Ps22Pdf

( ) 158 :,,,,,, : 850 1168 1/ 32 : 12 : 311 1994 1 1 1998 11 2 : 5001 10000 ISBN 7 302 01340 3/ T B 15 : 13 00

,,, 10 7, 2 80%, : 1 ;, :, :, ;, ;, 30%,,,, 20,,,,

,,,,,,!,,,! 1992 10

1 1 11 15 27 34 34 42 50 64 79 80 87 92 96 101 103 106 106 116 123 135 153 160 172

177 177 178 179 182 185 189 190 ( CCR ) 202 207 209 211 213 213 215 228 232 232 238 243 247 248 253 256 261 262 268 275

276 284 294 294 297 301 303 307 307 316 334 354 361 366 375

:,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : Q, W; Q 1 Q = Q 1 + Q 2 + Q 3 ( 1. 1) Q 1, W; Q 2, W ; Q 3, W,, : 1

Q 1 = 4 = 1 K F ( t + t w ) ( 1 + 1 + 2) ( 1 + 3) ( 1. 2) tw,, - 9 ; - 26 t w t, + 18, = 1, ; = 2, ; = 3, ; = 4, F ( m 2 ) K, W / ( m 2 ), 1, ( ),,, - 15-25% ; - 10-15% ; - 5% ; 2,, ;,, 3,, 4m, 3 0; 4m, 1m, 3 2% Q 2, : Q 2 = 0. 278Ll w c( t - t w ) ( 1. 3) w, kg / m 3 ; 2 c, c= 1k J/ ( kg ) ; L, m ; l, m 3 / ( h

m ), Q 3, : 100 % 80 % 65 %,, 5 Q 1 Q 2 Q 3,,, 1., : Q, W ; A, m 2 ; Q = q A ( 1. 4) q, W / m 2 ; Q = K F ( t - t w ) ( 1. 5) 3

, : q = K F ( t - t w ) A K, F ( 1. 6) ( 1. 6) : ( 1) t, q ; ( 2),,, K, q ;, q ; ( 3), F / A, q ; ( 4), tw, q :,,, q,, t w, q, t w, ( 24, K 24 = 2. 08W / ( m 2 ), 37, K 37 = 1. 56W / ( m 2 ), 49, K 4 9= 1. 27W / ( m 2 ), 37, 49, t w = - 25 ; 1. 59, 1. 23 q, 36%, 37, t w = - 19, q 37%,, q, q = 52. 3W/ m 2 ( 45kcal/ m 2 h ), q = 71. 7W/ m 2 ( 61. 7kcal/ m 2 h ), q = 71. 2W / m 2 ( 61. 2kcal/ m 2 h) 1. 1,,, 4

1. 1 q W / m 2 kcal/ ( m 2 h ) 47 70 40 60 58 81 50 70 64 81 55 70 58 70 50 60 47 76 40 65 64 87 55 75 ( ) 81 105 70 90 116 140 100 120 93 116 80 100 116 163 100 140 2. : Q, W ; Q = qvvw ( t - t w ) ( 1. 7) V w, m 3 ; qv, W/ ( m 3 ) ;, 1, 1m 3 qv, q v = K F Vw ( 1. 8) ( 1. 8), K F, : ( 1),,, K, qv ; ( 2),,,, F / V w, 5

, qv ; ( 3) qv, qv,, qv, ( 1. 4) ( 1. 7),, 3.,,,,,,,,,, : Q = 24 q D 18 t - t w Q 1m 2, k J( k cal) ; ( 1. 9) D 1 8 18 d; ( 18 ) 1 D 18 = Z( t - t w p ) d ( 1. 10) t w p, ; Z, d;, t w p = - 1. 6, Z= 126 ( d), ( 1. 10) D 18= 2470 d ( 1. 9), q / ( t - tw ), q / ( t - t w ), 6

1m 2 24, ( 1. 9) 413142kJ( 98800kcal) 4.,,,,,,,,, QT = q TV w ( t - tw T ) ( 1. 11) Q T, W ; qt, W / ( m 3 ),, 1, 1m 3 ; V w, m 3 ; t, ; t w T, qv q T,,,, 5. ( 1), ( ) 7

( ), ; K r ( L/ h ) :,, qd = mqr ( 1. 12) qh = K r m ; mqr 24 ( 1. 13) q r, L/, ; q d, L/ ; q h, L/ h K r,, K r, K r 1,,, K r K r= 5 12, Q r = cqh( t r - t l ) 10-3 ( 1. 14) Q r, kj/ h; c, kj/ ( k g ) ; q h, L/ h ; t r tl, ;, k g/ m 3 ( 2), 8

, ( 1. 13), t r 105, qr 2 3L/ ;, 100k g, 100 250k g (, ) 1. 5 10 5 2. 5 10 5 Pa 6., ( ),,,,,,,,, : 130 150, 4 10 5 6 10 5 Pa ( ) ; 130 150 250, 8 10 5 13 10 5 P a( ) ; 250 300,,, 9

,,,,,,, 7.,, ( 1. 1 ),,, 1. 1 t w t w, 1 t w, 2 2 5 Z 0 Z1 Z 2 ( ) Z 0 tw t w ( ) ( ), Z 1 tw < tw t w, 1 ( GJ/ h GW ) Q N - Q k Q N, Q k + 5 : b0 ( b0 Z 0) QN a 0 b1 ( b1 Z 0+ Z 1, tw tw, 1 ), Q1 ( tw, 1 ) a 1 ;, QN a 0 a 1 a 2,, QN a 1a 2 10

a k, a 0a 1b1b0 tw < t w t w, 1 1. 1 ( a ) ; ( b) ( ) 1. 1 ( 60% ), ( 60% ) 1. ( 1), 11

D, D 50( 50mm, 27 ) D 75( 75mm, 47 ) 1m, ( 2),,, 10 14 60cm, 14 60 10 60 ( 3),,, 4 813mm, 813, ( 4),, 132mm, M 132,, ( 4. 0 10 5 Pa ),,, ( 6. 0 8. 0 10 5 Pa) 2. ( 1), 0. 5mm,, ( 2), 1. 2mm,,, 0. 5mm 480 600mm, 400mm 12

, 200mm 1800mm, ( 3), 52 11 1. 5( ) mm,, 35 40mm 52mm, 416mm ( 8 ) 520mm ( 10 ) 624mm( 12 ) 600mm, 200mm 2000mm, ( 4),, 640mm 1. 5 2. 0mm,,, ; ( ( 5 12) 10 5 Pa ), ( ),,,,,,,,, F ( m 2 ) F = Q K ( t p - t ) 1 2 3 ( 1. 15) Q, W; 13

K, W / ( m 2 ) ; t p, ; t, ; 1 : 6 6 10 11 20 20 25 1= 0. 95; 1= 1. 00; 1= 1. 05; 1= 1. 10 2, 2 = 1. 0; 2> 1. 0, ; 3, 3= 1. 0; 3 1. 0, ; Q K t p, t p = ( t g + t h ) / 2 18 F,, 1 1= 1. 0, F ( ( 1. 15) ), = F / f ( 1. 16) f ( ) 1, F ( ),, :, 0. 1m 2 ;, 14

10%, 813, 1m 2 0. 5,, 4m,,,,, 50%, 30%, 20%,,,,,,, : 1., ; ; ; ; 2., ( 100 ) ; ( 100 ) 3., (, ) ; ( ) 15

4., (, ) ; (,, ) 5., (, ) ; (,, ) ; (,,,,,,, ) 6.,, 7.,, 8., ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,, : 1.,,,, ( ), 30% 40% ( ), 70% 80%, 16

,, ( 30% ),,,, 2%, :, 20% 40% 2.,,,,,, 3., 1000 ( 1kg/ m 3 ),, 10,,,,,,,,,, :,, 4.,,,,,,,, :, ( ), ; ;,, 17

;,,,,,,,,,, 1. ( 1. 2) : p = g h( h - g ) ( 1. 17) 1. 2 1, 2 p, Pa; 18 g, m/ s 2, 9. 81; h, m; h ( ), k g/ m 3 ;

g ( ), kg/ m 3 t g = 95, t h= 70, 1m p = 9. 81 1 ( 977. 81-961. 92) = 156P a h = 64m, p 10kPa,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 2., ( 1),,, 1. 3,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 4,,, 0. 003, ( 2), 19

1. 3 1, 2, 3, 4,,,, 1. 4,,,,,,, ( 1. 4 ), ( a, ) 300mm,, ( a ),, 20

1. 4 ( 3), 1. 5 1. 5 21

( 4) ;, 1. 6, ( ) ( ) 1. 6 1. 7 ( 5) ; 1. 7, 1. 3 1. 4 1. 5,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3., ( 1. 8) ( 1. 9), 22

, 1. 8 1. 9,,,, : ( 1),,,,, ; ( 2),, ; ( 3), ; ( 4) ( ),,, 0. 7 10 5 Pa, ; 0. 7 10 5 Pa, 23

, :,,, 70%,,,,,, 1. 10 1. 10 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 ( A),, 24

( B),,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 80 120kP a ( C),, 80k Pa, ;,,,, 180/ 70, 95/ 70,,,,, ( D ), ;, ( E ),,, ( ),, ( F ) ( G) ( H ), ( F ),, ( G) 25

, ( ) ( 65 ), ( ) ( H ),,,, 65, ( I ),,, 1. 11 ( a ) 2, 3( ) 4, 5 10 ( b), ( a ),, ( c) ( d ) ( e) ( f ) ( d ) 7,, ( e) ( f ),, 1. 10, 26

1. 11 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,,,, 27

,, ; ( ),,, : p = p, Pa; p y, Pa; p y + p j = Rl + p j ( 1. 18) R,, Pa/ m; l, m; p j, Pa, ( ) : R = ; d, m; v 2 d 2 v, m / s;, k g/ m 3 ( 1. 19), : = f ( Re, ) ( 1. 20) Re = vd, = K d 28

Re, ( Re< 2320, Re> 2320, ) ; v, m / s; d, m;, m 2 / s; K, m ; K, K = 0. 2mm, K = 0. 5mm,,, K = 0. 2mm,, ( ) ( ) : G kg/ h, v( m/ s) v = G 3600 d = 2 4 G, kg/ h;, k g/ m 3 ; ( 1. 19) G 900 d 2 ( 1. 21) ( 1. 21) v ( 1. 19), G 2 R = 6. 25 10-8 ( 1. 22) d 5, 29

= 1. 42 lgre d K 2 ( 1. 23) ( 1. 23) ( 1. 22), R d G, = 0. 11 K d 0. 25 ( 1. 24) ( 1. 24) ( 1. 22), t / h, R = 6. 88 10-3 K 0. 25 G 2 ( 1. 25) d 5. 2 5, R mh 2O/ m, ( V ) 2 K 0. 25 V 2 R = 6. 88 10-9 K 0. 25 = 7. 02 10-1 0 2 g d 5. 25 d 5. 25 ( 1. 26) V, m 3 / h ( 1. 25), G R d,, G, R, d ( 1. 25) d G d = 0. 387 K 0. 047 6 G 0. 3 81 m ( 1. 27) ( R) 0. 1 9 G = 12. 06 ( R) 0. 5 d 2. 62 5 t/ h ( 1. 28) K 0. 125 d, ( 1. 25) 30

R, ( 1. 18) p y = Rl Pa p j : ; p j = v2 P a ( 1. 29) 2,, ; d : l d : d = l ( 1. 30) d l d = d ( 1. 31), : p = p y + p j = R( l + l d) = 1 900 2 2 d 4 2 + d G 2 ( 1. 32) 1., : G = Q c( t g - th) 3600 = 0. 86Q ( t g - t h) ( 1. 33) 31

G, kg/ h; Q, W; c, c= 4187J/ ( kg ) ; t g, t h,, : G = G, kg/ h; 3. 6Q r Q, W; r, k J/ kg 2. ( 1. 34),, ( ), ;,, R= 30 80Pa / m, : R = p g, P a; ( p g - p o) ( 1 - ) l ( 1. 35) p o, Pa,,, 2000Pa ; l, m 3. G R, d, p, 15% 25% 32

4.,,,,, ;,,,, : R s, Pa/ m; R b, Pa/ m ; Rs = b R b ( 1. 36) s s ( ), k g/ m 3 ; b, = 1 k g/ m 3 33

,,,,,,,, ( 2. 1),, 1 2 : p 1 + Z 1 g + v2 1 2 = p 2 + Z 2 g +, : p 1 g + Z 1 + v 2 1 2g = p 2 g + Z 2 + v2 2g p 1, p 2 1 2, Pa; 34 v 2 2 2 + p 1-2 Pa ( 2. 1) + H 1-2 mh 2O ( 2. 2)

, m; Z 1, Z 2 1 2 O O v 1 v 2 1 2, m/ s;, k g/ m 3 ; g, 9. 81m/ s 2 ; p 1-2 1 2, Pa ; H 1-2 1 2, mh 2O 2. 1 AB, ( ) 1 H A, ( 2. 2) : Z 1 H A = p 1 g + Z1 + v 2 1 mh 2O 2g, ( O O ) ; p 1/ g, 1 Z 1 ( mh 2O 2. 1 35

) 1, ; v 2 1/ 2g, v 1 ( mh 2O ) 2 H B H B = Z 2 + p 2 g + 1 v2 mh 2O 2g : ( 2. 2), 1 2 H 1- : 2 H 1-2 = H A - H B mh 2O ( 2. 3) 1 2, 1 H A H 1-2 H B, 2,, 1, 2, Z 2> Z 1,,?, 1, Z 1, H A > H B, 1 2,,, ( ),, 1m/ s;, 1m/ s, 3m/ s v = 1m/ s, v 2 / 2g = 0. 051mH 2O; v= 3m/ s, v 2 / 2g = 0. 46mH 2O,,,,, H = Z+ p / g, 2. 1, CD AB 36

CD Z p / g, Z+ p / g CD, : 1. ( CD ) ( ) H ; 2. ( Z), p / g( mh 2O), p / g= H - Z( mh 2O), MPa, ( mh 2O), 0. 1MPa= 10mH 2O= 1. 0kg/ cm 2 3., H = H C - H D = Z 1 + p 1 g - Z 2 + p 2 g mh 2O ( 2. 4) 2. 2, 2. 3 : ( m ), ( m ),,,, 2. 3 ( ) ( ) 37

; mh 2O,,,,,, p / g,, ( mh 2O ) 1. : p / g = H - Z ( mh 2O),, Z H, p / g 2. 2, p 0/ g, H 0 0 - Z 0, Z 0= 0, p 0/ g= H 0 0( mh 2O) B, p B/ g = H A B - Z B ( mh 2O ), H A B B ( ), Z B B, p D / g = H 0 0- Z D, Z D > Z 0, p D / g< p 0/ g,,,, ;,,, 2. :,?,,, 38

, 0. 5mH 2O, 2. 2, P 1/ g = H A A - Z 1( mh 2O) 2. 3, 1 p 1( ) / g = H 1 ( ) - Z 1= 37-1 = 36( mh 2O) p 1( ) / g = H 1( ) - Z 1= 37-16= 21( mh 2O ),,, :, 2. 2 1, 2, 3 3. :,, 2. 3, 1 39

H 1= 49-37= 12( mh 2O) 2. 2, AB H A B = H A B - H A A 2. 3 4. : R 1m ( Pa/ m), ( ) R,, : 40 R = ( 1 - ) H 10 4 Pa / m ( 2. 5) L

H, mh 2O; L, m;, 0. 3 0. 5 2. 2, CB : RC B = ( 1 - ) H C B 10 4 Pa/ m LC B 2. 3, 2 : R2 = ( 1 - ) H 2 10 4 = L 2 ( 1-0. 5) ( 38-36) 10 4 = 10 P a/ m 100 5. :, 2. 2, H O E = H E - H O ( mh 2O ) H E H O,, 2. 1 2. 3, mh 2O ( ) : ( 1) 2 ( 48-7= 41) ( 2) 2 ( 38-7= 31) ( 3) 2 ( 38-7= 31) ( 4) 2 ( 38-40= - 2) ( 5) 3 ( 38- ( - 5) = 43) ( 6) ( 34-0= 34) ( 7) ( 52-0= 52) ( 8) ( 52-34= 18) ( 9) 1 ( 51-2= 49) 41

( 10) 1 ( 35-2= 33) ( 11) 4 ( 38-1= 37) ( 12) 4 ( 48-38= 10) ( 13), 3 ( 34- ( - 5) = 39) ( 14), 3 ( 34-8= 26), ( 2 ), ( - 2mH 2O) :, ;, :,,,,,, 1.,,,,, H ( ) = 2-5mH 2O ;,,, H ( ) = 8 12mH 2O;, H ( ) = 3 5mH 2O 2. 42

1. 6MPa, ( M 132 ), 0. 4MP a ( 40mH 2O ),, 0. 6MPa, 1. 0 1. 2MPa, 0. 4 0. 5MPa,,,,,,,, 40mH 2O ( 0. 4MPa ) : p 40 mh 2O ( 2. 6) g 2. 1, 3 43mH 2O,, 3., p / g 0 ( ), ( ),,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, : 43

p 2 5 mh 2O ( 2. 7) g 2 5mH 2O, 2. 1, 2-2mH 2O,, 4.,,,,, 2. 1 : 2. 1 100 150 ( ) 100 110 120 130 140 150 ( kpa) 0 46 103 176 269 386,, : p g p b + 2 5 mh 2O ( 2. 8) g p b, Pa 95/ 70,, ( 100 ),,,,,, 44

, 1. 2 12mH 2O,, ; 2 5mH 2O, ( ) 2., 40m,,, 42mH 2O, ;, 40mH 2O,, ( 2. 3 2 ), :,,, ( 2. 4), 40m, 40m, 40m,,,, ( 40m ) ( 40m ),,,,, 45

2. 4 1, 2, 3 4, 5,, :, ( ),, ( ),,, ;,,,,,,,, 3.,,, 2. 3 3 : 34mH 2O, 46

2. 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 39mH 2O, ;, 43mH 2O,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 1., 47

,,,, :,,,,, 2., R,,, ( ),,,, (, R ) ( ),, 3.,,,,,,,, ;,,, 48

,,,,,,,,,,, 4.,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 5.,,,,,,,,,,, 1. 05, 49

, ;, ; H p b = H j + H b - Z b m ( 2. 9) H p b, m; H j, mh 2O ; H b, mh 2O ; Z b, m Gb 4,,, H j, ( ),,,,, 1., ( ) : 50

p = S G 2 Pa ( 2. 10) H = SG 2 mh 2O ( 2. 11) p H P a mh 2O ; G, m 3 / h ; S, Pa/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2, ( 2. 12) ; mh 2O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2, ( 2. 13) : S = 6. 88 10-9 K 0. 25 S = 7. 02 10-10 K 0. 2 5 d, m; l, m; d 5. 2 5 ( l + l d) Pa/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ( 2. 12) d 5. 25 ( l + l d ) mh 2O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ( 2. 13) l d, m; K,, K = 0. 0005m = 0. 5mm; S ( ) ( kg/ m 3 ), S S ( ), ( ), ( 2. 12) ( 2. 13), ;, 2. S ( 1) : 2. 6, S ; S = S 1 + S 2 + S 3 + = S ( 2. 14) = 1 51

