,, ;,, ;,,,, ( CIP ) /,. :, ( ) ISBN T P212 CIP ( 2006) : : : : * : : 174 ( A ) : : (023 )

,, ;,, ;,,,, ( CIP ) /,. :, 2006.2 ( ) ISBN 7-5624-3583-9.............T P212 CIP ( 2006) 003761 : : : : * : : 174 ( A ) : 400030 : (023 ) 65102378 65105781 : (023 ) 65103686 65105565 : http : / /w ww.c qup.co m.cn : fxk@ cqup.com.c n ( ) * : 787 1092 1 /16 : 17.5 : 437 2006 2 1 2006 2 1 : 1 3 000 ISBN 7-5624-3583-9 : 22.00,,,

, ;,,,,,,,,,,, 48 64,, : ;, 1

,, ; ;,, ;,, 1 3 4 5 6 7 9 12 14 17, 10, 2 8 11, 13 15, 16,,,,,,,,, ( :040510) CAI,,,,,,,, : h uxd @ cqupt.edu.cn 2005 9 2

1 1 1.1 1 1.1.1 2 1.1.2 2 1.1.3 2 1.1.4 2 1.2 3 1.3 4 1.4 5 1.4.1 5 1.4.2 6 1.4.3 8 1.4.4 8 9 2 10 2.1 10 2.1.1 10 2.1.2 11 2.2 12 2.2.1 12 2.2.2 13 2.2.3 13 2.2.4 13 2.2.5 14 2.2.6 14 1

2.3 15 2.3.1 15 2.3.2 15 2.3.3 16 2.3.4 18 2.4 19 2.4.1 19 2.4.2 21 2.4.3 22 2.4.4 26 2.4.5 27 2.4.6 28 2.4.7 29 2.4.8 30 34 3 35 3.1 35 3.3.1 35 3.1.2 37 3.1.3 38 3.1.4 38 3.1.5 38 3.2 39 3.2.1 40 3.2.2 41 3.2.3 41 3.2.4 42 3.2.5 45 46 4 48 4.1 48 4.1.1 48 4.1.2 49 4.2 51 4.2.1 51 4.2.2 52 2

4.3 53 4.3.1 53 4.3.2 56 4.4 58 4.4.1 58 4.4.2 60 4.4.3 62 4.4.4 62 63 5 65 5.1 ( ) 65 5.1.1 65 5.1.2 66 5.1.3 69 5.1.4 70 5.2 ( ) 71 5.2.1 71 5.2.2 73 5.3 ( ) 80 5.3.1 80 5.3.2 81 5.3.3 82 5.3.4 83 84 6 85 6.1 85 6.1.1 86 6.1.2 87 6.1.3 88 6.2 89 6.3 91 6.4 92 6.4.1 92 6.4.2 93 6.4.3 T 93 6.4.4 94 3

6.5 97 6.5.1 97 6.5.2 97 6.5.3 98 6.5.4 98 6.5.5 99 100 7 101 7.1 101 7.1.1 ( ) 102 7.1.2 ( ) 104 7.1.3 105 7.1.4 105 7.2 107 7.3 108 7.3.1 108 7.3.2 109 7.4 110 7.4.1 110 7.4.2 112 7.5 112 7.5.1 112 7.5.2 112 114 8 115 8.1 115 8.1.1 115 8.1.2 117 8.1.3 120 8.1.4 120 8.2 122 8.2.1 122 8.2.2 124 8.2.3 127 130 4

9 131 9.1 131 9.1.1 131 9.1.2 138 9.1.3 140 9.1.4 143 9.1.5 144 9.2 145 9.2.1 145 9.2.2 146 9.2.3 146 9.3 148 9.3.1-148 9.3.2 149 150 10 152 10.1 153 10.2 154 10.2.1 154 10.2.2 157 10.3 CCD 164 10.3.1 CCD 165 10.3.2 CCD 167 10.3.3 CCD 169 10.3.4 CCD 171 10.4 173 10.4.1 174 10.4.2 176 181 11 183 11.1 183 11.1.1 183 11.1.2 184 11.2 186 11.2.1 186 11.2.2 187 11.2.3 188 5

189 12 190 12.1 191 12.1.1 191 12.1.2 191 12.1.3 192 12.2 192 12.2.1 192 12.2.2 193 12.2.3 194 12.2.4 194 12.4.5 195 12.4.6 196 12.4.7 196 197 13 198 13.1 198 13.1.1 198 13.1.2 200 13.2 201 13.2.1 201 13.2.2 202 13.2.3 203 13.2.4 205 207 14 208 14.1 208 14.1.1 209 14.1.2 213 14.2 214 14.2.1 214 14.2.2 216 14.3 219 14.3.1 219 14.3.2 220 221 6

15 222 15.1 222 15.1.1 222 15.1.2 224 15.1.3 229 15.2 231 15.2.1 232 15.2.2 233 15.2.3 238 240 16 241 16.1 241 16.1.1 241 16.1.2 242 16.1.3 243 16.2 244 16.2.1 244 16.2.2 245 16.2.3 245 16.3 246 16.3.1 246 16.3.2 247 16.4 249 16.4.1 249 16.4.2 250 16.4.3 251 16.4.4 251 253 17 254 17.1 254 17.1.1 255 17.1.2 255 17.1.3 256 17.1.4 256 7

17.2 257 17.2.1 257 17.2.2 258 17.3 259 17.3.1 259 17.3.2 260 17.4 262 17.4.1 262 17.4.2 262 17.4.3 263 17.4.4 263 264 265 8

1 1.1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 80,,, ;,,, 1

, ; 10-13 cm ;, 10-2 4 s ;,,,,,, ;, ( ), 1.1.1,,, 1.1.2 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.1.3,,,,,, 1.1.4,,,,,,,, 2

1,,,,,,,, 1.2,, ( ),,,,, A/ D,, ( ) ( ), 1.1 1.1, :, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),,,,,, ( ) :,, 3

;,,, 1.2 1.2,, ( ), 1.3 1.3 1.3,, (1 ),,, (2 ) ( ), (3 ) 4

1 (4 ),,,,,,,, (5 ), (6 ),,, ;,,,,,, ( ),,, 1.4, ;,,, 4 : ;, ; ; 1.4.1 : 5

(1 ),,, (2 ),,,,, : ; ; n = n, ( ) (3 ) ( 1.1) :,, ( ),,, (4 ),,,, : ;,,,,,, (5 ),,,,,, 1.4.2,,, (1 ),,, 6

1 :,, 10-6 K,, ( 10 6 ) ( 8 50 ),,, (2 ),,, 1),, ; ; 2),,, 3), 4), : ; ; ; ( ),,,, (3 ),,,, 7

(4 ),,,,, 1.4.3 :,,,,,, N a +, K + H +,, Na +, K + H +,, ( ), 1.4.4,,,,,,, ST-3000, CPU, 3 : (1 ) 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4), ; 5) (2 ) 1) ; 2), ; 3), ; 4) ; 8

1 5) ; 6) (3 ) 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) 1.1 1.2?? 1.3? 1.4 1.5? 9

2 2.1,,,,,, : ; ;, ;,, 2.1.1, 6,, 2.1,,,,,,,,,, 10

2 2.1 6 2.1.2,,, ( ),,, 4 20 ma DC,0 5 V DC,,, ( ) ( ) ( ),,, ( ) ( ), :, ( ), ( ), : ( ),,,,,, D/ A : D/ A 11

A/ D :, A/ D,,, A/ D,, A/ D,, 2.2, ( ), 2.2.1,,, : R R R ; R ; ; = (1 + 2 ) +, = L L L ; L ; ; ; ( 2.1) ( 2.1 ), :, (1 + 2 ), ;,,, ;,,,,,,,, ( ), 12

2 2.2.2 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( SAW ) 2.2.3,,,,,,,, ( ) ( InSb) 2.2.4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 13

2.2.5 ( ), ; ; ( ), ;,,, 10-9 s,,, :,,, ( CdS ) ( PbS) ( InSb) PN,, 2.2.6 ( SnO2 ZnO ),,,,,,,,,,,, O2 N O2,,, N,,, P,,,, CO H2, N, P,,, N, P,,, 14

2 2.3 2.3.1 : ; ( ), : y = n x ( 2.2) y ; n, ( ) ; x,,, (2.2 ),, : (,, ) 2.3.2,,,, : 1) : :, ; : : :, ( ),,, I U, P = I U, :, :, :, ( 15

),,,, ( ),, : Rt t ; R20 20 ;, ; t Rt = R20 + ( t - 20 ) + ( t - 20) 2 ( 2.3),,,,,,,, R20 :,, : 2) : :, :, ( ), 3) : 4) : 5) : 6) : 2.3.3 (1 ), 2.1 2.1 : :, : ( A/ D D/ A ), 16 :,

2, ;,, ( ) (2 ) 1),, 2.2 x, y, k1, k2,, kn 2.2 y = k1 k2 kn x ( 2.4), y,,,,, :, ; 1, 2,, n, : S ; S1, S2,, Sn = 1 + 2 + + n ( 2.5) S = S1 S2 Sn ( 2.6) (2.5 ) (2.6 ) :,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 2) :,, 2.3, x,, k = k2 k3 kn 2.3 : x = x1 - xf ( 2.7) xf = y ( 2.8) y = k x = k( x1 - xf ) = k x1 - k y ( 2.9) 17

: k 1, : 2.3 y = k 1 + k x1 = 1 x1 (2.10) 1 k + y 1 x1 (2.11) (2.11) :,, ( ), ( k2, k3,, kn ) :,, : ; f : - f (2.12) S 1 Sf (2.13) S ; Sf ( ) 2.3.4 ( ),, ( ),, :, ( ) ( ) 18

2 ;,, ( ),,,, 2.4 2.4.1, ( ), :, (1 ) 1), : ; x ; L = x - L (2.14),, 0.5 m,, 2) : ; ; = 100% (2.15) L 19

, : L L, x L, : 3) = 100% (2.16) x, ; = 100% (2.17) - 0.5 0.5%, 1.0 1.0% 4) ( ),, 5) (2 ), ( ) 3 : 1), :,, ( ),,,,, 2),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20

2 3) (, ), (3 ),,,, : ( ) ( ), ( ),,,,, 2.4 2.4 ( ) 3, 2.4 (a ), 2.4 ( b ), 2.4( c), 2.4.2, : (1 )3 3 > 3,, (2 ), n, > Zc, Zc, 2.2 21

2.2 Z c n 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Z c 1.38 1.54 1.65 1.73 1.80 1.86 1.92 1.96 2.00 2.03 n 13 14 15 16 18 20 25 30 40 50 Zc 2.07 2.10 2.13 2.15 2.20 2.24 2.33 2.39 2.49 2.58 3 (3 ) > G,, G n Pa, 2.3 2.3 G n P a 0.99 0.95 n P a 0.99 0.95 3 1.16 1.15 11 2.48 2.23 4 1.49 1.46 12 2.55 2.28 5 1.75 1.67 13 2.61 2.33 6 1.94 1.82 14 2.66 2.37 7 2.10 1.94 15 2.70 2.41 8 2.22 2.03 16 2.74 2.44 9 2.32 2.11 18 2.82 2.50 10 2.41 2.18 20 2.88 2.56 2.4.3, n x 1, x2,, xn, 1, 2,, n, (1 ), : ( ), :, 0 : 22,, y = f ( x) = 1 2 e- ( x - L) 2 2 (2.18) 2

2 y ; x ( ) ; ( ) ; y = f( ) = L ( x ) ;, = x - L 1 2 e- 2 2 (2.19) 2.5 : x = L = 0 2 (2 ) 2.5, L, : ( ) : n ; x i i x = 1 n ( x1 + x2 + + xn ) = 1 n x i (2.20) n i = 1 = n ( xi - L) 2 i = 1 n = n i = 1 n 2 i (2.21), 2.6 :,,, L,,,,,, L,, : i i = x i - x (2.22) 23

