,, ;,, ;,,,, ( CIP ) /,. :, ( ) ISBN T P212 CIP ( 2006) : : : : * : : 174 ( A ) : : (023 )

,, ;,, ;,,,, ( CIP ) /,. :, 2006.2 ( ) ISBN 7-5624-3583-9.............T P212 CIP ( 2006) 003761 : : : : * : : 174 ( A ) : 400030 : (023 ) 65102378 65105781 : (023 ) 65103686 65105565 : http : / /w ww.c qup.co m.cn : fxk@ cqup.com.c n ( ) * : 787 1092 1 /16 : 17.5 : 437 2006 2 1 2006 2 1 : 1 3 000 ISBN 7-5624-3583-9 : 22.00,,,

, ;,,,,,,,,,,, 48 64,, : ;, 1

,, ; ;,, ;,, 1 3 4 5 6 7 9 12 14 17, 10, 2 8 11, 13 15, 16,,,,,,,,, ( :040510) CAI,,,,,,,, : h uxd @ cqupt.edu.cn 2005 9 2

1 1 1.1 1 1.1.1 2 1.1.2 2 1.1.3 2 1.1.4 2 1.2 3 1.3 4 1.4 5 1.4.1 5 1.4.2 6 1.4.3 8 1.4.4 8 9 2 10 2.1 10 2.1.1 10 2.1.2 11 2.2 12 2.2.1 12 2.2.2 13 2.2.3 13 2.2.4 13 2.2.5 14 2.2.6 14 1

2.3 15 2.3.1 15 2.3.2 15 2.3.3 16 2.3.4 18 2.4 19 2.4.1 19 2.4.2 21 2.4.3 22 2.4.4 26 2.4.5 27 2.4.6 28 2.4.7 29 2.4.8 30 34 3 35 3.1 35 3.3.1 35 3.1.2 37 3.1.3 38 3.1.4 38 3.1.5 38 3.2 39 3.2.1 40 3.2.2 41 3.2.3 41 3.2.4 42 3.2.5 45 46 4 48 4.1 48 4.1.1 48 4.1.2 49 4.2 51 4.2.1 51 4.2.2 52 2

4.3 53 4.3.1 53 4.3.2 56 4.4 58 4.4.1 58 4.4.2 60 4.4.3 62 4.4.4 62 63 5 65 5.1 ( ) 65 5.1.1 65 5.1.2 66 5.1.3 69 5.1.4 70 5.2 ( ) 71 5.2.1 71 5.2.2 73 5.3 ( ) 80 5.3.1 80 5.3.2 81 5.3.3 82 5.3.4 83 84 6 85 6.1 85 6.1.1 86 6.1.2 87 6.1.3 88 6.2 89 6.3 91 6.4 92 6.4.1 92 6.4.2 93 6.4.3 T 93 6.4.4 94 3

6.5 97 6.5.1 97 6.5.2 97 6.5.3 98 6.5.4 98 6.5.5 99 100 7 101 7.1 101 7.1.1 ( ) 102 7.1.2 ( ) 104 7.1.3 105 7.1.4 105 7.2 107 7.3 108 7.3.1 108 7.3.2 109 7.4 110 7.4.1 110 7.4.2 112 7.5 112 7.5.1 112 7.5.2 112 114 8 115 8.1 115 8.1.1 115 8.1.2 117 8.1.3 120 8.1.4 120 8.2 122 8.2.1 122 8.2.2 124 8.2.3 127 130 4

9 131 9.1 131 9.1.1 131 9.1.2 138 9.1.3 140 9.1.4 143 9.1.5 144 9.2 145 9.2.1 145 9.2.2 146 9.2.3 146 9.3 148 9.3.1-148 9.3.2 149 150 10 152 10.1 153 10.2 154 10.2.1 154 10.2.2 157 10.3 CCD 164 10.3.1 CCD 165 10.3.2 CCD 167 10.3.3 CCD 169 10.3.4 CCD 171 10.4 173 10.4.1 174 10.4.2 176 181 11 183 11.1 183 11.1.1 183 11.1.2 184 11.2 186 11.2.1 186 11.2.2 187 11.2.3 188 5

189 12 190 12.1 191 12.1.1 191 12.1.2 191 12.1.3 192 12.2 192 12.2.1 192 12.2.2 193 12.2.3 194 12.2.4 194 12.4.5 195 12.4.6 196 12.4.7 196 197 13 198 13.1 198 13.1.1 198 13.1.2 200 13.2 201 13.2.1 201 13.2.2 202 13.2.3 203 13.2.4 205 207 14 208 14.1 208 14.1.1 209 14.1.2 213 14.2 214 14.2.1 214 14.2.2 216 14.3 219 14.3.1 219 14.3.2 220 221 6

15 222 15.1 222 15.1.1 222 15.1.2 224 15.1.3 229 15.2 231 15.2.1 232 15.2.2 233 15.2.3 238 240 16 241 16.1 241 16.1.1 241 16.1.2 242 16.1.3 243 16.2 244 16.2.1 244 16.2.2 245 16.2.3 245 16.3 246 16.3.1 246 16.3.2 247 16.4 249 16.4.1 249 16.4.2 250 16.4.3 251 16.4.4 251 253 17 254 17.1 254 17.1.1 255 17.1.2 255 17.1.3 256 17.1.4 256 7

17.2 257 17.2.1 257 17.2.2 258 17.3 259 17.3.1 259 17.3.2 260 17.4 262 17.4.1 262 17.4.2 262 17.4.3 263 17.4.4 263 264 265 8

1 1.1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 80,,, ;,,, 1

, ; 10-13 cm ;, 10-2 4 s ;,,,,,, ;, ( ), 1.1.1,,, 1.1.2 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.1.3,,,,,, 1.1.4,,,,,,,, 2

1,,,,,,,, 1.2,, ( ),,,,, A/ D,, ( ) ( ), 1.1 1.1, :, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),,,,,, ( ) :,, 3

;,,, 1.2 1.2,, ( ), 1.3 1.3 1.3,, (1 ),,, (2 ) ( ), (3 ) 4

1 (4 ),,,,,,,, (5 ), (6 ),,, ;,,,,,, ( ),,, 1.4, ;,,, 4 : ;, ; ; 1.4.1 : 5

(1 ),,, (2 ),,,,, : ; ; n = n, ( ) (3 ) ( 1.1) :,, ( ),,, (4 ),,,, : ;,,,,,, (5 ),,,,,, 1.4.2,,, (1 ),,, 6

1 :,, 10-6 K,, ( 10 6 ) ( 8 50 ),,, (2 ),,, 1),, ; ; 2),,, 3), 4), : ; ; ; ( ),,,, (3 ),,,, 7

(4 ),,,,, 1.4.3 :,,,,,, N a +, K + H +,, Na +, K + H +,, ( ), 1.4.4,,,,,,, ST-3000, CPU, 3 : (1 ) 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4), ; 5) (2 ) 1) ; 2), ; 3), ; 4) ; 8

1 5) ; 6) (3 ) 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) 1.1 1.2?? 1.3? 1.4 1.5? 9

2 2.1,,,,,, : ; ;, ;,, 2.1.1, 6,, 2.1,,,,,,,,,, 10

2 2.1 6 2.1.2,,, ( ),,, 4 20 ma DC,0 5 V DC,,, ( ) ( ) ( ),,, ( ) ( ), :, ( ), ( ), : ( ),,,,,, D/ A : D/ A 11

A/ D :, A/ D,,, A/ D,, A/ D,, 2.2, ( ), 2.2.1,,, : R R R ; R ; ; = (1 + 2 ) +, = L L L ; L ; ; ; ( 2.1) ( 2.1 ), :, (1 + 2 ), ;,,, ;,,,,,,,, ( ), 12

2 2.2.2 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( SAW ) 2.2.3,,,,,,,, ( ) ( InSb) 2.2.4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 13

2.2.5 ( ), ; ; ( ), ;,,, 10-9 s,,, :,,, ( CdS ) ( PbS) ( InSb) PN,, 2.2.6 ( SnO2 ZnO ),,,,,,,,,,,, O2 N O2,,, N,,, P,,,, CO H2, N, P,,, N, P,,, 14

2 2.3 2.3.1 : ; ( ), : y = n x ( 2.2) y ; n, ( ) ; x,,, (2.2 ),, : (,, ) 2.3.2,,,, : 1) : :, ; : : :, ( ),,, I U, P = I U, :, :, :, ( 15

),,,, ( ),, : Rt t ; R20 20 ;, ; t Rt = R20 + ( t - 20 ) + ( t - 20) 2 ( 2.3),,,,,,,, R20 :,, : 2) : :, :, ( ), 3) : 4) : 5) : 6) : 2.3.3 (1 ), 2.1 2.1 : :, : ( A/ D D/ A ), 16 :,

2, ;,, ( ) (2 ) 1),, 2.2 x, y, k1, k2,, kn 2.2 y = k1 k2 kn x ( 2.4), y,,,,, :, ; 1, 2,, n, : S ; S1, S2,, Sn = 1 + 2 + + n ( 2.5) S = S1 S2 Sn ( 2.6) (2.5 ) (2.6 ) :,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 2) :,, 2.3, x,, k = k2 k3 kn 2.3 : x = x1 - xf ( 2.7) xf = y ( 2.8) y = k x = k( x1 - xf ) = k x1 - k y ( 2.9) 17

: k 1, : 2.3 y = k 1 + k x1 = 1 x1 (2.10) 1 k + y 1 x1 (2.11) (2.11) :,, ( ), ( k2, k3,, kn ) :,, : ; f : - f (2.12) S 1 Sf (2.13) S ; Sf ( ) 2.3.4 ( ),, ( ),, :, ( ) ( ) 18

2 ;,, ( ),,,, 2.4 2.4.1, ( ), :, (1 ) 1), : ; x ; L = x - L (2.14),, 0.5 m,, 2) : ; ; = 100% (2.15) L 19

, : L L, x L, : 3) = 100% (2.16) x, ; = 100% (2.17) - 0.5 0.5%, 1.0 1.0% 4) ( ),, 5) (2 ), ( ) 3 : 1), :,, ( ),,,,, 2),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20

2 3) (, ), (3 ),,,, : ( ) ( ), ( ),,,,, 2.4 2.4 ( ) 3, 2.4 (a ), 2.4 ( b ), 2.4( c), 2.4.2, : (1 )3 3 > 3,, (2 ), n, > Zc, Zc, 2.2 21

2.2 Z c n 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Z c 1.38 1.54 1.65 1.73 1.80 1.86 1.92 1.96 2.00 2.03 n 13 14 15 16 18 20 25 30 40 50 Zc 2.07 2.10 2.13 2.15 2.20 2.24 2.33 2.39 2.49 2.58 3 (3 ) > G,, G n Pa, 2.3 2.3 G n P a 0.99 0.95 n P a 0.99 0.95 3 1.16 1.15 11 2.48 2.23 4 1.49 1.46 12 2.55 2.28 5 1.75 1.67 13 2.61 2.33 6 1.94 1.82 14 2.66 2.37 7 2.10 1.94 15 2.70 2.41 8 2.22 2.03 16 2.74 2.44 9 2.32 2.11 18 2.82 2.50 10 2.41 2.18 20 2.88 2.56 2.4.3, n x 1, x2,, xn, 1, 2,, n, (1 ), : ( ), :, 0 : 22,, y = f ( x) = 1 2 e- ( x - L) 2 2 (2.18) 2

2 y ; x ( ) ; ( ) ; y = f( ) = L ( x ) ;, = x - L 1 2 e- 2 2 (2.19) 2.5 : x = L = 0 2 (2 ) 2.5, L, : ( ) : n ; x i i x = 1 n ( x1 + x2 + + xn ) = 1 n x i (2.20) n i = 1 = n ( xi - L) 2 i = 1 n = n i = 1 n 2 i (2.21), 2.6 :,,, L,,,,,, L,, : i i = x i - x (2.22) 23

, : s = n ( xi - x) 2 i = 1 n - 1 2.6 = n i = 1 n - 1 2 i s L,, (2.23),,,, m, n, : x1, x2,, xm,,, L,, x,, s : x = s n s, x n 2.7, n,, ( n > 10 ), x,, n= 5 10 (3 ), (2.24) 2.7 ( 100% ) : y = ( a, b) : f ( ) = 1 2 e- + yd = 100% - P( a < b) = 2 2 (2.25) 2 2 1 b a 2 e- 2 2 d (2.26),, t,, : 24

2 t ; P P( - t t ) = 2.4 t 2.4 t 1 + t e - 2 2 2 d (2.27) - t 2 t 0.674 5 1 1.96 2 2.58 3 4 P 0.5 0.682 7 0.95 0.954 5 0.99 0.997 3 0.999 94 2.4, t = 1, P = 0.682 7, - + 68.27% ; - 3 + 3 99.73%,, > 3 0.27 %, 3, lim, : x = x x ( P = 0.682 7) (2.28) x = x 3 x ( P = 0.997 3) (2.29) 2.1 237.4, 237.2, 237.9, 237.1, 238.1, 237.5, 237.4, 237.6, 237.6, 237.4, : x = 237.52,, 2.5 2.5 2.1 xi i 2 i 1 237.4-0.12 0.014 2 237.2-0.32 0.10 3 237.9 0.38 0.14 4 237.1-0.42 0.18 5 238.1 0.58 0.34 6 237.5-0.02 0.00 7 237.4-0.12 0.014 8 237.6 0.08 0.006 4 9 237.6 0.08 0.006 4 10 237.4-0.12 0.014 : 25

s = x, : n ( x i - x) 2 i = 1 n - 1 = s n = 0.30 10 = 0.09 n 2 i i = 1 n - 1 = 0.816 10-1 x = x x = 237.52 0.09 ( P = 0.682 7 ) x = 2.4.4 (1 ) 0.30 x 3 x = 237.52 0.27 ( P = 0.997 3) :, :,, :, 5 : (2 ) 1),,, 2) 2.8, ( a) ; ( b) 3) :,,,, :, : 26

2 2.8 A = 2 1 + 2 2 + + 2 n (2.30) B = ( 1-2 ) 2 + ( 2-3 ) 2 + + ( n - 1 - n ) 2, B 2 A - 1 > 1 n, (3 ) + ( n - 1 ) 2 (2.31), : 1),, ; ; ; 2), 3),, 4), ;,, ;, 2.4.5,,,, m,, p : 27

1), 1 p1 p2 p3 pm = n 1 n 2 n 3 nm (2.32) 2), 1 p1 p2 p3 pm = 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 m (2.33), xp,, :, : x p, : x = xp x p ( P = 0.682 7 ) (2.34) x = xp 3 x p ( P = 0.997 3) (2.35) xp = x 1 p1 + x2 p2 + + xm p m p1 + p2 + + p m = m x i p i i = 1 m pi i = 1 (2.36) xp = m pi 2 i i = 1 m ( m - 1 pi ), i = x i - x p i = 1 (2.37) 2.4.6,,, (1 ) y x1, x2,, xn : y = f ( x 1, x2,, xn ) (2.38),, : d y = f d x1 + f d x2 + + f d xn (2.39) x1 x2 xn, x1, x2,, xn d x1, d x2,, d xn, : (2 ) y = f x1 x1 + f x2 x2 + + f xn (2.40) xn n x 1, x 2,, x n, : 28 y = f x1 2 2 x 1 + + f xn 2 2 x n (2.41) : y = a1 x1 + a2 x2 + + an x n,?

