%, 22% ( ), :,
60,, ( ) ( 2001 ), ( AI ) : 0.3 10 mg/, 12 mg/, 16 20 mg/, 18 25 mg/, 15 mg/, 20 mg/, 25 mg/, 35 mg/ 1-21 1-21 ( mg/ 100 g) 99.30 6.50 1.40 97.40 6.50 1.40 54.90 6.00 1.20 50.00 ( ) 5.50 1.20 41.80 5.40 1.20 30.80 5.10 1.10 23.30 4.80 1.10 22.60 3.50 0.80 21.10 2.90 0.70 19.20 2.30 0.50 13.60 2.30 0.50 ( ) 10.50 2.10 0.40 8.70 1.80 0.40 8.20 1.60 0.30 7.40 1.50 0.30 ( )
61 20 50 mg, 50%, 20 %,10%, 6%,, 40 80 g/ L : 80% 90%, 10 % 20%, 5%,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ) (2001 ), ( RNI) : 50 g/, 50 90 g/, 120 150 g/, 150 g/, 200 g/ ( )
62 2 2.5 g ; 75% 85%, 3% 5 %, 15. 3 21. 4 mol/ L,, 0. 77 2. 3 mol/ L, 15 mg, 20 % 30 %,,,, 1 mg,, 4 mg ( ) (1 ) 100 (2 ) DN A, ; ; (3 ),,, (4 ) A (5 ),,,,, (6 ) ;, ( 7) DN A,, T
63,,, DNA, ( ),,, (2001 ), ( RNI) : 1.5 8.0 mg/, 9.0 13.5 mg/, 18.0 19.0 mg/, 15.0 mg/, 11.5 mg/, 16.5 mg/, 21.5 mg/,,, 1-22 1-22 ( mg/ 100 g) 71.20 8.21 ( ) 3.29 1.09 47.05 7.60 2.50 1.01 23.40 6.17 2.38 0.70 11.69 5.98 2.20 0.65 11.24 5.91 2.06 0.65 10.60 5.78 1.87 0.42 10.42 5.50 1.70 0.23 10.27 5.01 1.64 0.21 10.02 3.68 1.59 0.14 8.57 3.67 ( ) 1.52 0.10 8.50 3.34 1.45 0.09 ( )
64 100 150 mg,, 40%,,, 1.0 3.6 mg, 80%,, 24 30 g ( ),,,,,, 1., ( ), 2.,,, 3.
65 4.,,, 5., 3,,,,,, ( ) ( 2001 ), ( AI) : 0.4 0.6 mg/, 0.8 1.2 mg/, 1.8 2.0 mg/, 2.0 mg/,,,,, ( ) 6 20 mg,,,,,, 60 % 80%
66 ( ) 1., 1973,,,,,, 2., - -, D 3.,,,,,, 4. E,, E C 5., ( ) (2001 ), ( RNI) : 15 20 g/ ( AI), 20 35 g/, 45 50 g/, 50 g/, 65 g/
67,,, ( 1-23 ) 1-23 ( g/ 100 g) 203.1 38.6 12.0 3.9 156.1 36.6 12.0 3.3 150.0 33.7 11.8 2.5 121.2 32.0 10.5 2.5 111.8 26.0 7.2 2.1 91.0 23.6 7.1 1.9 71.1 23.4 6.7 ( ) 1.0 70.3 19.8 6.4 0.8 65.2 19.2 6.2 0.6 57.8 16.6 5.8 0.3 56.4 15.7 5.4 0.3 41.8 12.4 4.6 0.2 ( ),,,,,,,,,,
68,,, ( ) 5 10 mg,,,,,,, 10 % 25 %,, 2 20 g ( ),,,, ;,, ;,, 1.,,, 2.,,
69, 3.,,,,,,, ; RN A,, ( ) ( 2001 ), ( AI) : 10 15 g/, 20 30 g/, 40 g/, 50 g/, 1742 G.Brand 1879 1948 B1 2 1958 ( ) 1.1 1.5 mg, 14%, 43 %,,, 0.03 0.1 g/ L, B12
70, B12,,,,, 200 g,, 94 g, 4 g/, 0.4 g/, ( ) 1. B1 2 B12 4%, B1 2 1, B12 2.,, B12,,,,, ( ) B12, B12 0.5 1.0 g,, 0.1 g, 1778 Karl Scheele 1782 1953 ( )
71 9 10 mg,,,, 0.5 10.0 g/ L, 40% 60 %,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, -,,,,, C ( )
72 ( 2001 ), ( AI) : 15 30 mg/, 50 mg/, 60 mg/,
73, ;, ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
74,,,,,,,, 66 % 58%, B, ( ),,,,,,,,, ( ) 8 % 12%,,, 2%,, 70%,, B, 1.5%, 1 %, 2% 6%
75,,, 1.,,,,,,,,,, ( 2-1) 2-1 ( 100 g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (mg) (mg) (mg) E(mg) (mg) (mg) (mg) (mg) ( g) ( ) 7.7 0.6 0.6 76.8 0.16 0.08 1.3 1.01 11 1.1 1.45 121 2.50 ( ) 8.0 0.6-77.7 0.22 0.05 2.6 0.53 3 0.4 0.89 99 6.40 ( ) 8.8 1.0 0.4 76.8 0.16 0.05 2.0... 10 1.2 1.59 141 2.05 ( ) 9.5 1.0 0.5 74.6 0.20 0.09 3.0... 6 1.0 1.89 192 1.82 7.3 1.0 0.8 77.5 0.11 0.04 2.3 1.29 26 1.4 1.54 113 2.71 8.3 1.7 1.4 73.7 0.31 0.12 4.2 1.36 13 3.9 2.16 183 2.88, 8%,,, 77, 39%, 30 %,,,,,,,
76 2.,, ( 2-2 ),,,,,,,,,,,, 67,, 40% 2-2 ( 100 g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (mg) (mg) (mg) E(mg) (mg) (mg) (mg) (mg) ( g) 10.3 1.1 0.6 74.6 0.17 0.06 2.0 0.73 27 2.7 0.97 114 6.88 11.2 1.5 2.1 71.5 0.28 0.08 2.0 1.80 31 3.5 1.64 188 5.36 36.4 10.1 5.6 38.9 3.50 0.79 3.7 23.20 85 0.6 23.40-65.20 15.8 4.0 31.3 30.1 0.30 0.30 12.5 4.17 206 9.90 5.98 628 7.12,,,, E, 10,,,
77 3.,, ( 2-3 ),,, 60,,,, 54% 2-3 ( 100 g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (mg) (mg) (mg) E(mg) (mg) (mg) (mg) (mg) ( g) ( ) 8.1 3.3 5.6 69.6 0.26 0.09 2.3 3.80 22 3.2 1.42 196 2.49 ( ) 8.0 4.5 6.2 66.9 0.34 0.06 3.0 6.89 12 1.3 1.22 187 1.58 10.4 3.1 4.3 70.4 0.29 0.10 1.6 1.88 22 6.3 1.64 329 2.83 9.0 3.1 1.6 73.5 0.33 0.10 1.5 3.63 41 5.1 1.87 229 4.74 10.4 1.1 1.6 74.3 0.15 0.11 2.0 1.25 30 3.0 0.96 120 6.01 12.2 7.2-67.8 0.39 0.04 3.9 7.96 27 13.6 2.21 35 0.50 9.3 2.3 6.5 66.5 0.28 0.16 2.2 4.40 47 6.2 3.62 297 2.45,,,, 16% 19%, 97 % 85%, 36.5%, 47.8 %, 0.5%, E
78 4. (1 ) :,, 56,,,,,, (2 ) :, B E, 83.4%, 90.8 %, 99.4%,, 57, (3 ) :,,,,, ( ),,,,, ;,,, (4 ) :,,,,,,,, 50 g, 3,
79,,, (5 ) :,, 60 80,,,, ; ;,,,, ( ) 1.,,,,,,,,, 100 kg 88 kg 70 kg,,, ; 1953,, 100 kg 95 kg 85 kg,,,,, 2., 30% 60 %, 20% 25 %,
80,,, B,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,, 4.,,, ( ) 1.,, 35% 40%, 50 %,,,,, 15 % 20 %,, 32 % 36 %, 51.7% 57.0%, 2% 10%, 1.64%,