2. 6,, S, ( 2) : 2. 7,, S 1S = 1 S 1 + 1 S 2 + 1 S 3 1 + = = 1 S ( 2. 15) 2. 7 ( 2. 15),, S ;, p p = p ( 3) :,,,,, S p 52

: ( ),,,,,,,,, S p< 0, p p ( Pa) H p ( mh 2O ), G ( m 3 / h ), S p : S p = - S p = - p p Pa / ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ( 2. 16) G 2 H p G 2 mh 2O / ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ( 2. 17) AB( ) S A B( 2. 8) AB S : S = SA B + Sp = SA B - p p Pa/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ( 2. 18) G 2 2. 8 2. 9 AB( ) p A B= S A B G 2 > p p, S > 0; p A B < p p, S < 0, p B > p A, AB,,,,, 53

, ( 4) :, 2. 9, A P B, A RB, S A P B =, AP B ARB S A B = S A RB, AP B, A RB,,, AP B A RB, S A B : GAB + GAP B = GAR B G A B + H B A - S A P B = H A B S A R B 54 G A B = G A B = S A B = 1 S A B H A B S A RB = 1 S A R B 1 - - S A R B 1 S A R B - - - H B A - S A P B 1 S A P B 1 1 S A P B 1 S A P B H A B 2 ( 2. 19) ( 2. 20)

S A P B ( AB ), AP B A RB, S A P B < 0, S A B ( 2. 19) ( 2. 20) ( 2. 20), S A B > S A RB :, ( ), S, ;, 2. 9, H A B S A P B, GA P B = H A B S A P B,,, :, ;,, 3. G ( m 3 / h), p ( Pa) H ( mh 2O), ( ), S, p = SG 2, S 1> S 2> S 3, S 1, S 3 ( 2. 10), ( ),, ( ) 2. 11 S 1 S 2, 55

2. 10 2. 11, S 1 S 2, S 1 S 2,, S 1 S 2 S 2. 12,,, ( S 1, S 2),, S 56

2. 12 2. 13 2. 13 S 1 S P S 1, S P P 57

( P ) S 1 S P, S S 1 S P, ( ),, 1. ( 1) G( m 3 / h ) H ( m 10kPa) N ( kw ) ( r / min) : G G = ; H H = 2 N ; 2 N = 3 ( 2. 21) 3 : N = G H kw ( 2. 22) 367,, 2. 14,, (, H G ) :, ( ) ( G = 0) 12% ;, 40% ;,,,,, 0, 58

2. 14, ( 2),,, : : H G, : H = A + BG + CG 2 + DG 3 mh 2O ( 2. 23) ( 2. 11) H = SG 2 H = H, H = A + BG + CG 2 + D G 3 H = S G 2 H = H ( 2. 24) 59

( 2 24), ( G, H ) : H = SG 2 mh 2O ( 2. 25),, ( ) : H G H G, 2. 15 :,,, A,, ; ( ), B,, 2. 15 2. 15, ( ),,, 2. 16 Z p 60

, A 2. 16 2. 17 Z p, p 0, 2. 17 61

,,,,,,,, ;,, 25%,, 2., ( ), ( ),, 2. 18, 91%, 72. 9% ; 50%, 12. 5%, 62 2. 18

,, S 1 S 2, A 1 A 2, :, A 2 A 2,,,,, ( ),, ( A 2 ),,,,, ( ),, 2. 19 ( ) : 2. 19 G A, GA 1,, 3 2, A B GA GB 63

, A 1 B 1( 1), G A 1 G B1 2. 14,,,, s ( ),,,,,,, 1. Gg ( m 3 / h), G s( m 3 / h ), x : x = Gs G g ( 2. 26),, x x = 1, Gg 64

Gs, x 1 x 1, 2. ( 1) : x 1, x 2, x 3, x, 1, 1,, ( 2) : 1, 1, ( 3) x 1= x 2= = x =,,, 1. ( 2. 20 ), G G ( 2. 27) : G G = 1S, S - 1, S 2, S 1, S S, S - 1, S 2, 1 = ( 2. 27) 2. 20, Gm, Gj, ( 2. 28) : 65

Gm Gj = S j S m, S m- 1, S k, = j, m ( 2. 28) S ms m, S m - 1, S k, S ; ; S, S, ( ) ; ; j, m j m ( 2. 27) ( 2. 28),, x, ( 2. 28) :, ( ),, < j < k,, j k Gj g Gkg, Gj s Gks, ( 2. 28) : Gk s Gj s = Gkg Gj g = j, k ( 2. 29) Gj s Gj g = Gks Gkg = cons t ( 2. 30), : ( 1),, ; ( 2) ( 2. 20 ), ( ) ( ) 2., : ; 66

;,, ( 1) :,,, ( 2. 21, ),,, 2. 21 ( 2) :, S,,,, G 2. 22 :,,,,, ( 3) : 2. 23 O ( ),, S, 67

2. 22 2. 23,, G, O, O, 68

H R H R,,,, ( 4) : 2. 24 3, S,, ( ), G, 1 H 1, H 1= S 1G 2 1, S 1, G1, G = G- G1, G,, 2, H 2= S 2G 2 2, S 2, G2, G = G- G 1- G 2, G,,, H 3, G4 G5, 3, G 3= G- G 1- G 2- G 4- G 5, G3 2. 24 69

, 3, 3 G3,, 3 ; 3, 3, 3,, 3,,,, 2. 25 ( 5) :,,,,,,, 2. 25, A, A,,, ( 6) :,,,, ;, 2. 26 : ( a ), B,,, H g h < H gh,, 70

2. 26 ( a ), ( b), ( c),,, ( b), A,, ( c),,,,, 1.,, 71

,,, : ( 1) ; ( 2) ( ) ; ( 3) ; ( 4) ( 2. 27) ; 2. 27 1, 2 ( 5) ( 2. 28) 2. 28 1, 2, 3,,, ( ),,,, 72

,,,,,,,,, 2.,,, 2. 29 a bcdef ( ) a b c d e f ( ), H, ( BCD E ) S,, G AB E F, BE be b e, H b e < H be BE S B E,, GB E < GB E b b H b, GCD = G - GB E, GCD, GC D > GC D, 2. 30 a b c d e e f ( ), 73

,, 2. 29 2. 30 2. 29 2. 30,, : ( 1),,, ( 2),, ( 2. 29),,,,,, 4 5,, ( ),, 2. 31 74

, 2. 32 2. 31 2. 32 2. 33 2. 34 2. 33 2. 34 2. 33 2. 34 75

, CD, H c d : OB O E, 2. 33 2. 34, ( OB O E ),,,,,, OO,,,,, 2. 2 2. 35, P 1 P 2, : H A = 20mH 2O, H B = 15mH 2O, H C = 40mH 2O, H D = 25mH 2O, G A C= GBD = 100t / h, Gk = 90t / h, GH = 70t / h, GCD = 60t / h P 1 P 2, H P 1 = 25mH 2O, H P 2 = 15mH 2O, H A H B : ( 1) P 2, GA C G K, G H H C, H D?, ( 2) P 1 P 2, P 1, GA C, G K, G H H C, H D? ( 3), P 1 P 2? P 1 P 2, S P 1 76 AP 1C S A P 1 C

: P 1 S A P 1 C = H A - H C G 2 A C 2. 35 = 20-40 100 2 = - 2. 0 10-3 mh 2O / ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 S p 1 S P 1 = - H P 1 G 2 A C = - 25 100 2 = - 2. 5 10-3 mh 2O / ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 S A P 1 C= S P 1 + S A C, S A C P 1, : S A C = S A P 1 C - S P 1 AC ( 1) P 2 = [ - 2. 0 - ( - 2. 5) ] 10-3 = 0. 5 10-3 mh 2O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 G ( S A C + S CH D + S B D ) G 2 = H A - H B + H P 1 S BD = ( H D - H B ) / G 2 B D = ( 25-15) / 100 2 = 1. 0 10-3 mh 2O / ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 S CH D = ( H C- H D ) / ( GK + GH ) 2 = ( 40-15) / 160 2 = 0. 586 10-3 mh 2O / ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 77

: ( 0. 0005+ 0. 00058+ 0. 001) G 2 = 20-15+ 25 G= GA C= 30/ 0. 00209 = 119. 9t/ h K H, GK = 90 119. 9 = 67. 4 t / h 160 GH = 70 119. 9 = 52. 5 t / h 160 CD BD H C D H BD H CD = S CH D G 2 = 0. 000586 119. 9 2 = 8. 43 mh 2O H BD = S B DG 2 = 0. 001 119. 9 2 = 14. 38 mh 2O H D = H B + H B D = 15+ 14. 38= 29. 38 mh 2O H C = H D + H CD = 29. 38+ 8. 43= 37. 81 mh 2O ( 2) P 1 P 2 G GA C, GBD ( S A C + S C H D + S BD ) G 2 = H A - H B ( 0. 0005 + 0. 000586 + 0. 001) G 2 = 20-15 G = GA C = GB D = GK = 90 49 = 27. 6 t/ h 160 GH = 70 49 = 21. 4t/ h 160 5 0. 00209 = 49. 0 t / h H B D = S B D G 2 = 0. 001 49 2 = 2. 4 mh 2O H CD = S CH DG 2 = 0. 000586 49 2 = 1. 4 mh 2O H D = H B + H B D = 15 + 2. 4 = 17. 4 mh 2O H C = H D + H CD = 17. 4 + 1. 4 = 18. 8 mh 2O, : P 2, 100 t / h 119. 9t/ h, C D,, P 1 78,,

119. 9t / h 49t/ h,, 2. 36 1 P 1, P 2, 2 P 1, P 2, 3 P 1, P 2,,,,,, ( ) 79

,,,, ( ),,,,, 2. 37 1, 2, 3, 4 2. 37,,,,,,,, ( 1 2% ) ( ), 80

,,, 1, 2, 3 4 1,, 2, ( ), 1 2 1,,,,,,, 3,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 4, 1. 5 2. 0m,, : D N 32mm, D N 50mm, D N 20mm, D N 25mm,, 2. 37,, : V p = tv s = 0. 0006 75 Vs = 0. 045V s L ( 2. 31) V p (, L; 81

= 75 ; t ( 20 95 ), t, = 0. 0006L/ ( m 3 ) ; V s, L V s 1000W 2. 2, ( 2. 31) T 905, 1 12, 1 16, 0. 35 5. 35m 3,,, H p : Z j + p b + ( 2-5) < H p < 40 m ( 2. 32) g Z j, m t g < 100, p b/ g ( ) 0,, Z j,,,,,,,,,,,, 2. 38 82

2. 2 1kW ( L ) ( L/ kw ) M 132 ( 60) ( 60) ( 51) ( 71) 8. 6 11. 2 16. 1 9. 46 4. 0 5. 16 ( ) 0. 43 12. 0 416 1000 416 1000 520 1000 520 1000 624 1000 624 1000 6. 45 4. 7 7. 4 5. 26 8. 0 5. 6 RSL 250 7/ 95 A SH, DZ, SZ RSD, RSG, R SZ ( L H ) 0. 8 2. 6 1. 0 5. 16 9. 46 5. 16 6. 9 13. 8 83

2. 38 O, y O, y Z p, j,,, p 0/ g = H p; y, p 0 / g < H p, p 0 / g, y, p 0 / g,,,, 84

p 0 / g,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2. 39, hy, h, 2. 39 y O P O Z p, h Z h y O, y O H y > H O, yhp O h, Zh ( Z p) Oy Z p H O < Z p,,, ( ), 85

,, 2. 40 2. 40,, ( ),,,,,,,, ; 86

,,,,,,, 2. 41 2. 41 1, 2, 3, 4 5, 6, 7,,, 3 4,, 87

,, 6,,,,,,,, 2. 42 2. 42 1, 2, 3, 4 5, 6, 7 88

,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,?,?,,,,,,,,,,,,, 89

, 2. 43, 3 2, j, 2. 43 j j,, 2 ( ),,, :, 2. 43, A, O O, 2 H A H B,,,,,,, 90

,,,,,, 2. 44 4 2. 44 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 91

,,,,, 2. 45 ( ) 2. 45 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,, 92

1, 2 3, 4 5, ;, p 1,,,, p 2, 6 7,,, 8,,, 9,, 2. 46 ( ) ( ) j j, p 1 p 2 ( ) 10,,, 2. 45,, 2. 45 11,, 12,, 93

2. 46 V 1 V 2 V3 ( 2. 47),,, ( :, 1 2 / h ), : V, m 3 ; P ; C 94 P V = C ( 2. 33)

2. 47 P 1, ( V 1+ V 2) ; P 2, V 2 ( 2. 33), : P 1( V 1 + V 2) = P 2V 2 V 2 = P 1V1 P 2 - P 1 P 1 = P 2 P 1 1 V 1 m 3 ( 2. 34) - 1 ( P 2 - P 1),, P 2/ P 1 V 1, ( ) :, V 1 4%,, : ( 0. 5% 1% ) 95

, V 1 2% 3% ( 2% ),,,,, V3 V 3 : V3 = ( 0. 1 0. 3) ( V 1 + V 2) m 3 ( 2. 35), V = V 1+ V2 + V 3,, ;,,, 1 m 2 1m 3,,,,, : ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) ( ) 2. 48 1 2, 3 4,, 5,,, 96

2. 48 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 6,,,, 7 2. 49,, 8, 9 16, 97

2. 49 10 2. 48 ; p 2. 50 2. 50,, p, ( 1) h g ; ( 2) Z; ( 3) h b 98

( 1),,, ( 2),, ( 3),, ;,,,, ( 1),, ( 2),,,,, ( 3),,,,,, 2. 51 1, 2 3,,, 5 : 99

2. 51 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 6 7, 4, 8,, 9,, 10 V V 1 V 2: V 3( ) V 2 V 3, 0. 4V 2, 0. 7m, : 100

0. 2( V 2+ V 3) m 3 ; ( ) 0. 3 0. 4m,,,,, 2. 49,,,,,,,,,,, 50Hz,, :, r/ min; f, Hz; = 60f ( 1 - S N ) / P ( 2. 36) S N,, 5% ; P, P S N,,, ;,, ( 2. 21) 101

G G = ; H H = 2 ; N 2 N = 3 3,, 0. 5 400Hz, 14 11200r/ min 2. 52,,, ( ),, ( 4 20mA ), ( 0. 5 50Hz ),,, 2. 52,, 2. 53,, B 1, GB ;, 1 2, B2, AB 1B 2C,,,,, 6 7, 102

30%,,,,, 1000 / kw 10kW, 1 2,,, 2. 53,,, 2. 54, 6 ( ) ( ),,,, 7,, ; 6 8,,,,, j 1 j 2 103

2. 54 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 2. 55 ( ),,, 6 8,, 8 9,, j 2 j 1 104 3

2. 55 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 105

,,,,,,,,,,,,, : Q = K F t = K F t d - t x ln t d t x Q ( kj/ h) ; K ( k J/ ( m 2 h ) ) ; F ( m 2 ) ; 106 ( 3. 1)

t ( ) ; td, tx ( ) ( 3 1),, ( ) ( ), t d, t x, t, ( ), t, Q = xw x tz d = dw d tz d ( 3. 2) x, d, ; Wx, Wd ( kj/ ( h ) ) ; ( ) : t z d 3 1, t z d = t 1g - t 2h ( 3. 3) W x = CxGx ( 3. 4) W d = CdGd ( 3. 5) x = ( t 2g - t 2h) / ( t1 g - t 2h) ( 3. 6) d = ( t 1g - t 1h) / ( t1 g - t 2h) ( 3. 7) t 1g t 1h ( ) ( ) ; ( ) ; t 2g t 2h ( ) Gx, 1988 9 107

3 1 3 1( a ), Gx = G 2; ( b), Gx= G1( t/ h) ; Gd, 3 1( a ), Gd = G 1; ( b), Gd= G2( t/ h) ; Cx, Cd ( kj/ ( k g K ) ) ( 3 2),, 1 ; ( 3 6) ( 3 7),,,, 1 0 F, F =, = 1. 0 3 1, td t x 108

( 3 13) ( 3 14) ( 3 1) : ln t d = t z d - t x ( 3. 8) t x = t z d - t d ( 3. 9) Q = Wd tx = W x t d ( 3. 10) t x = Q/ Wd ( 3. 11) t d = Q/ Wx ( 3. 12) t d = t z d - Q/ Wd ( 3. 13) t x = t z d - Q/ Wx ( 3. 14) z d - Q/ W d) t z d - Q/ Wx - 1 = K F Wx WX Wd, : exp W x W d t z d = tz d exp W x - 1 + : W d - 1 = K F / W x ( 3. 15) - 1 = t z d - Q/ Wx t z d - Q/ Wd 1 Wx - 1 Wd ex p Wx Wd - 1 Q Q = 1-1 - ex p Wx Wx Wd Wd exp Wx Wd - 1-1 Wx t z d ( 3 2), 109

x = 1-1 - exp Wx Wx Wd Wd exp Wx Wd - 1-1 ( 3. 16) ( 3. 16),, t : t = tz d - a t x - b t d ( 3. 17) a b,, b, b= 0. 65; a : a = 0. 35 a = 0. 425 0 55 a = 0. 65 ( 3 17) t ( ), a = 0. 5, b= 0. 5 ( 3 17) ( 3 1), t (, x ) : = a Wx Wd 1 + b + 1 ( 3. 18) ( 3 16), F =, = 1, >,,,,, = = 1, ( 3 17), ( ), 6% 110

( 3 4) %,, ( ),, Wd =, : 1 = b + 1/ ( 3. 19), t, b = 0. 5, : = ; 1 0. 5 + u 1 + u + 1 ( 3. 20) u G1g, Gh, u= Gh/ G 1g, u= 0, = 1 0. 5 + 1 ( 3. 21), ( ), ( ) : = W m 1 1 W m 2 2 / W x ( 3. 22), ; W 1, W 2, W x, W 1= W1/ W 1 ; W 2= W 2/ W 2 ; W x = W x/ Wx 111

m 1 m 2,, m 1 = 0. 33-0. 5; m 2 = 0. 33-0. 5, m 1 = m 2= 0. 5, ( 3 22) = Wd / W x ( 3. 23), = K F W 1 W 2 ( 3. 24), : = yl ( 3. 25) y ; L ( m) y,, W 1 W2, ( 3 24) ( 3 18),, : = 0. 35 Wx Wd 1 + 0. 65 + 1 Wx Wd 1 ( 3. 26) 3 2 W x, W d ( 3 26) 3 2, Wx, Wd,, ( 3 2) Q 3 2, = 112