2 1,? (3 ), : 2.4.7 = y y (2.42),,,,,,,, : 1),, 2),,, :,,, (, ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3),, 4), 29

2.4.8 (1 ),, n m, : : L - AX = V (2.43), A, : a11 a12 a1m A = a21 a22 a2m (2.44) X ( ), : an1 an2 anm x1 X = x2 (2.45) xm L, : l1 L = l2 (2.46) ln V, : V = 1 2 n, : : (2.43), : 30 (2.47) V V = (2.48) A V = 0 (2.49) A ( L - AX ) = 0 (2.50) ( A A ) X = X = ( A A ) - 1 A L (2.51) A L (2.52)

2 2.2 Rt = R0 (1 + t), 2.6 0 R0 2.6 2.2 ti/ 15.0 20 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 Rt i / 75.0 76.5 78.0 80.0 81.0 82.0 84.0 : Rt i - R0 (1 + t i) = i ( i = 1, 2, 3,, 7) (2.53), x = R0, y = R0, : : Rt i, L, : A, : X, : V, : - ( x + ti y) = i ( i = 1, 2, 3,, 7) (2.54) L - AX = V (2.55) L = A = X = 75.0 76.5 78.0 80.0 81.0 82.0 84.0 1 15.0 1 20.0 1 25.0 1 30.0 1 35.0 1 40.0 1 45.0 x y 31

1 2 3 V = 4 5 6 7 ( Matlab ) : A A = = 1 1 1 1 5 6 7 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 7 210.0 210.0 7 000.0 1 15.0 1 20.0 1 25.0 1 30.0 1 35.0 1 40.0 1 45.0 A A = 7 210.0 210.0 7 000.0 = 4 900 0, ( A A ) - 1 = 1 A A A11 A1 2 A21 A2 2 = 1 4 900 7 000.0-210.0-210.0 7 75.0 76.5 A L = 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 78.0 80.0 81.0 = 556 16 900 82.0 84.0 : X = ( A A ) - 1 A L = 1 4 900 7 000.0-210.0-210.0 7 556 16 900 = 70.71 0.293 (2 ) R0 = x = 70.71 = y = 0.293 R0 70.71 = 4.1 10-3 /,,,, : 32

2 y = b0 + b1 x1 + b2 x2 + + bnx n (2.56), ( ), : : n ( x i, yi ), y = b0 y = b0 + b1 x (2.57) + b1 x,, b0, b1, : y1 - y^ 1 = y1 - ( b0 + b1 x 1 ) = 1 y2 - y^ 2 = y2 - ( b0 + b1 x 2 ) = 2 (2.58) yn - y^ n = yn - ( b0 + b1 xn ) = n y^i xi ( i = 1,2,, n) y : L - AX = V L = y 1 (2.59) yn A = 1 x1 (2.60) 1 xn X = V = b0 b1 1 n (2.61) (2.62) 2.2, Rt = R0 ( 1 + t),,, ( xi, yi ),, ( ), ( ) 33

2.1?? 2.2??? 2.3??? 2.4? 2.5? 2.6 10, : 167.95, 167.45, 167.60, 167.60,167.87, 167.88,168.00, 167.85,167.82, 167.60 (1 ) 10, (2 ) 99.73%, 2.7 : x - 3 y = - 5.6, p1 = 1; 4 x + y = 8.1, p2 = 2; 2 x - y = 0.5, p3 = 3; x, y 2.8 Lt = L0 ( 1 + t),, 0 ti/ 10 20 25 30 40 45 L ti / m 2 000.36 2 000.72 2 000.80 2 001.07 2 001.48 2 001.60 2.9 X,, y x,, ( x ) x/ mm 12 13 14 15 16 18 20 22 24 26 y/ kv 52.0 55.0 58.0 61.0 65.0 70.0 75.0 80.0 85.0 91.0 2.10, : / % 20.3 28.1 35.5 42.0 50.7 58.6 65.9 74.9 80.3 86.4 / 416 386 368 337 305 282 258 224 201 183, : (1 ) ; (2 ) 60%, ( 95 % ) ; ( 3) 310 325, ( 95 % )? 34

3, -,, : ( ) ( ) ( ) ;, -,,,,, ( ), 3.1 - : 3.1.1 -, : ( ),, 35

-, : y = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + + an x n ( 3.1) y ; x ; a0 ; a1 ; a2, a3,, an ( ) 3.1,,,, ( 3.1 ) 3.1( d ) (3.1 ) 3 : 1) 3.1( a), : y = a1 x ( 3.2) 0 : Sn = y x = a1 ( ) ( 3.3) 2) ( + ) 3.1( b ) - : y = a1 x + a2 x 2 + a4 x 4 + ( 3.4), 3) ( + ) 3.1( c) - : y = a1 x + a3 x 3 + a5 x 5 + ( 3.5) ( ),,,, ( ),, 3.2,, ( ) ( ) 36

3 L ( ) ; Lmax ; YF S 3.1.2 3.2 - L = Lmax Y FS, Sn Sn = = d y d x 100 % ( 3.6), : ( 3.7), ;,, ;, 3.3,,,, -,,, 3.3 37

3.1.3,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ) :, -, 3.4 Hmax Y F S : 3.4 H = Hmax Y FS 100 % ( 3.8) 3.1.4 - ( 3.5 ) Rmax YF S : R = Rmax Y F S 3.1.5 100% (3.9 ), :,,,, ( ) 3.5 ( ) ( ), ( 20 ) : ST ; ST = yt - y20 t yt, y2 0 t 20 ; t t 20 (3.10) 38

3 3.2,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),, ( ), ( ),,,,, T1 T0, T0, < T1 ( ), T0 T1, T0 T1, T0 T1,,, 3.6, : 3.6,,, ( ),,,,,,, 1),, 3.7 3.8 : 63.2%, 3.7,,,, td : 50 % tr : 90 % 39

3.7 3.8 tp : ts : :, 2), 3.2.1 :,, y( t) x( t), d x/ d t d 2 x/ dt 2,,, ( ) y( t) x( t) : an dn y dt n + an - 1 d n - 1 dt n - 1 y + + a1 d y d t + a0 y = d m x bm + dt m bm - 1 d m - 1 x + + d t m - 1 b1 d x dt + b0 x (3.11) an,, a0 bm,, b0 : (1 ) x( t), y( t), x1 ( t) y1 ( t) (3.12) x2 ( t) y2 ( t) (3.13) [ x1 ( t) x2 ( t) ] [ y1 ( t) y2 ( t) ] (3.14), N, N 40

3,,, (2 ) : ( ) x ( t) = X0 cos ( t),, y( t) = Y0 cos( t + 0 ) :,,,,,,,,, ( 3.11 ),,,, 3.2.2 (3.11), x ( t) y ( t) ( t = 0 ) 0, : : Y ( s) ( an s n + an - 1 s n - 1 + + a1 s + a0 ) = X( s) ( bm s m + bm - 1 s m - 1 + + b1 s + b0 ) (3.15), s = + j Y ( s) X( s) = bm sm + bm - 1 s m - 1 + + b1 s + b0 an s n + an - 1 s n - 1 + + a1 s + a0 (3.16) x( t), (3.16) y( t) Y ( s) x( t) X( s), H( s) : 3.2.3 H( s) = L[ y( t) ] L[ x( t) ] = Y ( s) X( s),, : H(j ) = Y (j ) = X(j ) bm (j ) m + bm - 1 ( j ) m - 1 + + b1 (j ) + b0 an (j ) n + an - 1 ( j ) n - 1 + + a1 (j ) + a0 H(j ), s = j ( = 0), H(j ), :, ( ) : ( ) : H( j ) = A( )e j ( (3.17) (3.18) ) (3.19) A( ) = H( j ) = [ HR ( ) ] 2 + [ HI ( ) ] 2 (3.20) 41

HR ( ) H( j ) ; HI ( ) H(j ) 3.2.4 ( ) = - arctan HI ( ) HR ( ) (3.21), (1 ) : : a1 a1 a0 d y( t) d t d y( t) dt + a0 y( t) = b0 x( t) (3.22) + y( t) = b0 a0 x( t) (3.23) a1 a0 ( ), ; b0 a0 Sn Sn,, Sn Sn,,,, :,, (3.23) : a1 a0 d y( t) d t Sn = b0 a0 = 1 (3.24) + y( t) = x( t) (3.25) : : : : : H( s) = a1 a0 1 H(j ) = A( ) = s + 1 = 1 (j ) + 1 1 s + 1 (3.26) (3.27) 1 (3.28) 1 + ( ) 2 ( ) = - arctan( ) (3.29) 3.9 (3.28) ( 3.29 ) 3.9,, A( ) 1, ( ) 0,, 1, A( ) 1,, ( ), 42

3 tan ( ) =, ( ),, y( t) x( t) 3.9 3.10 3.10,, x ( t), y( t), C, R, : x( t) - y( t) R = C ( 0 ), : = RC, : (2 ) X( s) - Y ( s) R H( s) = Y ( s) X( s) d y( t) dt (3.30) = C s Y ( s) (3.31) = 1 s + 1 (3.32) (, 1, x( t) b0 = a 0) :, : : a2 d 2 y( t) d t 2 H( j ) = + a1 H( s) = d y( t) dt s 2 1 - + a0 y( t) = a0 x( t) (3.33) 2 n + 2 n s + 2 n 1 2 n + 2j n (3.34) (3.35) 43

: : A( ) = 1-2 2 n ( ) = - arct an + 4 2 n 2-1 2 (3.36) 2 n 2 (3.37) 1 - n, n = a0 a2 ( ), = a1 2 a0 a2 ( ) 3.11 3.11 ( 3.36 ) (3.37) 3.11, n < 1, n, A( ) 1 ( ), ( ), ( ),,, y( t) x( t) = n,,,, :,, < 1, n 3 5, n ( 3 5 ),,, n max 3 5, 44

3,, max 2 3,, n 10, :, : 3.12 RLC n ( 3 5) ( 2 3) 10 (3.38) 3.12, RLC, ui, uo, ui ( t) = L i( t) = C d i( t) d t d uo ( t) d t + R i( t) + uo ( t) (3.39) (3.39) ( 3.40 ) ( 0), : (3.40) Ui ( s) = L s I( s) + R I( s) + Uo ( s) (3.41) I( s) = C s Uo ( s) (3.42) I( s), : H( s) = Uo ( s) Ui ( s) 3.2.5 = 1 L C s 2 + R C s + 1, y( t) x( t) : A t0 (3.43) y( t) = Ax ( t - t0 ) (3.44),, A t0,, (3.44), : : : : : Y ( s) = Ae - st 0 X( s) (3.45) H( s) = Y ( s) X( s) = Ae- st 0 (3.46) A( ) = H(j ) = Ae - j t 0 (3.47) H(j ) = A( ) (3.48) ( ) = - t0 ( ) (3.49),,, ( ) 45

3.1?? 3.2?? 3.3 3.1, 3.1 / mv / MPa 0.02 0.56 0.66 0.61 0.68 0.64 0.69 0.04 3.96 4.06 3.99 4.09 4.03 4.11 0.06 7.40 7.49 7.43 7.53 7.45 7.52 0.08 10.88 10.95 10.89 10.93 10.94 10.99 0.10 14.42 14.42 14.47 14.47 14.46 14.46 3.4 3.2, 3.2 x 0.9 2.5 3.3 4.5 5.7 6.7 y 1.1 1.6 2.6 3.2 4.0 5.0 3.5?? 3.6? 3.7 3.8 100 Hz, 5%,? 50 Hz,? 3.9 = 3 s,, 3.10, : 4 d y dt + 2 y = 2 10-3 y ( m ), x ( ) 46 x

3 3.11,, t = 0, 10 mv ; t = 5 s 50 mv ; t, 100 mv 3.12 - -, 40% 0.8 s, 3.13, 216 H z, 1.4 1, f0 3.14 - -, = 1 000 H z, 0.7 600 H z, 400 Hz, A( ) ( )? 3.15 7

4 4.1 ( ) ( ), :,,,,, 4.1.1 4.1,,, : R ; ; L ; A R = L A ( 4.1) F,, ( ), (4.1 ) : 48 d R = L A d + A d L - L A 2 d A ( 4.2)

4 (4.1 ) : d R R 4.1 = d + d L L - d A A,, A = r 2 ( r ), : ( 4.3) d A = 2 rd r ( 4.4) ( ) : d A A = 2 d r r, d, d L, d A, L, r, : L L R R = + L L - 2 r r ( ),, : = L L, : r r = - L L ( 4.5) ( 4.6) ( 4.7) = - ( 4.8) (4.8 ),,,, (4.7 ) (4.8 ) ( 4.6) : R R = + ( 1 + 2 ) ( 4.9), : K = R R = 1 + 2 + (4.10), :, (1 + 2 ),, ( 1 + 2 ), 1 2 ;,,,, K 4.1.2,, 49

: ; E = E (4.11), (1 ) ( ) 4.2 (a),,,, 0.012 0.050 mm 4.2( b),, 0.003 0.010 mm,,,,,, ( 1 + 2 ),,, K 1 + 2 ( ) 4.2 4.3 (2 ) ( ) 4.3,,, (1 + 2 ) ( ),,,, : = = E (4.12),, : K = E ( ) (4.13) 50

4 (4.11), = E,, K = R R =, 4.2 4.2.1 : (1 ) : Rt, R0 t 0 ; ; t (4.14), t, : (2 ) Rt = R0 ( 1 + 0 t) (4.14) R = Rt - R0 = R0 0 t (4.15),,, 0 L0, s g, : Ls Lg = L0 (1 + s t) (4.16) = L0 (1 + g t) (4.17), L, R : L = Lg - Ls = ( g - s ) L0 t (4.18) = L L0 = ( g - s ) t (4.19) R = K R0 = K R0 ( g - s ) t (4.20), : Rt R0 = R + R = [ 0 + K ( g - s ) ] t (4.21) R0, : ( t) ; ( K, 0, s ) ; ( g ), : t = Rt R 0 K = 0 K + ( g - s ) t (4.22) 51

4.2.2, (1 ) 4.4 4.4, U o : U o = Ua - Ub = R1 R1 + R2 U - R3 R3 + R4 U = R1 R4 - R2 R3 ( R1 + R2 ) ( R3 + R4 ) U (4.23) U o = g ( R1 R4 - R2 R3 ) (4.24) g = g U ( R1 + R2 ) ( R3 + R4 ) (4.25) (4.24), R3 R4, R1 R2 U o :, R2, 4.4 ( b) : R4, R1 1), R1 R2, ( R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 ) U o = g ( R1 R4 - R2 R3 ) = 0 (4.26) ( ), ( R1 = R2 = R3 = = R2 ),, : 2) U o = g [ ( R1 + R1 ) R4 - ( R2 + R2 ) R3 ] = 0 (4.27), R 1 = R1 K,,, : 52 U o = g [ ( R1 + R 1 ) R4 - R2 R3 ] = g R 1 R4 = g ( R1 K ) R4 (4.28)

4 (4.28), U o,, :, R3 = R4 R1 R2,, K R0, (2 ), ( 4.21 ), 0 + K( g - s ) = 0 (4.29) (4.29),, Rt R 0 = 0 (4.30) 4.3,, 10-3 10-6, ( K 2),, 10-1 10-4,, 4.3.1 (1 ) 4.5 RL ( ), : Uo = E Uo (4.31) : R1 R1 + R2 - R3 R3 + R4 ( 4.31 ) = 0,, R1 R2 = R3 R4 ( 4.32 ) 4.5, (2 ),,,, R1 ( R1 ),, Uo 0, ( ) : 53

( R1 + R1 ) Uo = E ( R1 + R1 ) + R2 - R3 R3 + R4 R1 R4 = E [ ( R1 + R1 ) + R2 ] ( R3 + R4 ) R4 R1 = E 1 + R1 R1 R3 R1 + R2 R1 1 + R4 R3 (4.33) R2 R1 = n, R1 R1, R1/ R1, R1 R2 = R3 R4 : : Uo KU = = E Uo R1 R1 n R1 (1 + n) 2 R1 (4.34) = E n (1 + n) 2 (4.35),,, (4.35) :,,, n, n E, KU, d KU/ d n = 0 d KU/ d n = E 1 - n2 (1 + n) 4 = 0 (4.36) n= 1( R1 = RB = R3 = R4 ), KU, : Uo = E 4 R1 R1 (4.37) KU = E/ 4 (4.38), E R1/ R1,, (3 ) (4.30) R1/ R1, : : 54 n R1 R1 U o = E 1 + R1 + n ( 1 + n) R1 (4.39)

4 L = R1 Uo - U o R1 = Uo 1 + n + R1, R1 = R2 = R3 = R4, n = 1, : R1 (4.40) L = R1 R1 2 + R1, 5 10-3, R1/ R1 R1 (4.41) = KU, KU, KU = 2, R1/ R1 = KU = 10-2, ( 4.41 ) 0.5%,,, KU = 125, 1 10-3, R1/ R1 = KU, R1/ R1 = KU = 0.125, (4.41) 6 % : 1) (4.40),, ( 4.35 ),,, 2) 4.6 4.6( a), : Uo ( R1 + R1 ) = E ( R1 + R1 ) + ( R2 - R2 ) R1 = R2, R1 = R2 = R3 = R4, :, Uo R1 : KU Uo = E 2 R1 R1 - R3 R3 + R4 (4.42) (4.43),, = E/ 2, 4.6 ( b ),, R1 = R2 = R3 = R4, R1 = R2 = R3 = R4, : 55

Uo R1 + R1 = E ( R1 + R1 ) + ( R2 - R2 ) - R3 - R3 ( R3 - R3 ) + ( R4 + R4 ) (4.44) : Uo = E R1 R1 (4.45) KU = E (4.46),, 4 4.3.2,,,, 4.7 4.7 Z1 Z2,, ( C1, C2 ) Z1 : ZR = R1, ZC 1 = 1, : j C1 Z1 = ZR ZC 1 = ZR ZC 1 ZR + ZC 1 = R1 1 + j R1 C1 (4.47), : Z1 = R1 1 + j R1 C1 Z2 = R2 1 + j R2 C2 (4.48) Z3 = R3 : Z4 = R4 U o = U Z1 Z4 - Z2 Z3 ( Z1 + Z2 ) ( Z3 + Z4 ) (4.49) 56 U o = 0, : Z1 Z4 - Z2 Z3 = 0 (4.50) (4.48) (4.50) :

