1 1

1 2

1 3 1 4

1 5

1 6

cb BF = ( 1 3) c e

dlnp dt H v = 2 RT, H v

5. g = T 1.5-6 10 g / cm.s T mt + b

i M i = ( 2 1) R i R i dm i = d dm i P i = d P + R = 0 ( 2 2) i i

R + R = & R + R + R 12 15 21 31 51 R + R = & R + R 21 24 12 52 R 51 + R52 = & R 15 + R35

V = V [ S ] max K + [ S] m ( 2 3) 1 K m 1 1 = + ( 2 3') V V [ S] V max max

CO 2 + H 2O + P N + O2 6CO 6H O C H O + 6O 2 2 6 12 6 2

+ 4 NH + 3 / 2O NO + 2H + H O + 271kJ - 2 2 NO + 1 / 2O NO + 75kJ 2 6CO + 6H O C H O + 6O - 3 2 2 6 12 6 2-2 + 2

hv 2 2 hv + 2 2 2OH H O + 1/ 2O + 2e H O 1/ 2O + 2H + 2e hv CO + 2H S CH O + 2S + H O 2 2 2 2

2 3 10 kg

2H2O uv 2H 2 + O 2 uv O O + O 2

+ ATP - 6 - + ADP

2 2 2 4 2 3 3 2 2 NH CO + 2H O NH CO 2NH + CO + H O 4 3 2 3 2 2 3 5 7 2 ( ) 15NH + + 26HCO + 2O 11NO + 23H O + 6H CO + 4C H O N

O 2 2 H S ( S) SO SO SO 2 2 O 2 3 4

2 4

x m = K c 1 a w n 2-4 1 n 1 = 1 n x = m K c a w

Tc w Kd = 2-6 120 pm cb BF = 2 7 c w % Mss / (% Vss) ρ ss µ g / g Ka = % M / (% V ) ρ µ g / g % Mf (% Vf ) ρf BF = % M (% V ) ρ K K K d ' d ' a w w w w w w µ g / g µ g / g % M w / (% Vw ) µ g / L = % M / (% V ) µ g / L a a % M sw / (% Vsw ) µ g / L = % M / (% V ) µ g / L a % Ms / (% Vs ) ρs = % M / (% V ) ρ sw sw sw a µ g / g µ g / g

1 % V ss % V f 1 % V a ' % V sw ' ' % V s % M w = 100 K a 2. 5 + BF + + K d + K a K d 2. 5 + 1 % V w % V w K d % V w % V w % V w

O2 3 2 - O2 3-14. NH NO NO

520nm 10cm

3 5

3 8

3 9

3 10

WQI = 3-2

1 20

d lnk H H = 2 ( 4 2) dt RT C2 H 1 1 lg = C1 2. 303R T1 T 2 C2 P2 p = 5 ( 4 3) C1 1. 013 10 p

4 2

13761. lgkhs = 4521. T 853 lg Ks1 = 4. 74 T 6219. lgks2 = 9. 278 T [ SO H O] = K pso 2 2 HS 2 [ HSO ] = 3 Ks [ SO H O] KHS Ks pso = + [ H+ ] [ H ] 1 2 2 1 2 Ks [ HSO ] K Ks Ks pso HS [ SO3 ] = + = + 2 [ H ] [ H ] 2 2 3 1 2 2 2 [ S( )] = [ SO H O] + [ HSO ] + [ SO ] Ks1 Ks1Ks2 = KHS pso 2 1 + + + + 2 [ H ] [ H ] * = K pso ( 4 9) HS 2 2 3 3 2

[ αso H O SO H O 2 2 ] Ks1 Ks1 Ks2 2 = = 1+ + 2 4 10 2 S + + H H ( ) [ ( )] [ ] [ ] α α HSO 3 SO2 3 + [ HSO3] [ H ] Ks2 = = 1+ + 4 11 S + Ks1 H ( ) [ ( )] [ ] 1 [ SO2 ] + + 2 3 [ H ] [ H ] = = 1 + + [ S( )] Ks Ks Ks 2 1 2 1 ( 4 12) [ NO ] p 3 NO2 K1 = ( 4 13) [ NO ] p K 2 NO 2

4 3 1/ 4 2 3 K1p NO 2 [ NO3 ] = ( 4 14) K2p NO ( K2 pno p NO ) 2 [ NO2 ] = [ NO ] 3 3 K p 2 NO [ NO2 ] = 2 ( 4 15) K1pNO 2 1/ 4 3 1/ 2 [ H+ ][ NO2 ] [ HNO2( aq) ] = K n4

