1 (27)
(28) 2 1 1 20001-22
13 (29) 2 3 4 nominal definition real definition 5 6 2 1996 3 1999 4 1996 5 1999109-113 6 H. Newman, G. E. Moore, R. M. Hare Moore Moore, G. E., Principia Ethica, Hare no substantial disagreement without verbal agreementhare, 1981, 69
(30) 2 4 7 8 We are discussing no small matter, but how we ought to live 9 7 reality given realism 8 1992222-223 9 Plato, Republic, 344e.
1 5 (31) 10 10 Thomas Aquinas, summa theologiae, 1-2 q.96 a.2
(32) 2 6 civil disobedience 11 Vinaya Hans Küng 12 11 Henry David Thoreau On the Duty of Civil Disobedience Crito 12 Küng, H. Projekt Weltethos, München/Zürich, 1990 1999
1 7 (33) 13 ethos mores ethos mores ethos mores mores ethos 13 hypothetical imperative categorical imperative Kagan, 1998, 1
(34) 28 descriptive ethics positive morality 14 Herodotus 15 moral psychology theory of moral development 16 religious ethics theological ethics or moral theology ethike ethos Cicerophilosophia moralis ethike ethics moral philosophy ethics moral philosophy 14 Positive morality Pojman, 1998, xi 15 Rachels, 1999, 20-21 16 Jean Piagett, Lawrence Kohlberg
19 (35) 17 18 common morality 19 17 Louis Pojman morality Ethos morality (mores) ethos Pojman ethics morality ethics morality Pojman, 1998, xi 18 19 Tom Beauchamp/James Childress common morality common morality Beauchamp/Childress, 2001, 2-3
(36) 2 10 rationale 20 moral 20
1 11 (37) rationale Kai Nielsen 21 introduction to ethics compartmentalization 21 Nielsen, 1967, 118-119 Shelly Kagan
(38) 2 12 22 normative ethics foundational theory foundationalism Coherentism virtue ethics ethics of caring teleology deontology 22 Clarke, 1996; Abelson/Nielsen, 1967.
1 13 (39) W 1) who 2) when 3) where 4) what 5) why 6) how W 23 W 23 Kai Nielsen The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Paul Edwards Problems of Ethics Nielsen, 1967
(40) 2 14 What What
1 15 (41) (1)(2) moral statements morally evaluative terms 1a) 2a) 3a) (1)1a) (2)2a) (2)2a) moral duty moral supererogation or ideal (3)3a) dispositive freedom moral principles or moral norms
(42) 2 16 24 principle of lesser evil what contemporary analytic philosophy normative ethics 25 metaethics 24 the golden rule 7, 1 Rabbi HillelB.C. 60-A.D.10 7, 12 6, 31 25 Nielsen, 1967, 118
1 17 (43) what what Kagan objectivism
(44) 2 18 justification 26 meta-ethical scepticism meta-ethical subjectivism Edward Westermarck 27 realism anti-realsm cognitivism non-cognitivism 28 fundamental ethics foundational 26 Nielsen Nielsen, 1967, 119 27 Nielsen, 1967, 117 28 Shelly Kagan Kagan, 1998, 2
19 1 (45) theories applied ethics 29 teleology deontology 30 29 30 C. D. Broad Broad, C. D. Five Types of ethical Theory. New York. 1944, 206-216 B. Schüller Schüller, B. Typen der Begrü ndung sittlicher Normen, in: Concilium 12 (1976), 648-654
(46) 2 20 utilitarianism 31 32 J. Bentham J. St. Mill H. Sidgwick R. M. Hare ethical theory of act consequentialism 31 utilitarianism utilitarianism 32
21 1 (47) 33 Kategorischer Imperativ Handlungsmaxime Prinzip der Universalisierbarkeit 34 David Cummiskey 35 33 Kant, I., Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten, in: Weischedel, W. Hrsg., Werkausgabe, Bd. VII, 27 34 Ricken, F. Allgemeine Ethik. Stuttgart. 1989, 27Kant, Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten, 28-30 35 Could Kant have been a Utilitarian? Kantian Consequentialism Hare, 1997, 147-165; Cummiskey, 1996
(48) 2 22 Fiat iustitia pereat mundus 36 1)John Rawlsa theory of justice D. Witschen W. WolbertB. Schüller 2) agent-centered constraints of 37 evil-doing ordinary, commonsense morality 3) agent-centered options of doing good 36 Fiat iustitia, pereat mundus Witschen, D. Fiat iustitia, pereat mundus. In: Theologie und Glaube 82 (1992), 439-456 37 Mill, J. St. Utilitarianism. London. 1972.