2. 03, W x/ W d = 0. 75, = 0. 716,, ( 3 22) m 1 = 0, m 2 = 0. 33-0. 5,, m 1 = 0. 12-0. 20; m 2 = 0. 33-0. 5 3 2 = f ( Wx, Wd, ) : = Q B / ( 1+ B ) / W s ( 3. 27) Q = Q / Q ; W s = Ws/ Ws ;, B, B= 0. 17-0. 37, = K F / W s = = Q Q tg + t h t g - t h - t 2 tg - t h t g + t h = tg - t h tp - t - t 2 t g, t h ( ) ; t p ( ) ; t ( ) ; ( 3. 28) 113

,, g ( kg/ ( m 2 h) ), q ( 1 ), q= K F / A( A, m 2 ), : = K F Ws A A = = q cg = 1 0. 5 + cg q q cg ( 3. 29) ( 3. 30), ( 3 2) : Q = W s( tg - t ),,,, t z d = const, Q = A SH RA E 3 3 G 1. 0 3 4 G > 1. 0 3 3 3 4 : G, Q ( ) t g = 90, 1, 2, 3, 4 114 W s = G ( 3. 31) 3 3 0< G < 100% Q G

10, 20, 30, 40 3 3, 1, t = 10, 70%, 5% ; 50%, 10% ; 20%, 30% ; 10%, 50%, 1, 2, 3, 4 :,, 50%, 1, 2, 3, 4 10%, 18%, 25%, 33% ; 20%, 69%, 50%, 40% 32%, 31%, 50%, 60% 68%,, ; 3 4 0< G < 160% Q G 3 4,,,,, :, ;, 160%, 1( 10 ) 105% ; 2( 20 ) 110% ; 4( 40 ) 125% 1( 10 ) 300%, 115

110%, :, t p tp, tg, t p t g G, th = t g, t p = t g, tg ( 3 30), q g,,,,, 3 3 3 4, 30, 20% ( 80% 120% ), 10%,, : t = 18,, 16,,,,, : 116

Q = qv( t - t w ) ( 3 32) Q ( W) ; t w ( ) ; q v 1 ( W / ) ( 3 31) ( 3 32) : t = ( Wst g/ q v) + t w ( 3. 33) ( Ws/ qv) + 1 ( 3 33) t g t w, t G( Ws) 3 1 3 5 3 6, : tw = - 9, 813, 1m 2 0 5, 52 3W / m 2 ( 45kcal/ m 2 h), 1 qv 1 94W / ( m 2 ) ( 1 67kcal/ m 2 h ) t g= 75,, 3 5 3 5, 5,,, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ( tw = t w = - 9 ) :, g = g = 2. 25kg/ ( m 2 h ), 117

118

, t = t = 18 t g = 75, t h= 55, t= 20 3 6 ( tw= tw = - 9 ), : 4, 5 3 2kg/ ( m 2 h ), 5. 4kg/ ( m 2 h ), 19 9 20 2 1, 2, 3 0 35k g/ ( m 2 h ), 0. 7kg/ ( m 2 h ) 1 6kg/ ( m 2 h ), 4 4, 11 3 17 5,, ;,,,, ;,,,, x 1, ; x 1, t w > tw, ( 3 30), t w = t = 18, Q = 0, q= 0, = 0, ( 3 33) t = 18 t w = 18,, 3 7, 3 7, ( 3 1 ),, 119

,, t w = t w, ;,, tw = t,, tw = + 5, 3 7, 3 7,,, : 2 3, x = 2-3; 0 2 0 5, x = 0. 2-0. 5, 20 10 : 20,, 120

2 3 ; 10, 0 5, t ( 3 33) ( ),,, t w = - 18, 4 2kg/ ( m 2 h ) 3 2 : - 18, 60/ 45,,, 18 t w = - 4. 1 ( ), 3. 7kg/ ( m 2 h), x = 0. 89, 47. 0/ 36. 6, 18, ( t w = - 4. 1 ),,, :,,, ;,,, x = 2. 3, 17 6, 18 1, 18 8, 19 4 20 1, 2 5 x = 0. 26, 15 9, 14 0, 12 3, 10 7 9 1, 6 8 :, ;, 121

122

, t w = - 4 1, x = 1. 0, x = 0. 89, ;,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 5,, x r, : x r = t / t p ( 3 34) x r = 1,,, x r > 1, x r < 1,,, ( 123

124

125

) ( ),,,,,, ;,,, 3 3 3 8, 3 3 3 8 3 1 3 6, 1 5 11 25kg/ h, 2. 25 k g/ ( m 2 h ),, tg = 75, : G= 15. 75kg/ h, x = 1. 4, 3 15kg/ ( m 2 h), 1 2 4 4 11 3 8 5 13 6, 4 1 2 3 4, 5 19 9, 20 2 20 0 20 7, 0 1 0 5 1 5, 15 8 12 2 x r, 1, x r1 0 3 0 53, 5, x r5 1 37 1 28 6 25 ( 70 3kg/ h ), 14 1kg/ ( m 2 h ), 1 5 6 0, 126

,,,, :,, ;,,, 3 8 1 g = 3. 15kg/ ( m 2 h) ( t g = 75 ), 2 g = 14. 1kg/ ( m 2 h) ( t g = 75 ), 3 g = 14. 1kg/ ( m 2 h) ( t g = 66. 6 ), 4 g = 6. 0kg/ ( m 2 h) ( t g = 92 ),,,, : 1,, 3 3,,, 18, 262W ( 225k cal/ h ) 127

,,, ;,, 70 3k g/ h ( 14 1kg/ ( m 2 h) ), 1 5 15 7, 17 2, 18 5, 18 9 19 0, 17 9 tg = 66. 6, th = 63. 4, Q= 261W ( 224k cal/ h),, 18 262W,,,, ( ),, 3 0, 15 30kW, 1 4, 2 74, 41 82kW,,,,,,,, : ( 1kW h ) 1986 ( ) : WT F ( 95/ 70 ) ( WT F ) th 0 6, 128 W TF 0. 6( W TF ) t h ( 3. 35)

W TF : W T F = Q/ N q ( 3. 36) Q ( kw h/ d ), : q ( kw / m 2 ) ; A ( m 2 ) Q = 24q A ( 3. 37) N q ( kw h / d), N q : N ( kw ) N q = 24N ( 3 38) ( WT F ) t h : ( W TF ) t h = 7450 14 + a L L ( m ) ; ( 3. 39) a R( mmh 2O/ m ), : L 500m 500m < L < L 1000m 0 6( W T F) th 3 4 : a = 0. 0115 1000m a = 0. 0092 3 4 0 6( WTF) th a = 0. 0069 L ( m) 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 0. 6( WT F ) th 274 240 229 209 200 195 189 179 L ( m) 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 0. 6( WT F ) th 169 161 153 146 140 134 129 129

, 9 0, 32 1k W, 40kW, 36m, 270t / h,,,, 2,,,,,, (,, ),,,,, :,,,, 3 9, ( a ), ( b) 3 3, ( a ) ( b) g = 14. 1kg/ ( m 2 h), ( b),, t w = - 9, 1 5 15 7 19 0, 3 3, t p = 17. 9,,, ( a ) ( b) 66 6 75, 1 18, 5 24, t p = 21. 5, 130

3 9 ( g = 14. 1kg/ ( m 2 h) ) ( a ) ( b) Q= 294. 4W ( 253 1kcal/ h ), Q = 262W 12 5%, 3 3,,,, ;,,, 30kg/ h ( 6. 0kg/ ( m 2 h ), x = 2. 67), ( 1 ) 18, 92 Q= 338. 4 W ( 291kcal/ h ), 29 3%,,,, 131

3,, : ( 1) 3 1 3 2,, ( x 1), t w = t w = - 9, t g = t g = 75,, t h= t h = 55,, t h = 57. 5, 2 5 262W ( 225kcal/ h ) 230W ( 197 8kcal/ h ), 12 5%,,,,,, ( ),, ( ),,,, ( ),,, 5 10%, ( 2), 0 35 0 45W / m 2 132,

0 6 0 9W/ m 2 0 45W / m 2 0 5 0 6W/ m 2,,, ( 11 33) %, 100%,, ( 3),, ;, ( ),,, : q = j 0. 024 ( Q - Q1 8) = 1 j Q1 8 ( 3. 40) q, ( 100% ) ; Q ( kw h/ m 2 ) ; Q 1 8 18 ( kw h/ m 2 ) ; j Q, Q 18 3 2 ( 11 25kg/ h),, 31 9% ; ( ), 6 3% 30 0kg / h( 6kg/ ( m 2 h ) ), 92 ( 18 ), 133

61%,, ( ) ;, ( 4) : 10%, 23 2%,,,, :,, 8 16, 10 18??,,,,, ( ),,,, 35%, 0 5 0 7 (, 1 0 1 5 m 2 ),, 0 3 0 5 4 ;,,,, 5, : 134

,,,, :,, ( 18 ) ( 3 33) : ( W s), t w qv t g ;,, ;,,, ( ), ;,,,,,,,, ( ), ( 3 41) ( 3 31) ( 3 32) Q = Ws( t g - th ) ( 3. 41) 135

Q = ( 3. 20) ( 3. 27) ( 3. 28) W s( tg - t ) ( 3. 31) Q = qv( t - t w ) ( 3. 32) = : 1 0. 5 + u 1 + u + 1 w ( 3. 20) w = w Q B / ( 1+ B ) / W s ( 3. 27) w = t g - t h t p - t ( 3. 28) Q = t g - t w 0. 5( t g t - t w + + t h - 2t ) Q B / ( 1+ B) + 0. 5+ u 1+ u ( 3. 42) t g - t h W s Q = ( 3 42),, : t - tw t - tw t g = t + 1 2 ( t g + t h - 2t ) t - t w t - t w + ( 3 43) : 1 / ( 1 + B ) ( 0. 5 + u) ( tg - t h ) ( 1 + u) G t - t w t - t w t h = t g - Q / W s = tg - Q / W s t h = t + 1 2 ( t g + t h t - t w - 2t ) t - t w - ( 0. 5 + u) ( t g - t h ) ( 1 + u) G t - t w t - t w 1 / ( 1+ B ) ( 3. 43) ( 3. 44) ( 3 43) ( 3 44) :, t, 136

t g th, G u tw,, ( 3 43) ( 3 44) t t ( 3 43) ( 3 44), : t p = tg + t h 2 ( 3 45) tw tp = t + 1 2 ( t g + t h t - t w - 2t ) t - t w 1 / ( 1+ B ) ( 3. 45), t, G,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, ( ), t 1g u 3 10, G 1g 3 10 1, 2, Gh, u = G h/ G1g,, G1g, Gh, 137

: cg1g ( t 1g - t 2g) = cgh( t 2g - t 2 h) u = Gh/ G1g = t 1g ( ) ; t 1g - t 2g t2 g - t2h t 1g = t 2g + u ( t 2g - t 2h) ( 3. 46) t 2g, t 2h ( ) ; c ( 3 46) t 2g, t 2h ( 3 43), ( 3 44) t g, t h, u, u = t 1g - t 2g t 2g - t 2h ( 3. 47) t 2g, t 2h u, ( 3 46) t 1g, u = 0, : t g = t + 1 1/ ( 1+ B ) 2 ( t - tw t g + th - 2t ) + t g t - t w t - tw 2G ( 3. 48) t - t w t h= t + 1 1/ ( 1 + B ) 2 ( t - t w t g - t h t - tw t g + t h - 2t ) - t - t w 2G ( 3. 49) t - tw,,,, K = K, ( 3 48) ( 3 49) B= 0, : t g = t + t h= t + 138 1 2 ( t g + th - 2t ) t - tw t - tw + t g - th t - tw 2G t - tw 1 2 ( t - t w t g + t h - 2t ) t - t w - t g - t h t - t w 2G t - t w ( 3. 50) ( 3. 51)

,, 1,, G= G, G = 1, t g, t h, ( 3 52), ( 3 53) : t g = t + 1 1/ ( 1+ B ) 2 ( t - tw t g + th - 2t ) + t g t - t w ( 3. 52) t - tw 2 t - t w t h= t + 1 1/ ( 1 + B ) 2 ( t g t - t w t g - t h t - tw - 2t ) - ( 3. 53) t - t w 2 t - tw 3 1 t w = - 26 t = 18,, B= 0. 35 ( 1) t g = 95, t h = 70 ; ( 2), t 1g = 130, t 1h = t 2 h = 70, t 2g = 95 ( 1) ( 3 52), ( 3 53), t g = 18 + 64. 5 18 - t w 44 th = 18 + 64. 5 18 - t w 44 0. 74 0. 74 + 12. 5 18 - tw 44-12. 5 18 - t w 44 t w, t g t h ( 2), ( 3 46) u = ( 130-95) / ( 95-70) = 1. 4 t 1g = tg + 1. 4 ( tg - t h) 139

t g th ( 1) ( + 5 t w - 26 ),, 3 5, 3 11 3 5 tw ( ) - 26-23 - 20-15 - 10-5 0 + 5 95/ 70 th 70 67. 6 65. 1 60. 8 56. 2 51. 4 46. 2 40. 5 130/ 95/ 70 tg 95 90. 9 86. 7 79. 5 72. 1 64. 4 56. 4 47. 9 t1g 130 123. 5 116. 9 105. 8 94. 4 82. 7 70. 7 58. 2 tg 95 90. 9 86. 7 79. 5 72. 1 64. 4 56. 4 47. 9 th 70 67. 6 65. 1 60. 8 56. 2 51. 4 46. 2 40. 5 130/ 70 tg 130 122. 4 114. 7 102. 0 89. 3 76. 6 63. 8 51. 1 th 70 66. 5 62. 9 57. 0 51. 1 45. 2 39. 3 33. 4 G = 1 ( 3 50) ( 3 51), t - t w t g = t + ( t g - t ) ( 3. 54) t - t w t - t w th = t + ( t h - t ) ( 3. 55) t - t w 3 2, 130/ 70,, 130/ 70,, t g = 18 + ( 130-18) 18 - t w 18 + 26 = 18 + 2. 545( 18 - tw ) 140

3 11 1 130/ 95/ 70, ; 2 95/ 70, ; 130/ 95/ 70, ; 3 130/ 95/ 70 95/ 70, th = 18 + ( 70-18) 18 - t w 18 + 26 = 18 + 1. 182( 18 - t w ),, 130/ 70, t g = 18 + 64. 5 18 - t w 44 t h = 18 + 64. 5 18 - t w 44 0. 74 0. 74 + 30 18 - t w 44-30 18 - tw 44 ( + 5 t w - 26 ),, 3 5 3 6 3 12 141

3 12 130/ 70 ; 130/ 70 ; 130/ 70, : ( 1) t w,, ;, : Q = Q Q = t - tw t - tw = t 1g - t h t 1g - t h = t g - t h t g - t h ( 3. 56) ( 2) 3 12,, ; 142

, tw,,, K, ; K,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ( ),,,, 60, 70,,,,, 2 tg = tg,, G t h : 143

G = t - t w 0. 5( tg - t h ) t - t w t g - t - 0. 5( t g + t h - 2t ) t h = 2t - tg + ( t g + t h - 2t ) t - t - tw t - tw tw t - tw 1/ ( 1+ B ) ( 3. 57) 1/ ( 1+ B ) ( 3. 58),,, 3 1, 95/ 70,,, t w = + 5, 7 27%, G = 0. 0727, t h= 24. 7,, G = 0. 153, t h = 16. 1 t w = + 18, ( 3 58) t h < 0, tg = t g = 95 t w = + 18, t w = t,, t p = 18, 95,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 3 :, 144

,,,,,,, : G = 100%, G = 80% G = 60%, H p = 100%, 64% 36% ; N = 100%, 51. 2% 21 6%, : G = 100% G = 75% ; H p N 56% 42% ;, ; 3 3, t g = 130, t h = 70, 100%, 75%,, 3 6, 3 12, : - 15-26, G = 100% ; + 5 -, 75%, G = 75% - 15 15-26, G = 100%, + 5-15, G = 75%, : t g = 18 + 82 18 - t w 44 0. 74 + 0. 5 60 0. 75 18 - tw 44 ( ) 145

t h = 18 + 82 18 - t w 44 0. 74-0. 5 60 0. 75 18 - t w 44 ( ) 3 6 t w ( ) - 26-23 - 20-15 - 10-5 0 + 5 G = 1 t g ( ) 130 123. 8 117. 5 106. 8 95. 8 84. 4 72. 6 60. 1 t h ( ) 70 67. 9 65. 7 61. 8 57. 6 53. 1 48. 0 42. 4 t g ( ) 130 123. 8 117. 5 114. 3 102. 1 89. 6 76. 7 63. 1 t h ( ) 70 67. 9 65. 7 54. 3 51. 2 47. 8 44. 0 39. 4 G 1. 0 0. 75 t w 3 12, 3 6, 3 12, + 5 t w - 15, ;,,,,, 4,,,,, : ( h/ d) ; = 24 t - t w ( h/ d) ( 3. 59) t - t w t w ( 146

( ) :,,,, 24, 5, 95/ 70, :, ;, 70 80, 18, : ( ) 47 70W / m 2 ( 40-60k cal/ ( m 2 h ) ) ( ), 0 35 0 4 / m 2 ( 813), 70 93 W/ m 2 ( 60-80kcal/ ( m 2 h) ), 0 5 0 7 / m 2,, m, L : m = qg / qs ( 3. 60) L = f g/ f s ( 3. 61) ) 147

m ; q g ( W / m 2 ) ; q s ( W/ m 2 ) ; L ; f g ( m 2 ) ; f s ( m 2 ), Q 3J Q 2J Q 1J : Q 1J Q 1J = Q 2J = Q 3J = qv( t - t w ) Q 2J = 1 2 K F ( t g + t h - 2 ) Q 3J = cg ( tg - t h ) Q 1, Q 1J = mq 1, Q 2, Q 2J = Q 2 / L, Q 3 Q 3J, Q 3 = Q 3J = Q 1J = mq 1 mq 1 = Q 2 / L = Q 3 mlq 1 = Q 2 = LQ 3 ( 3. 62),, Q 1 Q 2 Q3,, LQ 3 mlq 1 148