, : s = n ( xi - x) 2 i = 1 n - 1 2.6 = n i = 1 n - 1 2 i s L,, (2.23),,,, m, n, : x1, x2,, xm,,, L,, x,, s : x = s n s, x n 2.7, n,, ( n > 10 ), x,, n= 5 10 (3 ), (2.24) 2.7 ( 100% ) : y = ( a, b) : f ( ) = 1 2 e- + yd = 100% - P( a < b) = 2 2 (2.25) 2 2 1 b a 2 e- 2 2 d (2.26),, t,, : 24

2 t ; P P( - t t ) = 2.4 t 2.4 t 1 + t e - 2 2 2 d (2.27) - t 2 t 0.674 5 1 1.96 2 2.58 3 4 P 0.5 0.682 7 0.95 0.954 5 0.99 0.997 3 0.999 94 2.4, t = 1, P = 0.682 7, - + 68.27% ; - 3 + 3 99.73%,, > 3 0.27 %, 3, lim, : x = x x ( P = 0.682 7) (2.28) x = x 3 x ( P = 0.997 3) (2.29) 2.1 237.4, 237.2, 237.9, 237.1, 238.1, 237.5, 237.4, 237.6, 237.6, 237.4, : x = 237.52,, 2.5 2.5 2.1 xi i 2 i 1 237.4-0.12 0.014 2 237.2-0.32 0.10 3 237.9 0.38 0.14 4 237.1-0.42 0.18 5 238.1 0.58 0.34 6 237.5-0.02 0.00 7 237.4-0.12 0.014 8 237.6 0.08 0.006 4 9 237.6 0.08 0.006 4 10 237.4-0.12 0.014 : 25

s = x, : n ( x i - x) 2 i = 1 n - 1 = s n = 0.30 10 = 0.09 n 2 i i = 1 n - 1 = 0.816 10-1 x = x x = 237.52 0.09 ( P = 0.682 7 ) x = 2.4.4 (1 ) 0.30 x 3 x = 237.52 0.27 ( P = 0.997 3) :, :,, :, 5 : (2 ) 1),,, 2) 2.8, ( a) ; ( b) 3) :,,,, :, : 26

2 2.8 A = 2 1 + 2 2 + + 2 n (2.30) B = ( 1-2 ) 2 + ( 2-3 ) 2 + + ( n - 1 - n ) 2, B 2 A - 1 > 1 n, (3 ) + ( n - 1 ) 2 (2.31), : 1),, ; ; ; 2), 3),, 4), ;,, ;, 2.4.5,,,, m,, p : 27

1), 1 p1 p2 p3 pm = n 1 n 2 n 3 nm (2.32) 2), 1 p1 p2 p3 pm = 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 m (2.33), xp,, :, : x p, : x = xp x p ( P = 0.682 7 ) (2.34) x = xp 3 x p ( P = 0.997 3) (2.35) xp = x 1 p1 + x2 p2 + + xm p m p1 + p2 + + p m = m x i p i i = 1 m pi i = 1 (2.36) xp = m pi 2 i i = 1 m ( m - 1 pi ), i = x i - x p i = 1 (2.37) 2.4.6,,, (1 ) y x1, x2,, xn : y = f ( x 1, x2,, xn ) (2.38),, : d y = f d x1 + f d x2 + + f d xn (2.39) x1 x2 xn, x1, x2,, xn d x1, d x2,, d xn, : (2 ) y = f x1 x1 + f x2 x2 + + f xn (2.40) xn n x 1, x 2,, x n, : 28 y = f x1 2 2 x 1 + + f xn 2 2 x n (2.41) : y = a1 x1 + a2 x2 + + an x n,?

2 1,? (3 ), : 2.4.7 = y y (2.42),,,,,,,, : 1),, 2),,, :,,, (, ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3),, 4), 29

2.4.8 (1 ),, n m, : : L - AX = V (2.43), A, : a11 a12 a1m A = a21 a22 a2m (2.44) X ( ), : an1 an2 anm x1 X = x2 (2.45) xm L, : l1 L = l2 (2.46) ln V, : V = 1 2 n, : : (2.43), : 30 (2.47) V V = (2.48) A V = 0 (2.49) A ( L - AX ) = 0 (2.50) ( A A ) X = X = ( A A ) - 1 A L (2.51) A L (2.52)

2 2.2 Rt = R0 (1 + t), 2.6 0 R0 2.6 2.2 ti/ 15.0 20 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 Rt i / 75.0 76.5 78.0 80.0 81.0 82.0 84.0 : Rt i - R0 (1 + t i) = i ( i = 1, 2, 3,, 7) (2.53), x = R0, y = R0, : : Rt i, L, : A, : X, : V, : - ( x + ti y) = i ( i = 1, 2, 3,, 7) (2.54) L - AX = V (2.55) L = A = X = 75.0 76.5 78.0 80.0 81.0 82.0 84.0 1 15.0 1 20.0 1 25.0 1 30.0 1 35.0 1 40.0 1 45.0 x y 31

1 2 3 V = 4 5 6 7 ( Matlab ) : A A = = 1 1 1 1 5 6 7 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 7 210.0 210.0 7 000.0 1 15.0 1 20.0 1 25.0 1 30.0 1 35.0 1 40.0 1 45.0 A A = 7 210.0 210.0 7 000.0 = 4 900 0, ( A A ) - 1 = 1 A A A11 A1 2 A21 A2 2 = 1 4 900 7 000.0-210.0-210.0 7 75.0 76.5 A L = 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 78.0 80.0 81.0 = 556 16 900 82.0 84.0 : X = ( A A ) - 1 A L = 1 4 900 7 000.0-210.0-210.0 7 556 16 900 = 70.71 0.293 (2 ) R0 = x = 70.71 = y = 0.293 R0 70.71 = 4.1 10-3 /,,,, : 32

2 y = b0 + b1 x1 + b2 x2 + + bnx n (2.56), ( ), : : n ( x i, yi ), y = b0 y = b0 + b1 x (2.57) + b1 x,, b0, b1, : y1 - y^ 1 = y1 - ( b0 + b1 x 1 ) = 1 y2 - y^ 2 = y2 - ( b0 + b1 x 2 ) = 2 (2.58) yn - y^ n = yn - ( b0 + b1 xn ) = n y^i xi ( i = 1,2,, n) y : L - AX = V L = y 1 (2.59) yn A = 1 x1 (2.60) 1 xn X = V = b0 b1 1 n (2.61) (2.62) 2.2, Rt = R0 ( 1 + t),,, ( xi, yi ),, ( ), ( ) 33

2.1?? 2.2??? 2.3??? 2.4? 2.5? 2.6 10, : 167.95, 167.45, 167.60, 167.60,167.87, 167.88,168.00, 167.85,167.82, 167.60 (1 ) 10, (2 ) 99.73%, 2.7 : x - 3 y = - 5.6, p1 = 1; 4 x + y = 8.1, p2 = 2; 2 x - y = 0.5, p3 = 3; x, y 2.8 Lt = L0 ( 1 + t),, 0 ti/ 10 20 25 30 40 45 L ti / m 2 000.36 2 000.72 2 000.80 2 001.07 2 001.48 2 001.60 2.9 X,, y x,, ( x ) x/ mm 12 13 14 15 16 18 20 22 24 26 y/ kv 52.0 55.0 58.0 61.0 65.0 70.0 75.0 80.0 85.0 91.0 2.10, : / % 20.3 28.1 35.5 42.0 50.7 58.6 65.9 74.9 80.3 86.4 / 416 386 368 337 305 282 258 224 201 183, : (1 ) ; (2 ) 60%, ( 95 % ) ; ( 3) 310 325, ( 95 % )? 34

3, -,, : ( ) ( ) ( ) ;, -,,,,, ( ), 3.1 - : 3.1.1 -, : ( ),, 35

-, : y = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + + an x n ( 3.1) y ; x ; a0 ; a1 ; a2, a3,, an ( ) 3.1,,,, ( 3.1 ) 3.1( d ) (3.1 ) 3 : 1) 3.1( a), : y = a1 x ( 3.2) 0 : Sn = y x = a1 ( ) ( 3.3) 2) ( + ) 3.1( b ) - : y = a1 x + a2 x 2 + a4 x 4 + ( 3.4), 3) ( + ) 3.1( c) - : y = a1 x + a3 x 3 + a5 x 5 + ( 3.5) ( ),,,, ( ),, 3.2,, ( ) ( ) 36

3 L ( ) ; Lmax ; YF S 3.1.2 3.2 - L = Lmax Y FS, Sn Sn = = d y d x 100 % ( 3.6), : ( 3.7), ;,, ;, 3.3,,,, -,,, 3.3 37

3.1.3,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ) :, -, 3.4 Hmax Y F S : 3.4 H = Hmax Y FS 100 % ( 3.8) 3.1.4 - ( 3.5 ) Rmax YF S : R = Rmax Y F S 3.1.5 100% (3.9 ), :,,,, ( ) 3.5 ( ) ( ), ( 20 ) : ST ; ST = yt - y20 t yt, y2 0 t 20 ; t t 20 (3.10) 38

3 3.2,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),, ( ), ( ),,,,, T1 T0, T0, < T1 ( ), T0 T1, T0 T1, T0 T1,,, 3.6, : 3.6,,, ( ),,,,,,, 1),, 3.7 3.8 : 63.2%, 3.7,,,, td : 50 % tr : 90 % 39

3.7 3.8 tp : ts : :, 2), 3.2.1 :,, y( t) x( t), d x/ d t d 2 x/ dt 2,,, ( ) y( t) x( t) : an dn y dt n + an - 1 d n - 1 dt n - 1 y + + a1 d y d t + a0 y = d m x bm + dt m bm - 1 d m - 1 x + + d t m - 1 b1 d x dt + b0 x (3.11) an,, a0 bm,, b0 : (1 ) x( t), y( t), x1 ( t) y1 ( t) (3.12) x2 ( t) y2 ( t) (3.13) [ x1 ( t) x2 ( t) ] [ y1 ( t) y2 ( t) ] (3.14), N, N 40

3,,, (2 ) : ( ) x ( t) = X0 cos ( t),, y( t) = Y0 cos( t + 0 ) :,,,,,,,,, ( 3.11 ),,,, 3.2.2 (3.11), x ( t) y ( t) ( t = 0 ) 0, : : Y ( s) ( an s n + an - 1 s n - 1 + + a1 s + a0 ) = X( s) ( bm s m + bm - 1 s m - 1 + + b1 s + b0 ) (3.15), s = + j Y ( s) X( s) = bm sm + bm - 1 s m - 1 + + b1 s + b0 an s n + an - 1 s n - 1 + + a1 s + a0 (3.16) x( t), (3.16) y( t) Y ( s) x( t) X( s), H( s) : 3.2.3 H( s) = L[ y( t) ] L[ x( t) ] = Y ( s) X( s),, : H(j ) = Y (j ) = X(j ) bm (j ) m + bm - 1 ( j ) m - 1 + + b1 (j ) + b0 an (j ) n + an - 1 ( j ) n - 1 + + a1 (j ) + a0 H(j ), s = j ( = 0), H(j ), :, ( ) : ( ) : H( j ) = A( )e j ( (3.17) (3.18) ) (3.19) A( ) = H( j ) = [ HR ( ) ] 2 + [ HI ( ) ] 2 (3.20) 41

HR ( ) H( j ) ; HI ( ) H(j ) 3.2.4 ( ) = - arctan HI ( ) HR ( ) (3.21), (1 ) : : a1 a1 a0 d y( t) d t d y( t) dt + a0 y( t) = b0 x( t) (3.22) + y( t) = b0 a0 x( t) (3.23) a1 a0 ( ), ; b0 a0 Sn Sn,, Sn Sn,,,, :,, (3.23) : a1 a0 d y( t) d t Sn = b0 a0 = 1 (3.24) + y( t) = x( t) (3.25) : : : : : H( s) = a1 a0 1 H(j ) = A( ) = s + 1 = 1 (j ) + 1 1 s + 1 (3.26) (3.27) 1 (3.28) 1 + ( ) 2 ( ) = - arctan( ) (3.29) 3.9 (3.28) ( 3.29 ) 3.9,, A( ) 1, ( ) 0,, 1, A( ) 1,, ( ), 42