4 R1 R4 1 + j R1 C1 : = R2 R3 1 + j R2 C2 (4.51) R1 R4 + j R1 R2 R4 C2 = R2 R3 + j R1 R2 R3 C1 (4.52), : R1 R4 = R2 R3 ( ) R4 (4.53) = C1 = R2 R1 C1 = R2 C2 ( ) R3 C2 R1,, 4.8 4.8,, ;,,,,, R1 R1 + R1, R2 R2 - R2, : Z 1 = Z1 + Z1 (4.54) Z 1 = R1 + R1 1 + j ( R1 + R1 ) C1 (4.55) Z1 = R1 1 + j R1 C1 (4.56) Z1 = R1 + R1 1 + j ( R1 + R1 ) C1 - R1 1 + j R1 C1 R1 (4.57) ( 1 + j R 1 C1 ) 2 57

, : Z 2 = Z2 + Z2 (4.58) Z 2 = R2 - R2 1 + j ( R2 - R2 ) C2 (4.59) Z2 = R2 1 + j R2 C2 (4.60) : Z1, Z2 Z2 = R2 - R2 1 + j ( R2 - R2 ) C2 - R2 1 + j R2 C2 - R2 (4.61) ( 1 + j R 2 C2 ) 2,,, U o = U Z 1 Z4 - Z 2 Z3 ( Z 1 + Z 2 ) ( Z3 + Z4 ) (4.62),, 5 10,, R1 C1 1, R2 C2 1, Z1 R1, Z2 - R2, R3 = R4, R1 = R2, Z1 = Z2, C1 = C2,, R1 = R2 (4.62), : U o = U 2 R1 R1 (4.43),, R1 (4.63) 4.4,, ( ),,,, ( ) 4.4.1,,, BLR -1 0.1 100 t ( ), ; ;,,,,,, 58

4,,,,,,, (1 ) ( ) 4.9,,,,, R1 R3, R2 R4,, 4.9 ( ) (2 ) 4.10,,,, C 0, 4.10 A, B, A : h ; b ; = 3 F[ R - ( h/ 2) ] bh 2 E 1-2 (4.64) 59

E ; F, +, - B : 3 F[ R - ( h/ 2 ) ] = bh 2 E 2, -, + (4.65) R/ h > 5,, h/ 2, = 3.14 A, B A : A = + + F B : B = - - F 1.09 FR bh 2 E 1.91 FR bh 2 E (4.66) (4.67) A, B, F, : 4.11 Uo U o = f ( R R ) R R ( 3) R R = K U = f( F ) F 4.11, R1, ( ), ( ) F,,,,,,,, F,,, 4.4.2 ( ) 4.12,, p,, : 60

4 4.12 r = t = R, h ; x ; p ; ; E (4.68) ( 4.69 ) : 1) x = 0, : 3 p(1-2 ) ( R 2-3 x 2 ) 8 h 2 E 3 p(1-2 ) ( R 2 - x 2 ) 8 h 2 E r = t = 2) x = R, : 3 p( 1-2 ) R 2 8 h 2 E (4.68) (4.69) (4.70) t = 0 (4.71) r = - 3) x = R/ 3, : 3 p(1-2 ) R 2 4 h 2 E (4.72) r = 0 (4.73) 4.12 ( a) :, ;,,, 2 x = R/ 3 0,,,,, ( R1, R4 ) t, ; ( R2, R3 ) r, ;, 61

4.4.3 4.13,,,,, : S ; ; g ; h 4.13 Uo = S h g (4.74) h g, : h g = Q A (4.75) Q ; A (4.74) ( 4.75 ) : Uo = S Q A (4.76) (4.76),, 4.4.4,,,, : 62

4 a ; F ; m a = F/ m (4.77) 4.14 4.14, 4,,, a,,,,,, (10 60 Hz) 4.1? 4.2?? 4.3?? 4.4 4.5 100, 0.5 10-4 m 2, E = 2 10 1 1 N/ m 2, 50 kn 1, 4.6 10 kn,, 20 mm, 18 mm, 8,4, 4, 120, 2.0, 0.3, 2.1 10 11 Pa, : (1 ) ; (2 ), ; (3 ) 10 V, 63

4.7 4.5, ( ), E = 4 V, R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = 100 (1 ) R1,, R1 R1 = 1.0, Uo (2 ) R1, R2,,,, Uo (3 ) R1, R2,, R1 = R2 = 1.0,,, Uo 4.8 4.11, R1 K = 2.05,, R1 = 120 F, = 800 m/ m : (1 ) R1 R1/ R1 (2 ) R1, 3 V, (3 ),? 64

5, ( ) L M, L M,,, ( ) ( ) :, ;, ;, ;, 5.1 ( ) 5.1.1 5.1 3,,,, : ; L = = W I I I ; ( 5.1) 5.1 65

W ; : Rm : = IW Rm ( 5.2),, Rm = L1 1 A1 + L2 2 A2 0, 1, 2 ; L1 + 2 0 A0, L2, ; A0, A1, A2 ( A0 = A1 ) ; ( 0 1, 0 2 ), :, ( 5.3) : (5.1 ) (5.2 ) ( 5.6) : 2 0 A0 2 0 A0 Rm L = W2 Rm L1 1 A1 L2 2 A2 2 0 A0 = W2 0 A0 2 ( 5.7), W, L Rm A 0 ( 5.3) ( 5.4) ( 5.5) ( 5.6) ( 5.7),, (, ) 5.1.2 5.2 L- (5.7 ), L, 5.2 0, L0, : L0 = W2 0 A0 2 0 1) ( 5.8), = 0 -, : L = L0 + L ( 5.9) 66

5 (5.7 ) : : L = L0 + L = / 0 1, ( 5.10 ) : : 2) W 2 0 A0 2 ( 0 - ) = L0 1-0 (5.10) L = L0 + L = L0 1 + + 2 + 3 + (5.11) 0 0 0 L = L0 L L0 + 2 + 3 + 0 0 0 = L0 1 + + 2 + (5.12) 0 0 0,, = 0 +, : = 1 + + 2 + (5.13) 0 0 0 L = L0 1-0 L L0 = 1-0 (5.13) ( 5.15 ), : + 2 - (5.14) 0 0 + 2 - (5.15) 0 0 L L0 = 0 ( ) : K0 = L L0 = 1 0 (5.16) (5.17) (5.17),,,, ( ) K0 : K0 5.2,,,,, : K0 = L L0 =, K0 1 1 + + 2 + (5.18) 0 0 0,,,, : K0 = L L0 = 1 1-0 + 2 - (5.19) 0 0 67

, K0 : : L L0 L L0 = 2 + 3 + (5.20) 0 0 = - 2 + 3 - (5.21) 0 0,, ( ), 5.3,, 5.3,,,,,,, ( ),, L, L1, L2 (5.12) ( 5.14 ), : L = L1 + L2 = 2 L0 1 + 2 + 4 + (5.22) 0 0 0 ( ) : : L L0 K0 = = 2 0 L L0 = 2 0 : 1) ; (5.23) (5.24) 2) / 0 (,, L 2 ;, L L0 0 L0 2 3 ), / 0 1, 0 68

5 5.1.3 (1 ) 5.4 Z1 Z2,, : Z1 = Z + Z1 ( 5.25 ) Z2 = Z - Z2 ( 5.26 ) Z = R + j L0 ( 5.27 ) Z ( R ) ; Z1, Z2, Q( Q = L/ R), :, : U o = U Z2 Z1 + Z2 (5.23) ( 5.25 ) ( 5.31 ) : - 5.4 Z1 j L1 (5.28) Z2 j L2 (5.29) Z j L0 (5.30) R R + R = U Z2 - Z1 2 ( Z1 + Z2 ) U o = - U 0, = - U Z1 + Z2 2( Z1 + Z2 ), Z1, Z2, U o = U 0 (2 ) (5.31) (5.32) 5.5, Z1, Z2,, U o : U o = U A - U B = U Z2 Z1 + Z2 - U 2 = Z2 - Z1 Z1 + Z2 U 2 (5.33), Z1 = Z2 = Z,, 0, Q,, Q : ; ; 69

: 5.5, Z1 = Z + Z, Z2 = Z - Z( :,, Z1 Z2 ), Q : U o = - U 2 Z Z = - U 2 L L0 (5.34), Z1 = Z - Z, Z2 = Z + Z, U o = U 2 Z Z = U 2 L L0 (5.23), (5.35),,,, ( ) (3 ) 5.6, L, C, U, U o,, L ( 5.3.3 ), 5.6 ( b ) L0 ( ),, 5.6 5.7 5.7, L, 5.7 ( b), f L L C, : 1 f = (5.36) 2 LC L,, f 5.1.4 5.8, 70

5 :, P P,,, 5.8 5.9 5.9 C : C,,,, 1 2 (, ),, 5.2 ( ),,,,, 1 100 mm, 5.2.1 (1 ) 5.10 A, B W1 a = W1 b = W1 W2 a = W2 b = W2,,,, a0 = b0 = 0, W1 a, W2 a M a W1 b, W2 b M b,, e2 a = e2 b,, U o = e2 a - e2 b 71

= 0, a < b, Ma > Mb,, e2 a > e2 b, U o = e2 a - e2 b > 0;,, a > b, Ma < Mb,, e2 a < e2 b, U o = e2 a - e2 b < 0, : 5.10 (2 ) 5.11, 5.10 5.11 r1 a L1 a, r1 b L1 b ( Q ),, : 1) U o = a - b a + b W2 W1 U i (5.37) a = b = 0, U o = 0 2) a = 0 -, b = 0 +, : U o = - 0 W2 W1 U i (5.38), U o, -,, 3), : U o = 0 W2 W1 U i ( 5.39 ), 5.12 U o 5.12 72

5 (5.38) (5.39) K :, : K = U o = W2 W1 U i 0 (5.40) U i, ;, K, W2/ W1 0 K W2/ W1 0, 0 0.5 mm,, (, ),,, 5.12, Uo :,, ; (, ), ( ),,,,, 5.2.2 (1 ) 5.13 ( W1 ) (, W2 a W2 b ), 5.14,,, ( ),, ( M1 = M2 ), ( E 2 a = E 2 b ), 0 (U o = E 2 a - E 2 b = 0), ( = I W, Rm, Rm 73

5.13 5.14 ),, M1 > M2, E 2 a, E 2 b ;, E 2 b, E 2 a, x, : 5.15 I1 = U o = E 2 a - E 2 b, 5.15,,, 0, r1 ( 2) 5.14 U i + j L1 (5.41) U 1 ; U i ; I 1 ; r1, L1, : M1, M2 ; E2 a = - j M1 I1 (5.42) E2 b = - j M2 I1 (5.43) -, : 74 U o = E2 a - E2 b = - j ( M1 - M2 )U i r1 + j L1 (5.44)

5 : : U o = 1) ( x = 0) : E 2 a = E 2 b, U o 0, 2) ( x > 0) : E 2 a, E 2 a ( M1 - M2 )U i (5.45) r 2 1 + ( L1 ) 2 M1 = M2 = M (5.46) U o = 0 (5.47) M1 = M + M, M2 = M - M (5.48) U o = 2 MU i r 2 1 + ( L1 ) 2 (5.49) > E 2 b U o U i 3) ( x < 0) : E 2 b, E 2 a (3 ) M1 = M - M, M2 = M + M (5.50) U o = - 2 MU i r 2 1 + ( L1 ) 2 (5.51) < E 2 b U o U i,,,,,, 1) ( ), 5.16, (a ) ( c) ; ( b ) ( d) R0 (c),, C1 2 4, C2 6 8, : Uo = U24 - U68 (5.52), U2 4 = U68, Uo = 0;, U24 > U68, Uo > 0 ;, U2 4 < U68, Uo < 0 Uo, 75

2) ( ) 5.16 5.17 (a) VD1 VD4, 1 4 A B u y ( ) u0 ( ) A, B R u0 A ( u = u1 + u2 ),, u0 uy u0, ( ), Rf 1), x( t) > 0, u y u0 5.2.1,, u y ( ) uy, uy u0,, u y u0, u y u0 ( 0 ), A u1, u2 ; B u0 1, u02 VD1 VD3 76 u1 4, u01 1, u1 u01,, 4 1, u1 4, u02 3,, 3 4, VD4 u2 2, u01 1,, 1 2, VD2 u2 2, u02 3, u02 u2,, 3 2,, VD1, VD4, VD2, VD3, u2,

5 5.17 77

( b ) : n1, n2 B, A u0 1 = u0 2 = u0 2 n2 u1 = u2 = u y 2 n1 (5.53) (5.54) u0 1, u02, ( 5.17 ( b -2 ) ), 5.18 : : if = u2 (5.55) R 2 + Rf 5.18 5.17( b -2) u y = if Rf = Rf u2 n1 ( R + 2 Rf ) (5.56), ( 2 ), A u1, u2 ; B u0 1, u02 u1 4, u01 1,, 4 1, VD1 u1 4, u02 3,, 3 4, VD4 u2 2, u01 1,, 1 2, VD2 u2 2, u02 3,, 2 3, VD3, VD1, VD4, VD2, VD3, u1, (c) ( 5.56 ), 0, ( ) 2) x( t) < 0, u0 u y, ( 0 ), u0 ( d) ; ( 2 ), u0, ( e), : u y = if Rf = - Rf u2 n1 ( R + 2 Rf ) u y u y (5.57),,,, : u y x ( t), u y x ( t) ( ) u y u0,, 78 5.19 5.19, u y 4 : : u y 0,,, 0 ; : u y 0,,, 0 ;

5 5.19 : u y 0,,, 0 ; : u y 0,,, 0 (4 ), 5.20,,,,,,, - 4 10 4 6 10 4 1.5% Pa, 5.21 CPC 5.20 CPC, P1 P2,,,,, 5.22,, A, 79

x( t), 5.21 CPC 5.22 5.3 ( ) :,,,,,,, : ;, 5.3.1 5.23,,,,, Z : 80

5 ; Z = F(,, r, f, x) ( 5.58 ) ; r ; f ; x,, (5.58),, Z,, x, 5.3.2 5.23,,, 5.24 R2, : R2 = 2 h ln ra R2 ; ri (5.59) 5.24 ; R1 R1, L1 ; h ( h = ra ; ri : I1 + j L1 I1 - j M I2 = U 1 - j M I 1 + R2 I 2 + j L2 I 2 = 0 R2, L2 ; M (5.60) : 0 r f ) ; (5.60) Z = U 1 I1 = R1 + 2 M 2 R2 + R 2 2 + ( L2 ) 2 j L1-2 M 2 L2 R 2 2 + ( L2 ) 2 (5.61) = Req + j Leq Req ; Leq 81

(5.62) ( 5.63 ) : Req = R1 + Leq = L1-2 M 2 R2 (5.62) R 2 2 + ( L2 ) 2 2 M 2 L2 (5.63) R 2 2 + ( L2 ) 2,, ( ) ( ),,, : Qeq = Leq M 2 Req = = (5.64),, ( ) 5.3.3 (1 ) 5.25, LC,,,, - 5.25 (2 ) 5.26 5.26,, ( f 0 ) i0 LC : Z = j L 1 j C = LC : (5.65), 1-2 LC = 0, = Uo j L 1-2 LC = i0 Z = i0 j L 1-2 LC 1, = 2 f0, f0 = LC (5.65) (5.66) 1 2 LC ( LC ), ;, L 1-2 LC < 0 L 1-2 LC > 0, Z,, LC ( ) f 0, 82

5,,, L,,, ( 5.27 ), ( 5.6) L,,, 5.3.4 5.27 (1 ) (5.54),,, 0 30 mm, 80 mm, 0.1% 5.28 (2 ),,,, 5.28 ( a),,, (3 ),, 5.28 ( b),,, (4 ), 5.28 ( c),,,,,,,, 83

5.1,? 5.2 5.3 S = 1.5 cm 2, L = 20 cm, r = 5 000, 0 = 0.5 cm, = 0.1 mm, 0 = 4 10-7 H/ m, W = 3 000, L/,? 5.4? 5.29 5.5? 5.5, U = 4 V, f = 400 Hz, R = 40, L = 30 m H,, 5.28 : ( 1) R3 R4 ( 2) Z = 10, 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9?? 5.8,? 5.10? 5.11?? 5.12?,? 5.13, 84