Q 2, Q 1J Q Q 1 = mlq 1 = Q 2 Q 2 = Q 3 LQ3 ( 3. 63),, Q 1 = Q 2 = Q3, Q 1/ Q 1 = Q2/ Q2 = Q 3/ Q 3,, ( 3 63), t g = t + t h= t + 1 2 ( t g + th - 2t ) t - t w t - t w 1 2 ( t - tw t g + t h - 2t ) t - tw = 1 / ( 1 + B ) 1/ ( 1+ B) 1 Lm + - L ( t g - t h ) t - t w 2 t - t w ( 3. 64) L ( tg - t h ) t - tw 2 t - tw ( 3. 65) ( 3. 66), 95/ 70, ( 813 ) qs = 55W / m 2, f s= 0. 4 / m 2, qg = 70W/ m 2, f g = 0. 5 / m 2 m= qg / qs= 70/ 55= 1. 3, L= f g/ f s= 0. 5/ 0. 4= 1. 2 3 7, t w = - 9, 95/ 70, 75/ 55,, 149

3 7 tw( ) tg( ) th( ) tg( ) t h ( ) - 9-7 - 5-3 - 1 1 3 5 18 95 90. 2 85. 4 80. 5 75. 5 70. 4 65. 3 60. 0 18 70 67. 2 64. 1 61. 0 57. 9 64. 7 51. 4 47. 9 18 75 71. 0 67. 3 63. 9 60. 5 56. 9 53. 3 49. 6 18 55 53. 0 51. 1 49. 1 47. 1 44. 9 42. 7 40. 4 18 6,,,, ( ) 3 13, t 1g t 1h, W 1 t 2g t 2h, W2, : 3 13 1, 2, 3 150 Q = W t 1g - t 1h 1 t 1g - t 1h

Q = W t 1g - t 2h 1 t 1g - t 2h Q = W t 2g - t 2h 2 t 2g - t 2h, ( 3 18) 1 = a W x + b + 1 W d, t 1g t 2g, t 1= t 1g- t 1h t 2= t 2g - t2 h W 1< W 2, ( 3 18), W x= W1, W d= W2, : t 1g = t 2g + t2 g - t 2 h W W 2 2 W 1-1 t - t w t - t w t 1h = t 2h + t 1g - t 1h W W1 1 W1-1 t - tw t - tw ( 3. 67) ( 3. 68) ( 3 67) ( 3 68), t 2g, t 2h t1 g, t 1h, t 2g, t 2h W 1 W 2( G 1, G 2), t w, W 1= W 2= 1, ( 3 67) ( 3 68) W 2 t 1g = t 2g + ( t 2g - t 2h ) W 1-1 t - t w t - t w ( 3. 69) W1 t 1h = t 2h + ( t 1g - t 1h ) W1-1 t - t w t - t w ( 3. 70) 151

,,,, ( 3 67) ( 3 68),,, :, ( 3 45),,,, ( 3 67) ( 3 68), t1g = t1h + Q/ W1, t1h = t1g - Q/ W 1 : t 1g = t 2p + t 1g - t 1h W 1 - t 2g - t 2 h 2W t - t w 2 t - t w t 1h = t 2p + 1 W t 2g - t qh - 1 2W t - tw 2 t - tw, ( 3 71) ( 3 72) t 1g = t 2p + t 1g - t 1h W 1 - t 2g - t 2 h t - t w 2 t - t w 1 t 1h = t 2p + - 1 t 1g - t 1h W t 2g - t 2h t - t w - 1 2 t - t w t 2p, ( 3. 71) ( 3. 72) ( 3. 73) ( 3. 74) ( 3 45) t 2p = t 2g + t 2h 2 ( 3 71), ( 3 72), ( 3 73) ( 3 74),,, t w 152

t 1g, t 1h,, 18,,,, Q 1 = Q 2 = Q 3 q 1 = q 2 = q 3 Q 1 = q 1 q 1, q 2, q 3 ; Q 1, Q 2, Q 3 3 14 ( 3 14), t g = t g 1 = t g 2, t h = t h 1 = t h2 ( 3. 75) tg = t g 1 = t g 2 ( 3. 76) 153

t g 1, th 1 ( ) ; t g 2, th 2 ( ) ; t g 1, t g 2 ( ) q 2 = q 3 = t g 1 + t h1-2t t g 1 + t h1-2t 1 + B = t g 2 + t h2-2t t g 2 + t h2-2t 1 + B th = th1 = th 2 ( 3. 77) G1( tg 1 - t h 1) G1 ( t g 1 - t h1 ) = G2( t g 2 - t h2) G( t g - t h) = G2 ( tg 2 - t 2 ) G ( tg - t h ) G = G 1 = G 2 = Q t g - th ) t g - t h G 1, G2 ( kg/ h ), G = ( 3. 78) G1 G 1 = G2 G2 = p 1 p 1 = p 2 p 2 = p ( 3. 79) p p 1, p 2 ( Pa) ; p 1, p 2 ( P a) ; p, p ( Pa), : p q, p z, p 1 = p q1 + p z 1, p 2 = p q2 + p z 2, p 1 = q1 + p z 1 p 2 = p q2 + p z 2 154

p z 1 = g ( h - g ) h 1, p z 2 = g ( h - g ) h 2, p z 1 p z 2 p z 1 p z 1 = p z 2 p z 2 = = g ( h - g ) h 1 = g ( h - g ) h 2 h - g h - g h 1, h 2 ( m) ; ( 3. 80) g, h ( kg/ m 3 ) ; g, h ( kg/ m 3 ) h - g h - g = t g - th t g - th p z 1 p z 1 = p z 2 p z 2 = tg - t h tg - t h p q1 = p q1 = p q2 = p q2 = 0 G = G1 G1 = G 2 G2 = tg - t h tg - t h ( 3 82) ( 3 78), G 3 = Q G = Q 1/ 3 = t - tw 1/ 3 t - tw ( 3. 81) ( 3. 82) ( 3. 83),, G ( G 1, G 2) ( 3 82) ( 3 83), t ( 3 82) ( 3 83) 155

,,,,,, G = p p = p q + p z p q + p z p z p z = tg - t h t g - t h ( 3 74) ( 3 75),, G ( G 1, G 2) ( 3 82) ( 3 83),, p q p q = p z p z = p q+ p z p q + p z = t g- t h t g - t h = G ( 3. 84) ( 3 84) ( 3 48) ( 3 49), ( 3 85), ( 3 86) ( 3 83) t g = t + t h= t + G = 1 / 2 t g- t h = t g - t h 1 2 ( t t - tw g + th - 2t ) t - tw 1 2 ( t - t w t g + t h - 2t ) t - t w 1/ ( 1+ B ) 1/ ( 1 + B ) 1/ 3 t - tw t - tw ( 3. 83) + 1 2 / 3 2 ( t t - t w g - t h ) t - t w - ( 3. 85) 2/ 3 1 2 ( t - tw t g - t h ) t - tw ( 3. 86),, : 1,, ( 3 83) ( 3 85) ( 3 86), 156

,, :, ;,,, 3 3, 130/ 70, tw = + 5, 64. 8/ 38. 0, G = 0. 67(, 60 1/ 42. 4, G = 1),, 2 ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, 157

, Q = 3 15 Q 2 = q 2 = Q 1 / ( 1 + B ) = = t g + t 1-2t t g + t 1-2t 1 + B = t 1 + t h - 2t t 1 + t h - 2t tg + t 1-2t t g + t 1-2t = t 1 + t h - 2t t 1 + th - 2t t g + t 1-2t - t 1 - t h + 2t t g + t 1-2t - t 1 - t h + 2t Q 1/ ( 1+ B ) t 1 ( ) Q = Q 3 = G t g - t h t g - t h Q G = tg - t h t g - t h ( 3 87) G = = t g - th t g - th Q B / ( 1+ B ) G t - t w = t - t w 1 + B ( 3. 87) 3 15 B / ( 1+ B ) ( 3. 88) 158

1 2G ( t g - th ) Q = tg - t h 2Q Q B / ( 1 + B ) 1 2G ( t g - t h ) Q = 1 2 ( t g - t h ) Q 1 / ( 1 + B ) ( 3. 89) ( 3 89) ( 3 48) ( 3 49) G t - t w = t - t w B / ( 1+ B) t - t w t g = t + ( t g - t ) t - t w t h t - t w = t + ( th - t ) t - t w 1 / ( 1 + B ) 1/ ( 1+ B ) ( 3. 90) ( 3. 91), ( 3 88), ( 3 90) ( 3 91) : 1,, 3 2, t w = - 4. 1, G = 0. 89 3 3 130/ 70, tw = 5, 63. 4/ 39. 1, G = 0. 73,, 2,,, K,,, 159

,,,,,,,,,,,, : ; ; ( ) ( ), ;, ;, ;,,,,,,, ( ), 160

,,, 1,,,,,,,,,, 20%,, r r = 1- Q c Q j = 1- h q- h s j 1+ a ( h g r- h gs) + 1+ a ( h r h- h rq) 1 1 Q j ; Q c ; h g r ; h q ; h s ; h g s ; h r q ; h r h ; ( 3. 92) j a ( ) ; 1 161

a ( ) 1, r,, h g r, ( 5kPa ),,, ( h q- h s),,, j, hg s a, 1,, 1 + j a 1 ( h gr - h gs) 3 8,,,, 6 12MW, : 3 5MPa ( ), 435, 192 5 ; 50 100MW, : 9 0MPa, 535, 231 7 ; 200MW, : 13 0MPa, 535 ; 300MW, : 16 5MPa, 550, 200 2,,,,,,,,,, 162

163

2,, ; ( ),,,,,, : 150, 0 4 0 6MPa ( ) ; 150 250, 0 8 1 3MPa ( ), ; 250, 0 4 1 5MPa ( ), 2132 9 1945 2kJ/ ( kg K ),, ( ) 4 187kJ/ ( kg K ), 2. 1kJ/ ( k g K ),, ;,,,,, ( ) 1%, 30% 40%,, 30% 40%,,,,,,,,,,, 164

, 0 4MPa( ) ( 143 6 ) 2737 6kJ/ kg, 1 5MPa ( 198 3 ) 2789 9kJ/ kg, 1 1MPa, 1 9% 0 4MPa, 200 2860 4k J/ kg, 56 4 4 5% ; 1 5MPa, 300 3038 9k J/ k g, 101 7 8 9%, ( 130 300 ),, 10%, ( ),,,, 1 ( 1), G = 3. 6Q kg/ h ( 3. 93) r G ( kg/ h) ; Q ( W) ; r ( k J/ kg ) Q,,,, ;,, 165

: ( dp / d ) z d = 3-4k Pa/ s; : ( dp / d ) z d = 10-30k Pa/ s; : ( dp / d ) z d = 40-50k Pa/ s ( d p / d ) z d = ( 0. 002-0. 005) p ( kpa/ s) ( 3. 94) ( dp / d ) z d ( k Pa/ s) ; p ( kpa ), D s( kg/ h ) B( kg/ h ), p, D q( ), 3 16, p 0. 5MPa,,,,,,,, 3 16, 0 8MPa, ( 2) 166

,, ( 3 17) 3 17 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 8, 9, p h, p 0, p k,, 1 2,,, a bc b ( a ), 6 9,,,,,, 167

,,,,,,,, a bc b ( ), a, c,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 2 ( 3 18) 1,,, 3, 2, 8, 9,, 10,,,,,,,, ; 168

3 18 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ; 9, 10, 11, 0 5MPa( ) 2747 4kJ/ k g, 0 2MP a( ), 0 2MPa 2706 3kJ/ kg, 41. 1kJ/ kg, 2 1kJ/ ( k g K ), t = 41. 1/ 2. 1 = 19. 57 20 0 5MPa 0. 2 MP a, 151 84 140 23 ( 0 2MP a 120 23 ), 1. 1MPa ( ) 0 98, 0 42MPa ( ), 1 0 0. 42MP a, ; 0. 42MPa, ( 0 98),,,,, 169

,, ( ),,,,,,, ( 2 11) H = SG 2 Pa S = 6. 88 10-9 K 0. 25 ( l + l d ) d 5. 2 5 Pa/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 H ( Pa) ; G ( m 3 / h ) ; S ( Pa / ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) ; K ( m ), 0. 0002m; l ( m) ; l d ( m), ; d ( m) ; ( kg/ m 3 ), 0. 18-, 1 0 7 6kg/ m 3 1. 5MP a, S, S, ( 2 11), ( ), v,,,,,, 170

,,,,,,,,,,, 3 19 2, 1 4 7, ( 8),, 3 19 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,, 3 4 0. 3MPa ( ) 400, 0 3MP a( ), 10, 171

? h q= 3275. 2kJ/ kg, h h = 2724. 7+ 2. 1 10= 2745. 7kJ/ kg, h s= 561. 5kJ/ kg k g m s kg,, : h q + h sm s = h h( 1 + m s) ( 3. 95) 3275. 2 + 561. 5ms = 2745. 7( 1 + ms) m s = 0. 242kg/ kg kg 0. 242kg,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 172

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : j t = d = 0 Q = Q = G = j = 0 t g + th 2 - tg j + = 0 j ( t w s) - ( 3. 96) + t h 2 - + ( t w s) - ( 3. 97) = 0 1. 163cG ( t g - t h ) 10 3 ( 3. 98) t - B/ ( 1+ B ) t w s t - tw t g, t h, ; Q, W/ d; G, t / h; t, ; t w s, ; c, kj/ ( k g ) ; ( 3. 99),,, ; - 1-173

t w s,,,, Q s k J/ ( m 2 d) ; tws = tw + Qs/ Sk ( 3. 100) S k, kj/ ( m 2 d ),,,, t, t g, t h, t w s, Q ( 3 96) ( 3 97) j,,, j 4-5,, 30 j = 5, 5, 5 = 0, ( - ), t, t g, th, t w s, Q ; 4 = 1, ( - ) = ( - 1), 4 5 ;, 1, = 4, ( - ) = ( - 4), 5 4, = 0, 1,, 4,, ( - 1), ( - 2),, ( - 4) 5 ( 3 96) ( 3 97) 1 t 5 t g + th = 0 2 5 t g + t h + 1 2 4 + 0t w s5 + 1tw s4 + + 4tw s1 t g + + 4 + t h 2 1 Q5 t g = 0 + t h 2 5 + 0tw s5 + tg + 1 + t h 2 4 1t w s4 + + 4t w s1 t g + th + + 4 2 1 6, j 5, 6 = 0, 5 = 1, 2 = 4, 1, ( 3 96) ( 3 97) 2 174

t 6 t g + th = 0 2 6 t g + t h + 1 2 5 + 0t w s6 + 1tw s5 + + 4tw s2 t g + + 4 + t h 2 2 Q6 t g = 0 + t h 2 6 + 0tw s6 + tg + 1 + t h 2 5 1t w s5 + + 4t w s2 t g + th + + 4 2 2 30, 30 = 0, 29 = 1, 26 = 4, ( 3 96) ( 3 97) 26 t 30 t g = 0 + t h 2 30 t g + t h + 1 2 29 + 0tw s30 + 1tw s29 + + 4t w s26 t g + th + + 4 2 26 Q 30 tg = 0 + t h 2 3 0 tg + 1 + t h 2 2 9 t g + t h + + 4 2 26 + 0t w s3 0 + 1t w s29 + + 4t w s26 26, 0-4, 0-4, 0-4 0-4,, ( 5 ),,,, 3 9 3 9 0 0. 1831 0 0. 2652 0 1. 462 0-0. 736 1 0. 0842 1 0. 1552 1-0. 221 1-0. 260 2 0. 0688 2 0. 1286 2-0. 130 2-0. 182 3 0. 0178 3 0. 0575 3 0. 017 3-0. 07 4 0. 0093 4 0. 0354 4-0. 002 4-0. 011 : Q 10 10 J/ d, t,, 10 10,, 175

t w s, S k( ) 160 210kJ/ ( d m 2 ), 0 3 t, Q (,, ),,,, ( 3 96) ( 3 97) ( 3 98) ( 3 99),,,,, ( 3 96) ( 3 99),,,, tw s t ( t = 18 ) 4 t g, t h, G Q 4, t g, th, G Q,,,,, t w s = j = 1 j ( t w s) - + e - ( 3. 101) e,, ;, 176 = 1

, t w j,,, 177

:,, ( ;, ),,,,, (, ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 178

,,,,,,,,,,,,, S ( a, ) ( ) ( 2. 11) : S = H mh 2O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 G 2 G, m 3 / h ; H, mh 2O G H,,, S,, : S, G H, S,,,, 179

,, (, ), :,,,,,,, ( ), 4. 1, 4. 1 4, 50m, 1, 2, 3, 4 100m 3 / h, 40, 30, 20, 10mH 2O 4. 1,,, 180

4. 1 G ( m 3 / h) H ( mh 2O) S = H / G 2 10-3 ( mh 2O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 400 300 200 100 10 10 10 10 0. 063 0. 111 0. 25 1. 00 1 2 3 100 100 100 40 30 20 4. 00 3. 00 2. 00 4 100 10 1. 00 4. 2 4, 3, 2, 1, 4. 2. 4 1 4 S 0= S + S + S + S + S 4= 0. 063+ 0. 111 10-3 + 0. 25+ 1. 00+ 1. 00= 2. 424 ( mh 2O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 2 4 ( m 3 / h) G4= H 0 / S 0 = 50/ 2. 424 10-3 = 144 3 4 4= G4/ G4 = 144/ 100= 1. 44 181

( ). 3 1 2 3 10-3 ( mh 2O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 3 4 10-3 ( mh 2O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) S 2, 4= H 3/ G 2 = 20/ 200 2 = 0. 5 S 0 = S + S + S + S3, 4 = 0. 063+ 0. 111+ 0. 25+ 0. 5= 0. 924 3 ( m 3 / h) G0= H 0/ S 0= 50/ 0. 924 10-3 = 232 4 3 3= G0/ ( G3 + G4 ) = 232/ ( 100+ 100) = 1. 16 5 1 2 3 ( m 3 / h) 2 10-3 ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 2, 3, 4 10-3 ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) G3= G4= 3G3 = 1. 16 100= 116. 2 S 2, 4= H 2/ G 2 = 30/ 300 2 = 0. 333 S 0 = S + S + S 2, 4 = 0. 063+ 0. 111+ 0. 333= 0. 507 3 ( m 3 / h) G0= H 0 / S 0 = 50/ 0. 507 10-3 = 314 4 2 2 = G0/ ( G2 + G3 + G4 ) = 314/ ( 100+ 100+ 100) = 1. 04 5 2 ( m 3 / h) G2= 2G2 = G3= G4= 1. 04 100= 104 182

( ) 1. 1 1 2 10-3 ( mh 2O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 1, 2, 3, 4 10-3 ( mh 2O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) S 1, 4= H 1/ G 2 = 40/ 400 2 = 0. 25 S 0 = S + S 1, 4 = 0. 063+ 0. 25= 0. 313 3. ( m 3 / h) G0= H 0 / S 0 = 50/ 0. 313 10-3 = 400 4 1 1 = G0/ ( G1 + G2 + G3 + G4 ) = 400/ 400= 1. 00 5 1 ( m 3 / h) G1= 1G1 = G2= G3= G4= 1 100= 100 :,,,,,,,,,, T A ( ),, 183