1/ 2 K2 pno p NO 2 [ HNO 2( aq) ] = 2 ( 4 16) K n4

4 4

dcb dca β = = ( 4 20) dph dph c B ca β = = ( 4 21) ph ph

4 5 K HC [ H CO * ] 2 3 = p CO2 + [ H ][ HCO ] 3 KC = 1 [ H CO * ] 2 3 [ H + ][ CO 2 ] 3 KC = 2 [ HCO ] 3

4 6 * [ H 2CO 3] = [ CO 2( aq) ] + [ H2CO 3] = &[ CO2( aq) ] ( 4 22) * αh 2 CO 3 αhco 3 = = * [ H CO Kc Kc Kc 2 3 ] 1 1 2 = 1 + + C T [ H ] 2 + + [ H ] [ HCO ] + H Kc 3 [ ] 2 = 1 + + C Kc T + 1 [ H ] [ CO 2 ] 2 3 [ H + ] [ H + 2 ] αco 3 = = 1 + + C Kc Kc Kc T 2 1 2 1 1

+ 0.5-5 a [H ] = &[C Kc ] = 2.98 10 ph = 4.5 T 1 + 0.5-9 c [H ] = &[Kc Kc ] = 4.57 10 ph = 8.3 1 2 e [H ] = Kc & K C + 2 w T 0.5-11 = 1.53 10 ph = 10.8 * [ H CO ] + 2 3 [ H ] = Kc1 [ HCO ] 3 * 3 ph = pkc lg[ H CO ] + lg[ HCO ] 1 2 3 [ H+ ] = Kc 2 [ H2CO3 ] 2 [ HCO ] 2 ph = pk lg[ HCO ] + lg[ CO ] C 2 3 3 3

* 2 3 2( aq) HC 2 [ H CO ] = &[ CO ] = K pco K s [ H2CO 3 ] = = 10 [ CO ] 2( aq) * 2 3 = CO 2 ( aq ) lg[ H CO ] &lg[ ] 2. 8 ph = & 5.6 ph 5.6

2 1 1 1 + [ Alk] = [ CO 3 ] + [ HCO3 ] + [ OH ] [ H ] ( 4 23) 2 2 2 Kc [ HCO ] 2 2 3 [ CO 3 ] = + [ H ] + 2[ Alk] [ OH ] + [ H ] [ HCO 3 ] = ( 4 24) 2Kc2 + + 1 [ H ] + 2 2[ Alk] [ OH ] + [ H ] [ CO 3 ] = + [ H ] 2 + Kc 2 ( 4-25)

K 2+ sp [ Ca ] = 2 = [ CO ] C 3 K sp 2 T αco3

2+ 2 [ Ca ][ HCO 3 ] = K ( 4 27) pco 2

= 4πδq 4-29 D 2 ( ) gd 1 2 = ( 4 30) 18

L L M ML ML2 MLi MLn K1 K2 K K i n L L [ MLi] Ki = [ ML( i 1) ][ L] MLi β i = [ ] i [ M][ L] HL HL HL HL M ML ML2 MLi ML * K * Λ K * Λ K * 1 2 i Kn + * [ MLi][ H ] Ki = [ ML( i 1) ][ HL] + i * [ MLi][ H ] β i = i [ M][ HL] MmLn β nm = [ ] m n [ M] [ L] * β [ m n + n M L ][ H ] nm = m n [ M] [ HL]

4 9 θ I p ( Hh ) σa = ( 4 31) n θ EA H h σ b = + ( 4 32) n H h θ

[ Al 2 ( OH) n ( SO 4 ) n ] m 3 2 [ Fe ( OH) ( SO ) ] 2 n 4 n m 3 2

AY + hν AY * AY * A + Y AY * + OX Y ( A ) + OX σ ϕ R = σϕ λ I λ [ AY] ( 4 34)

- 1 - AsO2 H 2O O H AsO 2 g 2 4 2 1 3 1 5 NH4 + H 2O NO 3 + H + e 8 8 8 4 1 1 O 2 + H + + e H 2O 4 2 + +