6, ( ) :,, ; ;,,,, ; ; ; ( ),,,,, 6.1 : 6.1, C = A d A ; = 0 r A d ; (6.1 ) 0 ( ) ( 8.854 10-12 F/ m) ; r ; d 6.1 (6.1 ), A r d, C,,, 85

,, 3 : 6.2 6.2 ( a) ( b ), (c) ( h), (i) (l) 6.1.1, d0 C0 = 0 r A d0, : ( 6.2), ( ) ( ), d, C, : 86 6.3 C = C0 + C = 0 r A d0 - d = C0 1 - d d0 ( 6.3) ( 6.1), C = f ( d), ( 6.3 ), 6.3, d/ d0 1, (6.3 ) : C = C0 + C = C0 1 + d d0 + d d0 2 + d d0 3 + ( 6.4) ( 6.4),, :, C d (6.5 ), d, d0 C = C0 d ( 6.5) d0,

6, d0,,,, 6.4, : C0 Cg = 0 g A dg = 0 r A d0 : = 0 A d0 C = Cg C0 Cg + C0 = (6.6 ) (6.7 ) A dg + d 0 0 g 0, g = 7, ( : r = 1 ) 6.4 ( 6.8) 7,,, 25 200 m,, 6.1.2 6.5, A, x, : C0 C = C0 = 0 r ab/ d ; C = 0 r xb/ d - C = 0 r ( a - x) b/ d ( 6.9), C x 6.5 : 6.6 C C0 = x a 6.7 (6.10) 6.6,, A = A0 - r 2 / 2, A0 = r 2 / 2, 87

6.7 : : C0 C = 0 r A0 = d 0 r A0 1 - d A = A0 ( 1 - ) (6.11) = C0 ( 1 - ) = C0 C = C - C0 = C0 - C0 = C0 - C (6.12) (6.13), C, 6.1.3 (6.13),,, 10 6 H z, 6.1 6.1 TiO 2 1 2.26 2.7 5.5 4.5 8.4 6 8.5 14 110 6.8,, 6.8 1, h, H, d, D,,,, : C1 = 2 0 ( H - h) C2 ln D d = 2 0 1 h ln D d (6.14) (6.15) : C0 = 2 0 H ln D d (6.16) 88

6 ( ) : C = C1 + C2 = 2 0 ( H - h) ln D d + 2 0 1 h ln D d = 2 0 H ln D d + 2 0 h( 1-1) ln D d = C0 + 2 h 0 ( 1-1) ln D d (6.17) C = C - C0 = 2 h 0 ( 1-1) ln D d (6.18), 1 (6.18), C h 6.2,,,,,,,, d/ d0 1, (6.3 ) : C C0 = d d0 1 + d d0 + d d0 2 + d d0 3 + (6.19), d ( ) : C d ( ) : K = C0 C/ C0 d d0 = 1 d0, ( ) d0 (6.19) d d C C0 d0 = d d0 1 + d d0 d0 2 = d d0, (6.19) : + d d0 2 (6.20) (6.21) (6.22) (6.22) ( ), : = d d0 d d0 2 100% = d d0 100% (6.23) 89

6.9 ( 6.21 ) (6.23),, d0 d0,,,,,, 6.9 d0 C0 d, C1 d1 d0 - d, C2 d2 d0 + d : C1 C2 = C0 = C0 1 1 - d d0 1 1 + d d0, (6.24) (6.25) (6.24) ( 6.25 ),, d/ d0 1, : C1 = C0 1 + d C2 = C0 1 - d0 d d0 + d d0 + d d0 2 2 + d - d0 d d0 3 3 + (6.26) + (6.27), ( 6.4.3 T ),, : : C = C1 - C2 = C0 2 d C C0 = 2 d d0 1 + d d0 d0 2 + 2 d + d d0 d0 4 3 + 2 d + d d0 d0 6 5 + (6.28) + (6.29) (6.29) ( ), : : K = C 2 d C0 C/ C0 d d0 = 2 d0 (6.30) (6.31) (6.29) ( ),, : 90 = 2 d d0 2 d d0 3 100% = d d0 2 100% (6.32)

6 (6.21) ( 6.23 ) ( 6.31 ) (6.32),,, 6.3,, C, ;,, 6.10 Rs, ;,,,, 6.10 L ; Rp, ;,,, 6.10 L C,,,,, : Rs Rp, Zeq ; ZL ; ZC : 1 j Ceq Ceq : Zeq = ZL + ZC (6.33) Ceq =, : Ceq = = j L + 1 j C C 1-2 LC C 1-2 LC + 2 LC C = (1-2 LC ) 2, ( 6.35 ) (6.36) : (6.34) (6.35) C (6.36) (1-2 LC ) 2 91

Ceq Ceq = 1 1-2 LC C C (6.37) (6.37), L,,, 6.4,, T, 6.4.1 6.11, : L ; f = 1 2 LC C : C = C0 C C0 (6.38) ; C f : 6.11, C = 0, : f0 = 1 2 LC0 (6.39) ( ), C 0,, f 0 = 1 2 L ( C0 C) = f0 f (6.40),, ( f ),,,,, ( u), 92 :, 0.01 m ;

6 ; ; ( ), 6.4.2,, 6.12 Cx ( K = ), O, ( Zi = ),, Ii = 0, : U i = ZC 0 I 0 = U 0 = ZC x I x = : 1 j C0 I 0 ( 6.41 ) 1 I x ( 6.42 ) j Cx I0 + Ix = 0 ( 6.43 ) U o = - -, : (6.44), : U o Cx C0 Cx = A d 6.12 U i (6.44) (6.45) = - U i C0 d (6.46) A, :, K = Zi =,,, 6.4.3 T T 6.13 e E ( 6.13 ( b ) ), D1 D2, R1 = R2 = R, C1, C2 1) ( C1 = C2 ) : e, D1 6.13 (c), C1 D2, C1, R1 RL, I1, D2, D1, C2, 6.13 ( d ), C2, I1 R2 RL, RL I2 = I2,, RL 0 93

2) ( C1 C2 ) 6.13 T, I1 I2, RL, ( ) : f C1, C2 RL, : U0 = IL RL = 1 T T [ I1 ( t) - I2 ( t) ] d t RL 0 R( R + 2 RL ) ( R + RL ) 2 RL E f ( C1 - C2 ) (6.47) U0 M E f ( C1 - C2 ) (6.48) M = R( R + 2 RL ) ( R + RL ) 2 RL ( ) (6.49) (6.48), Uo, T ( (6.28) ) ( E f ), Uo C1, C2 :,, ( f ), 1 k, 20 s,, A2 6.4.4 6.14 C1, C2, R1 = R2, A1, Q, Q Q = 1( ) Q = 0 ( ),, A, ua ( ) R1 C1, M u M : um = ua 1 - e - t 1 (6.50) 94, D1, ( 6.50 )

6 1 = R1 C1 t 1, : um = ua, C1,, um t ( 6.51 ) 1, 1 t, M ur, um > ur, A1,, Q = 0 ( ) Q = 1( ), A, C1 D1 0 ;, 6.14 B, R2 C2, (6.50 ), 2 = R2 C2, N ur, un > ur, A2,,, Q Q ( A, B ) (6.50) : 6.15 t = 1 ln = ua ua - um = R1 C1 ln ua u A - um (6.52), C1 C2 ur ( ua ub 95

,, ua = ub ) : T1 = R1 C1 ln u A ua - ur (6.53) T2 = R2 C2 ln ub u B - ur = R2 C2 ln ua u A - ur (6.54) C1 = C2, R1 = R2,, T1 = T2,, A, B u AB, ( ) 0( 6.15( a) ) C1 C2, C1 > C2, C1 C2, 1 > 2, uab, 6.15 ( b ), uab ( ) 0, : uo = ( uab )DC = ua - ub = T1 T1 + T2 uam - T1 T2 + T2 ub m = R1 C1 uam - R2 C2 ub m R1 C1 + R2 C2 (6.55), uam, ub m ua, ub R1 = R2, ua m = ub m = um, ( 6.55 ) : 1) uo = ( uab ) DC = C1 - C2 C1 + C2 um (6.56) d1 C1 d2 C2 ; uo = d2 - d1 d1 + d2 um (6.57) C1 = C2 = C0, d1 = d2 = d0, uo = 0 ; C1 C2, C1 > C2, d1 = d0 - d, d2 = d0 + d, : C1 < C2, d1 = d0 + d, d2 = d0 - d, : uo uo = + d um (6.58) d0 = - d um (6.59) d0, uo d ( C d ) 2) C1 > C2, A1 = A0 + A, A2 = A0 - A, : C1 < C2, A1 = A0 - A, A2 = A0 + A, :, uo A uo uo = + A um (6.60) A 0 = - A um (6.61) A 0,, 96

6 6.5 6.5.1 6.16,,,, (,,,,, ) PL PH,, P = PH - PL, P = 0,, CH = CL = C0 ; 6.16 P > 0,,, CL CH, CH : < CL CL CL - CH + CH = K ( PH - PL ) = K P (6.62) K (6.62) CL CL - CH + CH,,, (6.62 ) ( 6.56 ) 6.5.2 6.17,,,,, 6.2, : C 2 d C0 d0 (6.63) : S = d = 1 2 at2 (6.64) 97

6.17 S ; a ; t ( 6.64 ) ( 6.63 ), : C 2 d C0 d0 = at2 d0 (6.65),, ( 6. 58), ( 6.59 ) :, 6.5.3, 6.18,, ( ),,,, C= C1 + C2 6.18,,,,, 6.5.4 6.19,,,,,, :, : C0 = 2 0 H ln D d (6.66) 98

6 C1 = 2 0 ( H - h) ln D d (6.67) : C2 = 2 0 r h ln D d (6.68) H ; h ; D ; d ; r, ( ) : C = C1 + C2 = 2 [ 0 H + 0 ( r - 1) h] ln D d = C0 + 2 0 ( r - 1 ) h ln D d (6.69) 6.19,, C h C = C - C0 = 2 0 ( r - 1) h ln D d (6.70) K : K = C/ C0 h = 2 0 ( r - 1 ) h ln D d 2 0 H ln D d h = r - 1 H (6.71) : ( r - 1), D d, C, K, r, 6.19 d D,, C, ( C/ h) 6.5.5 6.20 (a),,,,, 6.20 ( b) 0.05 m 99

6.20 6.1,?? 6.2 6.5, a = 10 mm b = 16 mm, d0 = 1 mm, 2 mm, K ( r = 1 F/ m, 0 = 8.854 10-12 F/ m) 6.3 6.4 2 m 5 m,, 80 %, 6.5 6.21 6.6 6.6 6.21 C = f ( x) 0, 2 > 1, W 6.7 6.6, = d = 1 mm, ( 50 mm) 1 = 1, 2 = 4 x = 0 50 mm, 0

7,,,,,,,, :,,,, ( ) ; ( ),, ( ) : ; ; ; ; ; :,, 7.1 : :, : :, :,,, = ;, = 101

:, :,, 1680,1948,, 7.1.1 ( ) SiO2,,, 7.1 (a), x, y, z z :,,, x : z x, ( ), y : x, z y, (a) (b ) (c) 7.1 y, 7.1 (c) (1 ) x yoz, : qx = d11 f x ( 7.1) d1 1 x ; f x x qx f x (7.1 ), qx (2 ) y y z,, : qy = d12 a b f y = - d11 a b f y ( 7.2) d1 2 y (, d12 = - d11 ) ; 102 a ;

7 b ; f y y (7.2 ), qy - y x (3 ) z,,, 7.2 (a) x ( b) x (c) y (d ) y 7.2, 7.3 (a) ( b) x (c) y 7.3 Si 4 + ( ) O 2 - ( ),, x Oy, 120,,,,, 0, 7.4( a) 1) x,, 7.4( b ), 103

,, x,, y (,, ) 2) y,, 7.4 ( c),,, x, y (,, ) 3) z x y,,,, 7.4 ( d) 7.4 7.1.2 ( ),,,,,, 7.5 (a),,,,,,,,,,,, 7.5 ( b), 104

7,,,, ( ), 7.5 ( ),,, ( BaTiO3 ), ( PbZrO3 - PbT io3, PZT, Pb, Zr, Ti ), ( 70 ),,, 7.1.3,,,,,,,,,, -,,, 7.1.4 7.1 105

7.1 ( PZT ) PZT- 4 PZT-5 PZT-8 / ( 10-12 C N - 1 ) d 11 = 2.31 d 14 = 0.73 d15 = 260 d31 = - 78 d 33 = 190 d15 = 410 d31 = - 100 d 33 = 230 d15 = 670 d31 = - 185 d 33 = 600 d15 = 330 d31 = - 90 d 33 = 200 / ( 10 9 N m - 2 ) 80 110 115 117 123 4.5 1 200 1 050 2 100 1 000 10 5 10 6 600 800 80 1 000 / ( m) > 10 12 10 10 > 10 10 10 11 / 573 115 310 260 300 / ( 10 3 kg m - 3 ) 2.65 5.5 7.45 7.5 7.45 / ( 10 5 N m - 2 ) 95 100 81 76 76 83 : : ; :,, ; :, ; :, ; :,,, : 573 ; 20 200, 10-6 / ; ;,, : ; 120 ; ; ( ) ; ( ),, PZT, PbT io3 PbZrO3 Pb( ZrT i) O3,, ( Nb) ( Sb) ( Sn ) ( Mn) ( W ) PZT 300,,,, 106

7 7.2,,,, 7.6( a) : A ; d ; r Ca = r 0 A d ( 7.3) (a) ( b) (c) 7.6, Q,, : Q Ca U = ( 7.4), Q Ca, 7.6 ( b), 7.6 (c),, Cc, Ri, Ci Ra,, 7.7 ( a) ( b) 7.7 107

7.3,, : ( 1 000 M ) ( 100 ) ;,, : 7.8 7.3.1 Ra Ri ( ), Ca Cc Ci C, 7.8 ( b) Cf K Rf,, Rf 10 9,,,,1/ Rf Cf, (1 + K) 1 : Rf 108 U i = C f = (1 + K ) Cf ( 7.5) Q Ca + Cc + Ci + C f

7 : Uo = - Uo = - K Ui ( 7.6) - K Q Ca + Cc + Ci + (1 + K ) Cf K 1 ( K = 10 4 10 6 ), ( 1 + K ) Cf > 10( Ca + Cc + Ci ), : : Uo - Q Cf ( 7.7) = UC f ( 7.8),, Q Cf UC f ( ), Uo Cc, Q, Q,, 7.3.2 7.8( c) ( d) Ra, Ri R, Cc Ci C, : R = Ra Ri Ra + Ri ( 7.9) C = Cc + Ci (7.10) f = Fm sin t, : : d ; Um = d Fm Ca U = Q = Q Ca d f = d Fm sin t (7.11) = d Fm Ca R, C : ZRC = 1 j C R = 1 j C + R R, C Ca, : Z = 1 j Ca, : + Z RC = sin t = Um sin t (7.12) 1 j Ca R 1 + j RC + R 1 + j RC (7.13) (7.14) U i = ZRC Um (7.15) Z : U i = d F j R m 1 + j R ( Ca + C) = d F j R m 1 + j R( Ca + Cc + Ci ) (7.16) 109

: Uim = : d Fm R (7.17) 1 + 2 R 2 ( Ca + Cc + Ci ) 2 = - arctan[ R( Ca + Cc + Ci ) ] (7.18) 2, Ra Ri, (7.9 ) R, R( Ca + Cc + Ci ) 1, ( 7.17 ) : U i m = df m Ca + Cc + Ci (7.19) (7.19) :,, R( Ca + Cc + Ci ) S = U im d =, Ri Fm Ca + Cc + Ci (7.17) (7.19) : Ui m = U im 1 = : Uim R( Ca + Cc + Ci ) (7.20) 1 + 2 R 2 ( Ca + Cc + Ci ) 2 1 R( Ca + Cc + Ci ) = U im = 1 (7.21) / 1 (7.22) 1 + ( / 1 ) 2 = - arctan 2 1 (7.23) 7.9, / 1 > 3 Uim,, ( = 0 ), 0,,,,,,,,,, 7.4 110 7.4.1,,

7 7.9, ( ),,, 7.10,,, 7.10 (a),,,,,, 2,, 7.10 ( b),,,,,, ( a) ( b) 7.10 111

7.4.2,,, 7.11 ( a) ( b) (c) (d) 7.11 7.5 7.5.1, -, : ; ( ) ;,,,, 7.12,,,, - 0 50 N, 0.01 N, 2 10 14, 50 60 k Hz, 1% 7.5.2 7.13, 112