81 20% 30 %,,,,,,, B,, 2.,, 20% 25 %, 1%, 55%, 2-4 2-4 ( 100 g) (g) (g) (g) (g) ( g) (mg) (mg) (mg) E(mg) (mg) (mg) (mg) (mg) ( g) 25.3 0.4 6.5 55.4 30 0.26 0.45 2.6 1.86 137 19.2 1.90 218 32.00 21.6 0.8 6.4 55.6 130 0.25 0.11 2.0 10.96 81 6.5 2.18 337 4.28 20.2 0.6 7.7 55.7 80 0.16 0.11 2.0 14.36 74 7.4 2.20 305 3.80 20.3 1.1 10.4 55.4 250 0.49 0.14 2.4 8.47 97 4.9 2.35 259 1.69 21.4 1.3 8.3 54.2 180 0.18 0.09 2.0 7.74 176 5.4 2.07 218 4.61,,, 3.,,,,,,
82 ( 2-5),,, 2-5 ( 100 g) ( g) ( g) ( g) (g) ( g) (mg) (mg) 1.8 0.7 1.1 0 90 0.02 0.02 1.9 0.8-0 - 0.04 0. 02 6.2 2.5 0.2 2.4-0.02 0.04 12.6 4.8 0.5 1.5 30 0.05 0.03 10.9 8.2 0.9 3.9 130 0.03 0.04 17.0 17.6 0.6 4.3 30 0.05 0.04 24.5 16.0 1.0 4.5 30 0.04 0.05 11.6 7.9 0.8 3.1 120 0.02 0.03 16.5 12.5 0.9 3.3 60 0.02 0.03 2.1 0.1 0.8 2.1 20 0.05 0.06 ( mg) E( mg) ( mg) (mg) ( mg) (mg) ( g) 0.1 0.80 10 0.5 0.24 30 0.14 0.4 10.46 18 0.9 0.49 5 1.0 3.62 116 1.5 0.59 90 2.62 0.3 6.70 138 2.5 0.36 158 1.55 1.0 8.40 61 3.8 0.69 74 1.51 0.3 24.7 147 5.2 2.03 238 0.63 0. 2 23.38 313 6.4 2.52 309 1.75 0.6 9.18 75 6.9 0.96 126 0.48 0.4 17.80 319 5.3 1.74 180 6.73 0.5 0.19 9 0.6 0.35 37 0.5
83 ( ), 65.3%, 84.9 %, 92 % 96%,,,,,,,,, 6 7,,,,,,, ( ) 1.,,, ( 2-6 ),,,,, 1% 2%, 1 %, 2% 4%, 1.5%
84 2-6 ( 100 g) ( g) ( mg) ( mg) (mg) ( mg) (mg) ( mg) ( mg) ( mg) ( mg) ( mg) (mg) ( mg) ( g) 250 0.07 0.8 47 130 89.3 69 12 0.5 0.21 0.21 0.03 30 0.33 2 920 0.11 0.6 32 311 85.2 66 58 2.9 0.66 0.85 0.10 47 0.97 1 410 0.09 0.8 24 247 8.1 42 25 1.6 0.43 0.43 0.08 38 1.38 1 840 0.21 3.1 10 610 59.2 301 85 8.1 1.21 3.99 0.37 216 4.22 2 640 0.73 2.2 118 497 5.8 713 61 9.7 0.79 2.01-78 8.53 290 0.02 1.8 5 262 109.4 89 9 1.1 0.19 0.42 0.05 26 1.50 1 510 0.09 0.6 18 220 161.3 73 20 2.5 0.28 0.35 0.06 36 0.60 1 520 0.08 0.8 25 243 94.3 99 29 2.3 0.67 0.39 0.10 38 1.20 1 490 0.10 0.6 30 340 42.3 178 38 2.9 0.35 0.70 0.07 63 0.09 620 0.11 0.7 36 210 55.8 108 22 1.2 0.23 0.33 0.06 39 0.79 310 0.11 0.5 31 281 30.5 230 24 3.2 0.42 0.70 0.08 47 0.70 2. 1% 2%, 0.5%,, 5%, 20 %,,, 15% 25%, 1% 2-7, 100 g 4 130 g 3., 0.4 % 1.3 %,, 0.5% 3.0% 1%,, ( 2-8),,,,,
85 2-7 ( 100 g) ( g) ( mg) ( mg) (mg) ( mg) (mg) ( mg) ( mg) ( mg) ( mg) ( mg) (mg) ( mg) ( g) 20 0.03 0.3 21 173 61.8 36 16 0.5 0.09 0.30 0.04 26 0.61 4 130 0.03 0.6 13 190 71.4 32 14 1.0 0.24 0.23 0.08 27 0.63 30 0.04 1.1 27 342 2.7 8 23 0.8 0.14 0.37 0.12 40 0.78 750 0.04 0.6 26 130 28.5 23 12 0.5 0.11 0.15 0.18 39 0.48 20 0.03 0.3 44 243 44.2 39 19 1.4 1.30 0.23 0.11 58 0.39 20 0.02 0.3 5 213 18.6 16 20 0.3 0.12 0.27 0.24 34 0.55 160 0.05 0.7 6 378 33.1 36 23 1.0 0.30 0.49 0.37 55 1.45-0.05 0.3 9 318 5.2 16 8 0.9 0.35 0.47 0.07 34 0.38 60 0.05 0.5 17 144 4.8 29 19 0.7 0.28 0.40 0.08 38 0.67 30 0.06 0.6 7 302 19.6 39 21 1.2 0.29 0.88 0.22 117 3.09 3 0.03 0.3 8 147 4.4 24 15 0.6 0.14 0.23 0.05 39 0.92 2-8 ( 100 g) ( g) ( mg) ( mg) (mg) ( mg) (mg) ( mg) ( mg) ( mg) ( mg) ( mg) ( mg) ( mg) ( g) 80 0.01 0.3 18 78 1.8 19 8 0.2 0.03 0.07 0.07 12 0.22 90 0.03 0.2 9 102 4.9 24 15 0.5 0.06 0.18 0.05 24 0.38 100 0.03 0.4 56 256 2.5 14 18 0.7 0.16 0.36 0.06 35 0.36 90 0.04 0.4 5 115 2.6 14 11 0.4 0.06 0.21 0.06 29 0.86 890 0.04 0.4 8 145 0.8 16 8 0.4 0.08 0.14 0.03 24 0.46 50 0.04 0.6 5 142 5.4 24 13 0.5 0.13 0.23 0.10 2 0.48 550 0.03 0.6 19 163 5.0 10 9 0.4 0.08 0.13 0.06 2 0.15 1 390 0.06 0.8 144 222 2.6 37 16 1.4 0.18 0.30 0.11 95 1.90 4., 2% 14%, 4%, 12%,,
86 0.5% ; 4 %, 1% 3%, 100 g 200 g,, 500 g/ 100 g,, 100 g 3 mg, 100 g 1 mg,, 100 g 2 g ( ) 1.,,,,, 2.,,,,,, 3, 5%, 10 30 %,,,, ( ) 1.,, 1%,, 6%, 28%
87,,, ; ( 2-9 ),,,,,, 2-9 ( 100 g) ( g) ( g) (mg) ( mg) ( mg) ( mg) ( mg) ( mg) ( mg) ( mg) ( mg) ( mg) (mg) ( mg) ( g) 9.5 200 0.02 0.2 18 113 0.8 12 8 0.6 1.04 0.14 0.07 9 0.24 11.5 890 0.04 0.4 28 154 1.4 35 11 0.2 0.14 0.08 0.04 18 0.30 9.9 600 0.02 0.3 11 127 0.5 27 14 0.8 0.06 0.22 0.13 5 0.12 10.0 10 0.03 0.2 4 77 1.5 4 5 0.9 0.06 0.10 0.19 14 0.28 12.3 20 0.02 0.2 4 119 1.6 4 4 0.6 0.03 0.19 0.06 12 0.12 9.9 50 0.02 0.2 25 104 1.3 5 8 0.4 0.06 0.18 0.09 13 0.20 81.8 5 995 19.1 52 45 9.1 0.39 0.18 0.48 90 2.74 17.1 120 0.02 0.3 30 151 0.8 9 19 0.2 0.5 0.08 0.06 23 0.24 10.9 20 0.03 0.7 7 166 5.7 6 7 0.8 0.07 0.34 0.05 20 0.24 20.8 60 0.04 0.7 8 256 0.8 7 43 0.4 0.65 0.18 0.14 28 0.87 7.8 450 0.03 0.6 4 226 2.3 14 11 0.6 0.06 0.20 0.11 15 0.20 28.6 240 0.09 0.9 243 375 1.2 22 25 1.2 0.32 1.52 0.06 23 0.80 61.6 10 0.16 0.9 14 524 6.2 64 36 2.3 0.39 0.65 0.27 51 1.02 2.,, E, B 16%,, 20 %
88, 40%, 10 3.,, : (1 ) :, 6.8%, 12 %, ( 100 g 1 000 2 000 mg ) E (2 ) :, 100 g 1 500 3 700 mg (3 ) : 100 g 700 1 300 mg, 2 000 mg (4 ) :, 100 g 2 585 mg, 50 100 (6 000 12 000 mg/ 100 g) (5 ) : 100 g 358 mg, ( 0. 05 mg/ 100 g) (0.44 mg/ 100 g) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,