23 1 (49) Samuel SchefflerShelly Kagan 38 4) principle of double-effect Whitley Kaufman 39 40 38 Kagan, Shelly. The limits of morality. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1989 Scheffler, Samuel. The rejection of consequentialism. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1994. 39 intending foreseeing direct intention indirect intention German Grisez, Joseph Boyle John Finnis Richard McCormick, Josef Fuchs, Bruno Schueller R. M. Hare Objective Prescriptions and Other Essays. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1999: 164-167 Whitley Kaufman Intending versus Foreseeing Harm: the Foundation of Deontological Constraints, Georgetown University Dissertation. 1998 The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, vol. 16(1991) Christian Bioethics, vol. 3 No.2(1997) 40 Rachels, James. More impertinent distinctions and a defense of active euthanasia. In Killing and letting die, edited by Bonnie Steinbock and Alastair Norcross. New York: Fordham University Press. 1994.139-154; Thomson, Judith Jarvis. Self-defense. Philosophy & Public Affairs 20 (1991): 283-310.
(50) 2 24 foundationalism coherentism pragmatism reflective equilibrium coherent considered judgments coherence Tom Beauchamp James Childress biomedical ethics respect for autonomy nonmaleficence beneficence justice 41 Henry Richardson constructive pragmatism 41 Beauchamp/Childress, 2001 principlism
125 (51) good-centered right-centered 42 43 A. Macintyre D. Statman virtue ethics C. GilliganN. Noddingcaring ethics 44 intuitionism Bernard Williams Robert Audi Lawrence Blum Jonathan Dancy what what 42 43 Richardson, 1995 44 A. Macintyre. After Virtue. Duckworth. 1992Statman, 1997 N. Nodding. Caring. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. 1984. Hare, 1999, 132-150
(52) 2 26 bioethics cyber ethics what rationale what why why why 45 John Hospers Stephen Toulmin 45 Aristotle, Topics I 11, 105a 2-7
127 (53) 46 why philosophia perennia W. T. Stace why why 48 how How 47 whatwhy 46 Hospers, 1970, 745; Toulmin, 1964, 146-165. 47 Stace, 1975, 251. 48 why John van Ingen. Why be moral? New York: Peter Lang. 1994 1999 205-274 Tara Smith Viable values Smith, 2000
(54) 2 28 How integrity emotional intelligence
1 29 (55) 49 50 49 199827-28 50 1998281
(56) 2 30 Abelson, Raziel, and Kai Nielsen. (1967). Ethics, History of. The encyclopedia of philosophy, edited by Paul Edwards. New York: Macmillan, 87-117. Beauchamp Tom L./James F. Childress (2001), Principles of Biomedical Ethics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, Clarke, Paul Barry. Ethics. Dictionary of ethics, theology and society, edited by Paul Barry Clark and Andrew Linzey. London/New York: Routledge. Cummiskey, David (1996). Kantian Consequentialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hare, R. M (1981). Moral Thinking. Oxford. Hare, R. M (1997). Sorting out ethics. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Hospers, John. Why be moral? In Readings in ethical theory, edited by Wilfred Sellars and John Hospers. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. 730-746. 1970. Kagan, Shelly. The limits of morality. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1989. Kagan, Shelly. Normative ethics. Colorado: Westview Press. 1998. Nielsen, Kai. Problems of ethics. The encyclopedia of philosophy, vol. III, edited by Paul Edwards. New York: The Macmillan Company & The Free Press. 117-134. Pojman, Louis. Moral Philosophy. A Reader. Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company. 1998. Rachels, James (1999). The Elements of Moral Philosophy. McGraw-Hill College. Richardson, Henry S (1995). Beyond good and right: Toward a constructive ethical pragmatism. Philosophy & Public Affairs 24 (2): 108-141. Scheffler, Samuel (1994). The rejection of consequentialism. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Smith, Tara (2000). Viable values. A study of life as the root and reward of morality. Lanham: Rowman&Littlefield Publishers.
31 1 (57) Stace, W.T (1975). The Concept of Morals. New York:The Macmillan Company. Statman, Daniel (1997). Virtue ethics. A critical reader. Washington D. C.: Georgetown University Press. Toulmin, Stephen(1964). Reason in ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://www.ncu.edu.tw/~cage/quarterl/0302/030203.htm http://www.ncu.edu.tw/~cage/quarterl/0302/030203.htm (87) http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/21c/issue/article/990315.htm (88) (89) ( ) (1-22) (81)