3 tan ( ) =, ( ),, y( t) x( t) 3.9 3.10 3.10,, x ( t), y( t), C, R, : x( t) - y( t) R = C ( 0 ), : = RC, : (2 ) X( s) - Y ( s) R H( s) = Y ( s) X( s) d y( t) dt (3.30) = C s Y ( s) (3.31) = 1 s + 1 (3.32) (, 1, x( t) b0 = a 0) :, : : a2 d 2 y( t) d t 2 H( j ) = + a1 H( s) = d y( t) dt s 2 1 - + a0 y( t) = a0 x( t) (3.33) 2 n + 2 n s + 2 n 1 2 n + 2j n (3.34) (3.35) 43

: : A( ) = 1-2 2 n ( ) = - arct an + 4 2 n 2-1 2 (3.36) 2 n 2 (3.37) 1 - n, n = a0 a2 ( ), = a1 2 a0 a2 ( ) 3.11 3.11 ( 3.36 ) (3.37) 3.11, n < 1, n, A( ) 1 ( ), ( ), ( ),,, y( t) x( t) = n,,,, :,, < 1, n 3 5, n ( 3 5 ),,, n max 3 5, 44

3,, max 2 3,, n 10, :, : 3.12 RLC n ( 3 5) ( 2 3) 10 (3.38) 3.12, RLC, ui, uo, ui ( t) = L i( t) = C d i( t) d t d uo ( t) d t + R i( t) + uo ( t) (3.39) (3.39) ( 3.40 ) ( 0), : (3.40) Ui ( s) = L s I( s) + R I( s) + Uo ( s) (3.41) I( s) = C s Uo ( s) (3.42) I( s), : H( s) = Uo ( s) Ui ( s) 3.2.5 = 1 L C s 2 + R C s + 1, y( t) x( t) : A t0 (3.43) y( t) = Ax ( t - t0 ) (3.44),, A t0,, (3.44), : : : : : Y ( s) = Ae - st 0 X( s) (3.45) H( s) = Y ( s) X( s) = Ae- st 0 (3.46) A( ) = H(j ) = Ae - j t 0 (3.47) H(j ) = A( ) (3.48) ( ) = - t0 ( ) (3.49),,, ( ) 45

3.1?? 3.2?? 3.3 3.1, 3.1 / mv / MPa 0.02 0.56 0.66 0.61 0.68 0.64 0.69 0.04 3.96 4.06 3.99 4.09 4.03 4.11 0.06 7.40 7.49 7.43 7.53 7.45 7.52 0.08 10.88 10.95 10.89 10.93 10.94 10.99 0.10 14.42 14.42 14.47 14.47 14.46 14.46 3.4 3.2, 3.2 x 0.9 2.5 3.3 4.5 5.7 6.7 y 1.1 1.6 2.6 3.2 4.0 5.0 3.5?? 3.6? 3.7 3.8 100 Hz, 5%,? 50 Hz,? 3.9 = 3 s,, 3.10, : 4 d y dt + 2 y = 2 10-3 y ( m ), x ( ) 46 x

3 3.11,, t = 0, 10 mv ; t = 5 s 50 mv ; t, 100 mv 3.12 - -, 40% 0.8 s, 3.13, 216 H z, 1.4 1, f0 3.14 - -, = 1 000 H z, 0.7 600 H z, 400 Hz, A( ) ( )? 3.15 7

4 4.1 ( ) ( ), :,,,,, 4.1.1 4.1,,, : R ; ; L ; A R = L A ( 4.1) F,, ( ), (4.1 ) : 48 d R = L A d + A d L - L A 2 d A ( 4.2)

4 (4.1 ) : d R R 4.1 = d + d L L - d A A,, A = r 2 ( r ), : ( 4.3) d A = 2 rd r ( 4.4) ( ) : d A A = 2 d r r, d, d L, d A, L, r, : L L R R = + L L - 2 r r ( ),, : = L L, : r r = - L L ( 4.5) ( 4.6) ( 4.7) = - ( 4.8) (4.8 ),,,, (4.7 ) (4.8 ) ( 4.6) : R R = + ( 1 + 2 ) ( 4.9), : K = R R = 1 + 2 + (4.10), :, (1 + 2 ),, ( 1 + 2 ), 1 2 ;,,,, K 4.1.2,, 49

: ; E = E (4.11), (1 ) ( ) 4.2 (a),,,, 0.012 0.050 mm 4.2( b),, 0.003 0.010 mm,,,,,, ( 1 + 2 ),,, K 1 + 2 ( ) 4.2 4.3 (2 ) ( ) 4.3,,, (1 + 2 ) ( ),,,, : = = E (4.12),, : K = E ( ) (4.13) 50

4 (4.11), = E,, K = R R =, 4.2 4.2.1 : (1 ) : Rt, R0 t 0 ; ; t (4.14), t, : (2 ) Rt = R0 ( 1 + 0 t) (4.14) R = Rt - R0 = R0 0 t (4.15),,, 0 L0, s g, : Ls Lg = L0 (1 + s t) (4.16) = L0 (1 + g t) (4.17), L, R : L = Lg - Ls = ( g - s ) L0 t (4.18) = L L0 = ( g - s ) t (4.19) R = K R0 = K R0 ( g - s ) t (4.20), : Rt R0 = R + R = [ 0 + K ( g - s ) ] t (4.21) R0, : ( t) ; ( K, 0, s ) ; ( g ), : t = Rt R 0 K = 0 K + ( g - s ) t (4.22) 51

4.2.2, (1 ) 4.4 4.4, U o : U o = Ua - Ub = R1 R1 + R2 U - R3 R3 + R4 U = R1 R4 - R2 R3 ( R1 + R2 ) ( R3 + R4 ) U (4.23) U o = g ( R1 R4 - R2 R3 ) (4.24) g = g U ( R1 + R2 ) ( R3 + R4 ) (4.25) (4.24), R3 R4, R1 R2 U o :, R2, 4.4 ( b) : R4, R1 1), R1 R2, ( R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 ) U o = g ( R1 R4 - R2 R3 ) = 0 (4.26) ( ), ( R1 = R2 = R3 = = R2 ),, : 2) U o = g [ ( R1 + R1 ) R4 - ( R2 + R2 ) R3 ] = 0 (4.27), R 1 = R1 K,,, : 52 U o = g [ ( R1 + R 1 ) R4 - R2 R3 ] = g R 1 R4 = g ( R1 K ) R4 (4.28)

4 (4.28), U o,, :, R3 = R4 R1 R2,, K R0, (2 ), ( 4.21 ), 0 + K( g - s ) = 0 (4.29) (4.29),, Rt R 0 = 0 (4.30) 4.3,, 10-3 10-6, ( K 2),, 10-1 10-4,, 4.3.1 (1 ) 4.5 RL ( ), : Uo = E Uo (4.31) : R1 R1 + R2 - R3 R3 + R4 ( 4.31 ) = 0,, R1 R2 = R3 R4 ( 4.32 ) 4.5, (2 ),,,, R1 ( R1 ),, Uo 0, ( ) : 53

( R1 + R1 ) Uo = E ( R1 + R1 ) + R2 - R3 R3 + R4 R1 R4 = E [ ( R1 + R1 ) + R2 ] ( R3 + R4 ) R4 R1 = E 1 + R1 R1 R3 R1 + R2 R1 1 + R4 R3 (4.33) R2 R1 = n, R1 R1, R1/ R1, R1 R2 = R3 R4 : : Uo KU = = E Uo R1 R1 n R1 (1 + n) 2 R1 (4.34) = E n (1 + n) 2 (4.35),,, (4.35) :,,, n, n E, KU, d KU/ d n = 0 d KU/ d n = E 1 - n2 (1 + n) 4 = 0 (4.36) n= 1( R1 = RB = R3 = R4 ), KU, : Uo = E 4 R1 R1 (4.37) KU = E/ 4 (4.38), E R1/ R1,, (3 ) (4.30) R1/ R1, : : 54 n R1 R1 U o = E 1 + R1 + n ( 1 + n) R1 (4.39)

4 L = R1 Uo - U o R1 = Uo 1 + n + R1, R1 = R2 = R3 = R4, n = 1, : R1 (4.40) L = R1 R1 2 + R1, 5 10-3, R1/ R1 R1 (4.41) = KU, KU, KU = 2, R1/ R1 = KU = 10-2, ( 4.41 ) 0.5%,,, KU = 125, 1 10-3, R1/ R1 = KU, R1/ R1 = KU = 0.125, (4.41) 6 % : 1) (4.40),, ( 4.35 ),,, 2) 4.6 4.6( a), : Uo ( R1 + R1 ) = E ( R1 + R1 ) + ( R2 - R2 ) R1 = R2, R1 = R2 = R3 = R4, :, Uo R1 : KU Uo = E 2 R1 R1 - R3 R3 + R4 (4.42) (4.43),, = E/ 2, 4.6 ( b ),, R1 = R2 = R3 = R4, R1 = R2 = R3 = R4, : 55

Uo R1 + R1 = E ( R1 + R1 ) + ( R2 - R2 ) - R3 - R3 ( R3 - R3 ) + ( R4 + R4 ) (4.44) : Uo = E R1 R1 (4.45) KU = E (4.46),, 4 4.3.2,,,, 4.7 4.7 Z1 Z2,, ( C1, C2 ) Z1 : ZR = R1, ZC 1 = 1, : j C1 Z1 = ZR ZC 1 = ZR ZC 1 ZR + ZC 1 = R1 1 + j R1 C1 (4.47), : Z1 = R1 1 + j R1 C1 Z2 = R2 1 + j R2 C2 (4.48) Z3 = R3 : Z4 = R4 U o = U Z1 Z4 - Z2 Z3 ( Z1 + Z2 ) ( Z3 + Z4 ) (4.49) 56 U o = 0, : Z1 Z4 - Z2 Z3 = 0 (4.50) (4.48) (4.50) :

4 R1 R4 1 + j R1 C1 : = R2 R3 1 + j R2 C2 (4.51) R1 R4 + j R1 R2 R4 C2 = R2 R3 + j R1 R2 R3 C1 (4.52), : R1 R4 = R2 R3 ( ) R4 (4.53) = C1 = R2 R1 C1 = R2 C2 ( ) R3 C2 R1,, 4.8 4.8,, ;,,,,, R1 R1 + R1, R2 R2 - R2, : Z 1 = Z1 + Z1 (4.54) Z 1 = R1 + R1 1 + j ( R1 + R1 ) C1 (4.55) Z1 = R1 1 + j R1 C1 (4.56) Z1 = R1 + R1 1 + j ( R1 + R1 ) C1 - R1 1 + j R1 C1 R1 (4.57) ( 1 + j R 1 C1 ) 2 57

, : Z 2 = Z2 + Z2 (4.58) Z 2 = R2 - R2 1 + j ( R2 - R2 ) C2 (4.59) Z2 = R2 1 + j R2 C2 (4.60) : Z1, Z2 Z2 = R2 - R2 1 + j ( R2 - R2 ) C2 - R2 1 + j R2 C2 - R2 (4.61) ( 1 + j R 2 C2 ) 2,,, U o = U Z 1 Z4 - Z 2 Z3 ( Z 1 + Z 2 ) ( Z3 + Z4 ) (4.62),, 5 10,, R1 C1 1, R2 C2 1, Z1 R1, Z2 - R2, R3 = R4, R1 = R2, Z1 = Z2, C1 = C2,, R1 = R2 (4.62), : U o = U 2 R1 R1 (4.43),, R1 (4.63) 4.4,, ( ),,,, ( ) 4.4.1,,, BLR -1 0.1 100 t ( ), ; ;,,,,,, 58