89, 500,,, ( ),, 20 %, 60%, 1.0% 20% 35%,, 35 %,, ( 2-10 ),,,, 100 g 24 mg 2-10 ( 100 g) (g) (g) (g) ( g) (mg) (mg) (mg) (mg) E(mg) (mg) (mg) (mg) (mg) (mg) ( g) 21.0 21.0 31.7 1 640 0.10 1.10 30.7 5 6.18 127-1.53 6.29 1.05 39.18 12.1 29.9 35.7 100 0.17 0.44 2.5-11.34 247 97.4 8.86 3.18 0.32 3.72 20.0 31.6 30.1 20 0.19 1.26 20.5 5 0.66 83 10.5 5.47 8.57 1.03 6.42 10.0 30.4 36.9 50 0.05 0.25 5.3-1.26 36 4.1 0.17 3.03 0.08 2.95 1.8 6.1 17.3 240 0.01 0.10 0.8-0.85 348 4.7 1.14 0.65 0.14 5.84 26.7 21.6 22.5 1 370 0.27 1.02 7.3 2 1.82 264 54.9 4.32 2.47 1.68 7.22 22.8 21.9 36.8-0.23 - - - 21.7 875 99.3 3.51 1.67 0.72 7.45 ( ),,,,,,
90,,,,,,,,, :,,,,, 35 50 mg, (0.5 mg/ kg), B,,,,, ( ), 10 % 20%,,, ;,,,,,,, 10%, 90%,,
91,,, 100 g 70 mg, 90 %,, 3 5,, 100 g 2 000 mg 1% 5%, 1.5%,,,,,,, ph, B A,, A, A, ( 2-11 ) E 2-11 ( 100 g) A ( g) ( g) ( gre) ( mg) ( mg) ( mg) ( mg) E( mg) ( mg) (mg) (mg) ( g) ( ) 18.1 13.4 9 0.03 0.11 7.4-0.22 8 3.2 3.67 19.81 ( ) 19.0 14.1 22 0.05 0.14 4.5-0.26 6 2.3 3.22 32.20 ( ) 2.4 90.4 29 0.08 0.05 0.9-0.24 3 1.0 0.69 7.78 ( ) 13.2 37.0 114 0.22 0.16 3.5-0.49 6 1.6 2.06 11.97 ( ) 20.3 6.2 44 0.54 0.10 5.3-0.34 6 3.0 2.99 9.50 19.3 9.4 48 0.05 0.09 5.6-0.67 9 1.4 1.09 11.75 15.5 19.7 52 0.08 0.22 4.2-0.27 6 2.2 1.33 12.25 17.9 19.9 42 0.07 0.23 4.9-0.22 4 3.8 1.36 17.68 19.8 3.9 20 220 0.16 1.30 11.9 9 0.13 4 6.6 5.01 11.99 17.9 3.6 20 972 0.21 1.75 22.1-29.93 8 7.5 3.45 17.68 19.3 3.5 4 972 0.21 2.08 15.0 20 0.86 6 22.6 5.78 19.21 16.6 4.8 10 414 0.33 1.10 11.9-1.88 7 12.0 2.40 38.55 15.6 2.4 88 0.24 0.85 7.7-0.19 8 9.4 2.17 70.25 16.7 2.5 152 0.30 1.78 8.8 -... 9 5.2 3.58 5.94 15.4 3.2 41 0.31 1.14 8.0 13 0.34 12 6.1 2.56 111.77
92 0.8% 1.2 %,, ( 100 g) 5 mg,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, A, ( ),,,,,,,,,
93, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 10% 15%,,,,, 8.7% ( 2-12 ),, 94, 1.4,, 11% 15 %,,,, 100 g 1 705 mg, 7 17,,, 1% 3%,, 1.5%,, 3.1%, A D,,,,,, 20
94 2-12 ( 100 g) (g) (g) A (g) ( gre) (mg) ( mg) ( mg) E( mg) ( mg) (mg) ( mg) ( mg) ( g) ( ) 12.7 9.0 1.5 310 0.09 0.31 0.2 1.23 48 2.0 1.00 176 16.55 11.6 0.1 3.1 0.04 0.31 0.2 0.01 9 1.6 0.02 18 6.97 15.2 28.2 3.4 438 0.33 0.29 0.1 5.06 112 6.5 3.79 240 27.01 12.6 13.0 3.1 261 0.17 0.35 0.2 4.98 62 2.9 1.67 226 15.68 9.9 1.8 23 0.01 0.07 0.1 0.16 18 0.1 - - 4.00 14.5 33.8 4.0 1 980 0.28 0.62-12.72 123 4.9 3.09 55 25.00 ( ) 14.8 10.6 5.8 310 0.02 0.13 0.2 1.06 26 3.9 2.73 263 44.32 ( ) 14.2 10.7 4.5 215 0.06 0.18 0.1 3.05 63 3.3 1.48 165 25.24 12.7 12.7 6.3 134 0.16 0.33 0.1 6.25 118 3.6 1.74 231 24.04 11.1 15.6 2.8 192 0.08 0.30 0.4 4.50 34 4.1 1.43 130 27.24 ( ),,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 2,,
95,,, A D E,,,,,, ( ) 1. 1 500 ; ( 2-13), 15 % 20 %, 18%,,, ; 85% 90%,, 1% 10%, 5 %,,,, 1 %, 10.8%, 60%,,, 95 %, 14 22, 1 6 70% 80% 100 mg/ 100 g 22 6,
96, 1.5%, 2-13 ( 100 g) A (g) (g) (g) ( gre) (mg) ( mg) ( mg) E( mg) (mg) ( mg) ( mg) ( mg) ( g) 18.5 7.8 0 24 0.04 0.07 2.1 1.26 46 1.1 0.80 155 27.21 17.7 4.9 3.1 29 0.02 0.06 2.8 0.82 28 1.2 0.70 191 36.57 18.8 5.0 0.5 22 0.06 0.07 3.0 1.70 28 0.7 0.80 159 25.85 18.0 1.4 1.2 50 0.06 0.98 3.7 1.34 42 2.5 1.97 206 34.56 17.1 2.7 3.8 17 0.04 0.09 2.5 0.68 79 1.3 1.94 193 14.31 17.8 3.6 0 20 0.03 0.07 2.5 1.23 53 1.4 1.17 190 15.68 17.6 4.1 0.5 25 0.03 0.09 2.7 1.27 50 1.0 2.08 204 15.38 18.6 10.8 2.3-0.02 0.02 3.8 3.60 42 1.5 1.15 248 33.66 20.6 4.2 0.2 42 0.03 0.07 2.9 0.81 31 0.9 0.96 184 37.69 17.2 5.6 0-0.03 0.05 0.2 1.86 46 0.9 0.16 22 9.54, 3 mg/ 100 g, A D 1% 2%,,,,,, 500 1 000 g, 50 400 g, 2% 3%,,,, 2.,
97 ( 2-14 ), 9% 18%, 15%, 18%, 9%, 1 %, 3 % 10% A E,,, 100 g 80 g,, 100 g 2 458 mg,,, 2-14 ( 100 g) (g) (g) (g) ( gre) (mg) ( mg) ( mg) ( mg) (mg) ( mg) ( mg) ( mg) ( g) 18.6 0.8 2.8 15 0.01 0.07 1.7 0.62 62 1.5 2.38 228 33.72 17.5 2.6 2.3 389 0.06 0.28 1.7 6.09 126 2.9 3.68 182 56.72 15.0 0.9 0.8 283 0.01 0.22 0.4... 190 50.0 8.50 300-16.5 0.2 0.9... 0.03 0.04 0.1 3.14 285 13.2 0.63 28 63.93 17.8 4.3 2.1 139 0.07 0.14 3.3 1.88 70 2.8 2.31 114 15.19 5.3 2.1 8.2 27 0.01 0.13 1.4 0.81 131 7.1 9.39 115 86.64 11.0 0.2 3.6... 0.02 0.19 2.2 0.75-19.7 2.71 93 16.73 ( ) 1.,,,,,,,,,
98,,,, - 1, 5 15-25 - 40,,, 15% 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1. 86% 90 %,,,, 3% 4%,, 86% ;, 9% ;, 3 % ; 85,,,