,,,,,,, 4. 2, 4 A, B, C, D ; 4 : 1. 4. 2 ( 1) ( ), ; ( 2) ( ), 184

,, (, ) ( 3) x, x = ; ; G G = G, m 3 / h ; 1, 2, 3, 4,, G, m 3 / h ( 4) x z d,,,, 2. ( 1), x z x A, x z d= GA / GA A, 3, x z x = GA 3/ GA 3, 3 ( 2) A 1, F A 1, 1 x A 1 3 95%, x A 1 = 0. 95x z x = 0. 95 ( GA 3/ GA 3 ) ( 3) F A2, 2 x A 2 1 x A 2= x A 1, 2, 1 ( 4) 1, 3, 3, 4, 1 185

, ( 5),, 3. ( 1) x A, x B, x C, x D, ( 2), F D, D 95%, C, x D = 0. 95x C= 0. 95x z x ( 3), F C, F B, F A, D, D ( 4),,, 4. F (, ), D 1. 0,, ( ),, :,, ;,,, T A, 186

, : 1. ( 1) ( 4. 2), (, ), ( ) 3kP a, ( T A DT M C, 0. 5kPa) 4. 2 A, 2 ( ) ( 2) ( 1 ) F A1 ( ) H F A 1 2 1 ( ), H A 2, H A 1( ), H F A 1 : H F A 1 = H A 2 + 0. 3 - H a - a 2 1 - H a - a 1 2 - H A 1 mh 2O H a 2 - a 1, H a - a 1 2 2 1, mh 2O; 0. 3mH 2O 2 F A2 H F A 1 G, 1 F A1 K v: K v =, K v 3. 2 G ( m 3 / h) H F A 1( mh 2O ) = 10 G ( m 3 / h ) H F A 1( k Pa) ( 4. 1) S,, K v S K v S : 187

S = S = 3. 2 K v 10 K v 2 mh 2O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ( 4. 2) 2 kpa / ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ( 4. 3) ( ), K v( S), K s K S - A 1, 1 F A 1,, ( 3) 1 F A1, A F A, F A 1 H F A 1 F A1 ( ) F A, F A 1,, 1, 1 F A 1 ( 4) 2, F A2,,, F A, 1 ( 5), 3 4 2 2. ( 1),, ( 2) D ( ) F D, D ( 3) C, B, A F C, F B, F A, 188

F, D, ( 4),,,,,,, : 1.,,, 0. 3mH 2O, K v K s 2., ( 2), 3., : ( 1) ; ( 2), ( ) H z d ;,, H z x ; ( 3) H = H z d - H z x, H, : 189

1., ; 2.,,,, ( ),,,, ( ),, 4. 3, 2, 4. 3 G2 2 bb H bb, bb S bb ( F 2) F 2 S F 2 : 190

S F 2 = S bb - S 2 mh 2O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ( 4. 4) S 2 bb ( F 2), mh 2O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 S 2, S 2 F 2 S F 2 1 S F 2 2, G2 1, G2 2, H F 2 1 H F 2 2, bb H bb 1 H bb 2, : H bb 1 = S F 2 1G 2 2 1 + S 2G 2 2 1 = H F 2 1 + S 2G 2 2 1 ( 4. 5) H bb 2 = S F 2 2G 2 2 2 + S 2G 2 2 2 = H F 2 2 + S 2G 2 2 2 ( 4. 6) H bb 1 H bb 2, H F 2 1 + S 2G 2 2 1 = H F 2 2 + S 2G 2 2 2 ( 4. 7) H F 2 1, H F 2 2, G 2 1 G2 2, ( 4. 7) S 2, ( 4. 4) F 2 S F 2, F 2 K s,,,,,,, 1985, 1.,, 191

,, ( 1), 4. 4, 7 5 ( ), : 1, 2, 3,, 5 ; b1, b2,, b7, Gb1, Gb2, Gb3,, Gb7, ; H b1, H b2, H b3,, H b7; H 1, H 2, H 3,, H 5; D H p 4. 4,,,, 1,, 192 Gb1 + Gb5 - Gb4 = 0 ( 4. 8)

,,,, l 2( b2, b4, b5, b6, b7 ), H b2 + H b6 + H b7 + H b4 + H b5 - D H p = 0 ( 4. 9),, b4 ( 2), 4. 4 Gb1 + Gb5 - Gb4 = 0 Gb2 + Gb3 - Gb5 = 0 Gb6 - Gb2 - Gb3 = 0 Gb7 - Gb1 - Gb6 = 0 H b1 + H b7 + H b4 - DH p = 0 H b2 + H b6 + H b7 + H b4 + H b5 - D H p = 0 H b3 + H b6 + H b7 + H b4 + H b5 - D H p = 0 H b1 = S b1g 2 b1 + ( Z4 - Z1) H b2 = S b2g 2 b2 + ( Z3 - Z2) H b3 = S b3g 2 b3 + ( Z3 - Z2) H b4 = S b4g 2 b4 + ( Z1 - Z5) - D H p H b5 = S b5g 2 b5 + ( Z2 - Z1) H b6 = S b6g 2 b6 + ( Z4 - Z3) H b7 = S b7g 2 b7 + ( Z5 - Z4) ( 4. 10) ( 4. 10) 14, 5 193

4 ( 5, ), 3 3, 7 7, 14, Gb1 Gb7 7, H b1 H b7 7, ( 4. 10) 14, 14, :,,,,,,, 2,,,,,,, ( 4. 10) 7 3 Gb1, Gb2, Gb3, 4, Gb4 = Gb7 = Gb1 + Gb2 + G b3 Gb5 = Gb6 = Gb2 + Gb3 ( 4. 10), S b1g 2 b1 + ( S b4 + S b7) ( Gb1 + Gb2 + Gb3) 2 - DH p = 0 S b2g 2 b2 + ( S b4 + S b7) ( Gb1 + Gb2 + Gb3) 2 + ( S b5 + S b6) ( Gb2 + G b3) 2 - DH p = 0 S b3g 2 b3 + ( S b4 + S b7) ( Gb1 + Gb2 + Gb3) 2 + ( S b5 + S b6) ( Gb2 + G b3) 2 - DH p = 0 194 ( 4. 11)

( 4. 11) 14 14 3 3 ( G b1, Gb2, Gb3),, ( 4. 11), 2.,, ( ),, : ( 1), G sj, H sj ( j ), S = H / G 2 S sj,,, F LB, ( ), 1. 0%, ( ),,, ( 2) ( ), ( S sj ) S l j 4. 3, 195

,, 20 25 4. 3 q Gl W / m 2 k cal/ ( m 2 h) kg/ ( m 2 h) 40 70 40 60 2. 0 3. 0 58 81 50 70 2. 5 3. 5 64 81 55 70 3. 0 3. 5 58 70 50 60 2. 5 3. 0 47 76 40 65 2. 0 3. 5 64 87 55 75 3. 0 4. 0 81 105 70 90 3. 5 4. 5 116 140 100 120 5. 0 6. 0 93 116 80 100 4. 0 5. 0 116 163 100 140 5. 0 7. 0,,,,,, S l j, 4. 4, ( 4. 11), b4, b5, b6, b7, S b4, S b5, S B 6 S b7, 4. 3,, b4, b5, b6 b7 G lb4, G lb5, G lb6 Gl b7, ( 4. 11) S l b1, S l b2, S l b3 196

Sl b1 = DH p - ( S sb4 + S sb7 ) ( G l b1 + G l b2 + G lb3 ) 2 G 2 lb1 S l b2 = DH p - ( S sb4 + S sb7 ) ( G l b1 + G l b2 + G lb3 ) 2 - ( S sb5 + S sb6 ) ( G lb2 + G l b3 ) 2 G 2 lb2 S l b3 = DH p - ( S sb4 + S sb7) ( Gl b1 + Gl b2 + Glb3) 2 - ( S sb5 + S sb6) ( Glb2 + Gl b3) 2 G 2 lb3 ( 4. 12),,, ( 3), :, (, ),, S lj S sj ( ), ( 4. 11) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 197

,,,, ( 4),,,,,,,,,, 4. 5, 4, DH p = 50mH 2O, 1, 2,, 12;,,, ; 4 ( ), 100m 3 / h, Gs1 = 140m 3 / h, Gs2= 120m 3 / h, Gs3 = 80m 3 / h, G s4= 60m 3 / h 4. 5 198

, 4 ( 1), 4. 4 4. 4 Gs ( m 3 / h) H s ( m H2O) S s ( mh 2O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 1 140 40. 000 0. 2041 10-2 2 120 32. 489 0. 2256 10-2 3 80 27. 589 0. 4311 10-2 4 60 23. 989 0. 6664 10-2 5 400 5. 000 0. 3125 10-4 6 260 3. 756 0. 5550 10-4 7 140 2. 450 0. 1250 10-3 8 60 1. 800 0. 5000 10-3 9 60 1. 800 0. 5000 10-3 10 140 2. 450 0. 1250 10-3 11 260 3. 756 0. 5556 10-4 12 400 5. 000 0. 3125 10-4 ( 2),, ( 4. 12), 4. 5 ( 3), 1, 2, 3, 4( ), S l 1 = 0. 4000 10-2, S l 2 = 0. 3000 10-2, S l 3 = 0. 2000 10-2 S l 4= 0. 1000 10-2 S s1= 0. 2041 10-2, S s2= 0. 2256 10-2, S s3 = 0. 4311 10-2 S s4 = 0. 6664 10-2, ( 4. 11),, 4. 6 199

4. 5 Gl H l Sl ( m 3 / h) ( m H2O) ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 1 100 40 0. 4000 10-2 2 100 30 0. 3000 10-2 3 100 20 0. 2000 10-2 4 100 10 0. 1000 10-2 5 400 5 0. 3125 10-4 6 300 5 0. 5556 10-4 7 200 5 0. 1250 10-3 8 100 5 0. 5000 10-3 9 100 5 0. 5000 10-3 10 200 5 0. 1250 10-3 11 300 5 0. 5556 10-4 12 400 5 0. 3125 10-4 ( 4), 4. 6, 1, 2, 3, 4 1, S 1= 0. 4000 10-2 S s1 = 0. 2041 10-2,, 1, G1= 101. 956m 3 / h, 1, 2( ) 3 ( ), G2 = 107. 960m 3 / h, G3= 104. 472m 3 / h, 2, 3 4 ( ), 100m 3 / h,,, : ( 1) :,, 200

201

202

( 2) :,, ( 3) :,,, 2 3,, ( 4) :, ( ) ; ( ), ;,, ( CCR ),, : ( ), ;, 1989 CCR,,, ( ), : ( collection), ( calculation), ( requlat ion ), CCR, 203

: ;, IBM,, ;,,, ;,,, 1. :, ;, ;,, ( 1), ( ), ( ),, ( ) 4. 6, 3, p 1, p 2, p 3, p p, p 1, p 2 p 3, p p 1, p p 3;,, p 1, p 2 p 3 p p, 204

4. 6 p 1, p 2, p 3, p 1, 1, p 2, 1 p 3, 1, p 1, 2, p 2, 2 p 3, 2 ( 4. 11), 5 : S 01 ( G 1, 1 + G 2, 1 + G 3, 1 ) 2 + ( S 10 + S 1, 1 ) ( G 1, 1 ) 2 - DH p, 1 = 0 ( S 20 + S 2, 1 ) ( G 2, 1 ) 2 + S 12 ( G 2, 1 + G 3, 1 ) 2 - ( S 10 + S 1, 1 ) ( G 1, 1 ) 2 = 0 ( S 30 + S 3, 1 ) ( G 3, 1 ) 2 - ( S 20 + S 2, 1 ) ( G 2, 1 ) 2 = 0 S 01( G1, 2 + G2, 2 + G3, 2) 2 + ( S 10 + S 2, 2) ( G1, 2) 2 - DH p, 2 = 0 ( S 20 + S 2, 2 ) ( G 2, 2 ) 2 + S 12 ( G 2, 2 + G 3, 2 ) 2 - ( S 10 + S 1, 2 ) ( G 1, 2 ) 2 = 0 ( 4. 13) S 01, S 12 1, 1 2 ; S ( ) ; S 0 ; G p 1, 1, p 2, 1, p 3, 1 p 1, 2, p 2, 2, p 3, 2, S, 1, S, 2; G, 1, G, 2 DH p, 1, DH p, 2 5 5 S 0 1, S 10, S 20, S 30 S 12,, 205

, M, N, k= 2( M- N + 1) - 1( ), ( ),,, ( ),,,, ( 2),, ( ) :, ( ) ;, ( ) ( ) ( 3),, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,, ( ),,, ( ) 206

2.,,, ( ) 8031 0 0. 6MP a 0. 5%, ( ),,,,, 120, 1 #, RS232, IBM PC, PC ( ), 0. 5%, 0. 5%,, 3% 10%, 3. PROLOG FORT RAN, DOS PC,,, : 207

1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. 1,,,,,,,,, 2, PC,,,, 3, :, ( ) ( 3. 45) : t p = tg + t h 2 = t + 1 2 ( t g + t h - 2t ) t - tw t - tw 1 / ( 1+ B ),, t w, t, 208 tp = t g + t h 2 = t + f ( t )

tp : t :,,, t g, t h t t p t,,, t p t h t,,,,,, ;,,,,, ( ),,,,,, :,,,,,,,, 209

,, :,,,,,,,,,,, : ( 1), ( 2),, ( 3),, :,,,,,,, ( ),, 23 1. 0, 0. 5,, 210

1.,, t,,,,,,,,, : ( 1) 40 /, 4 ( 2),,, ( 3),,,,, 2.,,,, ( ),,,,,, 211

, : ( 1),,,,,, ( 2),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, : 10 212

, ( 4. 6) 20%, ;,,,,, ;,,,,, : 1.,, 120% 2.,,, 80% 85% ;, 85% 90% ;, 90% 95% ;, 95% 100% 3.,,, 4.,,, 20%,, ( ),, 10% ; 213

16. 0,,,,,,,,,, ( ), :,,,,,, 4. 7 1 8 ; 5 8,, 5 8 214

, 5 8,,, 4. 7,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 215

, :,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. Gg Gz d y y = Gg Gz d = 1 x z d ( 4. 14) ( 4. 14), y x z d, y = 1, Gz d = Gg x z d = 1,,,, G g = H y/ S y ( 4. 15) H y ; 216

S y,, ;, : Gz d = H r/ S y ( 4. 16) H r, H r H w H y, H r = H w + H y, : Gz d =, H w + H y S y ( 4. 17) y = Gg Gz d = H y H w + H y = 1 1 + H w H y ( 4. 18) x z d = 1 + H w H y ( 4. 19) ( 4. 18), y 1 0 H w = 0, (, ), H y =, y = 1,, :, H y= 0 H w = (, ), y= 0 x z d =,,, 217

y 0, 1,,,, 2., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 4. 7, H w / H y, x z d ( ) 3, 4. 7 1 2 H Gg Gg w / H y x x zd H w/ H y ( t / h ) ( t / h) x x z d 1 0. 2 100 1. 02 1. 09 1. 0 100 1. 08 1. 41 2 0. 5 100 1. 06 1. 21 1. 5 100 1. 12 3 1. 0 100 0. 00 1. 37 2. 3 100 0. 00 4 2. 0 100 1. 15 1. 56 4. 0 100 1. 20 5 5. 0 100 1. 15 1. 56 9. 0 100 1. 20 3 4 H Gg Gg w / H y x x zd H w/ H y ( t / h ) ( t / h) x x z d 1 19. 0 100 1. 13 4. 45 14. 0 100 1. 18 2. 83 2 24. 0 100 1. 17 19. 0 100 1. 26 3 32. 0 100 0. 00 29. 0 100 0. 00 4 49. 0 100 1. 27 59. 0 100 1. 50 5 99. 0 100 1. 27 4. 7 : ( 1) ( ), 218

x, x z d, ;, H w / H y, ( 2) H w / H y,, 3 4, H w / H y, 5, 4,,, ( 3),,, ( 4), ( ) ;, x 20%, H w / H y< 4 3.,, : ; ;,, ( 1), : 462m 2, 8,,,,,, 41 ( ) 20mm, 40 20mm 219

(,, ) 4. 8, 4. 8 ( ),, 41 4. 9 4. 8 1 101 102 103 104 141 2 105 106 107 108 140 3 109 110 111 112 139 4 113 114 115 116 138 5 117 118 119 120 137 6 121 122 123 124 136 7 125 126 127 128 135 8 129 130 131 132 134 1 3 8 4. 8 220

4. 9 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 95. 2 64. 0 13. 6 40. 5 65. 2 29. 2 13. 6 188 89 45 30 1 7 2 1. 97 1. 39 3. 3 0. 74 0. 01 0. 24 0. 15 7. 13 6. 36 0. 38 1. 52 3. 6 2. 29 0. 38 280 120 40 10 0. 1 2. 5 0. 2 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 40. 5 65. 2 29. 2 13. 6 40. 5 65. 2 29. 2 16-9 18 22 80 54 70 0. 40-0. 14 0. 62 1. 62 1. 98 0. 83 2. 40 1. 52 3. 60 2. 29 0. 38 1. 52 3. 60 2. 29 5-3 10 10 60 20 130 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 13. 6 40. 5 65. 2 29. 2 13. 6 40. 5 65. 2-23 3 27 41 23 7-51 - 1. 69 0. 07 0. 41 1. 40 1. 69 0. 17-0. 78 0. 38 1. 52 3. 60 2. 29 0. 38 1. 52 3. 60-10 1 10 50 10 3-20 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 29. 2 13. 6 40. 5 65. 2 29. 2 13. 6 40. 5 55 50 83 121 47 36 32 1. 88 3. 68 2. 05 1. 86 1. 61 2. 65 0. 79 2. 29 0. 38 1. 54 3. 60 2. 29 0. 38 1. 54 80 50 60 120 60 30 10 221

( ) 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 65. 2 29. 2 14. 5 62. 6 40. 3 124 90. 2 26 7-4 53 70 156 66 0. 40 0. 24-0. 28 0. 85 1. 74 1. 26 0. 73 3. 60 2. 29 0. 38 3. 60 1. 54 14. 1 6. 91 10 2. 5-0. 1 30 50 220 40 136 137 138 139 140 141 90. 2 90. 2 90. 2 90. 2 90. 2 127. 4 39 48 205 100 116 211 0. 43 0. 53 2. 27 1. 11 1. 29 1. 66 6. 91 6. 91 6. 91 6. 91 6. 91 14. 1 10 20 360 90 110 390 : : kg/ h; : P a; : /, 95/ 70 2. 11t / h,, 10. 79k Pa, 2. 16t / h, 4. 9 : 0. 5 14, 35% ; 1. 0 20, 50% 35%,,,,, ;, 7 222