4,,,,,,, (1 ) ( ) 4.9,,,,, R1 R3, R2 R4,, 4.9 ( ) (2 ) 4.10,,,, C 0, 4.10 A, B, A : h ; b ; = 3 F[ R - ( h/ 2) ] bh 2 E 1-2 (4.64) 59

E ; F, +, - B : 3 F[ R - ( h/ 2 ) ] = bh 2 E 2, -, + (4.65) R/ h > 5,, h/ 2, = 3.14 A, B A : A = + + F B : B = - - F 1.09 FR bh 2 E 1.91 FR bh 2 E (4.66) (4.67) A, B, F, : 4.11 Uo U o = f ( R R ) R R ( 3) R R = K U = f( F ) F 4.11, R1, ( ), ( ) F,,,,,,,, F,,, 4.4.2 ( ) 4.12,, p,, : 60

4 4.12 r = t = R, h ; x ; p ; ; E (4.68) ( 4.69 ) : 1) x = 0, : 3 p(1-2 ) ( R 2-3 x 2 ) 8 h 2 E 3 p(1-2 ) ( R 2 - x 2 ) 8 h 2 E r = t = 2) x = R, : 3 p( 1-2 ) R 2 8 h 2 E (4.68) (4.69) (4.70) t = 0 (4.71) r = - 3) x = R/ 3, : 3 p(1-2 ) R 2 4 h 2 E (4.72) r = 0 (4.73) 4.12 ( a) :, ;,,, 2 x = R/ 3 0,,,,, ( R1, R4 ) t, ; ( R2, R3 ) r, ;, 61

4.4.3 4.13,,,,, : S ; ; g ; h 4.13 Uo = S h g (4.74) h g, : h g = Q A (4.75) Q ; A (4.74) ( 4.75 ) : Uo = S Q A (4.76) (4.76),, 4.4.4,,,, : 62

4 a ; F ; m a = F/ m (4.77) 4.14 4.14, 4,,, a,,,,,, (10 60 Hz) 4.1? 4.2?? 4.3?? 4.4 4.5 100, 0.5 10-4 m 2, E = 2 10 1 1 N/ m 2, 50 kn 1, 4.6 10 kn,, 20 mm, 18 mm, 8,4, 4, 120, 2.0, 0.3, 2.1 10 11 Pa, : (1 ) ; (2 ), ; (3 ) 10 V, 63

4.7 4.5, ( ), E = 4 V, R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = 100 (1 ) R1,, R1 R1 = 1.0, Uo (2 ) R1, R2,,,, Uo (3 ) R1, R2,, R1 = R2 = 1.0,,, Uo 4.8 4.11, R1 K = 2.05,, R1 = 120 F, = 800 m/ m : (1 ) R1 R1/ R1 (2 ) R1, 3 V, (3 ),? 64

5, ( ) L M, L M,,, ( ) ( ) :, ;, ;, ;, 5.1 ( ) 5.1.1 5.1 3,,,, : ; L = = W I I I ; ( 5.1) 5.1 65

W ; : Rm : = IW Rm ( 5.2),, Rm = L1 1 A1 + L2 2 A2 0, 1, 2 ; L1 + 2 0 A0, L2, ; A0, A1, A2 ( A0 = A1 ) ; ( 0 1, 0 2 ), :, ( 5.3) : (5.1 ) (5.2 ) ( 5.6) : 2 0 A0 2 0 A0 Rm L = W2 Rm L1 1 A1 L2 2 A2 2 0 A0 = W2 0 A0 2 ( 5.7), W, L Rm A 0 ( 5.3) ( 5.4) ( 5.5) ( 5.6) ( 5.7),, (, ) 5.1.2 5.2 L- (5.7 ), L, 5.2 0, L0, : L0 = W2 0 A0 2 0 1) ( 5.8), = 0 -, : L = L0 + L ( 5.9) 66

5 (5.7 ) : : L = L0 + L = / 0 1, ( 5.10 ) : : 2) W 2 0 A0 2 ( 0 - ) = L0 1-0 (5.10) L = L0 + L = L0 1 + + 2 + 3 + (5.11) 0 0 0 L = L0 L L0 + 2 + 3 + 0 0 0 = L0 1 + + 2 + (5.12) 0 0 0,, = 0 +, : = 1 + + 2 + (5.13) 0 0 0 L = L0 1-0 L L0 = 1-0 (5.13) ( 5.15 ), : + 2 - (5.14) 0 0 + 2 - (5.15) 0 0 L L0 = 0 ( ) : K0 = L L0 = 1 0 (5.16) (5.17) (5.17),,,, ( ) K0 : K0 5.2,,,,, : K0 = L L0 =, K0 1 1 + + 2 + (5.18) 0 0 0,,,, : K0 = L L0 = 1 1-0 + 2 - (5.19) 0 0 67

, K0 : : L L0 L L0 = 2 + 3 + (5.20) 0 0 = - 2 + 3 - (5.21) 0 0,, ( ), 5.3,, 5.3,,,,,,, ( ),, L, L1, L2 (5.12) ( 5.14 ), : L = L1 + L2 = 2 L0 1 + 2 + 4 + (5.22) 0 0 0 ( ) : : L L0 K0 = = 2 0 L L0 = 2 0 : 1) ; (5.23) (5.24) 2) / 0 (,, L 2 ;, L L0 0 L0 2 3 ), / 0 1, 0 68

5 5.1.3 (1 ) 5.4 Z1 Z2,, : Z1 = Z + Z1 ( 5.25 ) Z2 = Z - Z2 ( 5.26 ) Z = R + j L0 ( 5.27 ) Z ( R ) ; Z1, Z2, Q( Q = L/ R), :, : U o = U Z2 Z1 + Z2 (5.23) ( 5.25 ) ( 5.31 ) : - 5.4 Z1 j L1 (5.28) Z2 j L2 (5.29) Z j L0 (5.30) R R + R = U Z2 - Z1 2 ( Z1 + Z2 ) U o = - U 0, = - U Z1 + Z2 2( Z1 + Z2 ), Z1, Z2, U o = U 0 (2 ) (5.31) (5.32) 5.5, Z1, Z2,, U o : U o = U A - U B = U Z2 Z1 + Z2 - U 2 = Z2 - Z1 Z1 + Z2 U 2 (5.33), Z1 = Z2 = Z,, 0, Q,, Q : ; ; 69

: 5.5, Z1 = Z + Z, Z2 = Z - Z( :,, Z1 Z2 ), Q : U o = - U 2 Z Z = - U 2 L L0 (5.34), Z1 = Z - Z, Z2 = Z + Z, U o = U 2 Z Z = U 2 L L0 (5.23), (5.35),,,, ( ) (3 ) 5.6, L, C, U, U o,, L ( 5.3.3 ), 5.6 ( b ) L0 ( ),, 5.6 5.7 5.7, L, 5.7 ( b), f L L C, : 1 f = (5.36) 2 LC L,, f 5.1.4 5.8, 70

5 :, P P,,, 5.8 5.9 5.9 C : C,,,, 1 2 (, ),, 5.2 ( ),,,,, 1 100 mm, 5.2.1 (1 ) 5.10 A, B W1 a = W1 b = W1 W2 a = W2 b = W2,,,, a0 = b0 = 0, W1 a, W2 a M a W1 b, W2 b M b,, e2 a = e2 b,, U o = e2 a - e2 b 71

= 0, a < b, Ma > Mb,, e2 a > e2 b, U o = e2 a - e2 b > 0;,, a > b, Ma < Mb,, e2 a < e2 b, U o = e2 a - e2 b < 0, : 5.10 (2 ) 5.11, 5.10 5.11 r1 a L1 a, r1 b L1 b ( Q ),, : 1) U o = a - b a + b W2 W1 U i (5.37) a = b = 0, U o = 0 2) a = 0 -, b = 0 +, : U o = - 0 W2 W1 U i (5.38), U o, -,, 3), : U o = 0 W2 W1 U i ( 5.39 ), 5.12 U o 5.12 72

5 (5.38) (5.39) K :, : K = U o = W2 W1 U i 0 (5.40) U i, ;, K, W2/ W1 0 K W2/ W1 0, 0 0.5 mm,, (, ),,, 5.12, Uo :,, ; (, ), ( ),,,,, 5.2.2 (1 ) 5.13 ( W1 ) (, W2 a W2 b ), 5.14,,, ( ),, ( M1 = M2 ), ( E 2 a = E 2 b ), 0 (U o = E 2 a - E 2 b = 0), ( = I W, Rm, Rm 73

5.13 5.14 ),, M1 > M2, E 2 a, E 2 b ;, E 2 b, E 2 a, x, : 5.15 I1 = U o = E 2 a - E 2 b, 5.15,,, 0, r1 ( 2) 5.14 U i + j L1 (5.41) U 1 ; U i ; I 1 ; r1, L1, : M1, M2 ; E2 a = - j M1 I1 (5.42) E2 b = - j M2 I1 (5.43) -, : 74 U o = E2 a - E2 b = - j ( M1 - M2 )U i r1 + j L1 (5.44)

5 : : U o = 1) ( x = 0) : E 2 a = E 2 b, U o 0, 2) ( x > 0) : E 2 a, E 2 a ( M1 - M2 )U i (5.45) r 2 1 + ( L1 ) 2 M1 = M2 = M (5.46) U o = 0 (5.47) M1 = M + M, M2 = M - M (5.48) U o = 2 MU i r 2 1 + ( L1 ) 2 (5.49) > E 2 b U o U i 3) ( x < 0) : E 2 b, E 2 a (3 ) M1 = M - M, M2 = M + M (5.50) U o = - 2 MU i r 2 1 + ( L1 ) 2 (5.51) < E 2 b U o U i,,,,,, 1) ( ), 5.16, (a ) ( c) ; ( b ) ( d) R0 (c),, C1 2 4, C2 6 8, : Uo = U24 - U68 (5.52), U2 4 = U68, Uo = 0;, U24 > U68, Uo > 0 ;, U2 4 < U68, Uo < 0 Uo, 75

2) ( ) 5.16 5.17 (a) VD1 VD4, 1 4 A B u y ( ) u0 ( ) A, B R u0 A ( u = u1 + u2 ),, u0 uy u0, ( ), Rf 1), x( t) > 0, u y u0 5.2.1,, u y ( ) uy, uy u0,, u y u0, u y u0 ( 0 ), A u1, u2 ; B u0 1, u02 VD1 VD3 76 u1 4, u01 1, u1 u01,, 4 1, u1 4, u02 3,, 3 4, VD4 u2 2, u01 1,, 1 2, VD2 u2 2, u02 3, u02 u2,, 3 2,, VD1, VD4, VD2, VD3, u2,

5 5.17 77

( b ) : n1, n2 B, A u0 1 = u0 2 = u0 2 n2 u1 = u2 = u y 2 n1 (5.53) (5.54) u0 1, u02, ( 5.17 ( b -2 ) ), 5.18 : : if = u2 (5.55) R 2 + Rf 5.18 5.17( b -2) u y = if Rf = Rf u2 n1 ( R + 2 Rf ) (5.56), ( 2 ), A u1, u2 ; B u0 1, u02 u1 4, u01 1,, 4 1, VD1 u1 4, u02 3,, 3 4, VD4 u2 2, u01 1,, 1 2, VD2 u2 2, u02 3,, 2 3, VD3, VD1, VD4, VD2, VD3, u1, (c) ( 5.56 ), 0, ( ) 2) x( t) < 0, u0 u y, ( 0 ), u0 ( d) ; ( 2 ), u0, ( e), : u y = if Rf = - Rf u2 n1 ( R + 2 Rf ) u y u y (5.57),,,, : u y x ( t), u y x ( t) ( ) u y u0,, 78 5.19 5.19, u y 4 : : u y 0,,, 0 ; : u y 0,,, 0 ;