99 3% 4 %, 30%,,,,, 100 g 13 mg 2% 5%,, A,,,, D, ( 2-15 ),,,,,,,, 2-15 ( 100 g) A (g) (g) (g) ( gre) ( mg) ( mg) ( mg) ( mg) ( mg) ( mg) ( mg) ( mg) ( mg) ( g) 3.0 3.2 3.4 24 0.03 0.14 0.1 1 0.21 104 0.3 0.42 73 1.94 1.5 3.5 5.4 84 0.04 0.12 2.1-0.19 82 0.5 0.29 98 1.75 1.3 3.4 7.4 11 0.01 0.05 0.2 5-30 0.1 0.28 13-2.5 2.7 9.3 26 0.03 0.15 0.2 1 0.12 118 0.4 0.53 85 1.71 8.0 8.7 55.4 41 0.03 0.16 0.3 2 0.28 242 0.4 1.53 200 3.26 20.1 21.2 51.7 141 0.11 0.73 0.9 4 0.48 676 1.2 3.14 469 11.8 2., ( 2-15 ) (1 ) :,
100,,,,,,,,,, 15% 45%,,,, (2 ) :, 70 % 80%,,,,,,,, 8, 1.3%,,,,,,,, A D B1 B2 C (3 ) :,, A B1 B2, 1,,,
101,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 63 30 ; 90 1, 20% 25%,,, 1, B,, 6, B,,,,,
102,,,,,,,, 3 5 g,, 10 15 g, 20 g, 50,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,
103, 10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 100 g 5.6 g, 0.1 g, 9.9 g, 0.01 mg, 0.13 mg, 1. 7 mg, 337 mg, 5757 mg, 66 mg, 1047 mg, 8.6 mg, 1.7 mg, 204 mg, 1.39 g,,,,,,,,,,,,
104 ;, ;, 99%, E,,, 100 g 99.9 g, E60.89 g, 2.4 mg, 7.0 mg, 9 mg, 3.7 mg, 0.54 mg, 9 mg, 2.34 g, ( 2-16 ) 90%,, 99% E, A, 2-16 ( %) A E 16 0 18 0 18 1 18 2 18 3 22 0 22 1 ( g/ 100 g) ( mg/ 100 g) ( mg/ 100g) 4.0 1.3 20.2 16.2 8.4 6.2 34.6-60.89-11.1 3.8 22.4 51.7 6.7 0.6 0.7-93.08-12.5 3.6 40.4 37.9 0.4 1.4 - - 42.06-12.6 1.3 27.4 56.4 0.6 0.1 - - 51.94 - ( ) 26.0 15.7 44.2 8.9 - - - 27 5.21 93 25.3 28.6 28.8 1.9 1.0 0.2-54 4.60 135 18.2 31.9 33.0 2.9 2.4 - - 33-107,,, ;,,
105, 60, 39 %, 34%, 8%,, D K,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 70,, 4,,,
106,,,,,,,,,, 59.9% ;, 30.6%,, 100 429 mg, 30 mg, 4.9 mg,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, B,,,
107 40, 20 40 20,, 7 kcal, 100 ml 240 400 kcal, 60 90 kcal, 40 80 kcal, 15 60 kcal,,,,,,, 1/ 4,, 1 60 %, 0.16 %,, 0.2% 0.4%,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,,,, 650 6,, ;,, ;, ;, ;,,,
108,, 400, 20% 30%, 1% 2% 2% 4 %, 2% 3%,,, 20% 25 %,, 4% 5 %,, 100 g 5 800 g 0.01 mg 0.35 mg 8.0 mg 19 mg E 9.57 mg 30, 4 % 6%, 100 g 1 661 mg 28.2 mg 325 mg 196 mg 14.4 mg 32.6 mg 4.34 mg 1.74 mg 191 mg 3.18 g,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;
109,, ;,, ( 90 ), 5,, 1/ 3,,, 100 0.2 g 0.1 g 0. 4 g 3.0 mg 3.0 mg 0.1 mg 0.5 mg,,,, 95 %,,,,,,, 40 % 53 %, ; ; ; A
110,,,,,,,,,
111,,,,,,,,,, : ( ), 100 kg 100 150 kg,,, 50 70 kg, ( 3 500 kcal/ ) ( 100 g/ ) (150 g/ ) (12 g/ ),, A ; ( )
112, 140 200 kg, 20 30 kg,,,,,,,, ( ),, 50% 140 kg, ( ) 135 kg,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 20,, 20 40 80,, 1955,, 2001 5, ( DRIs ) DRIs 4 :,,, 30
113, 1 ( ), 40,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;, ;,,,,,,,, : 1. B,, 2. A B 3. B,,,,
114 4. C, 5.,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,, 5 6,, 4 5,,, ;,,,,, 4 5 5 6,, 80% ;,, 75%,
115 2.,,,, 25 % 30%, 40%, 30 % 35%, 8.4 MJ (2 000 kcal), ; 8.4 MJ ( 2 000 kcal),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 80,,, 1989 10 24,,
116 1990 : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; 20 90,, 1982,1992 58.1 g 76.4 g, 16.1 g, 10.4 g; 22%, ( ) 30% 10, ;,,,,,,, 1997 4,,, : 1.,,,,,, 1992,
117,,, 2.,,,, B2 C ( ), C, 10,,, 3.,,,, B,,, 4.,,,
118, A, B12,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5.,,, ;,,,,,,,,, 6.,,,,,,,, 6 g
119, 7.,,,,,, 8.,,,, ( ) : 1. 2. 4,, 4 6, 4 6,,, ( ) 1. 2. 1 5,,, 350 ml,,
120, ( ) 1. 2.,, 3. 6 12,,,,, ( ) 1., 2. 3.,,,,,,, ( ) 1. 4, 2. 3. 4,, 200 kcal 20 g,,,
121 ( ) 1. 2. 600 800 ml, 600 kcal 25 g,, ; ( ), ( ) 1., 2., 60,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,
122 (1 ), 300 500 g;, 400 500 g 100 200 g;, 125 200 g ( 50 g, 50 100 g, 25 50 g) ;, 100 g 50 g, 25 g (2 ),, (3 ),,, (4 ),,, (5 ),, (6 ),, 3-1
3-1 123
124,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, ( ), ( ),,,,
125 ( ), ( ), ( ),, ( ),, ( ), ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
126,,,,,, ( ) ( ) (,, ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ), 1.,,, ;,,,,, 2.,, ;,,
127 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, ( ), : 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,
128 2.,,,,,,,, 3.,, 4.,,, 5., 6. 7.,,,,, ( ) 1. (1 ) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
129 (2 ) :,,,,, (3 ) :,,,, ( - 18.5 16 ), - 10,,, (4 ) :,,,, 99 %, (5 ) :,,,,,,,,,,, (6 ) : B, (7 ) :,,,
130,,,,, (8 ) :,, (200 ),,,, 2. (1 ) :,,,,, (2 ) :,,, (3 ) :,, (4 ) :,,,,, (5 ) :,,,,,,,,,
131,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, 9 10,,,,,,,,,, 11,,,,,,,,,,,,,, C, ;,,,,
132, 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5 6,, 15 20,,,,, ( ),, ( ), ( ) 1. (1 ) :,, (2 ) :,,,,,,, (3 ) :,,,, 2.,,,,
133,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), : 1.,,,,,,, 5, 2.,,,,,,,