( 4. 9, 105, 106, 107, 108, 116, 120, 130) ( ), 4 ( 4. 8, 109, 115, 121, 131),, 4. 10 10. 79kP a 20kPa,,, 4. 10 10. 79kPa G kg/ h 20kPa G 2. 0 / G 1. 079 109-9. 0-12. 0 1. 34 115-23. 0-31. 0 1. 35 121-51. 0-70. 0 1. 37 131-4. 0-6. 0 1. 50 ( 2) 4. 8, 201 241, 301 341 ; 401 441 501 541 4. 11 115 131 H, H,, ( ), H 1 15 = H 41 5 - H 515 = H 11 4 + H 3 14 - H 215 = 2. 29 + 26. 3-39. 43 = - 10. 84mmH 2O < 0 H 115 = H 114 + H 314 - H 2 15 = 13 + 27-41 = - 1mm H 2O < 0 223

H 1 31 = H 4 31 - H 53 1 = H 1 30 + H 330 - H 23 1 = 2. 29 + 14. 75-9. 25 = 7. 79mmH 2O > 0 H 13 1 = H 13 0 + H 330 - H 231 = 0. 14 + 12-12. 15 = - 0. 01mmH 2O < 0 4. 11 ( mm) ( m) ( kg/ h) ( mmh 2O) ( kg/ h) ( mmh 2O) x 114 20 12. 0 29. 2 2. 29 70. 0 13 2. 40 115 20 4. 5 13. 6 0. 38-23. 0-1 - 1. 69 215 40 3. 7 1504 39. 43 1544 41 1. 03 314 25 3. 7 604. 7 26. 3 614. 0 27 1. 01 130 20 12. 0 29. 2 2. 29 7. 0 0. 14 0. 24 131 20 4. 5 14. 5 0. 38-4. 0-0. 01-0. 28 231 32 1. 7 910. 0 9. 25 1060. 0 12. 15 1. 16 330 32 1. 7 1199. 0 14. 75 1098. 0 12 0. 92 116 20 4. 5 40. 5 1. 52 3. 0 0. 01 0. 07 216 40 1. 5 1490. 4 10. 6 1567. 0 12 1. 05 315 25 1. 5 618. 3 14. 0 591. 0 13 0. 96 132 20 4. 5 62. 6 3. 6 53. 0 3 0. 85 232 32 1. 5 895. 5 11. 1 1064. 0 15 1. 19 331 32 1. 5 1213. 2 22. 45 1094. 0 18 0. 90 115,,,, 224

4. 8, H 4 01 H 541, 101 141, ;,,,,, ( ) 131,, 4. 11 130 131 231 330 : 131 130 29. 2kg/ h, 7. 0kg/ h, 0. 24, 2. 29mmH 2O 0. 14mmH 2O ; 231 910kg/ h 1060k g/ h, 9. 25mmH 2O 12. 15 mmh 2O; 330 1199kg/ h 1098kg/ h, 14. 75mmH 2O 12mmH 2O, :, 115 131 116 132 4. 11,, : ( 115, 131) ( 216, 315, 232, 331) ; ( 216, 232) ( ) ( 315, 331) ( ) 216( 40mm ), 1490kg / h 1567kg/ h, 12mmH 2O; 315( 25mm), 618. 3kg/ h 591kg/ h 13mmH 2O,,, 225

116, :,,, ( 3), ( ) ( ),, : 1: x z d 1 + H w H l y = 1 x z d H w ; 1 + 1 = 2 = 1. 4 ( 4. 20) 1 1. 4 H l = 0. 7 ( 4. 21) 1,, 15mm, 2 2: x z d 1 + H g H l ; 1 + H l H l H g ; H l 226 1 + ( 4. 22)

2 ( 0), 2 4. 12 4. 12 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 x z d 2. 50 3. 32 4. 0 4. 58 5. 10 5. 57 6. 00 6. 40 6. 78 7. 14 y 0. 41 0. 30 0. 25 0. 22 0. 20 0. 18 0. 17 0. 16 0. 15 0. 14, 4. 13 : L = 1 4, d g15 15mm; L = 5, d g 20 20, ; 2 5, 1200W 10% 4. 13, 1,, 5 2,,, 20, 10,, ( 4), ( ),,,,, 227

228

,,,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, ),,,, 1., 1% 2%,, : ( 1), 1% 2%, 229

( 2),,,,, ( 3),, ( 4), ( 5),,,, ( 6),,, ;,, ( 7), ;, ( 8),, ( ) ; ( 9),, ( 10),,,, ;,,,,, 230

,, 2.,, ;, : ( 1), ( ),, ( 2),,,,, 4. 9, M N, 4. 9 ( 3),,, 231

( 4),, ( 5) ( ), ;,, ;,,, ( 6) ( ),,, ;,, ;,, ( 7),, : 0. 1MPa,, ;,?,,,, ( 8 ), 1 2mH 2O,,, ( 9),,, 232

( 10),, ( ) ;, ( 11),,,,,,, ( ) 1. T 40H 16 T 10H 16 T 10H 16, D N 15 D N 50mm, 1. 6MPa T 40H 16, D N 25 D N 300mm, 1. 6MPa,, 2. D71X 16,, 233

, 90, O, D N 40 D N 600mm D71H,,, 3. P 18F 16 P 48F 16,,, F 4 P 18F 16 D N 15 D N 40mm,, 1. 6MPa ; P48F 16 D N 50 D N 200mm,, 1. 6MPa,,,, D N 15 D N 50mm ; D N 65 D N 150mm ; D N 200 D N 600mm, 4., RH V, D N 25 D N 200mm 4. 10, D N 40mm, D N 50mm 1. 6MPa, 10% 4. 11, ; ( ) 234

4. 10 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 4. 11 235

5. ( ) 4. 12 1 2( 3 4 ) 5( 6) ( ) 7 8 2, 9, 2, 10 4. 12 7( ) : 2 p 1, p 2, 7 p 3 p 2 2, : 5, p 3 236 4

, 2 ( p 2 p 3), 5, 2, ( p 2 p 3) ( 7 ), 5, 2,, ( p 2- p 3), 2 2,,, ( p 2- p 3),, ( p 2- p 3),, 2, ( p 2- p 3), 2, ( p 2- p 3 ) : 2, 7( ) ( p 2 - p 3),, 2, ( p 2 - p 3), d p d f d p / d f 0. 95 0. 98,, ;, d p / d f,, p 1,, 4. 13 ( p 1 - p 3), 237

4. 13 DN50mm 6. 4. 14 ( t = 18 ),,,,,,,,,, 4. 14 1, 2, 3, 4,,, 238

,, 5 26 DAN FOSS RAV L,, 1.,,,,,,,,, H ; H = S G 2 G ; S, H, S ( L ) S,,,, : 239

L G, 4. 15 L, L L ; G, G G 4. 15,,, G L ( ), ( ), 50% 60%, 50% 60%, ;, dg, : d G50 60 = d G80 90 = d G10 20 = 60-50 100% = 20% 50 90-80 100% = 12. 5% 80 20-10 100% = 100% 10 50% 60%, 20% ; 80% 90%, G 80% 90%, 12. 5% ; 10% 20%, 240

10%,,,, (, ) ;,,,,,,,, 10% 20%, 4. 67% 6. 58% ; 50% 60%, 18. 3% 25. 6% ; 80% 90%, 50. 8% 71. 2% : d G1 0 20 = d G5 0 60 = d G8 0 90 = 6. 58-4. 67 100% = 40% 4. 67 25. 6-18. 3 100% = 40% 18. 3 71. 2-50. 8 100% = 40% 50. 8, 10%, 40%, ;,, ( L ),,,,,,,, 241

, ( T 40H 16), 4. 15,,, ;,, 2.,,,,,,,, G L 4. 16 H f, H x, H 4. 16 242 S f = H f H = H f H f + H x ( 4. 23)

H f ; S f S f, ( ), H x = 0, S f = 1,,, G/ G S f : G G = 1 S f / ( A / A ) 2 - ( 1 - S f ) A ; A ; G ; G Gx ( 4. 24),, G x 0. 1% 0. 01% G/ G ( ), 30 1; 50 1 0. 033, 0. 02, 2% 4% ( 4. 24), S f = 1. 0, Gx ; S f < 1 ( ), G> Gx, 243

,, ;,, ( ) ( ), 3. H = SG 2, G = C H ( 4. 25), C, S : S = 1/ C 2 ( 4. 26) C L= L / L,, 4. 17 RHV 40 ( D N 40mm),,, ( CCR ),,,,, 1.,,, ( ), 244

4. 17 RHV ( a ) R H V 40( D N 40mm) ; ( b) R HV,, ( 245

),, ( ) ; ;, ; 4. 18 4. 18 L / L = L, Q/ Q = Q 1, 2, 3 3 1, 2 100, 246

,,,,, : 5%, Gx = 15%, Gx 8. 8% ; S f = 10%, Gx = 10. 5%, G x= 6. 3% ; S f = 25%, Gx 6. 7% 4%, S f = 100% 2% 4%, : ( 1) 10% 30% ; ; ; ( 2),, ( 3),, ; 2. C C = G 0. 316 H ( 4. 27), G m 3 / h, H kpa, 3kP a( ) 300kPa ( ) 4. 17 C, 3kPa H ( 4. 27), 247

( ),, D N 40, 4. 17 C = 26. 9, H = 3kPa ( 0. 3mH 2O ) ( 4. 27), G= 4. 7m 3 / h,, R 84. 2Pa/ m, 1. 8m 3 / h,,, D N 50mm, R 31. 9 91. 4Pa/ m, 2. 0 3. 4m 3 / h, D N 40mm D N 50mm, :,,,,,,, ;,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 248

,,,,, ( ), ( ) 1. 0 ( r / min ) < 0 5%,, s, : ( 1) s = 0-100% ( 4. 28) 0,, s r 2, r 2, I 2, s, 4. 19 : M, s, Mz d, M q 1 5, ( 2) 249

U 1 4. 19,, ( 3),,,,,, ; ( ),,,, ( ),,,,, ;,,, 250

80% 90%,, 4. 20 GW T 1, 2 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ( 4) ( GWT ) ( ), ( 1 1/ 5 ), 4. 20 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 251

,,,,,,,,,, 2. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1) ( ) 0 ( 4. 28), r/ min; f 1, Hz; 0 = 60f 1/ P r/ min ( 4. 29) = 60f 1( 1 - s) / P r / min ( 4. 30) P ; s s, f 1, P,,,, 252

,,,, ( 2),,,,,,,,,,, ( 3) ( 4. 29) ( 4. 30), f 1,,,,, ;,, ( ),,,,,, 253

,,,,,,,,,,, 1. N 2, sn, P 20;, P 2 P P 3, P 2 P 2 = P 2 P 2 0 = 2 N 3 = ( 1 - s) 0 ( 1 - sn ) 0, sn 0, ( 4. 31) 3 ( 4. 31) P 2 = ( 1 - s) 3 ( 4. 32) ( ) ( ),, 2 ), P 1( P 1 = P 2/ ( 1 - s) = ( 1 - s) 2 P 20 ( 4. 33) P s ( ), P s 254 P s = sp 1 = s( 1 - s) 2 P 20 ( 4. 34) P s = P s = s( 1 - s) 2 ( 4. 35) P 2 0

s s = P 2/ P 1 = ( 1 - s) 3 / ( 1 - s) 2 = 1 - s ( 4. 36), 2., P 1, sp 1 ( ), P 2 = ( 1 - s) P 1, P 1 0 P 20,, P 1 P 2 P 1 = P 2/ ( 1 - s), P = P 10 - P 1 = 1 - P 2/ ( 1 - s) = 1 - ( 1 - s) 2 = 1-3. 0 2 ( 4. 37),, sp 1 0 P 2 P 1, P P = 1 -, P P = 1-0 0 3 3 ( 4. 38) c ( 4. 39) c, c > 90% 4., 255

4. 14,, 7, ( ),,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, 4. 14 P ( % ) 100 50 100 80 97 10 97 30 100, 50 100 40 100 0 1- s 1- s 1- s 1- cos cos cos cos cos cos cos s 256

,, 80% 50%, cos 65%, 85%,, 1kW 900 1000,,, 1. : Y, X, Q, Y = ( t w - t w ) / ( t w q - t w ) ( 4. 40) X = ( h - h 0) / ( h s - h 0) ( 4. 41) Q = Q/ Q : t w, tw, tw q, h t w, h 0 t w, h s Q Q ( 4. 21), X = f ( Y),, 6 X = B( ) Y - 1 ( 4. 42) = 1 257

Y = 6 A( ) X - 1 ( 4. 43) = 1 A ( ), B( ),,, 4. 21 tw t w Q= 1. 0, G G, G= 1. 0; t w > t w t w t w q,, G< G, G< 1. 0, Q< 1. 0 E E = E 1 + E 2 = = 1 G H h 367 + G H h 0 367 = G 367 H G 3 h + h 0 = 1 h s = G H G 3 dh + h 0 kw h ( 4. 44) 367 h 0 E 1 t w q t w > t w, k W h ; E 2 t w t w, kw h; 258

G, t/ h; H, m; h, h ; ; H, =, E E G t w E = h s E = G H h s ( 4. 45) 367 h 0 G 3 dh + h 0 / h s ( 4. 46) Q, (, ), ( 3. 83) : G = 1/ 3 t - t w t - tw X = ( h - h 0) / ( h s - h 0) ( 3. 83) ( 4. 47) ( 4. 46), E = 1 ( 4. 40), ( 4. 42), 0 dh = ( h s - h 0) dx ( 4. 47) t - tw ( h s - h 0) dx + h 0 h s ( 4. 48) t - t w 6 dx = ( - 1) B( ) Y - 2 dy ( 4. 49) = 2 dy = dt w t w q - tw ( 4. 50) 259

E = E = ( 4. 49) ( 4. 50) ( 4. 48) t h s - h 0 t - t w h s - h 0 t - t w wq t w t wq t w t - t w t w q - t - t w t w q - 6 tw = 2 6 tw = 2 ( 4. 51), E t w ( - 1) B( ) Y - 2 dt w ( - 1) B( ) - 2 t w - t w t w q - t w dtw ( 4. 51), E tw, 100, E 4. 15 20 E 4. 15 E ( ) E ( ) 0. 637 2. 4 0. 667 3. 1 0. 636 2. 4 0. 688 3. 5 0. 637 2. 5 0. 686 3. 8 0. 652 2. 5 0. 719 4. 1 0. 651 2. 6 0. 727 4. 4 0. 659 2. 7 0. 714 4. 5 0. 659 2. 9 0. 720 4. 8 0. 646 2. 9 0. 716 5. 2 0. 655 3. 0 0. 741 5. 9 0. 686 3. 0 0. 754 6. 3 2. E, 260

, J J = 24 ( 1 - E ) N ph scd ( 4. 52) N P, kw ; h s, h ; Cd, / k Wh ; C, T J T J = C/ J ( 4. 53), 0. 5 0. 6W (,, 0. 4 0. 5W ), 700 1200 / k W, 0. 2 / kw h,, 4. 15 :,,, ( ) ( ) ( 3. 73) ( 3. 74), E = 0. 23, 1. 6 4. 15,, ( ),,, 1 3 ( ),, 261

, 1989, 165, 81 30. 7, 10. 7, 2. 0,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 262

,,, ( CJJ34 90, 1990 10 1 ), ( ) ( JGJ26 86, 1986 8 1 ),,,, 1., 97% A SHRA E 22, CIBS 20, 20 18, 16,, 1% 3%,, : 263

= 100% ( 5. 1) 2. 1t ( 0. 7MW), 8000 10000m 2 47 70w / m 2 ( 40 60kcal/ ( m 2 h ) ), 70w / m 2 ( 60kcal/ ( m 2 h ) ), 10, 000m 2 ; 47w / m 2 ( 40k cal/ ( m 2 h) ), 15000m 2 5000m 2,, 8. 7, 4000m 2 10000m 2, 60%, 30%, 8000m 2, 70%, 56%, 3., 4. ( 95 ), 2 3kg/ ( m 2 h), 25 20, 58 70W/ m 2 ( 50 60kcal/ ( m 2 h) ), ;, :, 264

,,,, 5.,,, ( 1), bd = qd ge g rq dw = 1 ge j d g rqd w bd 1kJ, g/ k J; k g) ; g e, g e= 0. 9 0. 94; g/ kj ( 5. 2) j d, j d= 0. 98 0. 985; g r, gr = 0. 95 0. 99; Q dw, Q d w = 29. 31kJ/ g( 7000kcal/ q d 1kJ, qd = d ( c - z ) = c - z = 1 ( c - z) j d j d d 1k J, kg/ kj; c, kj/ kg; z, k J/ k g g e= 0. 90, j d= 0. 98, g r= 0. 99, : bd = 0. 0342 0. 90 0. 98 0. 99, br = 1 g l = 0. 0392g/ kj( 141g/ kwh ) w rqd w ( 5. 3) g/ kj ( 5. 4) 265

br 1kJ, g/ kj; w r g l = 0. 9, w r = 0. 92, br = 0. 0342 0. 9 0. 92 = 0. 0413 g/ k J( 41. 3kg / GJ) ( 2) ( 5. 4),, g l= 0. 71, 10%, br = 0. 0342 0. 71 0. 9 = 0. 0537g/ kj ( 53. 7kg/ GJ) 0. 0537g/ kj 135kg / t ( ), ( 3),, : br a = 24Zq a g l w rqd w k J/ m 2 ( 5. 5) bra,, k g/ m 2 ; Z, d; q a, W / m 2, ( ), : q a = q D 18 Z( t - tw ) q, W/ m 2 ; ( 5. 6) D 18 18, d; t w, 5. 1 q a 266

1980 1981,, 20% ( ) g e= 0. 55, w r = 0. 85 5. 1 qna 33. 75 33. 38 33. 25 32. 88 32. 63 31. 88 31. 63 32. 00 ( W / m 2 ) 27. 0 26. 7 26. 6 26. 3 26. 1 25. 5 25. 3 24. 8 ( W / m 2 ) ( d) 177 171 162 166 152 133 126 102 2000 1993 1995 2000, g e w r ( 1993 ) g e= 0. 55, w r = 0. 85 ( 1995 ) g e= 0. 60, w r = 0. 90 ( 2000 ) g e= 0. 70, w r = 0. 90 5. 2 6.,, : R x t = Q g 100% ( 5. 7) Q R x t ; Q, ; Qg, 267

5. 2 2000 ( kg/ m 2 ) ( kg/ ( m 2 d) ) 1993 1995 2000 1993 1995 2000 37. 7 32. 6 28. 0 0. 21 0. 18 0. 16 36. 0 31. 2 26. 7 0. 21 0. 18 0. 16 34. 4 29. 8 25. 5 0. 21 0. 18 0. 16 34. 0 29. 4 25. 2 0. 21 0. 18 0. 16 31. 3 27. 0 23. 2 0. 21 0. 18 0. 15 26. 7 23. 2 19. 8 0. 21 0. 17 0. 15 25. 1 21. 8 18. 3 0. 20 0. 17 0. 15 19. 9 17. 3 14. 8 0. 20 0. 17 0. 15 Q g, ( ),, ;,,,, Qg,,, ( ),,,, ( ) :, R y xt = 85% ;, R y x t= 90%,, R y 268