5 5.19 : u y 0,,, 0 ; : u y 0,,, 0 (4 ), 5.20,,,,,,, - 4 10 4 6 10 4 1.5% Pa, 5.21 CPC 5.20 CPC, P1 P2,,,,, 5.22,, A, 79

x( t), 5.21 CPC 5.22 5.3 ( ) :,,,,,,, : ;, 5.3.1 5.23,,,,, Z : 80

5 ; Z = F(,, r, f, x) ( 5.58 ) ; r ; f ; x,, (5.58),, Z,, x, 5.3.2 5.23,,, 5.24 R2, : R2 = 2 h ln ra R2 ; ri (5.59) 5.24 ; R1 R1, L1 ; h ( h = ra ; ri : I1 + j L1 I1 - j M I2 = U 1 - j M I 1 + R2 I 2 + j L2 I 2 = 0 R2, L2 ; M (5.60) : 0 r f ) ; (5.60) Z = U 1 I1 = R1 + 2 M 2 R2 + R 2 2 + ( L2 ) 2 j L1-2 M 2 L2 R 2 2 + ( L2 ) 2 (5.61) = Req + j Leq Req ; Leq 81

(5.62) ( 5.63 ) : Req = R1 + Leq = L1-2 M 2 R2 (5.62) R 2 2 + ( L2 ) 2 2 M 2 L2 (5.63) R 2 2 + ( L2 ) 2,, ( ) ( ),,, : Qeq = Leq M 2 Req = = (5.64),, ( ) 5.3.3 (1 ) 5.25, LC,,,, - 5.25 (2 ) 5.26 5.26,, ( f 0 ) i0 LC : Z = j L 1 j C = LC : (5.65), 1-2 LC = 0, = Uo j L 1-2 LC = i0 Z = i0 j L 1-2 LC 1, = 2 f0, f0 = LC (5.65) (5.66) 1 2 LC ( LC ), ;, L 1-2 LC < 0 L 1-2 LC > 0, Z,, LC ( ) f 0, 82

5,,, L,,, ( 5.27 ), ( 5.6) L,,, 5.3.4 5.27 (1 ) (5.54),,, 0 30 mm, 80 mm, 0.1% 5.28 (2 ),,,, 5.28 ( a),,, (3 ),, 5.28 ( b),,, (4 ), 5.28 ( c),,,,,,,, 83

5.1,? 5.2 5.3 S = 1.5 cm 2, L = 20 cm, r = 5 000, 0 = 0.5 cm, = 0.1 mm, 0 = 4 10-7 H/ m, W = 3 000, L/,? 5.4? 5.29 5.5? 5.5, U = 4 V, f = 400 Hz, R = 40, L = 30 m H,, 5.28 : ( 1) R3 R4 ( 2) Z = 10, 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9?? 5.8,? 5.10? 5.11?? 5.12?,? 5.13, 84

6, ( ) :,, ; ;,,,, ; ; ; ( ),,,,, 6.1 : 6.1, C = A d A ; = 0 r A d ; (6.1 ) 0 ( ) ( 8.854 10-12 F/ m) ; r ; d 6.1 (6.1 ), A r d, C,,, 85

,, 3 : 6.2 6.2 ( a) ( b ), (c) ( h), (i) (l) 6.1.1, d0 C0 = 0 r A d0, : ( 6.2), ( ) ( ), d, C, : 86 6.3 C = C0 + C = 0 r A d0 - d = C0 1 - d d0 ( 6.3) ( 6.1), C = f ( d), ( 6.3 ), 6.3, d/ d0 1, (6.3 ) : C = C0 + C = C0 1 + d d0 + d d0 2 + d d0 3 + ( 6.4) ( 6.4),, :, C d (6.5 ), d, d0 C = C0 d ( 6.5) d0,

6, d0,,,, 6.4, : C0 Cg = 0 g A dg = 0 r A d0 : = 0 A d0 C = Cg C0 Cg + C0 = (6.6 ) (6.7 ) A dg + d 0 0 g 0, g = 7, ( : r = 1 ) 6.4 ( 6.8) 7,,, 25 200 m,, 6.1.2 6.5, A, x, : C0 C = C0 = 0 r ab/ d ; C = 0 r xb/ d - C = 0 r ( a - x) b/ d ( 6.9), C x 6.5 : 6.6 C C0 = x a 6.7 (6.10) 6.6,, A = A0 - r 2 / 2, A0 = r 2 / 2, 87

6.7 : : C0 C = 0 r A0 = d 0 r A0 1 - d A = A0 ( 1 - ) (6.11) = C0 ( 1 - ) = C0 C = C - C0 = C0 - C0 = C0 - C (6.12) (6.13), C, 6.1.3 (6.13),,, 10 6 H z, 6.1 6.1 TiO 2 1 2.26 2.7 5.5 4.5 8.4 6 8.5 14 110 6.8,, 6.8 1, h, H, d, D,,,, : C1 = 2 0 ( H - h) C2 ln D d = 2 0 1 h ln D d (6.14) (6.15) : C0 = 2 0 H ln D d (6.16) 88

6 ( ) : C = C1 + C2 = 2 0 ( H - h) ln D d + 2 0 1 h ln D d = 2 0 H ln D d + 2 0 h( 1-1) ln D d = C0 + 2 h 0 ( 1-1) ln D d (6.17) C = C - C0 = 2 h 0 ( 1-1) ln D d (6.18), 1 (6.18), C h 6.2,,,,,,,, d/ d0 1, (6.3 ) : C C0 = d d0 1 + d d0 + d d0 2 + d d0 3 + (6.19), d ( ) : C d ( ) : K = C0 C/ C0 d d0 = 1 d0, ( ) d0 (6.19) d d C C0 d0 = d d0 1 + d d0 d0 2 = d d0, (6.19) : + d d0 2 (6.20) (6.21) (6.22) (6.22) ( ), : = d d0 d d0 2 100% = d d0 100% (6.23) 89

6.9 ( 6.21 ) (6.23),, d0 d0,,,,,, 6.9 d0 C0 d, C1 d1 d0 - d, C2 d2 d0 + d : C1 C2 = C0 = C0 1 1 - d d0 1 1 + d d0, (6.24) (6.25) (6.24) ( 6.25 ),, d/ d0 1, : C1 = C0 1 + d C2 = C0 1 - d0 d d0 + d d0 + d d0 2 2 + d - d0 d d0 3 3 + (6.26) + (6.27), ( 6.4.3 T ),, : : C = C1 - C2 = C0 2 d C C0 = 2 d d0 1 + d d0 d0 2 + 2 d + d d0 d0 4 3 + 2 d + d d0 d0 6 5 + (6.28) + (6.29) (6.29) ( ), : : K = C 2 d C0 C/ C0 d d0 = 2 d0 (6.30) (6.31) (6.29) ( ),, : 90 = 2 d d0 2 d d0 3 100% = d d0 2 100% (6.32)

6 (6.21) ( 6.23 ) ( 6.31 ) (6.32),,, 6.3,, C, ;,, 6.10 Rs, ;,,,, 6.10 L ; Rp, ;,,, 6.10 L C,,,,, : Rs Rp, Zeq ; ZL ; ZC : 1 j Ceq Ceq : Zeq = ZL + ZC (6.33) Ceq =, : Ceq = = j L + 1 j C C 1-2 LC C 1-2 LC + 2 LC C = (1-2 LC ) 2, ( 6.35 ) (6.36) : (6.34) (6.35) C (6.36) (1-2 LC ) 2 91

Ceq Ceq = 1 1-2 LC C C (6.37) (6.37), L,,, 6.4,, T, 6.4.1 6.11, : L ; f = 1 2 LC C : C = C0 C C0 (6.38) ; C f : 6.11, C = 0, : f0 = 1 2 LC0 (6.39) ( ), C 0,, f 0 = 1 2 L ( C0 C) = f0 f (6.40),, ( f ),,,,, ( u), 92 :, 0.01 m ;

6 ; ; ( ), 6.4.2,, 6.12 Cx ( K = ), O, ( Zi = ),, Ii = 0, : U i = ZC 0 I 0 = U 0 = ZC x I x = : 1 j C0 I 0 ( 6.41 ) 1 I x ( 6.42 ) j Cx I0 + Ix = 0 ( 6.43 ) U o = - -, : (6.44), : U o Cx C0 Cx = A d 6.12 U i (6.44) (6.45) = - U i C0 d (6.46) A, :, K = Zi =,,, 6.4.3 T T 6.13 e E ( 6.13 ( b ) ), D1 D2, R1 = R2 = R, C1, C2 1) ( C1 = C2 ) : e, D1 6.13 (c), C1 D2, C1, R1 RL, I1, D2, D1, C2, 6.13 ( d ), C2, I1 R2 RL, RL I2 = I2,, RL 0 93

2) ( C1 C2 ) 6.13 T, I1 I2, RL, ( ) : f C1, C2 RL, : U0 = IL RL = 1 T T [ I1 ( t) - I2 ( t) ] d t RL 0 R( R + 2 RL ) ( R + RL ) 2 RL E f ( C1 - C2 ) (6.47) U0 M E f ( C1 - C2 ) (6.48) M = R( R + 2 RL ) ( R + RL ) 2 RL ( ) (6.49) (6.48), Uo, T ( (6.28) ) ( E f ), Uo C1, C2 :,, ( f ), 1 k, 20 s,, A2 6.4.4 6.14 C1, C2, R1 = R2, A1, Q, Q Q = 1( ) Q = 0 ( ),, A, ua ( ) R1 C1, M u M : um = ua 1 - e - t 1 (6.50) 94, D1, ( 6.50 )

6 1 = R1 C1 t 1, : um = ua, C1,, um t ( 6.51 ) 1, 1 t, M ur, um > ur, A1,, Q = 0 ( ) Q = 1( ), A, C1 D1 0 ;, 6.14 B, R2 C2, (6.50 ), 2 = R2 C2, N ur, un > ur, A2,,, Q Q ( A, B ) (6.50) : 6.15 t = 1 ln = ua ua - um = R1 C1 ln ua u A - um (6.52), C1 C2 ur ( ua ub 95

,, ua = ub ) : T1 = R1 C1 ln u A ua - ur (6.53) T2 = R2 C2 ln ub u B - ur = R2 C2 ln ua u A - ur (6.54) C1 = C2, R1 = R2,, T1 = T2,, A, B u AB, ( ) 0( 6.15( a) ) C1 C2, C1 > C2, C1 C2, 1 > 2, uab, 6.15 ( b ), uab ( ) 0, : uo = ( uab )DC = ua - ub = T1 T1 + T2 uam - T1 T2 + T2 ub m = R1 C1 uam - R2 C2 ub m R1 C1 + R2 C2 (6.55), uam, ub m ua, ub R1 = R2, ua m = ub m = um, ( 6.55 ) : 1) uo = ( uab ) DC = C1 - C2 C1 + C2 um (6.56) d1 C1 d2 C2 ; uo = d2 - d1 d1 + d2 um (6.57) C1 = C2 = C0, d1 = d2 = d0, uo = 0 ; C1 C2, C1 > C2, d1 = d0 - d, d2 = d0 + d, : C1 < C2, d1 = d0 + d, d2 = d0 - d, : uo uo = + d um (6.58) d0 = - d um (6.59) d0, uo d ( C d ) 2) C1 > C2, A1 = A0 + A, A2 = A0 - A, : C1 < C2, A1 = A0 - A, A2 = A0 + A, :, uo A uo uo = + A um (6.60) A 0 = - A um (6.61) A 0,, 96

6 6.5 6.5.1 6.16,,,, (,,,,, ) PL PH,, P = PH - PL, P = 0,, CH = CL = C0 ; 6.16 P > 0,,, CL CH, CH : < CL CL CL - CH + CH = K ( PH - PL ) = K P (6.62) K (6.62) CL CL - CH + CH,,, (6.62 ) ( 6.56 ) 6.5.2 6.17,,,,, 6.2, : C 2 d C0 d0 (6.63) : S = d = 1 2 at2 (6.64) 97