RT E = E ln [ ] θ 4 35 nf [ ] [ ] [ ] 0. 0591 θ E = E + log [ ] n [ ] θ θ pe = E E pe = 0. 0591 0.0591 θ 1 pe = pe lg [ ] ( 4 36) n [ ] 1 pe E pe 0. 0591

G = 1 θ 3 1 79.42 236.96 110.39 = -84.98kJ 8 8 8 + 1/ 8 [ NH4 ] θ θ lg 1/ 8 + 5/ 4 = npe = pe [ NO ] [ H ] [ e ] + NO H θ pe = pe + lg [ ] [ ] 3 + 1/ 8 [ NH ] 3 1/ 8 5/ 4 4 pe = E / 2.3RT 25 pe = E / 0.0591 ph F

+ 4 RT po H θ 2[ ] E = E + ln 2 4F [ H O] + E = 123+ 0. 0591 4. log( po2[ H ] ) 4 + = 123. + 0. 0148log po + 00591. log[ H ] 2 2 + θ H E = E + 0. 0591log [ ] 1/ 2 p H 2

3+ Fe pe = 130. + log [ ] 2+ ( 1) [ Fe ] Ks 2 2+ [ Fe ] 12 = + 2 = 8. 0 10 ( 2) [ H ] 3+ [ Fe ] 3 Ks3 = + 3 = 91. 10 ( 3) [ H ] + [ H ] 2 2+ [ Fe ] = Ks 2 + 3 Ks [ H ] 3 pe = 130. + log 2+ [ Fe ] 3+ + 3 Fe Ks H pe = + Fe = + 3 130. log [ ] [ ] Ks H = ph 2+ 130. log + 2 41. ( 7 ) [ ] [ ] 2

θ + NO H NO θ pe = pe + log [ ] 1/ 6 [ ] 4/ 3 + =. + log [ ] 1/ 6 2 2 1/ 6 581 + 1/ 6 ( 1) [ NH ] [ NH ] 4 + NO H NO θ pe = pe + log [ ] 1/ 8 [ ] 5/ 4 + =. + log [ ] 1/ 8 3 3 1/ 8 615 + 1/ 8 ( 2) [ NH ] [ NH ] 4 + NO H NO θ pe = pe + log [ ] 1/ 2 [ ] =. + log [ ] 1/ 2 3 3 1/ 2 715 1/ 2 ( 3) [ NO ] [ NO ] 2 4 2 4

θ + pe = pe + log{ po 4[ H ]} 7 650. = 2081. + log{ po 4 10 } po 2 = 1 10 24 Pa 2 1 2 1

x y = m = K c 1 a w n

log y = log Ka + 1 logc n w cw a cw = + ( 4 39) y y y m m

2+ 2 11 Ksp = [ Ca ][ F ] = 5 10 K K + [ CaF ] = + = 10 [ Ca ][ F ] 1 2 + [ CaOH ] = + = 25 [ Ca ][ OH ] 2 2

5 4

- 6NO + 5CH OH + 6H 3 3 + 3N (g) +5CO +13H O 2 2 2

hv Pb Cl Br Pb Cl Br +1/ 2Br x y z x y z-1 2

+ NH K NH4 NH4 NH4 Na Ca Mg K 4 = 0.33 K = 11 K = 760 K 2400 A An = fd 1- e nk n 1 e k

RCOOH RCHOHCOOH RCH(NH 2 )COOH RCH OH 2 RCH 3 RCH NH 2 2 RCH 2 CH2COOH + CH2OHCHOH CH2OH RCH 2OH RCOOH RCH 3 RH Cx( H2O) y ( C2H2O) x

dn k0 = k N N N e t 0 0 t = 0 ln N t = ln N 0 + k 0t ( 6 1) dt dm = k M dt 0

ThODNB a ThODB ThOD ThOD b ThOD b c ThOD B B b d ThOD BOD B u B BOD5 BODu = 5k ( 6 2) 1 e 1

CH CH CH COO H 3 3 3

C H O + n 2 H O n 2 C H O 6 10 5 n 2 12 22 11 C H O + H O 2 C H O 12 22 11 2 6 12 6

CH CH CHO 3 2

dl = k L dt 1 k t L = L e 1 ( 6 4) 0 k1l0 D k k e k t e k t D e k t = [ 1 2 ] + 2 0 ( 6 5) 2 1