134,8 3.,,,, 4.,,,,,, ; ;, ; ( ),, 1.,,,,,,, 2.,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,
135,, ;,,, 6 10,,, ;,,, ; 4,, ; 8,,, ;,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
136,,,,,,,,,,,,,, C,,,, 30 40 cm, 3.5,,,,,, 5,, 1,,, 3 7 ( ), ( ),,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
137,,, ; 10 15, 10,, 7 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,
138 10 15 cm,, 2 4,,,, 1 2,,,, 7 ( ) 3 5, 1 1.5 m,,,,,, ; 1 2,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ( ),,,, 20 mg/ 100 g,,
139, 500 mg/ 100 g, 30 64 mg/ 100 g, ( ) 7.5 10 mg/ 100 g,,,, 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6, 3,,,,, (15 20 ),,,, : ;, ;,,, ( ),,,,,,,,
140,,,,,,, ;,5 g 50 g,,,,,,,, 5 g 30 35 g ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 200, :
141 1. ; (1 ) :,,,,, 4 : :,,,,, :,, ( ) :,,, :,,, (2 ) :,,,,,,,,, (3 ) :,,,, 6 9,,,,,,,,,,,, (4 ) :,, 2.
142 (1 ) :,,,, ;,,,, (2 ) :,,,, (3 ) : 3.,,, (1 ) :, :,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, 4,,,,,,,, ;,, ;,
143,,,,, 2 ; (2 ) :,,,, (3 ) :,,,,,,,,, :,, ( ),,,,,, 0 1,, 14 20, - 15-18 1.,,,
144,,,,, 2. : (1 ) : :,,,,,,,,, (2 ) :,,,, (3 ) :,,,, (4 ) :,, 4 5 cm, 2 2.5 cm, 1 1.5 cm, 2 3,,,,,,,
145,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1.,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,, 3.,,,,,, 4. ( ),,,,, 5.,,,
146,,, 6 ( ) :,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,,,, ;,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
147,,,,,,,,,, 35 cm,,, ( ) 4 :,,,,, 2.5 4 kg,,,,,, 2 4.5 kg,,, 2 5 kg,,,,, 2 5 kg,,,, 1.5 5 kg,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
148,,,,,,,, ( ) 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,, 3.,,,,,,
149, 4.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,
150, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2
151 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1.,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, : :, :,, :,,,,, :,
152 :,,, :,,,, 2., :,,,, :,,,, :,,, 3.,,,, 4 8,, :, 4 ;, ;,, ;,, ;, ;,,,
153,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,
154,,,,,,,, ( ), 1.,,,,,,,,, ; ( ),,,,, 2.,,, ( ) :,,,
155 :,,, :, :,,,,, ( ), : :, :,, :,, :,, :,,,,
156,,, ( ) : :,,,,,, :,, :,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, ( ) ( ),,, ;,,,, 20 o T, 1.032 1.208, 3%,,,,,,,
157 :,,, ; ;, :, : 4, ( ),,, :, ; :, :,,,,,,,, ;,, :,,,, ;,,,,,,,
158 :, 1,,, 5,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 3,, :,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,
159,,,,,,,,, 1.,,, 100,,,,,, 75, 2 3,, 8 10, ; 80, 10, 80 100,,,,,,,, 2.,,,
160,,,,, ;, ; ;,,,,,, 65.3 %,, 84.9%, 92 % 96 % 3.,,,,, ;,, ; 1.,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,
161,,,,,, 3.,,, ; ; ; 4.,, ;,,,,, ;,,,, 2 3,, B1 29% 60%, B2 23% 25%, 70 %, 16%, 43%, 2%,,,,,,,,,
162,,, ( ), B1, B2 20%,,,,,,,, B1, B2 B 5-1 5-1 ( % ) 17 50 21 33 50 24 62 100 30 18 30 67 28 62 97 70 86 90 69 71 73 51 43 78 97 86 96 79 86 100 64 100 94 0 50 52
163,, ;,,, C,,,,, C,,,,, B1 B2 C ( 5-2) 5-2 C 100 g 100 g (mg) (mg ) ( % ), 26.54 2 25.91 0.63 2.4 2 24.20 2.34 8.4 15 21.80 4.74 14.1 30 20.23 6.31 23.8 2 14.58 11.96 45.1 2 6.07 20.47 77.1,,,,, C 15.3 % ; C;, C ( 5-3),,
164, B1 B2 ;, 5-3 C 100 g 100 g (mg) (mg ) ( % ), 26.54 3 25.12 1.42 5.3 8 24.90 1.54 0.2 3 10 23.54 3.00 11.3,,,,,,, ;,,, B1 B2, ;, ;,, C
165 (1 ) :,,, ( ABS ), ABS, (2 ) :,, C,,,, ;,, (3 ) : ( ),,, C,,,, 1,, (4 ) :, B C,,,,, C C, 50, C, C,,, (5 ) :,,,,, 3, 4-
166,, 3, 4-,,, ;,, 200 (6 ) :,,,,,,,, ( - SH ), C,,,, (7 ) :,,,,, (8 ) :,,,,,,,,,,
167,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,, ( ),, ( )
168 1988, 45, :,,,,,,,,,,, 2. :,,, ;,,, ;, ;,,,,,, ;,
169, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ;,,,,,,,,,,, : ( ),,,,,,,,,
170,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 1.,,,,, (
171 ),,,, ( ),,,,,, ;,,,,,, 2.,,,,,, 3.,,,,,, ;
172,, : 0,,,, 45 75,, 10 20 ( 12 %, 28 % 32 % ),,, ( ), : 1. 2. 3., 4.,,,,, ( ),,,, 100
173,, 100,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,, ;, ;,,, 7,,,, 2.,, :,, ;,,,, ;, ( ),
174,,,,,,,,, 3.,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, 2, 4 6, ;,,,
175,, ( ),,,,, :, ;, ; 1.,, 1 g ( 1 ml) ( ),,,,, 35 37,,,, 35 37 48,,,,,,,,
176,,,, 2. ( ),,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,, ( ),,,,
177 1.,,,, 2.,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,, :, ( ),,,
178,,,,,, 4.,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, : 1. (1 ) :, 115, 20,,,, (2 ) :,, ( ) ;,,