6.17 S ; a ; t ( 6.64 ) ( 6.63 ), : C 2 d C0 d0 = at2 d0 (6.65),, ( 6. 58), ( 6.59 ) :, 6.5.3, 6.18,, ( ),,,, C= C1 + C2 6.18,,,,, 6.5.4 6.19,,,,,, :, : C0 = 2 0 H ln D d (6.66) 98

6 C1 = 2 0 ( H - h) ln D d (6.67) : C2 = 2 0 r h ln D d (6.68) H ; h ; D ; d ; r, ( ) : C = C1 + C2 = 2 [ 0 H + 0 ( r - 1) h] ln D d = C0 + 2 0 ( r - 1 ) h ln D d (6.69) 6.19,, C h C = C - C0 = 2 0 ( r - 1) h ln D d (6.70) K : K = C/ C0 h = 2 0 ( r - 1 ) h ln D d 2 0 H ln D d h = r - 1 H (6.71) : ( r - 1), D d, C, K, r, 6.19 d D,, C, ( C/ h) 6.5.5 6.20 (a),,,,, 6.20 ( b) 0.05 m 99

6.20 6.1,?? 6.2 6.5, a = 10 mm b = 16 mm, d0 = 1 mm, 2 mm, K ( r = 1 F/ m, 0 = 8.854 10-12 F/ m) 6.3 6.4 2 m 5 m,, 80 %, 6.5 6.21 6.6 6.6 6.21 C = f ( x) 0, 2 > 1, W 6.7 6.6, = d = 1 mm, ( 50 mm) 1 = 1, 2 = 4 x = 0 50 mm, 0

7,,,,,,,, :,,,, ( ) ; ( ),, ( ) : ; ; ; ; ; :,, 7.1 : :, : :, :,,, = ;, = 101

:, :,, 1680,1948,, 7.1.1 ( ) SiO2,,, 7.1 (a), x, y, z z :,,, x : z x, ( ), y : x, z y, (a) (b ) (c) 7.1 y, 7.1 (c) (1 ) x yoz, : qx = d11 f x ( 7.1) d1 1 x ; f x x qx f x (7.1 ), qx (2 ) y y z,, : qy = d12 a b f y = - d11 a b f y ( 7.2) d1 2 y (, d12 = - d11 ) ; 102 a ;

7 b ; f y y (7.2 ), qy - y x (3 ) z,,, 7.2 (a) x ( b) x (c) y (d ) y 7.2, 7.3 (a) ( b) x (c) y 7.3 Si 4 + ( ) O 2 - ( ),, x Oy, 120,,,,, 0, 7.4( a) 1) x,, 7.4( b ), 103

,, x,, y (,, ) 2) y,, 7.4 ( c),,, x, y (,, ) 3) z x y,,,, 7.4 ( d) 7.4 7.1.2 ( ),,,,,, 7.5 (a),,,,,,,,,,,, 7.5 ( b), 104

7,,,, ( ), 7.5 ( ),,, ( BaTiO3 ), ( PbZrO3 - PbT io3, PZT, Pb, Zr, Ti ), ( 70 ),,, 7.1.3,,,,,,,,,, -,,, 7.1.4 7.1 105

7.1 ( PZT ) PZT- 4 PZT-5 PZT-8 / ( 10-12 C N - 1 ) d 11 = 2.31 d 14 = 0.73 d15 = 260 d31 = - 78 d 33 = 190 d15 = 410 d31 = - 100 d 33 = 230 d15 = 670 d31 = - 185 d 33 = 600 d15 = 330 d31 = - 90 d 33 = 200 / ( 10 9 N m - 2 ) 80 110 115 117 123 4.5 1 200 1 050 2 100 1 000 10 5 10 6 600 800 80 1 000 / ( m) > 10 12 10 10 > 10 10 10 11 / 573 115 310 260 300 / ( 10 3 kg m - 3 ) 2.65 5.5 7.45 7.5 7.45 / ( 10 5 N m - 2 ) 95 100 81 76 76 83 : : ; :,, ; :, ; :, ; :,,, : 573 ; 20 200, 10-6 / ; ;,, : ; 120 ; ; ( ) ; ( ),, PZT, PbT io3 PbZrO3 Pb( ZrT i) O3,, ( Nb) ( Sb) ( Sn ) ( Mn) ( W ) PZT 300,,,, 106

7 7.2,,,, 7.6( a) : A ; d ; r Ca = r 0 A d ( 7.3) (a) ( b) (c) 7.6, Q,, : Q Ca U = ( 7.4), Q Ca, 7.6 ( b), 7.6 (c),, Cc, Ri, Ci Ra,, 7.7 ( a) ( b) 7.7 107

7.3,, : ( 1 000 M ) ( 100 ) ;,, : 7.8 7.3.1 Ra Ri ( ), Ca Cc Ci C, 7.8 ( b) Cf K Rf,, Rf 10 9,,,,1/ Rf Cf, (1 + K) 1 : Rf 108 U i = C f = (1 + K ) Cf ( 7.5) Q Ca + Cc + Ci + C f

7 : Uo = - Uo = - K Ui ( 7.6) - K Q Ca + Cc + Ci + (1 + K ) Cf K 1 ( K = 10 4 10 6 ), ( 1 + K ) Cf > 10( Ca + Cc + Ci ), : : Uo - Q Cf ( 7.7) = UC f ( 7.8),, Q Cf UC f ( ), Uo Cc, Q, Q,, 7.3.2 7.8( c) ( d) Ra, Ri R, Cc Ci C, : R = Ra Ri Ra + Ri ( 7.9) C = Cc + Ci (7.10) f = Fm sin t, : : d ; Um = d Fm Ca U = Q = Q Ca d f = d Fm sin t (7.11) = d Fm Ca R, C : ZRC = 1 j C R = 1 j C + R R, C Ca, : Z = 1 j Ca, : + Z RC = sin t = Um sin t (7.12) 1 j Ca R 1 + j RC + R 1 + j RC (7.13) (7.14) U i = ZRC Um (7.15) Z : U i = d F j R m 1 + j R ( Ca + C) = d F j R m 1 + j R( Ca + Cc + Ci ) (7.16) 109

: Uim = : d Fm R (7.17) 1 + 2 R 2 ( Ca + Cc + Ci ) 2 = - arctan[ R( Ca + Cc + Ci ) ] (7.18) 2, Ra Ri, (7.9 ) R, R( Ca + Cc + Ci ) 1, ( 7.17 ) : U i m = df m Ca + Cc + Ci (7.19) (7.19) :,, R( Ca + Cc + Ci ) S = U im d =, Ri Fm Ca + Cc + Ci (7.17) (7.19) : Ui m = U im 1 = : Uim R( Ca + Cc + Ci ) (7.20) 1 + 2 R 2 ( Ca + Cc + Ci ) 2 1 R( Ca + Cc + Ci ) = U im = 1 (7.21) / 1 (7.22) 1 + ( / 1 ) 2 = - arctan 2 1 (7.23) 7.9, / 1 > 3 Uim,, ( = 0 ), 0,,,,,,,,,, 7.4 110 7.4.1,,

7 7.9, ( ),,, 7.10,,, 7.10 (a),,,,,, 2,, 7.10 ( b),,,,,, ( a) ( b) 7.10 111

7.4.2,,, 7.11 ( a) ( b) (c) (d) 7.11 7.5 7.5.1, -, : ; ( ) ;,,,, 7.12,,,, - 0 50 N, 0.01 N, 2 10 14, 50 60 k Hz, 1% 7.5.2 7.13, 112

7 7.12,,,,,,,, 7.13,,,,,,,,, : f = m a,, Q,,, : Q = d11 f = d11 m a (7.24) d1 1 ; m ; 113

a,, 7.1?? 7.2??? 7.3?? 7.4 7.5 7.6,? 7.7 7.8 7.9,, 7.10? 7.11?? 7.12 7.12 7.13 7.13 114

8 ( ),, 8.1,, -,,,, ( 10 1 000 H z), 8.1.1 1831, ( Michael Faraday ) :,, N,,, : E = - N d d t v, (8.1 ) : B ; L ; ( 8.1) E = - NB L v ( 8.2) E = - NB S ( 8.3) 115

S,, B, L, S, N, E v, (1 ) ( ) 8.1,,,,,,, 8.1 (a) ( b ),, ;,, ( a) ( b) 8.1,,,, ( ),,,,,, : E = - NB L v ( 8.4) N ( ) ; B ; L ; v 116

8 (2 ),,,,,, 8.2 (a) ( b) 8.2 8.2( a), ; ( ),,,,,,,, 8.2( b ),,,,,, ;,,,,, 50 Hz, 100 kh z 8.1.2 ( 8.3 ), Io Rf ; R Io = E R + Rf = N B Lv R + Rf : ( 8.5) 117

: : 8.3 SI = Io v = NB L R + Rf Uo = Io Rf = N B LvRf R + Rf ( 8.6) ( 8.7) SU = Uo v = NB L Rf R + Rf ( 8.8) : B, S, B ; L S, ( L R ), : 1) 8.3,,, R Rf 2),,,,, (8.6 ) : (1 ) = d S I SI = d B B + d L L - d R R ( 8.9) :, I, I,, :,,, I,, 118,

8 8.4, I,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ), (8.5),,, E, 10 0.3 % ; 200,, R, 10, 4% Rf, R1 ( ) R2 t, (8.5 ), : I o = ; 1 R1 ; 2 R2 ; R1 ; R2 : E(1 - t) R(1 + 1 t) + R1 (1 + 1 t) + R2 (1 + 2 t) = I o - Io Io (8.10) 100 % (8.11) 119

(8.11), E, R Rf, I o < Io,,,, ( ),,,,, : (3 ),, ( e/ v) ;,,,,, ; ( ),,,,, 10 H z, 2 000 H z 8.1.3,,, v = d x dt a= d v d t ( x = vdt), 8.5 8.1.4 120 8.5

8 (1 ),, CD-1 CD-6 ZI-A CD-1, CD-1, 8.6,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8.6 CD-1 (2 ) 8.7, ( ) ( ),, 8.7 121

,,, ;,,, 0 180,, 0 0 : n ( ),, 0 = n (8.12), 8.2 1879, ( Edwin H. H all),, 8.2.1,, 8.8 8.8, l b d,, ( x ) I, ( z ) B,,, f L, f L : fl = eb v (8.13) e ; 122

8 B ; v f L, f L EH ( ),,,,,,,, ( ),, : UH, : b ee H = evb EH = vb (8.14) UH = EH b (8.15) UH = vbb (8.16) n, v, ( ) : d (8.18) (8.16), : I = - nevbd (8.17) v = - U H = - N, RH (8.19) : UH : RH = - = RH I nebd IB ned 1 ne IB d (8.18) (8.19) (8.20) (8.21) KH = RH d, ( 8.21 ) : KH [ mv/ ( ma T ) ] UH = KH IB (8.22) :, ( 8.22) : UH = KH I Bcos N : KH = - 1 ned (8.23) 123

P : KH KH = 1 ned (8.24) N KH, P KH ( 8.22 ),, UC, UC = E l, :, (8.16) (8.25), : UH v = E (8.25) = buc B l, UC (8.26) B, d, l RH d,, d = 0.1 0.2 mm, 1 m ( 8.23) (8.24 ),,, (8.26),,, N, N, 8.2.2 (1 ), ( 4 mm 2 mm 0.1 mm), a b, ; c d, 8.9 124 (a) ( b) (c) 8.9

8 (2 ) Rin :, Rou t :, Rin Rou t 20 5 roff :, : a) ; b) ; c) : Uoff ; I roff = Uoff I (8.27) :, 1, U0 :, : a),, ; b),, 1 mv, (3 ),, 1),,,, 8.10,,,,,,,,,, (a) ( b) 8.10 125