7 7.12,,,,,,,, 7.13,,,,,,,,, : f = m a,, Q,,, : Q = d11 f = d11 m a (7.24) d1 1 ; m ; 113

a,, 7.1?? 7.2??? 7.3?? 7.4 7.5 7.6,? 7.7 7.8 7.9,, 7.10? 7.11?? 7.12 7.12 7.13 7.13 114

8 ( ),, 8.1,, -,,,, ( 10 1 000 H z), 8.1.1 1831, ( Michael Faraday ) :,, N,,, : E = - N d d t v, (8.1 ) : B ; L ; ( 8.1) E = - NB L v ( 8.2) E = - NB S ( 8.3) 115

S,, B, L, S, N, E v, (1 ) ( ) 8.1,,,,,,, 8.1 (a) ( b ),, ;,, ( a) ( b) 8.1,,,, ( ),,,,,, : E = - NB L v ( 8.4) N ( ) ; B ; L ; v 116

8 (2 ),,,,,, 8.2 (a) ( b) 8.2 8.2( a), ; ( ),,,,,,,, 8.2( b ),,,,,, ;,,,,, 50 Hz, 100 kh z 8.1.2 ( 8.3 ), Io Rf ; R Io = E R + Rf = N B Lv R + Rf : ( 8.5) 117

: : 8.3 SI = Io v = NB L R + Rf Uo = Io Rf = N B LvRf R + Rf ( 8.6) ( 8.7) SU = Uo v = NB L Rf R + Rf ( 8.8) : B, S, B ; L S, ( L R ), : 1) 8.3,,, R Rf 2),,,,, (8.6 ) : (1 ) = d S I SI = d B B + d L L - d R R ( 8.9) :, I, I,, :,,, I,, 118,

8 8.4, I,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ), (8.5),,, E, 10 0.3 % ; 200,, R, 10, 4% Rf, R1 ( ) R2 t, (8.5 ), : I o = ; 1 R1 ; 2 R2 ; R1 ; R2 : E(1 - t) R(1 + 1 t) + R1 (1 + 1 t) + R2 (1 + 2 t) = I o - Io Io (8.10) 100 % (8.11) 119

(8.11), E, R Rf, I o < Io,,,, ( ),,,,, : (3 ),, ( e/ v) ;,,,,, ; ( ),,,,, 10 H z, 2 000 H z 8.1.3,,, v = d x dt a= d v d t ( x = vdt), 8.5 8.1.4 120 8.5

8 (1 ),, CD-1 CD-6 ZI-A CD-1, CD-1, 8.6,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8.6 CD-1 (2 ) 8.7, ( ) ( ),, 8.7 121

,,, ;,,, 0 180,, 0 0 : n ( ),, 0 = n (8.12), 8.2 1879, ( Edwin H. H all),, 8.2.1,, 8.8 8.8, l b d,, ( x ) I, ( z ) B,,, f L, f L : fl = eb v (8.13) e ; 122

8 B ; v f L, f L EH ( ),,,,,,,, ( ),, : UH, : b ee H = evb EH = vb (8.14) UH = EH b (8.15) UH = vbb (8.16) n, v, ( ) : d (8.18) (8.16), : I = - nevbd (8.17) v = - U H = - N, RH (8.19) : UH : RH = - = RH I nebd IB ned 1 ne IB d (8.18) (8.19) (8.20) (8.21) KH = RH d, ( 8.21 ) : KH [ mv/ ( ma T ) ] UH = KH IB (8.22) :, ( 8.22) : UH = KH I Bcos N : KH = - 1 ned (8.23) 123

P : KH KH = 1 ned (8.24) N KH, P KH ( 8.22 ),, UC, UC = E l, :, (8.16) (8.25), : UH v = E (8.25) = buc B l, UC (8.26) B, d, l RH d,, d = 0.1 0.2 mm, 1 m ( 8.23) (8.24 ),,, (8.26),,, N, N, 8.2.2 (1 ), ( 4 mm 2 mm 0.1 mm), a b, ; c d, 8.9 124 (a) ( b) (c) 8.9

8 (2 ) Rin :, Rou t :, Rin Rou t 20 5 roff :, : a) ; b) ; c) : Uoff ; I roff = Uoff I (8.27) :, 1, U0 :, : a),, ; b),, 1 mv, (3 ),, 1),,,, 8.10,,,,,,,,,, (a) ( b) 8.10 125

,,,,,, 2),, ( ),, UH = KH I B : ( 0.1% ), I KH,, : KH = KH0 (1 + T) (8.28) KH0 T0 KH ; T, T = T - T0 ;, ( 1 + T ), KH I, I,,, 8.11, RP, RP, I, 8.11 T0, RI0, KH 0, RP0 : IH0 = I RP0 RP0 + RI0 (8.29) 126

8 T, : ; : IH = I RP RI + RP, U0 RI = RI0 (1 + T) (8.30) RP = RP 0 (1 + T) (8.31) = RP0 (1 + T ) I RI0 (1 + T ) + RP 0 ( 1 + T), (8.32) UH0 = UH (8.33) KH 0 IH 0 = KH IH (8.34) (8.28) ( 8.29 ) (8.32) (8.34), T 2 RP0 = ( - - ) RI0 : (8.35), (8.35) (4 ), 8.12 ;,, 8.12 8.2.3,, ; ;,, 127

(1 ) 8.13,,,, B = 0, UH = 0; z, B 0, : UH = KH IB = K z (8.36) K ( a) ( b) 8.13 z,,, 1 2 mm, 5 mm, 0.001 mm ; 30 mv/ mm (2 ), 8.14,, ( a), ( b),,,,,, 128 (a) ( b ) 8.14

8 8.15, M, H, A,, c d, ;,,,,, 8.15 (3 ), ( Eug ne Bourdon ),,,,, 8.16,,,,, 8.16 129

8.1 8.2,? 8.3 8.4?? 8.5?? 8.6 l, b, d 1.0 cm, 0.35 cm, 0.1 cm, l I = 1.0 ma, lb B = 0.3 T, 22 V/ ( A T ), 8.7 U1, U2,,, 0

9,,, ; 9.1 ( thermocouples ) 100 1 300,,,, 9.1.1 (1 ) 9.1, ( t > t0 ),,,, 1821 T.J.Seebeck, ( Seebeck effect ), A, B, ( t),, 9.1 131

( t0 ),,,, (2 ) A, B,,, A, B, A B,, A B B A, A A E AB ( t) + + + - - - n A > n B 9.2 B, B,,, 9.2,, A B, A B B A,,, EAB ( t) EAB ( t0 ), : EAB ( t) = EA ( t) - EB ( t) = EAB ( t0 ) = EA ( t0 ) - EB ( t0 ) = kt ln na - q0 kt0 ln na - EAB ( t), EAB ( t0 ) A, B t, t0 q0 kt ln nb = kt ln n A q0 q0 kt0 ln nb = kt0 q0 q0 nb ln na n B ; EA ( t), EB ( t) A, B t ; EA ( t0 ), EB ( t0 ) A, B t0 k, 1.38 10-23 J/ K ; t, t0 ; na, nb A, B ; q0, 1.6 10-19 C (3 ) t, t0 ( 9.1) ( 9.2) ; ( t > t0 ),,,,,,,,,,, ( thermo electromotive force), ( na, nb, ) : EA ( t, t0 ) = EA ( t) - EA ( t0 ) = EB ( t, t0 ) = EB ( t) - EB ( t0 ) = EA ( t, t0 ) A t, t0 132 kt ln na - q0 kt ln nb - q0 kt0 ln na = q0 kt0 ln nb = q0 ; k( t - t0 ) ln na ( 9.3) q0 k( t - t0 ) ln nb ( 9.4) q0

9 EB ( t, t0 ) B t, t0 (4 ), : ( 9.1),,, ; EAB ( t) EA B ( t0 ), A B, A B, : t2, t3, :, : ( na EA B ( t, t0 ) = EAB ( t) - EAB ( t0 ) = k q0 ( t - t0 ) ln na n B = nb ),, 0 ( 9.5) ( t = t0 ), A, B, 0 ( na, nb ) ( t, t0 ), A, B t1, t3, t1, t2, : EA B ( t1, t3 ) = EA B ( t1, t2 ) + EA B ( t2, t3 ) = EA B ( t1 ) - EAB ( t2 ) + EA B ( t2 ) - EAB ( t3 ) = EAB ( t1 ) - EAB ( t3 ) ( 9.6) A, B, EAB ( t, t0 ) t t0, : EAB ( t, t0 ) = f ( t) - f ( t0 ) ( 9.7), f ( t0 ) = C( ),, EAB ( t, t0 ) t EAB ( t, t0 ) = f ( t) - f( t0 ) = f ( t) - C = ( t) ( 9.8) (9.8 ) t0,, t, 0,,,,,, 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 10,, : tm = tl + tm ; EM tm ; th ; E H th ; tl ; EL tl EM - EL ( th - tl ) ( 9.9) E H - EL 133

9.1 30-6 : B ( 0 ) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 / / mv 0-0.000-0.002-0.003-0.002 0.000 0.002 0.006 0.011 0.017 0.025 100 0.033 0.043 0.053 0.065 0.078 0.092 0.107 0.123 0.140 0.159 200 0.178 0.199 0.220 0.243 0.266 0.291 0.317 0.344 0.372 0.401 300 0.431 0.462 0.494 0.527 0.561 0.596 0.632 0.669 0.707 0.746 400 0.786 0.827 0.870 0.913 0.957 1.002 1.048 1.095 1.143 1.192 500 1.241 1.292 1.344 1.397 1.450 1.505 1.560 1.617 1.674 1.732 600 1.791 1.851 1.912 1.974 2.036 2.100 2.164 2.230 2.296 2.363 700 2.430 2.499 2.569 2.639 2.710 2.782 2.855 2.928 3.003 3.078 800 3.154 3.231 3.308 3.387 3.466 3.546 3.626 3.708 3.790 3.873 900 3.957 4.041 4.126 4.212 4.298 4.386 4.474 4.562 4.652 4.742 1 000 4.833 4.924 5.016 5.109 5.202 5.297 5.391 5.487 5.583 5.680 1 100 5.777 5.875 5.973 6.073 6.172 6.273 6.374 6.475 6.577 6.680 1 200 6.783 6.887 6.991 7.096 7.202 7.308 7.414 7.521 7.628 7.736 1 300 7.845 7.953 8.063 8.172 8.283 8.393 8.504 8.616 8.727 8.839 1 400 8.952 9.065 9.178 9.291 9.405 9.519 9.634 9.748 9.863 9.979 1 500 10.094 10.210 10.325 10.441 10.558 10.674 10.790 10.907 11.024 11.141 1 600 11.257 11.374 11.491 11.608 11.725 11.842 11.959 12.076 12.193 12.310 1 700 12.426 12.543 12.659 12.776 12.892 13.008 13.124 13.239 13.354 13.470 1 800 13.585 : S 9.2 10 - ( 0 ) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 / / mv 0 0.000 0.055 0.113 0.173 0.235 0.299 0.365 0.432 0.502 0.573 100 0.645 0.719 0.795 0.872 0.950 1.029 1.109 1.190 1.273 1.356 200 1.440 1.525 1.611 1.698 1.785 1.873 1.962 2.051 2.141 2.232 300 2.323 2.414 2.506 2.599 2.692 2.786 2.880 2.974 3.069 3.164 400 3.260 3.356 3.452 3.549 3.645 3.743 3.840 3.938 4.036 4.135 500 4.234 4.333 4.432 4.532 4.632 4.732 4.832 4.933 5.034 5.136 600 5.237 5.339 5.442 5.544 5.648 5.751 5.855 5.960 6.064 6.169 700 6.274 6.380 6.486 6.592 6.699 6.805 6.913 7.020 7.128 7.236 800 7.345 7.454 7.563 7.672 7.782 7.892 8.003 8.114 8.225 8.336 900 8.448 8.560 8.673 8.786 8.899 9.012 9.126 9.240 9.355 9.470 1 000 9.585 9.700 9.816 9.932 10.048 10.165 10.282 10.400 10.517 10.635 1 100 10.754 10.872 10.991 11.110 11.229 11.348 11.467 11.587 11.707 11.827 1 200 11.947 12.067 12.188 12.308 12.429 12.550 12.671 12.792 12.913 13.034 1 300 13.155 13.276 13.397 13.519 13.640 13.761 13.883 14.004 14.125 14.247 1 400 14.368 14.489 14.610 14.731 14.852 14.973 15.094 15.215 15.336 15.456 1 500 15.576 15.697 15.817 15.937 16.057 16.176 16.296 16.415 16.534 16.653 1 600 16.771 16.890 17.008 17.125 17.245 17.360 17.477 17.594 17.711 17.826 134

9 : K 9.3 - ( 0 ) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 / / mv - 0-0.000-0.392-0.777-1.156 1.527-1.889-2.243-2.586-2.920-3.242 + 0 0.000 0.397 0.798 1.203 1.611 2.022 2.436 2.850 3.266 3.681 100 4.095 4.508 4.919 5.327 5.733 6.137 6.539 6.939 7.338 7.737 200 8.137 8.537 8.938 9.341 9.745 10.151 10.560 10.969 11.381 11.793 300 12.207 12.623 13.039 13.456 13.874 14.292 14.712 15.132 15.552 15.974 400 16.395 16.818 17.241 17.664 18.088 18.513 18.938 19.363 19.788 20.214 500 20.640 21.066 21.493 21.919 22.346 22.772 23.198 23.624 24.050 24.476 600 24.902 25.327 25.751 26.176 26.599 27.022 27.445 27.867 28.288 28.709 700 29.128 29.547 29.965 30.383 30.799 31.214 31.629 32.042 32.455 32.866 800 33.277 33.686 34.095 34.502 34.909 35.314 35.718 36.121 36.524 36.925 900 37.325 37.724 38.122 38.519 38.915 39.310 39.703 40.096 40.488 40.897 1 000 41.269 41.657 42.045 42.432 42.817 43.202 43.585 43.968 44.349 44.729 1 100 45.108 45.486 45.863 46.238 46.612 46.985 47.356 47.726 48.095 48.462 1 200 48.828 49.192 49.555 49.916 50.276 50.633 50.990 51.344 51.697 52.049 1 300 52.398 : E 9.4 - ( 0 ) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 / / mv - 0-0.000-0.581-1.151-1.709-2.254-2.787-3.306-3.811-4.301-4.777 + 0 0.000 0.591 1.192 1.801 2.419 3.047 3.683 4.329 4.983 5.646 100 6.317 6.996 7.633 8.377 9.078 9.787 10.501 11.222 11.949 12.681 200 13.419 14.161 14.909 15.661 16.417 17.178 17.942 18.710 19.481 20.256 300 21.033 21.814 22.597 23.383 24.171 24.961 25.754 26.549 27.345 28.143 400 28.943 29.744 30.546 31.350 32.155 32.960 33.767 34.574 35.382 36.190 500 36.999 37.808 38.617 39.426 40.236 41.045 41.853 42.662 43.470 44.278 600 45.085 45.891 46.697 47.502 48.306 49.109 49.911 50.713 51.513 52.312 700 53.110 53.907 54.703 55.498 56.291 57.083 57.873 58.663 59.451 60.237 800 61.022 : T 9.5 - ( 0 ) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 / / mv - 200-5.603-5.753-5.889-6.007-6.105-6.181-6.232-6.258-100 - 3.378-3.656-3.923-4.177-4.419-4.648-4.865-5.069-5.261-5.439 135

/ 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 / mv - 0-0.000-0.383-0.757-1.121-1.475-1.819-2.152-2.475-2.788-3.089 0 0.000 0.391 0.789 1.196 1.611 2.035 2.467 2.908 3.357 3.813 100 4.277 2.749 5.227 5.712 6.204 6.702 7.207 7.718 8.235 8.757 200 9.286 9.320 10.360 10.905 11.456 12.011 12.572 13.137 13.707 14.281 300 14.860 15.443 16.030 16.621 17.217 17.816 18.420 19.027 19.638 20.252 400 20.869 (5 ) 1),,?,,, 9.3 9.3 9.3( a),, : EAB C ( t, t0 ) = EAB ( t) + EBC ( t0 ) + ECA ( t0 ) (9.10) t = t0, 0, : EBC ( t0 ) + ECA ( t0 ) = - EA B ( t0 ) (9.11) (9.10) (9.11) : EA BC ( t, t0 ) = EA B ( t) - EAB ( t0 ) = EAB ( t, t0 ) (9.12) 9.3( b ),, : EAB C ( t, t0 ) = EAB ( t) + EBC ( t1 ) + ECB ( t1 ) + EBA ( t0 ) (9.13) EBC ( t1 ) = - ECB ( t1 ) (9.14) : EAB C ( t, t0 ) = EAB ( t) + EB A ( t0 ) = EAB ( t) - EAB ( t0 ) = EA B ( t, t0 ) (9.15), ( 9.12 ),,, :, ( 136