179,,, 67.8, 30 8 10,, B1 C,, 80 85, 1,,,, (3 ) : 130 150, 2 8,, (4 ) : 100, 5, 100, 10,, 2.,,,,,, 0 4,,,,, - 20-30, - 15-12, 24 48, - 2-5,,
180-5,,,, 6 8,,,,,, - 2-4, 0,, 12 3.,,,,,,,,, 10%,,,,,,,
181, 10,,,, 4., : (1 ) : ( P H 4.5 ),,,,, 1.7% 2%, ph 2.3 2.5,, 5 % 6%,,,,,,,, (2 ) :,,,,,, 15% 20% 15%,,, 50%,
182,,,,,,,, (3 ) :,,,,,, (4 ) :, 60 Co 137 Cs,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,
183,,,,,,,, 0 30,,,,,,,, :, ;,, 17% 18%, ; 25 30,,, 200, : ; ;
184,,,,,, ( ),,,, 1960 1960 6 8,,, 10,,,,,, 1961,,,,,,,,,,, 1. 10, B G,,,,,, B1 G1 M1,,,
185,,, 280,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2., 10,, DNA RN A,,, ( 225.9 pg/ kg ), 39 25, 3, 300 pg/ kg,,,, 1974 200 : 397, 106,,
186 3., 75,,,,,,,,,,, 7 Peers ( ),, 4., : ;,, (1 ) :,,,,,, 13%, 12.5%, 8%,,,,,,,,
187 (2 ) :,,, 1) :,,,,,,,, 150 ppb 3 ppb,,, 95% ;, 38% 74%, 2) :,,,,, : 300, 100 280 20,,,,, 2%, 99 % 3) : 1 000 B1, B1,,,,,, 4) :,
188,,, 25% 15 %, 98%,, 12. 5 kg (25 ) 1 250 000 kg (250 ) 3, 100 ppb 10 ppb 5) :,,,,, 6) :,,,,,, (3 ) :,, 1980,,,,,,,,,,, 5.,, 6-1
189 6-1 ( g/ kg) ( ) 20 20 20 10 5 ( ),, 20,,,,, 1882,,,,,,, 1973 ( FA0 ) ( W H0)
190,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, : 2001,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 10%, 90 %,
191 ;,, 1.,, 2.,, ;,,, 3.,,,,,,, ; ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, DDT 4 10-5 ppm,, 25 ppm, 833,,,,
192 ( ),,, DDT 0.05 ppm, DDT 0.06 ppm,,, ( ) 1. 20 70,, DDT,, DDT,,, l983, l984, DDT,, : > >,, 5 ppm DDT,,,,,,,,,,
193,,, 6-2 6-2 DDT DDT ( mg/ kg) ( mg/ kg) ( ) 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 2 1 : 10 % ( ) 0.4 0.2 10 % 4.0 2.0 ( ) 1.0 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.2 GB 2763-81, GBnt 36-81 2.,,,,,,,, ( ),
194,,,,,,,,, Ames, 6-3 6-3 ( mg/ kg) 0.02 0.4 0.05 0.1 0.05 3 0.1 0.4 0.05 0.2 1.0 0.01 0.1 GB 4788-34, 5127-S5 3.,,,,,,,,, : 3, 3 4, 3, 4,
195 7,,,,,,,,, ( ),, 1.,, 1971 DDT,,, 3911 1605 1059,, 2.,,, ( ADl), 3.,,
196 4.,, 5.,, DDT,,,, 10%, 1, 95%,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ;,,,,,,,,,,
197 ( ), : 1.,,, 2.,,, ;, 3. ( ),,,, ( ) 1., :,,, ; ;, ;,, ;,,,, ; ;,
198,,,,,, 90 % ( 76% ),,,,,,,,,, 2.,, 60 70 ppm 0.5 ppm,,,, 8 mg/ kg,,, 11.9 72.0 ppm,
199, 70% 90 %,,,,,,,, :,, 3.,, 0.098 ppm, 5,,,,, 80%,,,,,,,,,,,
200, 0.47 ppm, 42 44 4, 27.7%, 13.7 % 0.489 ppm,, 57.4% 2 4 ppm,,,, 3.2% 12.4%,, < < 95 %,,,,,,,,,,, 70,,,,,,,,,,,,, 30%,,, 4.
201,,,, 1.88 ppm, 0.017 ppm, 110,,,,, 5%, D, 10 40,, 1/ 3,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1.,,,, ;,
202,,,, : ( mg/ kg, H g ) : ( ) 0.02, 0.01, ( ) 0.05, 0.3, 0.2 ( mg/ kg ) : 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, 0.03 ( Pb, ppm) : 0.5, 1, 3, ( 4%, Pb, mg/ L ) ; 7 ( As, mg/ kg) : 0.7, 0. 1, 0.5, 0.2, ( ) 0.5, ( ) ( ) ( ) 1.0, ( ) 2.0 2.,, 3. ( ),,,,
203,,, N- N-,,1954 ( ) N- N-,, N-,, N-,,, N-, N- N- : 1.pH N-, ph 3 3.5 p H 1 3, 2., ( ) N-, ( ), ( ) 3.,,, N-,,,
204,,,,,,, N- 4.,, N- ( ) N- 1.,,,,,, 2.,,,, ( ),, 3.N- N-,, N-
205,,,,,,,, N-,,,, N- g/ L ( g/ L ),,,, ( ) N- 1. N-,,, N-,,,,,,,,, 300 N-, 80 %,, N-,,,,
206,, N-,,,, N-,, N-,,, 2. N-, N-,, N-, : (1 ),,,, N- (2 ),,,, (3 ) N-, (4 ),,,, 50% 1 10 g/ kg ( ) 1. N-
207, C, E (1 ) C:, N-,,,, ;,,, (2 ) - : E,,, ( 170 180 ),,, -,,, - 36 48 ppb, 250 ppm -,, 65 %, - 590 ppm, 96% (3 ) : -,, 1974, MirYiscll 10 mmol 20 mmol ( p H 3, 25 ), 30 mmol 100%, 2.5 mmol 39% 386 mg/ 100 g 95 mg/ 100 g 66% 29%,,,, SGOT SGP T,, 2. (1 ),
208, (2 ) : 0.5 g, 0.15 g, 0.05 g, 0.03 g (3 ) :,,,, (4 ), :,,,,, (5 ) :, N- (6 ) :, C, (7 ) :,,,, 200,, 18
209,, 1930, Cook, ( a) ( ),,,, ( ), 3 7,, 4 7, 5 ( a) ( ),, : 1., [ (a) ],, (a),, ( a),, (a),,, ( a),,, ( ) ( a ),, ( a) 53.6 70 g/ kg (a) 6-4, ( a) 125 g/ kg
210,, 4.7 95.5 g/ kg ( 31.0 g/ kg), 0.5 8.4 g/ kg
211 6-4 ( a) ( g/ kg) ( a) 1.9 10.5 1.7 7.5 1 20 26 99 7.9 50.4 53.6 70.0 2.,,,,, 3.,, ( a), 4.,, C18 C30,,,,,,,
212, 5.,,,,,,,, ( a) 6.,, (a), 7.,, ( ) (a) (a), (a), 10 mg, 85.2% ; 1 mg, 76.7% ; 0.1 mg, 2.5 mg ( a),,, ( a), ( a ) Ames DN A,
213 (a) ( a), (a) DN A RN A,,, (a), Shabad,, 318/ 105, 120/ 105,, 149/ 105, 38/ 105 Dungel, 50 %,, (a) 250 (a), ( ),,, ( a), 1. (1 ) :, ( a) (a),, :,,,, ;, ;,, ;,,
214, ;,,, ( a) 0.17 0.63 g/ kg, 2.6 11.2 g/ kg, 107 g/ kg, 400, ( a), 700, ( 320 ) ( 3 ) (a),, ;, (2 ), ( ), (3 ), (4 ),, (5 ), (6 ),, ; 0.3 %, (a) 90% ;, (a) 20%,, 2. (a) (a), ( a) 1 2 mg, 40, ( a) 8 mg,, ( a) 10 g 1, ( a) 6 g/ kg
215, ( ),,,,, 40,, 40 K 14 C 3 H,, : ( ) 1. l955,,,, :, 23 5 U, 90 Sr 137 Cs 95 Zr 9 5 Nb 103 R u 10 3 Rh 131 I ;, ( ) 1 4 C 6 5 Zn 55 Fe 60 Co ; 235 U 238 U 2.