R y : Ry = r A r 1000 2 ( 5. 8) A A, m 2 ;, h; A r, m 2 ; r, h ( 5. 8), :,,,, R y R y xt ( 1- R y x t= 10% 15% ),,, ;,, ;,,,,,,, 269

3. 7 10 ( ) 5. 3, 4t / h 90%, 2. 8t / h, 1 64%,,,, ( 4008m 2 ),,, 55%, 29, 5. 3 10 ( 1989 ) 1t / h 4t / h 10000m 2 ( ) ( ) ( t / h) ( t / h) ( m 2 ) ( % ) ( 10 4 m 2 ( % ) ( % ) ) ( % ) 7421 4180 6537 18512 2. 8 4008 90 64 28 72,,, ;,, : 1., 55% 70% 270

2.,, ( 1t / h ), 3.,, 4.,,,,,, Qr,,, Q r w r w r = Qy Q 100% = Q - Q r 100% ( 5. 9) Q Q, GJ/ h ; Q y, GJ/ h; Q r, GJ/ h,, 50% 70%, 30% 50%,,,, w r 92% 95%, 5% 8% 271

, 85% 90%, 10% 15%,,,, 60W / ( m ) ( 20 ), ( 45W / ( m ) ),,,,,,,, 0. 026W/ ( m ), ( 2. 5% 3. 0% ) ( ),, 1/ 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, ;,, ( 272

),,, 1.,, ; 2.,,, ; 3.,, ;,,, ( ),, 2 3,,,,,,,,,,,, p s, Pa; p g, P a; d, m ; q, Pa/ m 2 p s = p g + 2sf q/ d ( 5. 10) sf, m, sf = 0. 001m; 2 3, sf = 273

0. 002 0. 003m,, sf < 0. 001m,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( CCR ),,,,,,,, 274

,,,,,,,,,,,, 10%, 23. 2%, 5. 3 : 10 72%, 28%,,,,,, ;,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 275

,,,, :,,,,,, 10%,,,,, ( ),,,,, ( 90%, 10% ), ( 60% ),,,,, 276

,, ( 1. 10 ) 1. ( 3. 43) ( 3. 44) ; ( 3. 48) ( 3. 49) ;, ( 3. 67) ( 3. 68) 5. 1 5. 1, Q t w, t w j > t w > t w,, G ( W ), t w j 70,, 70 ( 60 ), tw q t w tw j, t j g = 70 ( t w q, + 5 ),, t h G ( ( 3. 57) ( 3. 58) ) 277

2. 5. 2 tw t t w q> t w > tw t, Qt t w t t w t w, Qt,, ( ) ( 1 ) t w q > tw > tw j, 5. 2, t g = 70, t ht G t ( 2) t w j > t w > t w t,,, ( 3. 50) ( 3. 51),,, th t tg ( 3) t w t > t w > t w t g, ( 3. 50) ( 3. 51), t p t = ( tg + th t) / 2, th t,, tg 278

,,, ( 3. 50) ( 3. 51) ( 3. 2) ( 3. 18) ( 3. 22) Ws W k = t = Q t = 0. 5 W x W d t = t sg - t kh t kg - t kh - tw s tz d 1 + 0. 5 + 1 t t W m s 1 W m k 2 / W s 0. 5 0. 5 1 Wk t Wx 0. 5 Wk - 0. 5 Wx ( 5. 11) t, s k, m 1= 0, m2= 0. 5, ( 3. 18) a = b= 0. 5 W s Wk t ( t = t t ) t Qt t = t t Wx t t t t, ; W x,, GJ/ ( h ) ( 5. 11), t kh,, t kh= t w t w, t kh Ws ( ) Wk( ) tkg ( ),, 3. 5. 3 279

,,,,, t g, ; rwrx ( t g - t l ) = W 2r( tr - t l) ( 5. 12) t l,, ; tr,, ;, 60 ; W 2r,, kj/ ( h ) ( J/ ( s ) ) ; Wr x, k J( h ) ( J/ ( s ) ) ; r ( 3. 18), ( 5. 12) : W2r = W rx a W2r W1r tg - t l + b + 1 W2r W1r = ( t r - t l) ( 5. 13) W1 r, kj/ ( h ) ( J/ ( s ) ), ( 3. 24), W2r, W2r = W rd a + b W 2r W1r tg - t l + 1 W2r W1r = ( t r - t l) ( 5. 14) t hr 280

t hr = t g - W2 r W1 r ( tr - t l) ( 5. 15), 5. 3,, t g ( 1 ) t w q > tw > tw j t g = 70,, ( 5. 13 ) ( 5. 14) ( 5. 15), a b,, tl, W 1r t h r 5. 3, ( 2) t w j > t w > t w,, t g t w ( 5. 13) ( 5. 14),, W2r, W 1r ( 5. 15), t g t hr Q r,,,, Q r d, Q r : W 2r/ W 1r t g, ( ( 5. 13) ( 5. 14) ( 5. 15) ) Q r t g ( ), W 2r/ W1r ; tg ( t w 281

), W2 r/ W 1r, t w, W 1r t g, W2r / W1 r, t hr :, Q r, W1r W 2r ( ), W2r Qr W 1r, t hr, th r, W1r th r, W1r ; th r, W 1r t g, Q r, t hr, ( 5. 14) ( 5. 15), t hr = ( t r - tl ) a W 2r W 1r 1 + b + 1 W 2r W 1r - 1 2 W2r W1r ( 5. 16) t hr = ( t r - tl ) a + b W 2r W 1r 1 + 1 W 2r W 1r - 1 2 W2r W1r ( 5. 17) ( 5. 16) W2r= Wr x, ( 5. 17) W2r = W rd, t w, t g, W 2r/ W1r, th r 5. 4 Q r,,, W1 r t w = t w j ( 5. 3) W 1r : 282 W 1r = Qr / ( t j g - t j hr) ( 5. 18)

W 1r, kj/ ( h ) ; Q r, kj/ h( k W) 5. 4,, ; t j g t w = t w j, t j g = 70 t j hr t j g,,, t j g, ( ) t j h, t j hr = t j h ( 5. 18) Q r, t j g, t j hr W 1r,,, Q r, t g, W 1r W2r? ( 5. 13) ( 5. 14) ( 5. 15), : W1 r= W 2r, Q o r, Q r = Q o r, W 1r = W 2r; Q r < Q o r, W 1r < W2 r; Q r > Q o r, W1r> W 2r Q o r 283

Q o r = W 2r ( t g - t l ) ( 5. 19) 1 + W 1r> W2r, W1r W1 r W2 r = 4a 2 2 t - 1 + 1 + 4a 2 g - t l W2 r - b Q r 2 ( 5. 20) W 1r< W2r, W1r W1 r W2 r = 4b 2 2 t - 1 + 1 + 4b 2 g - t l W2 r - a Qr 2 ( 5. 21) W1r, th r 4.,,, 5. 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 W = W + Wt + Wr ( 5. 22) W, W, Wt W r 5. 5 5 284

, 4 t w = tw j,, t w t w j tw, ( ) t w, tw t,, tw j,, ; ( ),,, 5. 6,,,, ( 60 ),,, ;,,,,,, 3,,, 4,, 285

5. 6 1, 2, 3 4, 5, 6,,,,,, :,,,,, 1. :, ( ) 286

Q p r,, Q r Q p r,,, Q p r, Q g r, Q g r = x rq p r ( 5. 23) x r,, x r= 1. 1 1. 2, x r= 1. 0, Q g r, t w, g h tg, th, t g, th : tg = t g + g th = th - h ( 5. 24) t w = tw j j h t j h, t j z t j z = t j h - t j z ( 5. 25) t j z,, t j z = 5 10 Q g r j h, t w j, t j j h = g z - t l r tr - t l ( t g - t h ) ( 5. 26) g r, Q ( 3. 2), j h : hw2r j hw2r g r = Q g r / Q ( 5. 27) = rw2r ( t h - t l) j rw2r ( t j h - t l) 287

: r j r r = j r = a W 2r W 1r 1 + b + 1 W 2r W 1r ( t h = j h - t l) h ( t j h - t l) ( 5. 28) Q g r, tw,, = g+ h, = g r ( t g - t h ) ( 5. 29),, g = - h ( 5. 30) ( 5. 24) t g, t h t w 5. 7, t w, h, ; g, t w,, g, t g t g = 70,,,, ( 5. 7 ), G G Gr2, G Gr 1, t w j 5. 1 x r= 1. 2, g r = 0. 3, t j g = 70, t j h = 41, t l = 5, t r= 60, tg = 150, t h = 70 288

5. 7 t w j t w t g, t h : t j z = 6, ( 5. 25) t j z = 41-6= 35 ( 5. 26) j h ( 5. 28) h j h = 0. 3 35-5 ( 150-70) = 13. 0 60-5 h = 13. 0 70-5 41-5 = 23. 4 t j h= 41-13= 28, t h= 70-23. 4= 46. 6 ( 5. 29) = 24 j g = 24-13 = 11, g = 24-23. 4 = 0. 6 289

t j g= 70+ 11= 81, tg = 150+ 0. 6= 150. 6 5. 4 5. 5 t g th = f ( Q, g r ) t g = 150, tg h = 70, t j z = 8, x r= 1. 2, tr = 60, t l= 5 5. 4 Q g r = 0 g r = 0. 15 g r = 0. 3 g r = 0. 45 t g = t g t h = t h t g t h t g t h t g t h 1. 0 150 70 151. 2 56. 8 151. 8 43. 0 153. 2 30 0. 8 126 62 128. 8 50. 4 131. 2 38. 4 134. 2 27. 0 0. 6 101. 5 53. 5 106 43. 6 110. 3 33. 5 114. 9 23. 7 0. 4 76 44 82. 4 36. 0 88. 6 27. 8 95. 3 20. 1 0. 354 70 41. 7 76. 9 34. 2 83. 6 25. 5 90. 7 19. 2 Q 5. 5 tg = tg1 g r = 0 th = th1 g r = 0. 15 tg th t g g r = 0. 3 th g r = 0. 45 1. 0 150 75 150. 0 61. 5 150 48 150 34 0. 8 126. 7 66. 7 128. 3 54. 7 129. 5 42. 5 180. 9 30. 4 0. 6 102. 1 57. 1 105. 4 46. 9 108. 7 36. 7 112 26. 5 0. 4 76. 4 46. 4 81. 8 38. 3 87. 2 30. 2 92. 6 22. 1 0. 35 70 43. 8 75. 9 36. 2 81. 8 28. 6 87. 3 21. 0 1. 0 180 75 180. 3 56. 4 180. 6 37. 8 180. 9 19. 2 0. 8 148. 3 64. 3 151. 5 48. 6 154. 7 32. 9 157. 9 17. 2 0. 6 118. 3 55. 3 124. 9 42. 0 129. 5 28. 7 135. 1 15. 4 0. 4 87. 2 45. 2 95. 5 34. 6 103. 8 24 112. 1 13. 4 0. 295 70 39 79. 9 30 89. 8 21 99. 7 12 tg th 2. 290

, Q = t - t w + Q r tg - tw - W - W rx r ( W te - tw) 0. 5 + u t 1 + u W + t Q Wrx B o 1 - r + W rwrx W t W ( 5. 31) Q, Q = Q / Q ; W, W = W / W ; Q r ; r ; t g ; t w ; t l ; Wr x t ; t w ; u ; t, t = t g - t h ; t, t = 1 2 ( t g + th - 2t ) ; B o, Bo= B/ ( 1+ B), Q = t - t g - t w - Q r W1 t w + t 0. 5 Q B o - 1 + u t 1 - W rx W 1 r 291

Wr x - r W1 W rx r W 1 + W 2 t 1 - W x ( t l - tw ) W x W1 1 - W 1 ( ) ; ; ( 5. 32) W2 ( ) W x ; ; t, t ( ), ( 5. 31) ( 5. 32),, W 2 Qr = 0, W rx = 0 ( 5. 31) ( 5. 32), ( 5. 31) ( 3. 42) ( 5. 31) ( 5. 32) Q, Q,,,,, Q ; Q = Q ; 24 h Q ( 5. 33) = 1 h 5. 2 t w = - 20, Q = 1MJ/ s Q p r = 0. 25MJ/ s, x r = 1. 2 t 1g = 150, t 1h = 70, t 2 g = 95, t = 18, t = 64. 5, u = 2. 2, t = 80, W2 = 10 6 / ( 150-70) = 12500 J/ ( s K ) 292

, : t r= 60, tl = 5, t j g = 42, t j z = 36, W 2r = 250000 1. 2/ ( 60-5) = 5454J/ ( s K ), Q j r = 5454 ( 36-5) = 169k J/ s Q r= 0. 5MJ/ s, t g= 85, t w = - 5, : ; ; K F K F = ln t z d - ( Q/ Wd ) 37 - ( 169000/ 12500) t z d - ( Q/ Wx ) ln ( 1/ Wx ) - ( 1/ W d) = 37 - ( 169000/ 5454) ( 1/ 5454) - ( 1/ 12500) = 13400J/ ( s K ) = 13400 12500 5454 = 1. 7 Q r= 0. 5MJ/ s r W 2r = W rx = 500000 60-5 W 1r = W rd = 12500J/ ( s K ) = 9100J/ ( s K ) W rx / Wr d = 9100/ 12500 = 0. 73 r = 0. 35 0. 73 + 0. 65 + 1 1 1. 7 0. 73 = 0. 72 ( 5. 31) Q ( Q = 0. 3, Q B o = 0. 78) Q = 500000 85 + 5-12500 18 + 20 + 2. 7 64. 5 80 + 3. 2 0. 78 9100-0. 72 ( 5 + 5) 12500 1-0. 72 9100 12500, Q = 340kJ/ s + 0. 72 9100 12500 80 = 0. 34 : ( ) t 2g = 59, Qr 1= 325kJ/ s, ( ) 293

t 2h= 31. 8, Q r2= 175kJ/ s, t h= 17. 8, t z = 24 3.,, W Q j + Q g tr - t j z r t r - t l W = cg = t j g - t j h ( 5. 34) ( 5. 34) t w = t w j, ( ) t j g = 70, Q j / ( t j g- t j h) = Q / ( t g - t h ) = G G > G,, ( 5. 34) G W Q x r t j h = Q g r t j z - t x t r - t x ( 5. 35) t j h = t j h - ( Q x r / W ) ( 5. 36) W 2r tr, t x, t j h t j h W2 r = Q g r / ( t r - t x ) ( 5. 37) t x r,,, 294

Q d r, Q s r Q s r = Q d r - Q x r ( 5. 38) ( 5. 38), ( x r = 2. 0), Q x r,, G > G (, ), G, t j g, t r, t j z, t j g t j g = t j g - ( Q s r/ W ) ( 5. 39) t j g 4 t r,,,,,,, :,??,,??,??,, : 1. 5. 8 Q j, 295

Qf, ( ) Q Q j,,, Q f Q j 5. 8 15% 18% Q,,,, ( ),,,,,,, Qj, Q f = Qj / Q ( 5. 40) ( 5. 40), 296

,, 0. 5 0. 8, 110/ 70, 150/ 70, < 1,, ( ),,,, 2.,,,,, ( ),,,, 3.,,,, :, ;,,,,,, 297

,??, 5. 9 ( Q ) ( t g, t h, t c ) hd, h r a bcd ef gh j a 5. 9, < 1,, Q, 298

( 0. 12 0. 25MPa ) 0. 12MPa ;,,, ( 0. 8 1. 3MP a), Q rc ( ),,, 5. 9 Q rj ef gh j ke,, Qr j, t w c, 1 Q rc, d ekj ld, tw c, 1, t w c, 2 Qr c Qr g, cd lmc, t w c, 2, 1 2 1 Qqg, 1, bcm b 2 Qqg, 2, a b a, ( ),,, t w c, 3, Qr j t w c, 3 t w, k j,, 0. 12MPa, 104,, 94 ; 0. 25MPa, 127,, 117 t w q> t w > tw c, 1, 0. 12 MP a tw c, 1, 5. 9, 94,, ( 299

), t w c, 1> t w > t w c, 3, 0. 12MPa 0. 25MPa,, tc t h, ( t w c, 1 ) : 0. 12MPa 0. 25MPa, 2252 2182kJ/ k g, 3%,,,, 5. 9, ek, p r t w c, 3 > t w > t w, 0. 25 MP a,,, ( 3. 19) = b + m 1= 0, ( 3. 22) = W m s 2 1 ( 1/ ) W s W s ( 5. 41) m 2,, Ws ( ),, Q r d Q r d = W s( tq - t h) ( 5. 42) t q, t q= 127 t w, t h,, Qr d 5. 9 Q rd j k 300

0. 25MPa,, 117,, 5. 9 r s 0. 8 1. 3MP a, 170. 4 191. 5, 117 150, 5. 9, t w c, 1,,, tw = tw c, 2,, p u u q t g ( ), t h t g,, ( ),,,, : ;, Q = Q z Q ; Q ; Q z ; Q z N Q ( 5. 43) = 1 N = Qz ( 5. 44) = 1 301

,,, 5. 5 :, tw = t w j ( t g = 70 ),, tw j (, ),,,, (,, ) t w t w,,,, t w : t w j, 1.,,,,,,,, 2.,, 302

,, 3., tw t w,,,,,, ( ),,, 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 2.,,,, 303

( ),, 3.,,,,,,,,,, 5. 10 3, 4 4 5 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 21, ( 10 11 ) 13 16 17 18 21 22, 4 5 ( 10 11 ) 14 16 17 19 21 22, 13 15 18 20, 4 5 ( 10 11 ) 6, 12 23 24 ; 23 24, 4 5 6, 10 11 12,,,,, 304

5. 10 1, 2, 3, 4 6 7, 8, 9 12, 13 24, 25, : 1.,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ), 305

,,, ( ), ( ), N ; t l ; N = min( 1 - t l / t cq) ( 5. 45) t c q ( 5. 45), tl / t cq, ( ),,, t l, ( ), t l, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 2.,, ( ), ( ), ( ),, 306

, WT F = W T F ; Q : N Q/ N ( 5. 46) = 1,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 307

,,, :,, : ( 1) :,, ( 2) :, ( 3) :,,, ( 4) :,,,,,,, 308

,,, :, ;, ;, ;,, ;,,, : 1.,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 309