9 ) 2) 9.4, A B t, t0 EA B ( t, t0 ) t, tc tc, t0 9.4 EAB ( t, tc ) EAB ( tc, t0 ), : EAB ( t, t0 ) = EA B ( t, tc ) + EAB ( tc, t0 ) (9.16),,,,,,, 0 9.5 3) A, B C, A, B : EA B ( t, t0 ) = EAC ( t, t0 ) - EBC ( t, t0 ) (9.17) EAC ( t, t0 ) = EAC ( t) - EAC ( t0 ) (9.18) EBC ( t, t0 ) = EBC ( t) - EBC ( t0 ) (9.19) : EAC ( t, t0 ) - EBC ( t, t0 ) = EAC ( t) - EAC ( t0 ) - [ EBC ( t) - EBC ( t0 ) ] (9.20) : EAC ( t) - EBC ( t) = EAB ( t) (9.21) - EAC ( t0 ) + EBC ( t0 ) = EBA ( t0 ) (9.22) : EAC ( t, t0 ) - EBC ( t, t0 ) = EAB ( t) + EBA ( t0 ) = EAB ( t) - EA B ( t0 ) = EAB ( t, t0 ) (9.23) (9.17),, 137

,,,,,,,, 100 0, 2.95 mv, - 4.0 mv, : 4) 2.95 mv - ( - 4.0 mv) = 6.95 mv,, 0 9.1.2 (1 ), 9.6 1) 9.6,, 0.5 3.2 mm,, 0.3 0.6 mm, 300 2 000 mm, 350 mm,, 2 4 6,, 5 M,,,, ( ) 138

9 2),, ( Sheath), 9.7 9.7, :, ;,,, ( 0.01 0.1 m ),, ( ) ( 2),, 9.8,,, :,,,,, ;,,,,,, (3 ), ( IEC ) 8 9.6 IEC 6 IEC R 13 -, 10 -,, 4, (B ) 3 0-6, ( S ) 1 0 -, ( K ) 13 87 % 13 % 139

-, ( E ) - 9.1 9.4 9.6 30-6 30 6 B 10-10 S 0 + 1 700 ( ) 0 + 1 600 ( ),,,,,, - K - E - J - T, - 200 + 1 200 ( ) B, S, - 200 + 900,, ( ),,, - 200 + 750,, E ( ), - 200 + 350, - 200 0 ( ) 9.1.3,,,,,,,,, : ( 1) 1 m,,,,, 9.9, :,, 9.9 140

9, 0 150, ( ),,,,, 9.7,,, 9.7 10 - - ( 0.6% ) - : - - : - - - - - - - (2 ), (, 0 ), 0, (3 ) 0, t0, (9.16) ( ), : E( t, 0) = E( t, t0 ) + E( t0,0 ) (9.24) t ; t0 ; 0 ( 0, ) ; E( t, t0 ) t t0, E( t, 0), E( t0,0 ) 0, t t0 ( ) 9.1 -, t0 = 30, E ( t, t0 ) = 39.17 mv, : E( 30,0 ) = 1.203 mv E( t, 0) = E( t, 30 ) + E( 30,0 ) = 39.17 + 1.203 = 40.373( mv) : E(970,0 ) = 40.096 mv, E( 980, 0) = 40.488 mv 141

, ( 9.9) : t = 970 + 40.373-40.096 (980-970) = 977 ( ) 40.488-40.096,,,,, (4 ),,,,,,,, 9.10 9.10,, R1, R2, R3 RC u, 20 ( 0 ), A, B,,,, RC u,, A, B,, U AB E AB ( t, t0 ), : t0 : UAB = E ( RCu + R1 ) ( R2 + R3 ) EAB ( t, t0 ) EAB ( t, t0 ) + UAB = (9.25) RC u UAB R2 RC u - R1 R3 E = E 1 + R2 - R1 R3 RC u = R1 RC u ( R2 + R3 ) = (9.26), 20,, 20, ( ),, 142

9 9.1.4,,,,,, (1 ) 9.11, A, B 9.11,, (2 ) ( ) 9.12 ( t1 - t2 ), ( A A, B B),,,, t1 t2 ET, ( 9.5) : ET = EAB ( t1, t0 ) - EAB ( t2, t0 ) = EAB ( t1, t2 ) (9.27) t2, t1, t1 - t2,, t0,, ( t0 ) 9.12 9.13 (3 ) ( ),, 1) 143

9.13,, R,,, ( 9.5) : ET = = E1 + E2 + E3 3 = EAB ( t1 + t2 + t3, 3 t0 ) 3 EAB ( t1, t0 ) + EAB ( t2, t0 ) + EAB ( t3, t0 ) 3 = EAB t1 + t2 + t3 3, t0 (9.28) E1, E2, E3 :,, 2 ) 9.14,,, : ET = E1 + E2 + E3 = EAB ( t1, t0 ) + EAB ( t2, t0 ) + EA B ( t3, t0 ) 9.14 = EAB ( t1 + t2 + t3, 3 t0 ) t 0 = 0 EAB ( t1 + t2 + t3, t0 ) (9.29), 3, (9.29) 0,, 0,, :,,, 9.15,, :, 9.1.5 9.15 AD594C AD594C,, J 10 mv/ 0 300 1, AD594C - IN + IN,, A1, A1 U o AD594C A/ D, 144

9 9.2,, : ;,, ;,, ; ;, 9.16, - 200 500, 9.16 (a ),,,, 9.16 ( b) 9.2.1,,,,,,, IP T S- 68, - 259.34 + 630.74, 0 850 : Rt = R0 ( 1 + At + Bt 2 ) (9.30) - 200 0 : Rt = R0 [1 + At + Bt 2 + C( t - 100 ) t 3 ] (9.31) Rt t ; R0 0 ; A, B, C, A = 3.97 10-3 /, B = - 5.85 10-7 / 2, C = - 4.22 10-12 / 4 145

(9.31), t R0, R0 = 10 R0 = 100, Pt1 0 Pt10 0, Pt100 ( Rt -t ) 9.8, Rt, Pt10, 9.8 10 ; Pt50, 9.8 : Pt100 R0 = 100 / 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 / - 200 18.49-100 60.25 56.19 52.11 48.00 43.87 39.71 35.53 31.32 27.08 22.80 0 100.00 96.09 92.16 88.22 84.27 80.31 76.33 72.33 68.33 64.30 0 100.00 103.90 107.79 111.67 115.54 119.40 123.24 127.07 130.89 134.70 100 138.50 142.29 146.06 149.82 153.58 157.31 161.04 164.76 168.46 172.16 200 175.84 179.51 183.17 186.82 190.45 194.07 197.69 201.29 204.88 208.45 300 212.02 215.57 219.12 222.65 226.17 229.67 233.17 236.65 240.13 243.59 400 247.04 250.48 253.90 257.32 260.72 264.11 267.49 270.86 274.22 277.56 500 280.90 284.22 287.53 290.83 294.11 297.39 300.65 303.91 307.15 310.38 600 313.59 316.80 319.99 323.18 326.35 329.51 332.66 335.79 338.92 342.03 700 345.13 348.22 351.30 354.37 357.37 360.47 363.50 366.52 369.53 372.52 800 375.51 378.48 381.45 384.40 387.34 390.26 9.2.2,,, - 50 + 150,, : Rt = R0 (1 + t) (9.32) 0 ( = 4.28 10-3 / ),, :,,,, 100, : Cu50 ( R0 = 50 ) Cu10 0 ( R0 = 100 ) Cu50 9.9 Cu10 0, 9.2.3-200 + 500 :,, :,, 146

9,, 6 ma 9.9 : Cu50 R 0 = 50 / 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 / - 0 50.00 47.85 45.70 43.55 41.40 39.24 0 50.00 52.14 45.28 56.42 58.56 60.70 62.84 64.98 67.12 69.26 100 71.40 73.54 75.68 77.83 79.98 82.13,,,, 3 (1 ) (, ) 9.17,,,,, 9.17 (2 ) (, ), 100, 1 3 ( 9.8),, 9.18 Rt,, r, ;,, : ( Rt + r) R2 = ( R3 + r) R1 (9.33) 9.18 : Rt = ( R3 + r) R1 - rr2 R2 (9.34) R1 = R2, r = 0, r : R1 = R2,,,, (3 ) (, ),, 9.19 I,, r1, r4 r2, r3,, r1, r4,, 147

(, ), 9.3, ( NiO MnO2 CuO TiO2 ),,,, 1 mm, 3 mm, 9.20 9.21 9.19 9.20 ( ) ( ), ; ; ; 9.21 ; ;, :, ; ;,, - 50 + 300, 9.3.1 - -, 3, ( Negative Temperature Coefficient, NTC) ( Positive Temperature Coefficient, P T C) ( Critical Temperature Resistor s, CTR ) 9.22, 9.22 : Rt = R0 exp B - t 148 B t0 (9.35)

9 Rt, R0 t t0, K; B (, B 1 500 6 000 K ) ; t0 0, t0 = 273.15 K 9.23 ( NT C) B -,,, N TC, - 100 + 300 P T C,,, 9.23 NTC - CTR,,,,, ( 10 ),,,,,,,, Rt 9.3.2 (1 ) 9.24, VT1 V T2, VT1, V T3, VT4,,, VD, C RP,,, 9.24 (2 ) 9.25 Rt1 Rt2, Rt 1, Rt2 149

, R1 R2, 9.25,,, Rt 1 Rt 2, Rt1,, Rt1, 9.1? 9.2? 9.3? 9.4 9.5?? 9.6, 9.7 K, 9.26 t1 = 420, t0 = 30, 15.24 mv,? t1 E,,? 9.26 9.7 9.8 -, 50, 60 mv,? 9.9 100 13.9,, 281, ( 0 100 ) 9.10-0.04 mv/, 1 200,, 50, 9.11 9.12,,? 9.12? 9.13 9.14, 150

9 9.15, B 2 900 K, 500 k, 100 151

10 ( ) ( ),,,, 4 : (1 ),,, (2 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 11 (3 ), CCD( Charge Coupled Device, CCD) CCD, MOS MOS ( Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor, MOS ) (4 ) ( LED) ( LD),,,, (, ),,,,, 152

10 10.1,, ;, ;, 4 : (1 ),,,, 10.1 ( a),,, (2 ), 10.1 ( b) :, ;, (3 ),, 10.1( c), ( ) 10.1 (4 ),,,, 10.2 ( ), ( ), 0 1 3,, 153

, ;,, 10.2 10.2, : E = h (10.1) h, h = 6.626 10-3 4 J s; :,, E A 0,, : Ek = 1 2 mv2 = h v - A0 (10.2) m ; v,,,,,, 10.2.1,,,,,, (1 ) 1) 10.3 ( a),,,,, 154

10,,, 10.3,,,,,,,,,,,, 2) 10.4 10.5, 10.4 ( a) ( b ), ( ),, 10.5 1, 2, ( ) 155

10.6, ;, 10.6, 1 2, 3 ( ),,, (2 ) 1),,,,, 10.7 10.7 ( Photo multiplier tube, PM T) ( ) 3,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 3 6,,, 3 6, ( ), 10 5 10 6,,,, 2) M M n, : 156

10 I ; i ; ; n ( 9 11 ) : I = i M = i n (10.3) = I/ i = n = M (10.4) M,, M 10 5 10 8, 1 000 2 500 V 50 100 V, M,,, 10 A/ lm,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10.2.2, ( -, ) ; ;, (1 ), ; ;, 1),,,,,, 157

,,,,,, 10.8 (a),,, ( ),, ( ), (, ) 10.8 ( b ), 10.8 (c) 10.8, 2),,, 10.9,,, 1 M, 100 M, 1 k 10 2 10 6,, 10.9,,,,,, -, 158

10,, 10.10,, 10.11 10.10 10.11,,,,,,,,,, 63%,,,,, 10.12, 10.13, ( ), 10.12 (2 ) 1),,, 159

,, 10.14( a) N, P PN PN, h E, PN -, P N, N P, P N, P 10.13, N, PN, PN,, P N, ( P ),, ( N ), 10.14( b),,, 10.14 10.15 10.15 2),,,, 3) 160

10 10.16( a), 0.4 1.2 m, 0.38 0.75 m,,, 0.8 m, 0.5 m,,, ( ) 10.16( b ),, ( ), 2 000 lx,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10.16 PN,, 10.16 (c),,,, 161

1 000 lx 10.16 ( d ), :,, ( ),,, (3 ), PN, P N,,, PN P N, P N,, -, P N N, P, 1) PN,, PN,,, 10.17,,,,,,, P, N,, P, N, P N,, 10.17 ( ) N PN,,,,,,, -,,,,,, 162

10 0.4 4 ma,, 10.18 10.18 2), ( ) 10.19, ( ),, 10.19 0.4 1.1 m, 0.8 0.9 m; 0.6 1.8 m, 1.4 1.5 m,, ;,,, 10.20, 10.20, 100,,, 163

,, 10.21, I0 E :, ( ), 10-7 10-8 s, ( ),,,,, 10.22 10.21 10.22, 3 :,,,, 1 A 100 n s, 5 10 s,, ;,, 10.3 CCD ( Charge Coupled Devices, CCD),,, MOS ( Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor, MOS ), CCD 1970 W.S.Boyle G.E.Smith 164

10, CCD,, 10.3.1 CCD CCD, MOS MOS,, 1 024 768,, MOS, CCD (1 ) CCD MOS CCD MOS, CCD MOS, 10.23 (a) MOS, ( ) ; ; ( SiO2 ),, (2 ) 10.23 P MOS, MOS, MOS P, VG ( ),, P, Si-SiO2,, s, 0, - q s s 0, - q s 0,,, ( ),,,, 10.23,, VG,, SiO2 P-Si,, MOS N-Si, V G, SiO2 N-Si,,, -,,, : 165

, -, ;,,,,, MOS VG,,,,, 10.24 (3 ) CCD ( 15 20 m) MOS,,, VG1 MOS VG1, VG2, < VG2 ( 10.24) VG2,, s2 > s 1, - q s2 < - q s1 < 0, V G2,, 1 2, VG1 < VG2 < < V Gn,,, MOS ( ),,,, MOS 10.25 CCD 1, 2, 3, ( ) 1 2 3 1,, ( 1/ 3 ), 10.25 ( a ) MOS, 1 1 4, 2 2 5, 3 3 6, 10.25 ( b) : t = t1 : 1, 2, 3, 1 4, t = t2 : 2, 2 5 10.25, 1 2 4 5, 1 4 2 5 1, 166

10 t = t3 : 2 5 t = t4 : 2, 2 5,,,,,,,,, CCD, (4 ) CCD,? : CCD, -,, ( ), 10.26( a) 10.26 CCD CCD ( ),, 10.26( b ),, IG t, PN 1, Q = ID t 10.27 CCD (5 ) CCD 10.27 OG, CCD,,, PN, RL I0, RL U0 10.3.2 CCD CCD :, CCD; 167

, CCD CCD ; CCD (1 ) CCD CCD,,,, CCD CCD,, 10.28,, ( N ) ( ), MOS, N MOS, MOS P,, N MOS ( ) ( N ), CCD, CCD,,,, 10.28 CCD CCD, N CCD N, CCD, CCD ( ),,,,, CCD,,, (2 ) CCD CCD,, 3 168

10 ( Line Transmission, LT ) CCD 10.29 (a), :,,,,,,, 10.29 CCD ( Frame T ran smission, F T ) CCD 10.29( b) 3,, M, N, M N,,, :, 50% ( Interline T ransmission, ILT ) CCD 10.29 ( c),,,, :,, CCD, 512 320 CCD, 2 048 2 048 10.3.3 CCD CCD :, (1 ) CCD, Q1, Q0, : 169

= Q1 N, : Q0 (10.5) : QN Q0 = N = (1 - ) N (10.6) = 1 - (10.7) CCD, 99.99% 99.999%, 90 % CCD,,, (2 ),,, M T F, MT F / ( ), f0 ( / ), f f/ f 0, 300 m, 30 m, 0.1, f m f 0 ( ), : f m = 1 2 f0 (10.8) (3 ) -,,,,,,, 10,,,, PROM ( ),, (4 ), : S = S ; Ns q H A t H ; A ; ( 10.9 ) Ns t 10.30,, 10.30 170

10, 10 m,,, 400 1 100 nm, 100%, (5 ) CCD,,,,, 10.3.4 CCD CCD : : : : : ( ) (1 ),, 1), 10 20 m,,,, 10.31 10.31 He-N e,,, L a 2 /,, d : d = L / a ( 10.10) 171

