2010 11 4 The Qing History Journal Nov. 2010 No. 4 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 K249 A 1002-8587 2010-04 - 0001-17 National Identity A New Angle on the Study of Qing History In the study of the Qing Dynasty we must begin with the political principle of national survival. In order to maintain long-term controlthe state must employ all means to obtain political legitimacy and have people identify with the nation. The state must transform people's passive identification into active identification. The Qing Dynasty Rulers were oriented toward continuing the Ming Dynasty and all previous dynasties emperor's domination. The Qing Dynasty rulers took Confucianism as the official ideology and by approving Confucianismwon the Han people's favorable impression in return for the Han people obeyed the Qing ruleand realized the national identity. This national identity was embodied in honoring Confucianism and changing existing habits and customs. Orthodox ideas especially those represented by the Temple of Ancient Monarchs in Qing Dynasty actually containedor breda new concept of a multinational country and also implied a reinterpretation of universal national sentiments. 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 櫍 1 2010-09 - 01 1957 300071 1

2 1635 3 4 1636 5 1636 6 2

7 10 瑏 瑡 8 1373 9 1644 瑏 瑢 3

1660 瑏 瑧 瑣 瑏 瑏 瑨 瑏 瑤 1784 瑏 瑩 瑏 瑥 1645 1683 瑏 瑦 1684 4

1655 1683 1699 1731 1741 1717 1646 瑐 瑠 1653 瑐 瑣 瑐 瑡 1728 瑢 瑐 1373 1731 1602 1741 瑐 瑤 5

瑐 瑩 1667 瑥 瑐 瑑 瑠 1795 瑐 瑦 1731 瑐 瑨 瑑 瑡 瑑 瑢 1712 瑧 瑐 6

瑑 瑤 瑑 瑥 1701 1701 瑑 瑦 瑑 瑣 7

瑑 瑧 1628 1654 1682 1685 1677 瑠 瑒 1684 瑑 瑨 1690 瑑 瑩 1713 1645 8 1699

1725 瑒 瑧 1729 瑒 瑨 瑒 瑡 1652 瑢 瑒 瑒 瑩 1659 瑣 瑒 1669 1644 1670 瑒 瑤 瑒 瑥 1725 1727 1873 178 5533 31 瑒 瑦 瑓 瑡 1644 瑓 瑠 1696 9

1723 1723 1725 1723 1735 9995 769 9 10

瑓 瑦 瑓 瑢 瑓 瑧 瑣 瑓 瑓 瑨 1690 1692 瑓 瑤 1720 瑓 瑥 1700 1704 11 20 瑓 瑩 11

瑔 瑣 瑔 瑠 1638 瑔 瑡 瑔 瑤 瑔 瑢 1645 1673 1708 1784 12

1710 1716 47035 瑔 瑥 瑔 瑦 瑔 瑧 1648 瑔 瑨 13

1710 瑩 瑔 14 瑖 瑣 1706 瑠 瑖 1724 瑖 瑡 瑖 瑤 1726 瑖 瑥 1725 1781 瑖 瑢 1884

瑦 瑖 瑘 瑠 1911 瑘 瑡 瑧 瑖 1949 瑨 瑖 瑖 瑩 1 4 157-162 1999 5 1978 2 81-83 2002 1 3 2008 1 2 10 1986 2009 3 1979 109 114 122 6 27 7 28 8 2010 15

9 230 1977 31 9352 10 102 187-188 1958 6 瑏 瑡 6 瑏 瑢 15 瑑 瑦 瑏 瑣 136 2128 1 1984 瑏 瑤 1142 7 179 瑏 瑥 1210 瑑 瑧 2009 3 瑏 瑦 瑏 瑧 2010 2 瑏 瑨 瑑 瑩 2009 9 瑏 瑩 瑐 瑠 275 1352 瑐 瑡 1225 瑒 瑢 397 瑐 瑢 瑒 瑣 397 11 2010 瑐 瑣 71 瑒 瑥 34 瑐 瑤 瑒 瑦 16 瑒 瑧 2 2004 瑒 瑨 84 2006 瑐 瑥 23 瑓 瑠 瑐 瑦 252 1988 1 瑐 瑧 251 瑐 瑨 275 瑓 瑡 2 瑐 瑩 1993 瑑 瑠 18 瑑 瑡 33 瑓 瑤 2006 184 瑑 瑢 216 瑓 瑥 1 187 瑑 瑤 19 瑑 瑥 117 瑑 瑨 2009 10 1996 3 2 瑒 瑠 2 瑒 瑡 255 瑒 瑤 34 瑒 瑩 2006 瑓 瑢 389 瑓 瑣 2008 2 瑑 瑣 19 瑓 瑦 189-190 16 2003 1

瑓 瑧 2017-2018 872 瑖 瑡 55 瑖 瑣 125 3 1996 420 瑓 瑨 882 6 3409 瑖 瑤 424 瑓 瑩 1 2003 49 瑔 瑠 1989 19 瑔 瑡 瑖 瑦 1994 3 1 瑔 瑢 瑖 瑢 2005 4 瑔 瑣 1210 瑔 瑤 1368 2010 5 瑖 瑧 2008 1998 3 瑔 瑥 瑖 瑨 146 2004 瑔 瑦 86 409 瑔 瑧 2008 5 2009 11 2007 7 瑔 瑨 41 瑘 瑠 瑔 瑩 744 1994 3 7-9 12-14 90-91 瑖 瑠 2007 11 198 3 2005 752 1989 3 970 瑖 瑥 13 7 23-24 2009 25-31 2006 5 11 2006 瑖 瑩 瑘 瑡 70 17