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M odern Ch inese H istory Stud ies No. 6, 2000 In M emo ry of the F irst A nn iversary of the D eath of M arx ist H is2 to rian L iu D an ian (1) Space2T im e In teraction s betw een the A ncien t and M odern, Ch i2 nese and Fo reign: In tellectual Con troversies abou t R eo rga2 n izing the N ational H eritage L uo Z h itian (56) In the first th ree decades of the tw entieth century, Ch ina experienced a continuous academ ic and ideo logical struggle over the status of N ational H eritage : from p reserving national essence, to reo rganizing the national heritage, to finally refusing to adm it Ch inese N ational Culture Studies as a field of study. In the course of th is struggle, there w ere at least four m ajo r controversies w h ich invo lved extensive social participation. F rom the view 2 po int of ideo logy, th is article exam ines the ideo logical debate dom inated by students at Beijing U niversity at the tim e w hen the slogan of reo rganizing the national heritage first appeared, focusing on tho se parts of the debate w h ich related to yet exceeded the bounds of academ ic research. T he arti2 cle first review s the ideas of the tw o disagreeing group s, then exam ines them in the context of the though t and discourse of the tim e, w ith an emphasis on the sim ilarities and differences of the ideas of various intellectuals. F inally, it briefly analyzes the h isto rical enligh tenm ent of these controversies, from the angle of space2tim e interactions betw een the ancient and modern and the Ch inese and fo reign to w h ich peop le at that tim e paid clo se attention. T he Ph ilan th rop ic and R elief A ctivities of the R ed C ro ss Society du ring the Pek ing Governm en t Period of R epub lican Ch ina Z hou Q iug uang (107) D uring the Pek ing Governm ent period of R epublican Ch ina ( 1912 1927), the R ed C ro ss Society of Ch ina s ph ilanth rop ic and relief activities m igh t be divided into tw o parts: first, w ar relief during the various w ars of 1