,,,,,, 2),, ( ),, UH = KH I B : ( 0.1% ), I KH,, : KH = KH0 (1 + T) (8.28) KH0 T0 KH ; T, T = T - T0 ;, ( 1 + T ), KH I, I,,, 8.11, RP, RP, I, 8.11 T0, RI0, KH 0, RP0 : IH0 = I RP0 RP0 + RI0 (8.29) 126

8 T, : ; : IH = I RP RI + RP, U0 RI = RI0 (1 + T) (8.30) RP = RP 0 (1 + T) (8.31) = RP0 (1 + T ) I RI0 (1 + T ) + RP 0 ( 1 + T), (8.32) UH0 = UH (8.33) KH 0 IH 0 = KH IH (8.34) (8.28) ( 8.29 ) (8.32) (8.34), T 2 RP0 = ( - - ) RI0 : (8.35), (8.35) (4 ), 8.12 ;,, 8.12 8.2.3,, ; ;,, 127

(1 ) 8.13,,,, B = 0, UH = 0; z, B 0, : UH = KH IB = K z (8.36) K ( a) ( b) 8.13 z,,, 1 2 mm, 5 mm, 0.001 mm ; 30 mv/ mm (2 ), 8.14,, ( a), ( b),,,,,, 128 (a) ( b ) 8.14

8 8.15, M, H, A,, c d, ;,,,,, 8.15 (3 ), ( Eug ne Bourdon ),,,,, 8.16,,,,, 8.16 129

8.1 8.2,? 8.3 8.4?? 8.5?? 8.6 l, b, d 1.0 cm, 0.35 cm, 0.1 cm, l I = 1.0 ma, lb B = 0.3 T, 22 V/ ( A T ), 8.7 U1, U2,,, 0

9,,, ; 9.1 ( thermocouples ) 100 1 300,,,, 9.1.1 (1 ) 9.1, ( t > t0 ),,,, 1821 T.J.Seebeck, ( Seebeck effect ), A, B, ( t),, 9.1 131

( t0 ),,,, (2 ) A, B,,, A, B, A B,, A B B A, A A E AB ( t) + + + - - - n A > n B 9.2 B, B,,, 9.2,, A B, A B B A,,, EAB ( t) EAB ( t0 ), : EAB ( t) = EA ( t) - EB ( t) = EAB ( t0 ) = EA ( t0 ) - EB ( t0 ) = kt ln na - q0 kt0 ln na - EAB ( t), EAB ( t0 ) A, B t, t0 q0 kt ln nb = kt ln n A q0 q0 kt0 ln nb = kt0 q0 q0 nb ln na n B ; EA ( t), EB ( t) A, B t ; EA ( t0 ), EB ( t0 ) A, B t0 k, 1.38 10-23 J/ K ; t, t0 ; na, nb A, B ; q0, 1.6 10-19 C (3 ) t, t0 ( 9.1) ( 9.2) ; ( t > t0 ),,,,,,,,,,, ( thermo electromotive force), ( na, nb, ) : EA ( t, t0 ) = EA ( t) - EA ( t0 ) = EB ( t, t0 ) = EB ( t) - EB ( t0 ) = EA ( t, t0 ) A t, t0 132 kt ln na - q0 kt ln nb - q0 kt0 ln na = q0 kt0 ln nb = q0 ; k( t - t0 ) ln na ( 9.3) q0 k( t - t0 ) ln nb ( 9.4) q0

9 EB ( t, t0 ) B t, t0 (4 ), : ( 9.1),,, ; EAB ( t) EA B ( t0 ), A B, A B, : t2, t3, :, : ( na EA B ( t, t0 ) = EAB ( t) - EAB ( t0 ) = k q0 ( t - t0 ) ln na n B = nb ),, 0 ( 9.5) ( t = t0 ), A, B, 0 ( na, nb ) ( t, t0 ), A, B t1, t3, t1, t2, : EA B ( t1, t3 ) = EA B ( t1, t2 ) + EA B ( t2, t3 ) = EA B ( t1 ) - EAB ( t2 ) + EA B ( t2 ) - EAB ( t3 ) = EAB ( t1 ) - EAB ( t3 ) ( 9.6) A, B, EAB ( t, t0 ) t t0, : EAB ( t, t0 ) = f ( t) - f ( t0 ) ( 9.7), f ( t0 ) = C( ),, EAB ( t, t0 ) t EAB ( t, t0 ) = f ( t) - f( t0 ) = f ( t) - C = ( t) ( 9.8) (9.8 ) t0,, t, 0,,,,,, 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 10,, : tm = tl + tm ; EM tm ; th ; E H th ; tl ; EL tl EM - EL ( th - tl ) ( 9.9) E H - EL 133

9.1 30-6 : B ( 0 ) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 / / mv 0-0.000-0.002-0.003-0.002 0.000 0.002 0.006 0.011 0.017 0.025 100 0.033 0.043 0.053 0.065 0.078 0.092 0.107 0.123 0.140 0.159 200 0.178 0.199 0.220 0.243 0.266 0.291 0.317 0.344 0.372 0.401 300 0.431 0.462 0.494 0.527 0.561 0.596 0.632 0.669 0.707 0.746 400 0.786 0.827 0.870 0.913 0.957 1.002 1.048 1.095 1.143 1.192 500 1.241 1.292 1.344 1.397 1.450 1.505 1.560 1.617 1.674 1.732 600 1.791 1.851 1.912 1.974 2.036 2.100 2.164 2.230 2.296 2.363 700 2.430 2.499 2.569 2.639 2.710 2.782 2.855 2.928 3.003 3.078 800 3.154 3.231 3.308 3.387 3.466 3.546 3.626 3.708 3.790 3.873 900 3.957 4.041 4.126 4.212 4.298 4.386 4.474 4.562 4.652 4.742 1 000 4.833 4.924 5.016 5.109 5.202 5.297 5.391 5.487 5.583 5.680 1 100 5.777 5.875 5.973 6.073 6.172 6.273 6.374 6.475 6.577 6.680 1 200 6.783 6.887 6.991 7.096 7.202 7.308 7.414 7.521 7.628 7.736 1 300 7.845 7.953 8.063 8.172 8.283 8.393 8.504 8.616 8.727 8.839 1 400 8.952 9.065 9.178 9.291 9.405 9.519 9.634 9.748 9.863 9.979 1 500 10.094 10.210 10.325 10.441 10.558 10.674 10.790 10.907 11.024 11.141 1 600 11.257 11.374 11.491 11.608 11.725 11.842 11.959 12.076 12.193 12.310 1 700 12.426 12.543 12.659 12.776 12.892 13.008 13.124 13.239 13.354 13.470 1 800 13.585 : S 9.2 10 - ( 0 ) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 / / mv 0 0.000 0.055 0.113 0.173 0.235 0.299 0.365 0.432 0.502 0.573 100 0.645 0.719 0.795 0.872 0.950 1.029 1.109 1.190 1.273 1.356 200 1.440 1.525 1.611 1.698 1.785 1.873 1.962 2.051 2.141 2.232 300 2.323 2.414 2.506 2.599 2.692 2.786 2.880 2.974 3.069 3.164 400 3.260 3.356 3.452 3.549 3.645 3.743 3.840 3.938 4.036 4.135 500 4.234 4.333 4.432 4.532 4.632 4.732 4.832 4.933 5.034 5.136 600 5.237 5.339 5.442 5.544 5.648 5.751 5.855 5.960 6.064 6.169 700 6.274 6.380 6.486 6.592 6.699 6.805 6.913 7.020 7.128 7.236 800 7.345 7.454 7.563 7.672 7.782 7.892 8.003 8.114 8.225 8.336 900 8.448 8.560 8.673 8.786 8.899 9.012 9.126 9.240 9.355 9.470 1 000 9.585 9.700 9.816 9.932 10.048 10.165 10.282 10.400 10.517 10.635 1 100 10.754 10.872 10.991 11.110 11.229 11.348 11.467 11.587 11.707 11.827 1 200 11.947 12.067 12.188 12.308 12.429 12.550 12.671 12.792 12.913 13.034 1 300 13.155 13.276 13.397 13.519 13.640 13.761 13.883 14.004 14.125 14.247 1 400 14.368 14.489 14.610 14.731 14.852 14.973 15.094 15.215 15.336 15.456 1 500 15.576 15.697 15.817 15.937 16.057 16.176 16.296 16.415 16.534 16.653 1 600 16.771 16.890 17.008 17.125 17.245 17.360 17.477 17.594 17.711 17.826 134

9 : K 9.3 - ( 0 ) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 / / mv - 0-0.000-0.392-0.777-1.156 1.527-1.889-2.243-2.586-2.920-3.242 + 0 0.000 0.397 0.798 1.203 1.611 2.022 2.436 2.850 3.266 3.681 100 4.095 4.508 4.919 5.327 5.733 6.137 6.539 6.939 7.338 7.737 200 8.137 8.537 8.938 9.341 9.745 10.151 10.560 10.969 11.381 11.793 300 12.207 12.623 13.039 13.456 13.874 14.292 14.712 15.132 15.552 15.974 400 16.395 16.818 17.241 17.664 18.088 18.513 18.938 19.363 19.788 20.214 500 20.640 21.066 21.493 21.919 22.346 22.772 23.198 23.624 24.050 24.476 600 24.902 25.327 25.751 26.176 26.599 27.022 27.445 27.867 28.288 28.709 700 29.128 29.547 29.965 30.383 30.799 31.214 31.629 32.042 32.455 32.866 800 33.277 33.686 34.095 34.502 34.909 35.314 35.718 36.121 36.524 36.925 900 37.325 37.724 38.122 38.519 38.915 39.310 39.703 40.096 40.488 40.897 1 000 41.269 41.657 42.045 42.432 42.817 43.202 43.585 43.968 44.349 44.729 1 100 45.108 45.486 45.863 46.238 46.612 46.985 47.356 47.726 48.095 48.462 1 200 48.828 49.192 49.555 49.916 50.276 50.633 50.990 51.344 51.697 52.049 1 300 52.398 : E 9.4 - ( 0 ) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 / / mv - 0-0.000-0.581-1.151-1.709-2.254-2.787-3.306-3.811-4.301-4.777 + 0 0.000 0.591 1.192 1.801 2.419 3.047 3.683 4.329 4.983 5.646 100 6.317 6.996 7.633 8.377 9.078 9.787 10.501 11.222 11.949 12.681 200 13.419 14.161 14.909 15.661 16.417 17.178 17.942 18.710 19.481 20.256 300 21.033 21.814 22.597 23.383 24.171 24.961 25.754 26.549 27.345 28.143 400 28.943 29.744 30.546 31.350 32.155 32.960 33.767 34.574 35.382 36.190 500 36.999 37.808 38.617 39.426 40.236 41.045 41.853 42.662 43.470 44.278 600 45.085 45.891 46.697 47.502 48.306 49.109 49.911 50.713 51.513 52.312 700 53.110 53.907 54.703 55.498 56.291 57.083 57.873 58.663 59.451 60.237 800 61.022 : T 9.5 - ( 0 ) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 / / mv - 200-5.603-5.753-5.889-6.007-6.105-6.181-6.232-6.258-100 - 3.378-3.656-3.923-4.177-4.419-4.648-4.865-5.069-5.261-5.439 135