C H Cl

6. BOD = BOD 5 u 1- e -5k 1

t = 1 k D k k 2 0 ( 2 1) c ln 1 k 2 k1 k1 k1l0 ThOD 2. ThOC

2/ 3 k 1/ 3 1/ 3 10 ( t / Yt) = ( 2. 3k10L0) + 1/ 3 t 343. L x m = 5.2c 0.21 mmol / g 0

1 1 2 1 3 2 H + H H + β + ( ) + ν( ) 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 2 1 H + H He+ 3 2 He+ He He + 2 H 4 2 4 H He+ 2β + + 2 + 2ν 4 2 1 1 ( ) 3 2 8 4 12 6 7 He+ He Be + 7 4 4 2 8 Be + H B+ 4 2 4 2 1 1 Be + He C + He 8 8 + 5B 4Be + + 5 4 12 6 16 8 C O ν 12 1 14 + 6 C + 21H 7 N + + 2 + n hv H O H + O 2 2 2

p = gρ dh ( 7 1) h g ρdh, 8RT ua = ( 7 2) πm 1 1 kt d = = 7 3 2 σn 2σp h

O O + O = 230 320nm 3 2 O O + O 242nm 2 N N + N 127nm 2 H O H + HO 200nm 2 hv hv hv hv hv + NO NO + e 134.1nm hv 2 2 hv + O O + e 102.6nm + O O + e 91.0nm hv + N N + e 85.2nm hv 2 2 + N N + e 79.6nm

N2 99% O2 99. 96% 99 996% Ar. CO 2

d ln ps H v = 2 7-4 dt RT - H /RT P s = e v

2 2( ρ ρ ) gr 1 2 u = ( cm / s) ( 7 5) 9η

O O + O 2 H O H + HO 2 hv hv hv Cl2 2Cl

H O HO + H 2 hv 1 O O D O 3 hv hv HONO HO + NO 2

CH 3 + O2 CH3O2

HO O 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 CH = CH HOCH CH HOCH CH O

M SO 2 + HO HSO3

M ClO + NO2 ClONO 2 hv HOCl HO + Cl M CH2Cl +O 2 CH 2ClO 2 hv CH2ClOOH CH 2ClO + HO

2 2πc h 1 Eλ b = 5 hc / λkt ( 7 8) λ e 1

( 1 α) s T0 = 4σ( 1 β) 1/ 4 4 E = σt 0 4 4 2σT g = σt ' 0

no ~ El- Ni

O hv 2 1 1 O 2O k + 2 hv 3 2 2 2 O O + O k 0 3 O + O + MO + M k 0 2 3 3 4 O + O 2O k - 2 3 2 4 k 1 k 3 [ O3][ O2] [ M] 7-11 k k 2 4 x

5 H + O3 HO + O2 6 HO + O H + O2 HOx x = 0 1 2 7 HO + O3 HO 2 + O2 8 HO 2 + O HO + O 2 9 NO + O3 NO 2 + O2 NOx x = 1 2 10 NO 2 + O NO + O2 11 Cl + O3 ClO O 2 ClOx x = 0 1 12 ClO + OCl + O2 Y + O YO + O 3 2 YO + OY + O 4 O + O O + O 2 3 2 2 hv 3 2 hv CFCl CFCl + Cl CF2 Cl2 CF2Cl + Cl

H O HO H 2 hv O3 ODP = 7-12 CFC -11 O 3

CO C H + 17 8 18 O 2 8CO + 9H 2 O 28.6g, 2

NO + O NO + O NO + O 3 2 2 NO + O 2 2 O + O 2O 3 2

4 1 [ NO2 ] [ O ] 3

K Al Si Al O OH F + 2SiO 2KAlSi O + 2Al SiO + 2HF 2 4 6 2 2 2 2 3 8 20 2 5

n m C H + + m n m O 2 = nco + H 2 O 2 4 2 CO HO CO + H H + O + M HO + M CO + HO + O CO + HO 2 2 2 2 2 2

2 * 2 2 2 2 CO[ KK( σ2 s ) ( σ2 s ) ( π z 2 p ) ( π z 2 p ) ( σ2 p ) ]

HO O O 2 2 H S HS SO SO 2 NO 2 2

+ 8 [ HCO3 ] [ H ] 10 2 = = 11 = 213 [ CO ] 4. 69 10 3 K c 2 - + [HCO ][H ] = K K p 3 HC c 1 CO 2 [ HCO ] KHC Kc pco 3 1 2 = = K [ OH ] K W 8-3