L ; ; a, N l, : (10.10 ) ( 10.11), a : 2) d = N l ( 10.11) a = L / d = L / ( Nl) ( 10.12),, : 10.32, ( CCD),, ( ),,, ( ), ( ) CCD 10.32, 10.33,, CCD,,,, 10.33 CCD : a, Lx, b CCD, N0,, L0, Lx, Lx CCD, CCD N1 N2 : 172

10 : Lx ; Lx L0 Lx = = = n p M N0 - ( N1 + N2 ) N0 N0 - ( N1 + N2 ) L0 n, n = N0 - ( N1 + N2 ) ; p ; M, M = N0 L0 p N0 ( 10.13) ( 10.14), (2 ) CCD,, / 10.34, CCD ; CCD,, CCD,, ;,, 10.34 ( ),, (3 ) 10.35 X -, CCD,,, 10.4 20 70, ( ), ( ),, 173

10.35 X,, : ( 80 kv/ 20 cm ), ;,, ;,,,,, p H 70,, 10.36 10.4.1 ( 1), ( ), 10.36 SiO2, GeO2 P2 O5, 5 75 m, 100 200 m, SiO2, B2 O3 SiF4,,,, 10.37,, ( n1 ) ( ) ( n2 ) ( ),, : i ; 174 sin k sin r = n2 n1 sin i sin = n1 n0 ( 10.15) ( 10.16)

10 ; k ; r, n1/ n0 n2/ n1, i,,, k, r i c r = 90,, c : 10.37 sin c = n1 n0 sin = n1 n0 cos k = n1 n0 1 - n2 n1 2 sin r = 1 n0 n 2 1 - n 2 2 ( 10.17), n0 = 1, : c = arcsin n 2 1 - n 2 2 ( 10.18) k c,, : i < c ( 10.19),,, (2 ) 1) N A (10.18 ), c, n1, n2 N A( Numerical Aperture) :, sin c N A = sin c = n 2 1 - n 2 2 ( 10.20),, NA, i,,,,, 2 c, ( ) NA,, N A NA = 0.2 0.4 2),,,, ( 2 12 m), : ; :, (50 100 m),, : : 175

, 3) ( ) ( ) ( ) 10.4.2 (1 ) ( ), ( ),,, (2 ),, 1),, ;, ;,, ;,,,, 2),,,, (3 ) 1) ( ),,,, ( ),, 2),, 176

10,,, 10.38 ( a ),,, ( ),,, 10.38,,,, 10.44( b ), :, ( ),,, :, ( ),,,, f ; f i ; c ; f = / c 1 fi 1 - / c fi (1 + / c) ( 10.21),,,, -, 177

,, 3) (4 ) 1),, ; ; 400 1 600 1.1 1.7 m 1 db/ km, 10.39 10.39 0.25 1.25 m 0.05 0.3 m, Ir( ), 0.1 m ( = 0.5 0.7 m ), 600 2 000 10.40 10.40 ( a) 0.74 m GaAlAs GaAs, 10.40( b ) 0.83 0.9 m,, 0.9 m,,, 0. 178

10 1 10.41 10.42 g,,, T, 10.41 ( ),, (, ),,, - 100 300, 2 s, 10.42 3, 2 000, 1, 2 s 2) ( ), 0.3 10, 10 m, 10.43,,,, 10.43, 3),,,, 10.44,,, CCD,, 10.45, 1, 2, M M F1 F2 F1 F2 ( ),, 179

10.44 4) 10.45, - ( ), 10.46 - ( - ), - ( Fabry- Perot), ;, -,,, -, t, a,,, a a - t, = t/ a, 1, -, 2 2, f -, 180

10 10.46 - f f -, - -, a = 10 mm, a = 1 m, 100 ; a= 10 nm, 1-0.01% F.S.( Full Scope, ), 0.025% F.S., -, 10 000-0.5 /,, - -, 0.20 mm 10.1?? 10.2? 10.3? 10.4? 10.5? 10.6?? 10.7? 10.8 ;?? 10.9 10.10 10.11 MOS 10.12 CCD? 10.13 CCD,? 10.14 CCD? 10.15 CCD 10.16?? 10.17 181

10.18 10.19 2

11,,,,, 11.1 11.1.1,, 0.76 1 000 m, 4 10 14 3 10 11 H z, 4 11.1 11.1 183

, ( - 273 ),,,,,,,,,, c = f (11.1) c ; ; f 11.1.2,,,, : (1 ),, :,,, 4, : 4,,,,, 1938, Yeoy Ta,, 20 60,,,, ( ),,,, 11.2,,,, 11.2, 184

11, 11.3 11.3, Ps ( ),,,,,, Ps,, 5 50 m,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,, ;,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,, 185

,,, :, ;,,,,,,,,, 11.2 : : :, : : : 11.2.1, ( - 273 ),,, 11.4 186 11.4 :

11 8 12 m,, :, ;,,,, 2 m,, 7 m :, T, Q, V, Q,, T = 0,,, T, ;,,, 11.2.2 20,,,,,,, 2003, ( ),,,,,,,,,, 3 : 11.5 :,,,,,, LED ( ) RS232 ( ) 187

11.5 11.2.3,, ( 11.6 ), 11.6 11.6, CO 4.65 m ; CO2 2.78 m 4.26 m 13 m,, N2, O2 H2 ;, H e, Ne, Ar ; 188

11,, ( ),,,, C, C 11.7 3 10 m,,, ( N2 ),,,,, ( CO ),, CO, 4.65 m ;,,,,,, C,,,, 11.7,, CO CO2 4 5 m, CO2 CO, 11.7, CO2, ( CO) 11.1? 11.2?? 11.3,? 11.4?? 11.5, ( : ) 189

12 12.1,, 1 m 1 mm 3 12.1,,,,,,,,, ;,, 190

12 12.1 12.1.1 : ; ; ;, ;, :,,,,,, (1 ) (2 ),,,,,,, 12.1.2 3 : ( ) (1 ) ( 300 MHz 300 G H z),,, ( 10 cm, ) (2 ),, 12.2,, ;, (3 ), 191

12.2 -,, ( PN ), 12.1.3 (1 ),, ; 1 m 1 mm, 0.3 G H z 3.0 G Hz, ;,, ;,,, ;,, ;,, ; (2 ), ;, 12.2 12.2.1 12.3 s,, Pr Pr = 2 4 d ; 192 s ; Pt, Gt ; : Pt Gt Gr (12.1) s 2 + 4 d 2

12 Gr, Pr d 12.3 12.2.2,,, ( ), ; ( ), : ; ; ; = + (12.2),,, 1 5, 64,,, ( ),,,, 12.4 12.4 : MS, A1, A2 T 1, T2 T1, ; T2 ( P T, AT ) T1, T2,, 193

12.2.3,,, ( ),, : : e0 (, T ) ; C ; k ( k = 1.38 10-23 J/ K) ; T ; e0 (, T ) = 2 ck T (12.3) 4 12.5 Ti Tc,, e0 (, T ),, 12.5,,,,,, 0.1, 1, 0.1,,, 12.2.4,,,,, 194

12,,, 12.6,, (,, ), : K = 2 ( ) ; K 1 (12.4) 12.6 36.5 G Hz( = 6 mm ), = 1.0 mm, 2 = 2.0 mm, 12.7 12.4.5 12.7,,,,,, 195

,,, 12.4.6 12.8 ( ),, ;,,,, 12.8 12.4.7, v,, ( ), : f d ; v ; ; fd = 2 v cos (12.5), fd ;, f d v, fd f d,, (12.5),, : r ; ud ; Ud ud = Ud sin (2 f d t - 4 r ) (12.6) r,, ( 12.6), : 196

12 : : 1 = 2 fd t - 4 r = 2 t 2 vcos - 4 r 1 1 1 2 = 2 fd t - 4 r = 2 t 2 vcos - 4 r 2 2 2 = 2-1 = 4 r( 1-2 r = 1 2 4 ( 1-2 ) (12.7) (12.8) 1 ) (12.9) 1 (12.10 ), 1 2, r ( 12.10), ; ; ; 12.1? 12.2 12.3 12.4? 12.5 197

13,,,, 13.1 13.1.1 (1 ),,, 16 2 10 4 H z, ; 16 H z, ; 2 10 4 H z, 13.1 13.1, : 198

13 = c f (13.1) ; c ; f,,,, : (2 ) 1), ; ;,,,, 2),, 344 m/ s, 900 1 900 m/ s,, 90% 3),,,, 13.2,,,,,, c1 c2 4), : sin sin = c1 c2 13.2 (13.2),, 199

: P x, I x x ; P0 P x, I0 ; x ; = P0 e - x (13.3) I x = I0 e - 2 x (13.4),,,,,,,,,, db/ cm db/ mm, db/ mm 1 db/ mm, 1 mm 1 db 13.1.2,,,,, (1 ), ( ) ( ),,,,,,, 13.3, ( ),, f,,,, ( 0.3 mm ),, 200

13,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,, 13.3, 0.1 0.4 mm,, :,, ( ),, 13.2 13.2.1 13.4 13.4, 201

,,,, v, d, t, : d = v t 2 (13.5) t, 13.4,,, t, t,,,,,,,,, 13.2.2 ; 13.5 13.5, ( 13.5 ( a) (c), ( 13.5 ( b) ( d ) ) ( 13. 5( a) ( b) ),, 202

13 ( 13.5 ( c) ( d) ),,,,,,, : h ; t = 2 h v h = v v t 2, 2 s,, : s ; a s = v t 2 (13.6) (13.7) (13.8) h = s 2 - a 2 (13.9), t, :,, 0.1 %, 10-2 10 4 13.2.3 m,, 13.6 v, c, ( 90 ), A, B, L (1 ) A, B,, c + v cos, t1 : 13.6 203

t1 = L c + v cos ( 13.10) B, A,, c - v cos, t2 : : : t = t2 - t1 = t2 = L c - v cos - L c - v cos L c + v cos = 2 Lv cos c 2 - v 2 cos 2 ( 13.11) ( 13.12),, c v, ( 13.12 ) : t 2 Lv cos ( 13.13) c 2 v c2 t ( 13.14) 2 L cos v,,, t, c, c, (2 ) A, B, 1 : 1 = L ( 13.15) c + v cos B, A, 2 : : = 2-1 = 2 = L c - v cos -, c v, ( 13.17) : : L ( 13.16) c - v cos L c + v cos = 2 Lv cos ( 13.17) c 2 - v 2 cos 2 2 Lv cos ( 13.18) c 2 v c2 ( 13.19) 2 L cos, c, 204 (3 ), A, B, f 1 :

13 f1 = 1 t1 = c + v cos L B, A, f2 : : f2 = 1 t2 f = f1 - f2 = c + v cos - L v = = c - v cos L : c - v cos = 2 v cos L L ( 13.20) ( 13.21) ( 13.22) L f ( 13.23) 2 cos (13.23 ),, L, v f, c,,,,,, 13.2.4 ( ),,,, (1 ) 13.7, 13.7,,,,, ;, 205

,,, :, ;,, :, ;, ; (2 ) 1) 13.8 13.8,, ( T ),,, F,, B F B, T,, T B, F;, T B, F ( ),,,,, T F, B (2 ) 13.9 (a),,,,,,, ( ( b) ) ;,, ( ( c) ) ;, ( ( d) ),, 206

13 13.9 13.1? 13.2? 13.3, t? 5 480 m/ s, 25 s, 13.4?? 13.5, 13.6? 207

14,,,, :,,,,,, :, ( ) 14.1 ( ), 14.1, ( ) ( ), ( ), ( ), 208 ( )

14 14.1,, 14.1.1 (1 ),,, 14.2,,, 1 ;,, 0,,,,, 14.1 14.1 14.2 0 a 0000 0000 0 b 0001 0001 1 2 c 0010 0011 2 3 d 0011 0010 3 4 e 0100 0110 4 5 f 0101 0111 5 6 g 0110 0101 6 7 h 0111 0100 7 8 i 1000 1100 8 9 j 1001 1101 9 10 k 1010 1111 10 209

11 l 1011 1110 11 12 m 1100 1010 12 13 n 1101 1011 13 14 o 1110 1001 14 15 p 1111 1000 15 14.2 = 360 / 2 4 = 22.5 n, = 360 / 2 n, n,,,,,,,,, 0010 0001 0100 0011 1000 0111,, 14.2 2 3 ( 3),, 0000 1111, 3, 1000, i,,, ( ), 14.1 :,,,,, ( n,, ),, n,, 6 ( 14.3 ) 6, 5.6 14.3 6 :,, 14.1, : Cn = Bn C ; Ci = Bi Bi+ 1 ( i = 0 n - 1) B ; i ;, (14.1) (14.1),, n ( ) : 210

14, : : Bn = Cn Bi = Ci Bi+ 1 ( i = 0 n - 1 ) (14.2),,,,,, (2 ),, 16, 20 ;, 23, 0.15 14.4, 14.4 14.5 14.5,,, ( ), 14.5,, ( ),,, ( 211

), 1 0, 14.5 ( 360 64, 360 / 64, 5.6 ) : 1 1, 2 1 ; 2 2, 2 2 ; 4 4, 2 3 ;, 2 6 = 64,, 000000(, 14.5 ), 23 010111 = 2 0 + 2 1 + 2 2 + 2 4,,,,,, 1 0,, (3 ),, 14.6, ;, 14.6 ( NS SN NS ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 0,, : ; :, ( ), 360,, ( 0 ), 360,,,,, 10 1, 10,, 212

14 14.1.2 ( ) n,,,,,, (1 ), A B,,,,,, 14.7 14.7,,,, (2 ), 14.8( a), 14.8 ( b ) 1 2, P1 P2, D D C, D C ( P2 ), 1 2, P1 P2 90, D Q = 1,, P1 P2 Y P,,, P2 P1 90, D Q = 0,,,,,,,, 213

14.8 14.2,, ; ;, ( ) ( ), ( 0.05 m, 0.1 ),,,,, 14.2.1 (1 ) ( ),, 14.9 a ( ), b ( ), a + b = W ( ), a = b 25, 50, 100, 125, 250 214

14 (2 ) 14.9 14.10 14.10,,,,, ( Moire),,, ( d d) ;, ( f f ), BH : 1), W ( a = b = W 2 ), BH, BH : W ; BH = W/ 2 sin W/ 2 / 2 = W 2 (14.3),, BH, BH W 1/, 50, a= b= 0.01 mm, = 0.1 = 0.001 75 rad, BH = 11.46 mm, 573, 2) W, BH,, ;,,, 3), 0, 215

: = 0 n (14.4) n 50 /, 4 mm, 200, 200 1 m, 0.07 m,,,, ;,, 14.2.2 ( ) (1 ) ( ), 14.11, ( ) ( - ) 14.11,,,, : W ; d = W2 (14.5),, 14.12, ( a),, ; ( b), ; (c), ( d) ( e), W,,,,,,,,,, 14.13 216 : u = U0 + Um sin ( 2 + 2 x ) (14.6) W

14 14.12 14.13 u ; U0 ; Um ; W ; x (14.6), x 0 W, 360 50 /, x, 50 x,, 217

(2 ),, 1) 14.14, BH/ 4, 1 2, / 2 u1 u2 ( (14.5) ), 1 u 2, A, u 1, u 2 1, Y1 ; u 1, u 2 0, Y2, A, 1 u 2 0, Y1 ; u 1 u 2 1, Y2, u 2,, u 1,, ( 14.8), 14.14 2),,,,,,,,, N, N, 1/ N, N, 218

14 14.3 14.3.1 (1 ),, ( / ),,,,,,,,,,, 14.15,,,,,, (2 ) 14.15, ( : r/ min) : t ; N1 t ; n = N1 N.60 t N ( ) (14.7) 14.16 (a) t,,,, t, ( ) 219

( : r/ min) : N ; 14.16 n = 60 2 N2 N T N2 ; T, s (14.8) 14.16( b ),, N2, (14.8) 14.3.2,,, 14.17 14.17,,,, 220

14 14.1?? 14.2?? 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 8? 0.01 mm,? 14.7 0110,? 14.8 14.9 14.10? 14.11?? 1

15 ( ),,, 15.1, : ;, ;,,,, 15.1.1 (1 ),,,,,,, ;,, :, ; 222

15 ;, ;, ; ;, (2 ) 1) ( S),, R P : S = R P, R0, K : 2) K = R0 R (15.1) R (15.2), 3),,, 4),,, 5),, 6), 7) 8),,,,,, ;, (3 ),,, 223

,,,, 15.1 15.1 ( SnO 2 Fe 2 O 3 ZnO 2 ),,,,,, CO H 2, C H 4 C 2 H 5 O H SO 2, CO 2,,,, H 2 CO 2,, 15.1.2 ( ), MOS P d-m OSFE T 15.1, ;,, 15.1 224