216,,,,,,, 4 000 55 Fe, 90 Sr, 65 Zn, 137 Cs 3., 1957,, 1988,,,,, 13 7 Cs, 137 Cs ( ) (1 ) 90 Sr,,,, Sr, 28 90 Sr, 20 % 40%, 9 0 Sr,, 90 Sr,,,, 90 Sr,, (2 ) 137 Cs( ),, 30, 13 7 Cs
217 1 37 Cs, 13 7 Cs (3 ) 13 1 I, 6 8,, ( ) 13 1 I,,,,, 131 I,,,,,,,,,,, l958, ( ICRP ), 1977,,,
218,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, ( ),,,,, ( ),
219,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, ( ),,,,, 1 200,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, ( ),,,,,
220 ( ) ( BH A ) ( BH T ), ( ),, ( ),,,,,,,,, 6-5 ( mg/ L) 4 % 30 30 30 10 65 % 30 30 60 30 10 10 10 10 1 1 1 1
221,,,, LD50 78 93 mg/ kg,,,,, -,,,,, (a),, ( a),, 3.5%, ( Pb3 04 )
222,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1.,,,,
223,,,,,,, 59%, ( 80 % ),, 30,,,,, 2.,,,,,,, 3.,, ( ), 38 45 mg/ 100 g, (
224 3 6 mg/ 100 g ),, ( ) ( ) 1. A E (1 ) A :,, 30%, A, (2 ) E : 1962 1970,,,,, E ; E, 127 60,, E 1975 -, E (3 ) :,,,,, (4 ) : B,,,,,,, 2. ( ),
225,,,,,, ( ),,, 3.,,,,, -,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4., ( ),
226,,,,,,, 70,,,, 70,, 5. -[13] -,,,, 38% 45%,, 43 % 65%,,, ATP,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5% : 1985 1
227 1, 5% 6. - A, -,,,,,,, -,,, A, C0A -, A A,, A,,,,, ( ), : 1., -,,,,,, -,
228,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0. 5 3,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 0.54 0.9 mg,,
229, 10%,,,,,, 4 14,,,,,,,,,,,,, ",,,,, :,,,,,, 180 200,, ;, 200,,,
230, 200 300, 20%,, 3 4 ; 10%, ; 5%,, : ; ;, ;,,,,,,,,, 1., 170 200 250 280,,,, 200, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
231, ( ),,,,, 20 70,,,, N- DNA DN A, 200, 250 250,, 400, 400,300,,,, 200,, 200,,,,,,
232, : ;, ;,,, ( ) ( ) 1., 80 % 90% 0.1% 2.,, 2% 6%,,, 0.04%
233 3.,,,,, ; 1 ; 2 3, 0.002% 4.,, 0.01 %, 0.1% ( ), 65%, ; 10, 300, 50, :, ;,, ; 60 Co, ( ) : 1. 2.,,,,
234,, 82% 3. ( ), ( ) 8-1: 8-1 mg/ kg 8 ( HCN ) 5 12 10 ( As ) 0.7 : ( ) 0.02 ( ) 0.01 0.3 DDT 0.2 ( ) ( )
235,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 1.,,,,,,, 33.6 / kg, 5 / kg 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.0 mg/ kg;
236 50 mg/ kg;, 1.0 g/ kg, 1.0 g/ k g 2.5 g/ kg,, ( ) :,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,
237,, ( ), ;,, ( ),,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,
238, ;, 30 :, ; 5% 5, ; 0.3% 5 7,, ;, ( ), 0.01 mg/ kg; 0.2 mg/ kg; DDT 0.1 mg/ kg,,,,,,,, ( ),,, ph ( ph 5.6 6.2), ; p H ( p H 6.8 7.0 ),,,, ( ),,,
239,, 1.,,, 55 10 15 ;,, 140 3 100 5 15,,,, 1 5 ( ),,,,,,,,, 6,, 6,, 20%, 5% 5%, 2,,, 2% 2.,,, 3.
240,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 0 6 48, 6 30, 10 12 24 4. ;,,, 5.,,,,, 40 cm 2 40 cm 2, 40 cm 2, 6. 3, 4 5 6 10,
241, ;,, 1,,,,,, 20 g, 24, 24, 5,, 5 ;, 7.,,,,,,, :,,,, ( ), ;,,,,,,,,, ;, ;, ( )
242 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ; ; ;,,,,, W H O 1969 ( ), ;, ;,,,,, 8-2 8-3:
243 8-2 ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8-3 ( ) ( 100 ) < 15 15 30 > 30 ( ) < 0.05 ( ) ( ) < 0.5 ( ) < 4 DDT ( ) ( ) < 0.5 ( ) < 2
244 ( ),,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ),,, ( ) ( ),,,
245 8-4 8-5 8-6( ) : 8-4 ( ),,,,,,, (,, ),,,,,,,, 8-5 ( ) ( 100 ) < 15 < 35 ( ) < 0.3 ( ) < 2 DDT( ) < 1 :, ;,,,, ;,
246, ; 8-6 ( ) :,, ( ) 95% < 10 000 < 10 5,,, 12% 16%,, : ( ) ( ),,,,,, 10 ( ),,,,, ( ),
247 4 11 mm,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 1 5, 87% 97%, 4 5,,,,,, ( ),, : 0.05 mg/ k g; DDT 1 mg/ kg, ( ), ;,
248,,,,,,,, 0 48, 5 36, 10 24, 25 6, 30 3,,, ( ) : (1 ) :,, (2 ) :, ( ),, ( ) 1948 500, 37%, : (1 ) :,, (2 ) :,
249,, (3 ) :,, (4 ) :,,, (5 ) :, : 1.,,,,,, 2. :1.028 1.032; : 3.00% ; : 18 T : 0.01 mg/ kg; : 0.1 mg/ kg; : 0.1 mg/ kg 3. : ( ) : 30 000; ( ) : 40;,
250 : ( ),,,, ;,, ; ;,,,,,,, ;, ; ; : 1.,
251 2. ( 8-7) 8-7 ( ) ( Pb ) 1 ( As ) 0.5 ( Cu ) 10 ( GBn50-77 ) 3. ( 8-8) 8-8 ( ml ) ( 100 ml ) 100 5 3 000 100, 10% 10 000 250 10 % 30 000 450,,
252,,,,,,,,, ; ;,, 99%, 0.04%, 0.05%,, 4% 20 %,,,,,,, : 200 mg/ kg, < 3 mg/ kg, 10 mg/ k g,, :,,,,,,,,,,
253,,,,,,, 7 37,, ;, ;,,, 20, 1 4 1,
254, :, 2 300, 200,, ( ) (1 ),, (2 ) (3 ), ( ) (1 ) 12 36 (2 ),,
255 (3 ),,, ( ) (1 ), (2 ), 8 (3 ) 37, 20, 5,,, 40% 70%, 56 % ( A B C D E ),,, 37, p H7.4, 50%,, 218 248 ( ) (1 ), (2 ),, (3 ), 25 30 5 10,
256 ( ) (1 ), 2 4 (2 ), (, ) ( ) (3 ),, (4 ), 1 3, ( ) (1 ) (2 ),, (3 ), (4 ),, A B C D E F G 1958, 22.2%, 14.88 % A B E, A, E, 1,, 2.5 % 2.9%, 98% ( ) (1 ), ( ),
257 (2 ) (3 ) ( ) (1 ) 1 7 (2 ), (3 ), ( ) (1 ) (2 ),,, 14%,,, (3 ) (4 ), 80 30 100 10 20,,, 47, 2 93% 41.2% 95.4% 29.3% 79.8 % 94.1 % 22.5 % 93.4% 43.3% 94.8 % 0.3%, 2.5 %, 34.8%, 31.6% 3% 3.5% ;, 5 ;
258 ( ) (1 ) 6 9, (2 ),, (3 ), ( ) (1 ) 10 (2 ),, (3 ),, (4 ) 2 3, ( ) (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ), O15 7 : H7 O157 : H 7,,,,, 1987 O1 57 : H7, 1982 O157 : H 7, 60 1996 5 8
259 O1 57 : H7, 9 000,11 O157 : H7,,,,,, 60 20 ; ; ( ) (1 ),,,, (2 ),, (3 ), 6 9, ( ) (1 ), 2 9, 5 (2 ), ;,, 10, ; (3 ),, ( ) (1 ) (2 )
260 (3 ),, (4 ) (5 ),,, 9-1 9-1 8 24,,, ( 4 10 ), 1, 2 24, ;,,, 8 16, ( ) ( ) ( 15 ),
261 ( ) 5 18,,, ( 38 39 ) 10 20,,, 2 7,,,,,, ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ),,
262,, ( ),,,220,,, 2 5, 6 7,,,, 1 ml( 1 g ),, 1 000 1 g 1 000 20 1 000 g, 200 ; 100 ;200, 100 ; 2 ; 2 2 4, 10 ( ) (1 ), 30 5 6 (2 ),,,,, (3 ),,,,,,
263 ( ) (1 ),, (2 ), (3 ), (4 ) ( ),,,,,,,,, 200 mg/ 100 g,, 15 37,, ( ph 6.0 6.2 ) ( 3 % 5% ), GB 2733-94, 100 mg/ 100 g, 30 mg/ 100 g ( ) (1 ) 0.5 1, 5, 4 (2 ),
264, (3 ), 50%, ( ) (1 ),,, GB2733 (2 ),,,,, 25% (3 ),,, 4 6, 44%,, 65%,, (4 ),, ( ),,,,,,, 300, 100, 10,,,,,
265,,,, ( ),,,,, 1.,, 6, 2, 10,,,,,, 10,,, 2 3,, 2., 30,,,, 4, 10,,,,,,, 1 2 3.