, 3.,,,,,, ;,,,, ( ), 4.,,,,,,,,,,, 5.,,,,,,,,,, 310

, 10% 20%,, : ( 1),,, ( 2), ;, ( 3) ( 6. 1, 6. 2),,,,,, 6. 1 ( ) ( ) 1 DBY 120 3 700. 00 2, 100. 00 2 DBL 440 2 1, 150. 00 2, 300. 00 3 ( BA 2) XQD 100 2 1, 200. 00 2, 400. 00 4 ( 0 10mA) XWD 102 5 1, 300. 00 6, 500. 00 5 DXS 102 2 700. 00 1, 400. 00 6 BA 2 2 86. 00 172. 00 7 2 115. 00 230. 00 8 KGD 221 1 2, 000. 00 2, 000. 00 9 2 802. 00 1, 604. 00 10 35% 6, 547. 1 11 25, 253. 10 311

6. 2 ( ) ( ) 1 D971X 1 4, 000 4, 000 2 RH DCU UP4210 1 9, 500 9, 500 3 DBY 120 3 700 2, 100 4 RH CW S 2 300 600 5 1 1, 300 1, 300 6 2, 500 7 20, 100 8 35% 7, 035 9 27, 135 : 6. 1, 6. 2 1988 1. ( DDC) 6. 1,,, ( P ID ),, ( ), ( ),,,, DDC 312

, 6. 1 DDC ( ), ( ) ( ),, DDC ( ) / ( A / D),,, ( PID, ),,, / ( D/ A ), ( 313

),,, / DDC DDC 2. ( SCC) DDC 6. 2 SCC,,,, DDC, 6. 2 SCC SCC,,, DDC SCC,,,, 286, 386 3., 6. 3, 314

, MIS, SCC 6. 3,,,,,,, MIS,,,, 386, 486 4.,,, DDC, 315

,,,,,, 6. 4 6. 4,,,,,,,,,, ( ) CRT 316

1., : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, ( ) 1001, ( ), ( D ) D 3 D 2 D 1 D 0, D 3 D 2 D 1D 0= D 3 10 3 + D 2 10 2 + D 1 10 1 + D 0 10 0,, D 3 10 3, D 0 10 0, 2.,,, ( B ) B 3 B 2B1B 0= B3 2 3 + B 2 2 2 + B 1 2 1 + B 0 2 0, 1001,, 1 2 3 + 0 2 2 + 0 2 1 + 1 2 0 = 9 3. ( H ) : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A ( 10), B( 11), C( 12), D ( 13), E ( 14), F ( 15) H 3 H 2 H 1 H 0= H 3 16 3 + H 2 16 2 + H 1 16 1 + H 0 16 0, : 317

( 1) 1001 1100B ( B ) = ( 1 2 3 + 1 2 0 ) 16 1 + ( 1 2 3 + 1 2 2 ) 16 0 = 9CH ( H ) 8 8 ( 8, 16, 24, 32 ), 2, 4, 6, 8 ( 2),,,, 4. ( 1),,, : 1101B= 1 2 3 + 1 2 2 + 0+ 1 2 0 = 13D B ( B ary ) D ( Dec ma l ) H ( H exca d ec mal ) : ( 2) : 13D 13 2= 6 1( ) 6 2= 3 0 3 2= 1 1 1 2= 0 1( ) : 1101B 5., 0-318 15,

16 6. 3 0 7, - 1-8 6. 3-8 1000-7 1001-6 1010-5 1011-4 1100-3 1101-2 1110-1 1111 0 0000 1 0001 2 0010 3 0011 4 0100 5 0101 6 0110 7 0111-1, 1111, 1111 1 10000, ( ) 1 1111 1 0000 1111 0000 1, 1111-1 0, 1 : 5-3= 5+ ( - 3) =?, 3-3? 1, 0011 1100, 1, 1101-3, : 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 + 1-3 1 1 0 1 5 + ( - 3) 2 0 1 0 1 + 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0, 1, 6. ( 1) 319

,, 0 : 1 :, ;,,, - 1 0 2 -, 8, : 0111 1111 + 127( ) : 1111 1110-2( ) 1000 0000-128( ) 1, 8-128 + 127, 16 32, ( 2),, ( ) ( ),,, 24 : 24. 10 0 240. 10-1 2400. 10-2,, : 8 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0. 320

1. 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1. 1 0. 25 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 1,,, 1, 8, 3 4 3, - 1. 5, : 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1. 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( ) ( ) 1, 7, 1, (, ), : 1. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2-1 - 2 2 x = - ( 1 2 0 + 1 2-1 + 0 2-2 + 0 2-3 + ) = - 1. 5, 0. 25 0. 5(. 10000000 ),,, 321

0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( ) ( ) 0,, - 1, 1, 0. 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2-1 2-2 x = 0 2 0 + 0 2-1 + 1 2-2 + 0 2-3 + = 0. 25 1.,,,,,, ( ) N ( 6. 5 ), N, N,, 6. 5 8 16, 8 16, 322

1971 IN TEL 4040 4, 1982 32, 5000 / /, 80286 16 286, 80386 80486 32 386 486, 20MH z 50MHz, (, ), 4M,,, 2. :, 6. 6 6. 6 ( 1), CPU,,,,,, 323

, CP U,,, ( 2),,, ( ),, 1 0, CP U ;, CPU I/ O ( ),,,,,,,, ROM,, EPRO M ( RAM ),,, ( 3), I/ O ( CPU ), :, CRT,, ( ) A / D( / ) D/ A( / ),, 324

( 4),,, CPU,,, 16, 2 16 = 64K ( B) ; 20, 2 20 = 1M, 1M CP U 3.,,,, 20% 30%, : ( 1),,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, 325

,,,,,, BASIC FORT RAN PROLOG ( 2),,, :, ; ; CPU CPU ;,, DOS,,,,, ( ) DBASE 326

,,, ( ),, 1976,, ( ), CPU RA M RO M ( EPROM), / I/ O ( A / D ), 6. 7 6. 7 80,, 327

50, INT EL MCS 51 MCS 96, NEC 78AD 6. 4,,, 6. 4 M CS 51 MCS 96 78AD CP U 8031 8751 8098 P D78C 11A P D78C 12A R OM 4K 8 E P RO M 4K 8 8K 8 R AM 126 8 126 8 232 8 256 8 256 8 2 16 2 16 4 16 3 16 3 16 I/ O 32 32 40 8( ), 8 5( ) ( ) 1 1 1 1 1 A / D / / 10 / / 8 8 16 8 8 MCS51 CPU 8751, I/ O, A / D D/ A,,,,, RH DCU RH DCU MCS 51, /,,,,,,,, 328

DCU 6242, DCU 4221, DCU CW 5000, DCU CW4200 6. 5 ;, 4, DI A I DO AO DI, ( ) DO, ( ) AI, AO, 4, RH DCU U P6242,, 24 ( 24 ) 8 16 8 6. 5 RH-DCU DI AI DO AO RAM ROM 1 UP 6242 24 8 16 8 8K( ) 32K 2 UP 6260 24 8 24 0 8K( ) 32K 3 UP 4221 16 8 8 4 8K( ) 32K 4 UP 4210 16 8 4 0 8K( ) 32K 5 UW 4040 16 0 16 0 8K( ) 32K 6 UW 2020 8 0 8 0 8K( ) 32K 7 CF 1020 8 0 8 0 8K( ) 16K 8 CF 1020 2 0 6 0 128( ) 32K 9 CW 2210Q 8 8 4 0 8K( ) 32K 10 CW 4200 16 8 0 0 8K( ) 32K 11 CW 5000 20 0 0 0 8K( ) 32K : U P, U W, CW, C F ( ) R AM, ( ) 329

ST D STD 1978,,, STD ST D PC, STD XT ST D 56,,,, 114 165mm 2, A/ D ( CPU ROM RA M) D/ A A/ D I/ O,, 6. 8 330 6. 8

, 3, 56 56 1 + 5V 12V,, 6. 9 6. 9 1, 2, 3, ST D,,, A/ D D/ A,, ;,,,, ;,,, A/ D,,, D/ A 1. D/ A,,,, D/ A 331

D/ A, D/ A, D/ A D/ A,,, T 6. 10 6. 10 R 2R, 1, 0, 6. 11 1000, 6. 11( b), D 2R Vr,, ( c), O V O V O = V D = 2R 2R + 2R V r = 1 V r ( 6. 1) 2 0100, c 2R V r, ( ), O VO V O= 1 4 Vr, 332

6. 11 0010, VO = 1 8 Vr ; 0001, V O= 1 16 V r, V = - 1 2 B 3 + 1 4 B 2 + 1 8 B 1 + 1 B 0 V r ( 6. 2) 16 B 3 B 2 B 1 B 0, 2, 1, : V = - 1 2 + 1 4 + 1 8 + + 1 2 Vr ( 6. 3) D/ A DA C DAC DAC, 8, 10V, 1 2 8 10V = 39mV 333

2. A / D A / D, A DC, : ADC,, A DC A / D,,,,, 6. 12 6. 12 A/ D ( 1) K 1, V in,, V out V out = - 1 RC T 0 1 Vi ndt = VA ( 6. 4) V 1 T 1 Vi n, 334 V 1 = 1 T 1 T 1 0 V ind t ( 6. 5)

VA = - 1 T 1V1 ( 6. 6) RC, R C ( 2) T 1, K 1, K 2 K 3, V in V r K 2 K 3 V in,, ( ),, T 2, V out = V A - V A = ( 6. 7) ( 6. 6), 1 RC T 0 2 Vrd t = 0 1 RC V rt 2 ( 6. 7) T 2 = - T 1 Vr V1 = K V 1 ( 6. 8) ( 6. 8), T 2 V1 T 2, T 2, ( A / D),, T 1,, 335

,,,,,,,,, ( ) 40% 70% 60%, :,,,,,,,,,, 1.,, 60%, 336

,, ( ), 2.,,, 1%,, 0 100, 1% 1, 0 10, 1 0. 1,,, 3.,, 4., ( ) ( ),,,, : 1., 0 10mA 4 20mA;, 0 2V 0 5V 0 10V AI ( ), A/ D, 337

, 0 2V, 6. 13 6. 17,, 0 10mA, 6. 13, 200 4 20mA, 6. 14, 100, 6. 15 6. 17, 1mA 6. 13 0 10mA DDZ 6. 14 4 20mA DDZ 338

6. 15 0 2V 6. 16 0 5V 6. 17 0 10V 2. ( ) 6. 18 : 6. 18 339

, A / D, DI ( ) 6. 19 6. 19,,,, 6. 19, 4mA ( 750 ),,,, PN,,, 1. 6. 6 340

,,,,, 6. 6 t ( ) R ( ) 0 100 100 100 100 139 160 144,, 10 4 1mA, 4mV,,, 0 5V 4 20mA,,,, 2. PN PN PN 100mV/,,, A D590,, - + 155 0. 5 55,, 0 5V, 3. 341

,, B ( ) ( 25 ), T X T Z, 6. 20, 6. 21 T X, - 30 60 T Z, 0 100 6. 20 T X 6. 21 T Z 6. 22 a 342

6. 22 ( a) ( b) ( c) ( : ),, ( 6. 22( b) ) ( 6. 22 ( c) ),,,,,, 10 20k,, 100k,,,,,,,, 100 A, 0. 01mW,,,,, 6. 23 343

6. 23 ( a ), ( b) 5V, 555 R C, D 1, D 2, C, 555, 7 0, D 1 D 2, C R t 555 7, C, 555,, R R t,, 555 T 2 T 1, R t R, R t/ R = T 2/ T 1, R t t 4. 0, f 0 = 9980k Hz; 100, f 100 = 100070kH z, 1 900Hz, 0. 05 0. 001 6. 7 344

6. 7 ( ) ( Hz) ( ) ( s) SQT BZ - 80 0 15 0. 0001 5 SQT QZ 0 100 10 0. 0001 5,,,, 4,, 6. 24,, R1= R 2= R 3= R4, e ( ), 4,, R 1 R 4,, e, :,,, 5 10V,,,,,, 10 100mV,,,,, 345

1 5V, 500 ; 0 10mA 4 20mA, 250 ; 1 5kH z, 0 5V, 10 15mA 6. 25, D 4, 316 0. 05 6. 24 6. 25 20MP a, 1 0. 2, 5 9V ;, 12. 5 36V 1. 5-45 + 120-45 + 80, 0. 2% 0. 01% 0. 04% ( 1 ),, 346

,, ;,,,,, ( ),, 1. ( 1),,, 6. 26 ( 6. 27),,,,,, ( ),,,,, G E : G = G, cm 3 / s; E, V; D E 4 BM sin t 10 8 cm 3 / s ( 6. 9) B M, Gs; ; 347

6. 26 1, 2, 3 t ; 6. 27 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 D ( ), cm D BM G, E ( 0 10mA 4 20mA ),, 30m, ( 2) :,, 0 0. 3m/ s 0 10m / s 2. 5mm 2. 4m 348

0 10mA 4 20mA,, 0. 5% - 2. 5%,,,, 1m/ s, 1%,,, ( ),, 120 2. ( ) ( 1) ( ),,,,, 6. 28 (,, h l h/ l 0. 281 ), f ( ) : f = St v 1 H z ( 6. 10) d 349

6. 28 v 1, m / s; d, m; S t ( Strouhal), d Re = 4 10 3-5 10 5, St, 0. 15 0. 22 ; f, Hz D ( mm), v( m/ s), F F 1 ( m 2 ), m= F 1/ F, f = St v H z ( 6. 11) dm G f G = 4 D 2 dm St f = K f m 3 / s ( 6. 12) K,, m 3 ( S H z), K ;, K K,, St= 0. 21,,, ;, S t= 0. 18,,, ;,, St= 0. 16, 350

,,,,,,,,, ( ) ;,, 24V DC 10%, 12V DC 5% ( 2), :,, ( ),,,,,, 1%, 0. 5%,, 3. 351

( ), 40,, (,, 1),,,,,,,,,,, : 6. 29 1, 2 ( ),, h,,,, 2L 1 + 2L 2 + L 3, ;,,, c, t +, t -, f = f + - f - = ( 1/ t+ ) - ( 1/ t - ) vd f : vd = v K = D 1 + K sin2 3 v, v D Re, m/ s; K v/ vd 352,,, 2 ct 0cos 3 f ( 6. 13) D,

6. 29 1, 2, 3, 4 K = v vd = 1 + 0. 01 6. 25 + 431Re - 0. 237 ( 6. 14) c, m/ s; D, mm ; 3 ; t 0,,, f, v D, G, ( ) f, 4 20mA 0 100H z 4 20mA, 100 0. 4 2V, 0 353

100Hz, 0 100H z,,,,, f x, K, G= Kf x,,, 25mm 3m,, 100, 1. 0%,,,, 1. ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,, DO,,,, ( ), ( ) 2. 354

, ;,, ( ) ( ),,,,, :,,,,,, A / D,,,,, RS 232C, RS 422, 355

,,, bit / s( / ),,,,, RS 422,,,,, 300 9600 bit / s, 1 km, ( 1 10 Mbit / s ) 6. 30 ( ), ( ),,,, (, ),, 356

6. 30, 300Hz 3400Hz,,, 1070Hz 0, 1270Hz 1 6. 31 6. 31 357

- 5V, + 5V RS 232C, RS 232C - 12V, 1270H z RS 232C + 12V,,, 1070H z 6. 32 6. 32 1070H z, 1070Hz, 1070H z,, 1270H z, 0, 1,, RS 232C, 358

1 N 1.,,,,,,, 6. 33 6. 33 1 N RS 232C,, D 2,, D 4 D 3,, J, 20mA 0,,,,, J,, J, D 5,, 359

,, 10km, 300bit / s 1200bit/ s 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, PC, PC,,, ; 360

, P C : ; ; ; ; PC, 3Com 3 +, Dat apoint A RCN ET, IBM T oken Ring Novell N etware,,, 3 + N ovell 1. 3 + 3 + DOS3. 1, 6. 34 6. 34 3 + P C,,,, 2. 5km 3 + 2. N ovell N et ware N etware, 361

: ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ( ),,, 6. 35 1. ( ),,,,,, 16, 362

6. 35 ( ),, ( ),, 2.,,, 3. : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; 4.,,,,, : ; ; ; ; 363

,,, 1.,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 2. ( 1) ;,, ;, 364

,,,, ( ),,,,,, ( 2), ( ),,,, ( 6. 36) 6. 36,,,,,,,,,,, 365

,,, 1 2,,,,, L L t : L = a L b t % ( 6. 15) a b 0 1, a b L, L,, t hz, ; t = th z - t h ( 6. 16) t h,, : t = t p - t p ( 6. 17) t p,, ( 3. 45) ; t p,, F ORTRA N P ROLOG 3.,, 366

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, 367

,,,,, 1.,,,, ( ) 2.,, 1t / h 0. 8 1. 0 ( ),,,,,,,, 3.,, ( ),,,,,,,, 4. 368

,,,,, 2 3 2, 100% 75%, 100% 56% 3, 100% 85% 75%, 100% 72% 56%, G, 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 369

,,, ( ), ( ) ( ) 6. 37 6. 37 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 9 6. 37,,,,,,, ( ),, ( ) ( ),,, 370

, DA NF OSS, AMV A VD ECT 601,,,,, :, ( 24 ) ( ), ( ), DAN FOSS RAV,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,, ( ),,, 371

,,, 6. 38, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, ;,, 372

6. 38,,,, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 1m 2 1,, 373

,,,, ( 20 ),,, 1. 80,,, 60/ 45 1988, 100, 286 23, 21, 2,,, 1 1988 1989, 4600 4800t/ h 3700 4200t / h, 83. 8% 92. 7%, 101. 6, 111. 0, 1989 2 1992 2. 374

, 899. 31, 11 2069. 51GJ/ h, 0. 7519 85, 115/ 65, 80/ 60 RH LX 386 8, LX 286 85, DCU U P 6260, DCU U P 4220 24, 8, 24 16, 8 8 1, 8,, 1992 375

[ 1],, 1985. 12 [2] E,, 1988. 9 [ 3] A A,, 1986. 9 [ 4], 1961. 8 [ 5] C,, 1959. 4 [ 6],, 1987. 12 [ 7] ( ),, 1990. 2 [ 8] ( ), 1986. 8 [ 9],, 1986. 6 [ 10],, 1986 [ 11],, 1987. 8 [ 12],, 1984. 5 [ 13],, 1983. 7 [ 14],, 1984. 12 [ 15] IBM PC( 0520),, 1985. 9 [ 16],, 1986. 1 [ 17] T he Am erican Society of Heat ing, Refrigerat ing and Air Conditioning 376

Engineers, Inc. ASHRAE systems Handbook, chapt, 14, 1980 [ 18] Erwin G HanSen, Hydronic Syst em Design and operat ion, New York: McGrawHill, 1985 [ 19] Robert P etitjean, T ot al Balancing, Sweden, T A, 1988 377