15 (1 ) 1),, N ( ) P ( ),, 15.2,,, ( ),,, ( ),, O2 N O2, 15.2 N,, H2 CO,, N ( SnO2 ZnO), P ( MoO2 CrO3 ), ( ),, N, P, ( ), 15.2 N : + N :, ; + N :, ; + P :, ; + P :,,,,,, 15.3 SnO2, 15.4 SnO2 -, 1 2,,,,,, 200 450,,,, SnO2 225

15.5,,, 15.3 SnO 2 15.4 SnO 2-2) 15.5 SnO 2 3 : ( SnO2 ZnO ) ( Pt Pb ),,,,, :, 15.6 15.7 226 15.6

15 15.7, SnO2 ZnO,,, ; : a., ; b., ; c.,,, SnO2,,, ;,,, ( SnO2 ZnO ),, : SnO2 ZnO 15.8 : 15.8 SnO2 ZnO 3% 15%,, 400 800 1 2 15.9 :,, 3) :,, ; ;, :,,,, 227

( ) 15.9 (2 ) 3 : MOS Pd- MOSF ET 1),,,,,,, 2) MOS MOS MOS -, 15.10 P, 50 100 nm SiO2, SiO2 Ca, Si-SiO2 Cs, C U, MOS - ( C-U ), H2,, MOS C-U 15.10 MOS, 15.11, H 2 228

15 3) Pd-MOSF ET Pd-MOSF ET MOS ( MOSF ET ) UT Pd-MOSFE T MOSF ET ( Pd ) ( Al), 50 100,, 15.12 H2, H 2, UT UT UT 15.11 MOS C- U Pd-MOSF ET H2 H2 PH 2 ( Pa) : UT = UT m UT m Pd-SiO2, UT K K P H 2 1 + K P H 2 (15.3) ; 15.12 Pd-MOSFE T 15.1.3,, (1 ) SnO2 TGS109,, 15.13, SnO2 15.14 TGS109 ( ),,, ( ),,,,,, 229

,,,,,,, ( ) 15.13 TGS109 15.14 (2 ),, 15.15 230

15 15.15, QM-N10, N, QM-N10, ( A K ), A, K, RP, K, U850 ;, A, K, RP, K, C2, C2 U850 ( 1.4 V), U850, KD9561 A, K, K 1.4 V, U850, (3 ) 15.16 QM-J1 ; K1 2, ; 5G1555 15.16, S,,,, Ua, U1, U3, K2, K2 2, VD2,,,, K2 1,, K1, K1 1, 15.2, :, 30%,, ;, (60% 75% ) ;, ;, 231

15.2.1 (1 ), : : 1) ( A H ),, mv ; V ; Ha = mv V Ha, g/ m 3 kg/ m 3 (15.4) ( V ) PV,, : m ; R ; T V = PV m R T 2) ( R H ) (15.5), : HT = PV PV ; PW ; PW HT,, 3) 100% (15.6),,,,,,, (2 ),, 232, :, ;

15,, ;, ; ;, ;, ;,, ; (3 ) 1) ( : ) 2) 3) ( : ),, 4) ( ) ( ) 5),, 90% 6 ), 1,, 7), (4 ), ; ;,, 15.17 15.2.2 S AW 15.17 233

(1 ),, 3 1),, ( LiCl ;, ), 15.18-15.18 15.19, ( LiCl), Li + Cl -,,, Li +,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 15.19,,, 15.19, 50% 80%,,, 10% 20%, 20% 40%, 40% 70%, 70% 90% 80 % 99 % 5, 234

15 : ; ; 5 % : ; ;,, 2),,,,,,, ZnO-LiO2 -V2 O5 Si-Na2 O-V2 O5 TiO2 - MgO-Cr2 O3 Fe3 O4 3, ;, A.,, P,, N,,,,,, ( ),, 15.20, P N,, 15.20 B.,,,,,, 15.21 Fe3 O4 A.MgCr2 O4 -T io2, 15.22 MgCr2 O4 -T io2 235

,,,,, 2 3, 2 3 1 4 MgCr2 O4 -T io2 15.23 15.21 Fe 3 O 4 15.22 MgCr 2 O 4 -TiO 2 236 15.23 MgCr 2 O 4 -TiO 2

15 B.ZnO-Cr2 O3 15.24, ZnO-Cr2 O3,,,,,,, : a., ; b.,, ; c. 15.24 ZnO-Cr 2 O 3, 3) ( N H 4 + Cl - N H2 SO3 - H + ),,,, ;,,, ( H + ) ( H3 O + ),,,, 0 50, ( < 30 s ), 0 100%, 5% (2 ), 15.25, 15.25,,,, LC, 15.26,,,, 237

15.26 ; ( BaT io3 -BaSnO2 P ), 15.2.3,,, (1 ) 15.27 RH, RL, J, J1 T 1 T 2, T1 R1, R2 RH,, RH, T1, T2, J, J1, RL,, RH,, RH R2 T1, T1, T2, J, J1, RL,,, RH,, T1, T2, J1, RL, (2 ) 15.27 KSC- 6 V, RC 238

15, : RC,, 0,,, 0,, 0, RC, 0 100% 0 100 mv KSC- 6 V 15.28, A1 A2, A1 A2 RP1 RP2,, A1, A1,, T 1, LED1,, J1,,, A1, J1,,,, A2, A2, T 2, LED2,, J2,, J2,,, 15.28 (3 ),, 239

,,,,, ( LED ), 15.29, VT1 VT2,, 2 k, V T1 0.5 V, VT 2, 1 V, V T3 V T2, VT3 VT4,, ;, 50 k, VT1, V T2,, VT 3 VT 4, ( LED),,,, 15.29 15.1? 15.2? 15.3?, 15.4 15.5?? 15.6,?, 240

16 16.1, 20 60, 70 80,,,, 16.1.1 21, 21, 21 ( immobilized biomolecules ), Gronow ( ), : ( ), ( ), ; ( ),,,, 241

( biological active ma terials ), ( tran sducers),,,,, ; ( ) ;, ; ;,,,,,,,,,, ; ;,, 16.1.2, :,,,, ( ),, ( ),,,, 1%,,,,,,,,, 242

16, 16.1.3 1962 Clark Lyons 15,,,, 1972 Yellow Springs ( YSI), 1979,, Leeds NorthNp Beckman, 20 80,80,, ISFE T-pH, ; Medisen se,1988 ( mediator ), ( Pen ) ( companion) 1988 70%,,, ( F ET ) ( FOS ) ( PZ) ( SAW ), 80, 1991 Pharmacia BIAcore BIAlit e 90, ( MEMS ), Minimed, Lifescan, Medi-sense MEMS,, 20,, :,, ( TAS ),,,,, : (1 ),,,,, 243

(2 ),,,,,, (3 ),, 16.2 ( ),, ph,,,, 16.1 16.1,,,, 16.2.1 ( ) ( ), 244

16,,,,,,, 16.1 16.1, ( ) DNA,, ( ), DNA,, ;, ;, ;, 16.2.2,,, ( ), 16.2.3,, ( ph ) 245

, Clark ( ) ( ) ( ph ) ( ) ( ) ( ),,, 16.2, 16.2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 16.3 16.3.1 3 :, ( ),,, 16.3 246

16 16.3 1. 2. ( ), 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.DNA 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 16.3.2 (1 ) ( Enzyme Sensor),,, ( ) ( F ET- ) 16.4 16.4 / d / ( mg ml - 1 ) 100 1 5 10 2 30 10 5 10 3 p H 7 14 10 1 10 3 60 10 1 10 3 30 10 2 5 10 3 120 10 5 10 3 120 10 1 10 3 L- 2 10 1 10 4 L- 2 10 1 10 4 L- L- 20 10 1 10 4 247

(2 ) ( Tissue Sensor),, 16.5 16.5 / d CO 2 7 2 10-4 1.3 10-2 mol/ L CO 2 94 3.4 10-5 1.5 10-3 mol/ L L- NH 3 30 1 10-4 1.1 10-2 mol/ L O 2 14 CO2 7 8 10-5 3 10-3 mol/ L O2 14 5 10-3 2.5 10-1 U/ ml (3 ) ( Microorganism Sensor),,,,,,,,,,, 16.6 16.6 / ( mg L - 1 ) O 2 5 200 O 2 5 300 O 2 51 200 B12 O2 CO2 8 800 CO 2 10 100 B1 0.01 10 1 300 p H p H 248

16 16.4 16.4.1, 1993, Radu 0.1 4 mg, 5 9 min,,, L( + ),, 2 3 min,,, 0.01 ml, 2 3 min, AOAC SO2 ( Thiobacillus thiooxidarts ) SO2, 0.1 ng/ g C B,,,, 0 0.6 mmol/ L,,, Nisson NADP H,,,, GC, Guilbault, 0.4 0.8 mmol/ L Male,, 2 10-5 1 10-3 mmol/ L,, Mesarost,,,,, Muramatas u IgS, 1 10 6 5 10 8 / mm 3 Chang Saures A, 1 ng/ ml A, 4 min, 3 4 h ELISA E. co1i Saures, Bouret te ( FIA), 249

5 10 7 CFM/ ml E.coli, 30 min, 300,,, ( ) ( ) ( IM P ) ( H x ) ( ATP ) K1 ( ATP ) K1,, K1 < 20 %,, K1 = 20% 40%, 1987, Karube, (50 20) 10-6 mol/ L 16.4.2,,,,, ( BOD), BOD, BOD 5 d 1977 Karube, - BOD BOD, 15 min BOD 1993, Kong I, BOD, BOD,, BOD, BOD,,, BOD,,, BOD SO2, Marty -, SO2, 10 min SO 2-3 3.4 10-4 mol/ L, SO 2-3, 0.6 10-4 mol/ L,, 37 2, 20 250

16,,,,, ( Ache) ; ;, 16.4.3,,,,,, (1 ),,,,, ( Psoudomonas fluorescens ),,,,,,,, ( Trichosporon brassicae), ( E.coli),,, - (2 ),,, (3 ), 16.4.4 251

,,,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ), Kim, ( screen-printed electrod, SPE) ( AF P), 20 L, A FP,, ELISA 96 A FP, AFP, 15 min 20 L, 3 min, 90 L,,, 120 s AF P, A FP, 1 10-8 1 10-5 g/ ml, ELISA,, 20 min, Kreuzer IgE, 90 ng/ L, 10 1 500 ng/ L, 30 min, Nalion, Charpenrier Okochi, 20 L, IgE Knight DNA,, Zhou DN A, Erdem DN A, DNA, ( ), DN A 252

16 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 253

17 17.1,,,,,,,,,,, ( Intelligent sensor Smart sensor),,,,,,,,,,,, : ;,, 20 80,, 254

17,,,, 21, 17.1.1, 3 : (1 ),, ( ),,, (2 ),,,,, (3 ),,,,,,, 17.1.2 17.1, 17.1 255

17.1.3,,,,,,,, :,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,, 17.1.4, : (1 ), ; ; (2 ),, ADI ADXRS300,, 300( )/ s,, 1 200 ( )/ s 1 000 g 2 000 g Honeywell, 1 500 psi( psi, / 2, 1 psi = 6.894 6 kpa), 10 (3 ),,, RS232 PIO IEEE- 488 D/ A, 256

17 Sensirion S HT / 15,, 3, (4 ), ; ;,, ( ), (5 ),, (6 ),,,, (7 ),,,,, (8 ), (9 ),,,, S H T / 15, 7.62 mm ( ) 5.08 mm ( ) 2.5 mm( ), 0.1 g, (10),,, CMOS,,, FPS200 100 W 17.2 17.2.1, 257

, 17.2 17.2,,,,,,,,, -,,,,,,,, 17.2.2 17.3, 6 1, 4,, 8031,0, 1 6 6,,, 258 17.3

17, 17.4 17.4, RS232 17.3 17.3.1,,,,, 3 :,, CCD ;,,,,,, ;,,, ;,,,, ( ) 259

,,,,,,, 17.3.2 (1 ),,, 17.5, 3DIC, :, MOS,,,,,,, 17.5 (2 ), /,,,, Honeywell 1983 ST-3000,, 260

17 1989, S T-3000 50, ST-3000 17.6, ( ) ( A/ D D/ A I/ O ) S T- 3000 ST-3000 17.7,,, A/ D ( P ) ( ROM PROM RAM E 2 PROM) D/ A I/ O ROM ; RPOM 3 17.6 ST-3000, ;, PROM ; RAM E 2 PROM,, E 2 PROM RAM,, ; PROM P, P T,, D/ A, I/ O 17.7 ST-3000 ST-3000 :, 100 1( 10 1), 400 1,, ;, 0.1% ;, ( MTBF ) 4.70, 15 ST-3000, 261

(3 ) CCD( ),,,,,, CPU, 17.8, CPU, 17.8 17.4,,, 4 17.4.1,,, -,,,,,,,,,,, 17.4.2, 262

17,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 17.4.3,,, ( MEM T ),,,,, CP U,, 17.4.4,,, ; ; Honeywell PP T PP T R PP TE, A/ D,,, ID,,, E 2 PROM ( Wireless Sensors Net work, WSN),,,,,,,,,, 263

17.1? 17.2? 17.3? 17.4? 17.5? 17.6 17.7? 264

1. ( ) [ M]. :, 2004 2,. ( ) [ M]. :, 2001 3. [ M]. :, 1998 4. [ M]. :, 2004 5. [ M]. :, 2003 6. ( 3 ) [ M]. :, 2004 7. [ M]. :, 2004 8. ( 3 ) [ M]. :, 2004 9. ( ) [ M ]. :, 2004 10 [ ]. [ M]. :,2003 11. [ M]. :,2004 12. [ M]. :,2001 13. [ M]. :,1998 14. [ M]. :,1995 15. [ M]. :,2002 16. [ M]. :,2004 17. [ M]. :,2004 18. [ M]. :,1996 19. [ M]. :,2003 20. [ M]. :,2004 21 [ ]. [ M]. :,2001 22. ( 4 ) [ M]. :,2003 23. ( 2 ) [ M]. :,2003 24. [ M]. :,1996 25,. [ J]., 2002, 13 ( 3 ) : 265

209 213 26,,. [ J ]., 2004, 24 (7 ) : 65 69 27. [ J ].,2004, 30 :35 38 28,,. [ J ]., 2004, 22( 1) : 57 62 29,,. [ J ]., 2004, 1: 27 29 30,. [ J ]., 2002, 20 ( 3 ) : 182 184 31,. [ J]., 2004,1 :23 26 32 Trosok SP, Driscoll BT, Luong JH T. Med i ated m icrobia l biosensor usin g a no vel yeast stra in f or w astew ater BOD measurement [ J ]. A pplied microbiology and bio technology, 2001,56 ( 3 4) : 550 554 33 Makarenko A A, Bezverbnaya IP, Kosheleva IA, et al. Development o f biosensors f or p henol determination f rom bacteria f ound in petroleum f ields o f W est Siberia [ J ]. Applied biochemistry and microbiology, 2002, 38 (1 ) : 23 27 34 Kim EJ, Yanagida Y, H aruyama T, et al. Im munosensin g system f or - f etoprotein cou pled w ith a disposable amperometric glucose ox idase sensor [ J ]. Sensor & Actuator s B, 2001, 79: 87 91 35 Kreuzer M P, Sullivan CK, Pravda M, E t al. Development of an i mmunosensor f or the determi nation o f 2001, 442: 45 53 a ller gy antibod y in blood sam p les [ J ]. Analy tica Chemica Acta, 36 Joseph W. Glucose biosensors: 40 years of advances and challenges [ J ]. Eletroanaly sis, 2001, 13( 12 ) : 983 988 37 Charpentier L, Murr NEL, Amperometric determ ination o f cholesterol in ser um with sue o f a renew able su r f ace perox id ase electrode [ J ]. Analytical Chemica Acta, 1995, 318: 89 93 38 Knight AW, Goddard NJ, Fielden PR, et al. Development of a f lowthrou gh detector f or monitoring genotox ic com pounds by quanti f y in g the ex p ression o f green f luoresent protein in genetical ly modi f ied yeast cel ls [ J ]. Meas Sci Tech nol, 1999, 10: 211 217 39 Zhou XC, H uang LQ, Li SF. Microgr av imetric D N A sensor based on quartz cr ystal microba lance: com p arison o f oli gonucleoti de i mmobili za tion method and t he a p plication in genetic diagnosis[ J].Biosense Bioelectron, 2001, 16: 85 95 266

,,, : : : : ( ) : : ( ) : : : ( ) : ( ) E-mail: ( ) : : 174 ( A ) : 400030 : 023-65111124 : 023-65103686 : ht tp:/ / www.cqup.com.cn E-mail: fxk@ cqup.com.cn