266 ( ) 6 12, 2,, 3 4,,, 2 6, 4.,,,,, ( ), (1 ) : 10 24, 6 7 (2 ) :, 10,,,, 1 2,,, (3 ) :, 1 2,,,,,,,, (4 ) :,, ( DIC ),,, 60% 80%,
267 (5 ) :, 2 3,, 6 5. ( ), 24,,,,,, ( ) (1 ), (2 ),,,, (3 ), ( ) :,,,,,,,,, ( ),, 20 30,,,,,
268 ( ), 1 2,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, 2, 9-2 9-2 10 24,,,,,,,, 1 2,,,,,
269 ( ) 2 4,,,,,,, 0.5 4,,,,,,,, ( ) (1 ),,,
270,,, (2 ) ( ), 12% 20,, 7 8, 20 (3 ),,, (4 ),,,,, (5 ) (6 ) ( ) 1., 10 15,, 1 3, 20 2.,,,, ( ) 1. 2. ( ) ( ), 1 2 mg/ kg, 50%
271 20 40 ml,, 30 1 2,,, C, C C 500 mg C, 3. C,, ( ) (1 ), ;,, 15 (2 ), (3 ),, (4 ), ( As ),, ( As2 O3 ),, ( ) (1 ), (2 ) (3 ),
272 (4 ) ( ),,,, ( ) (, ),,,,,,, 1 2 ( ) (1 ),,,,, 30 g 30 ml 2 3,, (2 ),,,,, (3 ),, (4 ) ( ) (1 ),,, (2 ) (3 ),
273 (4 ),,,, ( ) (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) ( ) 1. 10 2 2. (1 ) :, (2 ) :, (3 ) :, 3., (1 ) : 70% 90%,, 12
274 (2 ) : 50% 70% (3 ) :, 30 50 % (4 ) : 30% ( ) 1. 2% (, ), 2. (1 ),,,,, (2 ),, ( ),,, 3. ( ) (1 ),,
275 (2 ),, 30,, 2 (3 ),
276,,, ( ),,,, 10-1 10-1 :,,,,,, 50 m
277 1 ( 1 1.2), 2.2 m 2 ( ),,,, ; 2 m ; ;, ( ),,, 20 cm, ;, 0.6 cm; ;, 1. ; ; ; ( ) 2. ; ; 20 cm, ;,,,, 3.,, ;,, ; ; ; ;,
278 4. ;, ;, ;, 5. ;, ;, ;, ;,, 6. ; ( ) ( ), ; ; ;, ;,, 7.,, ;, 8. ; ; 9. ( ), ;, ;, ;, ;,,, ; 10., ;, ;,,
279 11., 10 15 ;, ;, ; ;, ;, ;,,,, ( ) 1.,,, ( ), 2., 3.,,,,,,,,,,,
280,, ( ), ;,,,,, ;, ( ), ;, ; ;,, ( ), ;, ;, ;, ; ;,,, ;,,, ;,
1 281 1 (DRIs) 1 ( RNI) ( ) 0 0.5 ( M J) ( kca l) ( g) 0.4/ kg 95/ kg 1.5 3.0/ kg % 45 50 35 40 1 4.60 4.40 1 100 1 050 35 35 2 5.02 4.81 1 200 1 150 40 40 3 5.64 5.43 1 350 1 300 45 45 4 6.06 5.83 1 450 1 400 50 50 30 35 5 6.70 6.27 1 600 1 500 55 55 6 7.10 6.67 1 700 1 600 55 55 7 7.53 7.10 1 800 1 700 60 60 8 7.94 7.53 1 900 1 800 65 65 9 8.36 7.94 2 000 1 900 65 65 10 8.80 8.36 2 100 2 000 70 65 25 30 11 10.04 9.20 2 400 2 200 75 75 14 12.00 9.62 2 900 2 400 85 80
282 ( 1) ( ) ( M J) ( kca l) ( g) % 10.03 8.80 2 400 2 100 75 65 11.29 9.62 2 700 2 300 80 70 18 13.38 11.30 3 200 2 700 90 80 ( ) + 0.84 + 200 +5,+15,+20 + 2.09 + 500 + 20 9.62 8.00 2 300 1 900 50 10.87 8.36 2 600 2 000 20 30 13.00 9.20 3 100 2 200 7.94 7.53 1 900 1 800 60 9.20 8.36 2 200 2 000 75 65 7.94 7.10 1 900 1 700 70 8.80 8.00 2 100 1 900 80 7.74 7.10 1 900 1 700
1 287 (1 ) ( DRIs ) : RDAs ( ), 4 : ( EAR ) ( RNI) ( AI) ( UL) (2) ( EAR) : EAR, EAR RNI,, RNI = EAR + 2SD, EAR, (3 ) ( RNI ) : RDA ( 97% 98% ) RNI, RNI, RNI RNI (4 ) ( AI) : AI AI RNI, RNI AI, AI, AI, (5 ) ( UL ) : UL, UL,, UL
288 2 ( ),,,,,,,, 1. 1.l,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.2,, 2. 2.1
2 ( ) 289 2.1.1, ( ), ; 2.1.2,,, 2.1.3, ;, ;,, 2.1.4,, 2.2 2.2.1,, 2.2.2,,,
290 4 ;,,, 2.3 2.3.1 GJB1101-91 2.3.2, ( ), 2.3.3, - 12-30, 0 22, 70% 100 % ; - 1 37, 85% 95 % ;, 4 25, 60% 80% ; 0 7, 75 % 96 % 12% 14.5 % ; 60% 70 %, 0 30, 8.86% 15. 58 % ( ), 0 10 2.3.4,,,,, 3, ( ),, 2.3.5,,
2 ( ) 291 3. 3.1 3.1.1,,,, ;,,, 3.1.2,, 20%,,,,,,, 3.1.3,,,, 1 459, 53.75%, 32.35%, 154, 66.67%
292,,,,, ( ), 3.1.4,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.2 3.2.1,, 1982 1985 160, 5.90 %, 1972 1978 147, 5.7%,,,, 3.2.2,, 374, 104,93,
2 ( ) 293,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 3.3 3.3.1,,, 1991,,, 3.3.2,,, 1987,,,, ( ) 3.3.3,,,,
294, 3.3.4 1983 ( ) :,,,,, 4. 4.1,,,, 4.2,,, 4.3,, 4.4,,,,,,,,