/ 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 / mv - 0-0.000-0.383-0.757-1.121-1.475-1.819-2.152-2.475-2.788-3.089 0 0.000 0.391 0.789 1.196 1.611 2.035 2.467 2.908 3.357 3.813 100 4.277 2.749 5.227 5.712 6.204 6.702 7.207 7.718 8.235 8.757 200 9.286 9.320 10.360 10.905 11.456 12.011 12.572 13.137 13.707 14.281 300 14.860 15.443 16.030 16.621 17.217 17.816 18.420 19.027 19.638 20.252 400 20.869 (5 ) 1),,?,,, 9.3 9.3 9.3( a),, : EAB C ( t, t0 ) = EAB ( t) + EBC ( t0 ) + ECA ( t0 ) (9.10) t = t0, 0, : EBC ( t0 ) + ECA ( t0 ) = - EA B ( t0 ) (9.11) (9.10) (9.11) : EA BC ( t, t0 ) = EA B ( t) - EAB ( t0 ) = EAB ( t, t0 ) (9.12) 9.3( b ),, : EAB C ( t, t0 ) = EAB ( t) + EBC ( t1 ) + ECB ( t1 ) + EBA ( t0 ) (9.13) EBC ( t1 ) = - ECB ( t1 ) (9.14) : EAB C ( t, t0 ) = EAB ( t) + EB A ( t0 ) = EAB ( t) - EAB ( t0 ) = EA B ( t, t0 ) (9.15), ( 9.12 ),,, :, ( 136

9 ) 2) 9.4, A B t, t0 EA B ( t, t0 ) t, tc tc, t0 9.4 EAB ( t, tc ) EAB ( tc, t0 ), : EAB ( t, t0 ) = EA B ( t, tc ) + EAB ( tc, t0 ) (9.16),,,,,,, 0 9.5 3) A, B C, A, B : EA B ( t, t0 ) = EAC ( t, t0 ) - EBC ( t, t0 ) (9.17) EAC ( t, t0 ) = EAC ( t) - EAC ( t0 ) (9.18) EBC ( t, t0 ) = EBC ( t) - EBC ( t0 ) (9.19) : EAC ( t, t0 ) - EBC ( t, t0 ) = EAC ( t) - EAC ( t0 ) - [ EBC ( t) - EBC ( t0 ) ] (9.20) : EAC ( t) - EBC ( t) = EAB ( t) (9.21) - EAC ( t0 ) + EBC ( t0 ) = EBA ( t0 ) (9.22) : EAC ( t, t0 ) - EBC ( t, t0 ) = EAB ( t) + EBA ( t0 ) = EAB ( t) - EA B ( t0 ) = EAB ( t, t0 ) (9.23) (9.17),, 137

,,,,,,,, 100 0, 2.95 mv, - 4.0 mv, : 4) 2.95 mv - ( - 4.0 mv) = 6.95 mv,, 0 9.1.2 (1 ), 9.6 1) 9.6,, 0.5 3.2 mm,, 0.3 0.6 mm, 300 2 000 mm, 350 mm,, 2 4 6,, 5 M,,,, ( ) 138

9 2),, ( Sheath), 9.7 9.7, :, ;,,, ( 0.01 0.1 m ),, ( ) ( 2),, 9.8,,, :,,,,, ;,,,,,, (3 ), ( IEC ) 8 9.6 IEC 6 IEC R 13 -, 10 -,, 4, (B ) 3 0-6, ( S ) 1 0 -, ( K ) 13 87 % 13 % 139

-, ( E ) - 9.1 9.4 9.6 30-6 30 6 B 10-10 S 0 + 1 700 ( ) 0 + 1 600 ( ),,,,,, - K - E - J - T, - 200 + 1 200 ( ) B, S, - 200 + 900,, ( ),,, - 200 + 750,, E ( ), - 200 + 350, - 200 0 ( ) 9.1.3,,,,,,,,, : ( 1) 1 m,,,,, 9.9, :,, 9.9 140

9, 0 150, ( ),,,,, 9.7,,, 9.7 10 - - ( 0.6% ) - : - - : - - - - - - - (2 ), (, 0 ), 0, (3 ) 0, t0, (9.16) ( ), : E( t, 0) = E( t, t0 ) + E( t0,0 ) (9.24) t ; t0 ; 0 ( 0, ) ; E( t, t0 ) t t0, E( t, 0), E( t0,0 ) 0, t t0 ( ) 9.1 -, t0 = 30, E ( t, t0 ) = 39.17 mv, : E( 30,0 ) = 1.203 mv E( t, 0) = E( t, 30 ) + E( 30,0 ) = 39.17 + 1.203 = 40.373( mv) : E(970,0 ) = 40.096 mv, E( 980, 0) = 40.488 mv 141

, ( 9.9) : t = 970 + 40.373-40.096 (980-970) = 977 ( ) 40.488-40.096,,,,, (4 ),,,,,,,, 9.10 9.10,, R1, R2, R3 RC u, 20 ( 0 ), A, B,,,, RC u,, A, B,, U AB E AB ( t, t0 ), : t0 : UAB = E ( RCu + R1 ) ( R2 + R3 ) EAB ( t, t0 ) EAB ( t, t0 ) + UAB = (9.25) RC u UAB R2 RC u - R1 R3 E = E 1 + R2 - R1 R3 RC u = R1 RC u ( R2 + R3 ) = (9.26), 20,, 20, ( ),, 142

9 9.1.4,,,,,, (1 ) 9.11, A, B 9.11,, (2 ) ( ) 9.12 ( t1 - t2 ), ( A A, B B),,,, t1 t2 ET, ( 9.5) : ET = EAB ( t1, t0 ) - EAB ( t2, t0 ) = EAB ( t1, t2 ) (9.27) t2, t1, t1 - t2,, t0,, ( t0 ) 9.12 9.13 (3 ) ( ),, 1) 143

9.13,, R,,, ( 9.5) : ET = = E1 + E2 + E3 3 = EAB ( t1 + t2 + t3, 3 t0 ) 3 EAB ( t1, t0 ) + EAB ( t2, t0 ) + EAB ( t3, t0 ) 3 = EAB t1 + t2 + t3 3, t0 (9.28) E1, E2, E3 :,, 2 ) 9.14,,, : ET = E1 + E2 + E3 = EAB ( t1, t0 ) + EAB ( t2, t0 ) + EA B ( t3, t0 ) 9.14 = EAB ( t1 + t2 + t3, 3 t0 ) t 0 = 0 EAB ( t1 + t2 + t3, t0 ) (9.29), 3, (9.29) 0,, 0,, :,,, 9.15,, :, 9.1.5 9.15 AD594C AD594C,, J 10 mv/ 0 300 1, AD594C - IN + IN,, A1, A1 U o AD594C A/ D, 144

9 9.2,, : ;,, ;,, ; ;, 9.16, - 200 500, 9.16 (a ),,,, 9.16 ( b) 9.2.1,,,,,,, IP T S- 68, - 259.34 + 630.74, 0 850 : Rt = R0 ( 1 + At + Bt 2 ) (9.30) - 200 0 : Rt = R0 [1 + At + Bt 2 + C( t - 100 ) t 3 ] (9.31) Rt t ; R0 0 ; A, B, C, A = 3.97 10-3 /, B = - 5.85 10-7 / 2, C = - 4.22 10-12 / 4 145

(9.31), t R0, R0 = 10 R0 = 100, Pt1 0 Pt10 0, Pt100 ( Rt -t ) 9.8, Rt, Pt10, 9.8 10 ; Pt50, 9.8 : Pt100 R0 = 100 / 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 / - 200 18.49-100 60.25 56.19 52.11 48.00 43.87 39.71 35.53 31.32 27.08 22.80 0 100.00 96.09 92.16 88.22 84.27 80.31 76.33 72.33 68.33 64.30 0 100.00 103.90 107.79 111.67 115.54 119.40 123.24 127.07 130.89 134.70 100 138.50 142.29 146.06 149.82 153.58 157.31 161.04 164.76 168.46 172.16 200 175.84 179.51 183.17 186.82 190.45 194.07 197.69 201.29 204.88 208.45 300 212.02 215.57 219.12 222.65 226.17 229.67 233.17 236.65 240.13 243.59 400 247.04 250.48 253.90 257.32 260.72 264.11 267.49 270.86 274.22 277.56 500 280.90 284.22 287.53 290.83 294.11 297.39 300.65 303.91 307.15 310.38 600 313.59 316.80 319.99 323.18 326.35 329.51 332.66 335.79 338.92 342.03 700 345.13 348.22 351.30 354.37 357.37 360.47 363.50 366.52 369.53 372.52 800 375.51 378.48 381.45 384.40 387.34 390.26 9.2.2,,, - 50 + 150,, : Rt = R0 (1 + t) (9.32) 0 ( = 4.28 10-3 / ),, :,,,, 100, : Cu50 ( R0 = 50 ) Cu10 0 ( R0 = 100 ) Cu50 9.9 Cu10 0, 9.2.3-200 + 500 :,, :,, 146

9,, 6 ma 9.9 : Cu50 R 0 = 50 / 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 / - 0 50.00 47.85 45.70 43.55 41.40 39.24 0 50.00 52.14 45.28 56.42 58.56 60.70 62.84 64.98 67.12 69.26 100 71.40 73.54 75.68 77.83 79.98 82.13,,,, 3 (1 ) (, ) 9.17,,,,, 9.17 (2 ) (, ), 100, 1 3 ( 9.8),, 9.18 Rt,, r, ;,, : ( Rt + r) R2 = ( R3 + r) R1 (9.33) 9.18 : Rt = ( R3 + r) R1 - rr2 R2 (9.34) R1 = R2, r = 0, r : R1 = R2,,,, (3 ) (, ),, 9.19 I,, r1, r4 r2, r3,, r1, r4,, 147

(, ), 9.3, ( NiO MnO2 CuO TiO2 ),,,, 1 mm, 3 mm, 9.20 9.21 9.19 9.20 ( ) ( ), ; ; ; 9.21 ; ;, :, ; ;,, - 50 + 300, 9.3.1 - -, 3, ( Negative Temperature Coefficient, NTC) ( Positive Temperature Coefficient, P T C) ( Critical Temperature Resistor s, CTR ) 9.22, 9.22 : Rt = R0 exp B - t 148 B t0 (9.35)

9 Rt, R0 t t0, K; B (, B 1 500 6 000 K ) ; t0 0, t0 = 273.15 K 9.23 ( NT C) B -,,, N TC, - 100 + 300 P T C,,, 9.23 NTC - CTR,,,,, ( 10 ),,,,,,,, Rt 9.3.2 (1 ) 9.24, VT1 V T2, VT1, V T3, VT4,,, VD, C RP,,, 9.24 (2 ) 9.25 Rt1 Rt2, Rt 1, Rt2 149

, R1 R2, 9.25,,, Rt 1 Rt 2, Rt1,, Rt1, 9.1? 9.2? 9.3? 9.4 9.5?? 9.6, 9.7 K, 9.26 t1 = 420, t0 = 30, 15.24 mv,? t1 E,,? 9.26 9.7 9.8 -, 50, 60 mv,? 9.9 100 13.9,, 281, ( 0 100 ) 9.10-0.04 mv/, 1 200,, 50, 9.11 9.12,,? 9.12? 9.13 9.14, 150

9 9.15, B 2 900 K, 500 k, 100 151

10 ( ) ( ),,,, 4 : (1 ),,, (2 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 11 (3 ), CCD( Charge Coupled Device, CCD) CCD, MOS MOS ( Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor, MOS ) (4 ) ( LED) ( LD),,,, (, ),,,,, 152

10 10.1,, ;, ;, 4 : (1 ),,,, 10.1 ( a),,, (2 ), 10.1 ( b) :, ;, (3 ),, 10.1( c), ( ) 10.1 (4 ),,,, 10.2 ( ), ( ), 0 1 3,, 153

, ;,, 10.2 10.2, : E = h (10.1) h, h = 6.626 10-3 4 J s; :,, E A 0,, : Ek = 1 2 mv2 = h v - A0 (10.2) m ; v,,,,,, 10.2.1,,,,,, (1 ) 1) 10.3 ( a),,,,, 154

10,,, 10.3,,,,,,,,,,,, 2) 10.4 10.5, 10.4 ( a) ( b ), ( ),, 10.5 1, 2, ( ) 155

10.6, ;, 10.6, 1 2, 3 ( ),,, (2 ) 1),,,,, 10.7 10.7 ( Photo multiplier tube, PM T) ( ) 3,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 3 6,,, 3 6, ( ), 10 5 10 6,,,, 2) M M n, : 156