SO + HO M HSO O 2 HSO NO HSO NO + 2 H 2 O H SO + HNO 2 3 5 4 2 4 3 NO hv 3 2 NO + O( P) hv 1 O O( D) + O 3 HONO hv 2

d[ O3( aq) ] 5 = 419. 10 [ O3( aq) ][ S( )] + dt + 1 1 1 100[ S( )][ O ][ H ] ( mol L s ) ( 8 5) 3( aq) H O + H O + 2 2 3 4 2 2 2 SO H + HSO 2H + SO 4 d[ S( )] 810 [ H 2O2][ SO2 H 2O( aq) ] = mol / ( L s) ( 8 6) + dt 01. + [ H ]

2 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 O O H HOSOSO CORO( CH O) RO ( CH O ) Ac O( CH CO ) A co2 3 3 ( CH CO )

A * φ = ( 8 7) φ φ φ 4 Σ φ i= 1 i = 1

* d[ A ] dt = k 1 [ A] k = σ ( λ, T) φ ( λ, T) df 2 = λ2 λ1 λ 2 λ1 A A σ ( λ, T) φ ( λ, T) I( λ) dλ A A

lnk = 4.411-3731.4 p1 T lnk = -2.5857 + 2137 p2 T K = 21.9exp -181542 p RT [ N 2 ] p t e NO [ O ] 2

d[ S( )] 3 = k[ x][ S( )] V( mol / m s) dt 1-14 3 r = k k = 1.5 10 cm / molecs k[o ] 2

( )

KAlSi O 3 8 K( Si Al) Al O ( OH) 3 2 10 2 ( Mg, Fe) SiO ( Mg, Fe) ( Si O ) ( OH) ( Mg, Fe) ( ) 3 7 4 11 2 2 SiO 2 4 ( )

9 3

DDT

x = m K c a w x = m K c OC W ( 9 1)

1 1 10 2

FeOH H KA1 = + [ ][ ] + pka1 = 60. [ FeOH ] K FeO H = + [ ][ ] [ FeOH] 2 pk A2 A2 = 88. FeOCu H KSCu = + + [ ][ ] 2+ pkscu = 8. 0 [ FeOH][ Cu ] x m = K C a -6 x abc c = 10 mol / L, = a = 47.19L / mg,b = 0.0024mg / g m 1 + ac

ph 5 8 3+ [ Al ] [ Al( OH) ] 3+ Al(OH) Al Al(OH) G θ -1144.3-481.8-1302.5kJ / 3(s) 4 - f m 4

dn A = ( 10 1) dt dn A = = λ N ( 10 1') dt λ N = N e t 0 ( 10 2) N 0 λt log = ( 10 2') N 2. 303 dn2 = λ1n1 λ 2 N 2 ( 10 4) dt

λ1( N 1) 0 λ t t ( N 2 ) t ( e 1 λ = e 2 ) ( 10 5) λ λ 2 1 -λ t 2 1 2 1/2 2 N 1 t = & N1 0 λ - λ = & λ e 1 = & 1 t 6 T λ2t = & 0, e 10 5 λ 2 ( N 2 ) t = & λ1( N 1) 0 = & λ1( N 1) t ( 10 6) λ1 λ t λ1 ( N 2 ) t = ( N ) e 1 1 0 ( N 2 ) t = ( N1 ) t ( 10 7 ) λ2 λ1 λ 2 λ1 λ1 λ λ 2 1 da2 = 0 dt 1 λ2 t = ln λ λ λ 2 1 1

10-5 e - λ 1 t ( N ) 2 t λ ( N ) = λ λ 1 1 0 1 2 e λ λ λ ( N ) A = & A 2 = λ 2 ( N 2 ) t = λ λ t 2 ( 10 8) 1 2 1 0 1 2 e λ t 2 ( 10 9) 1 λ1 t = ln λ λ λ 1 2 2 A + p B + q 10-10 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) X = dq ( 10 11) dm

D de D = ( 10 12) dm ded dm SI D& = dd ( 10 13) dt

H& = dh ( 10 15) dt

65 1 65 Zn + H Ga + 30 238 92 241 95 27 13 24 12 10 5 1 1 1 1 0 4 2 31 U + n e + 0 1 Am + He + 2 n 4 2 24 11 27 14 4 2 1 0 1 0 Al + Na + He Mg + Si + n B + H He + 238 226 238 2. U Ra a α α U 92 88 237 209 3. Np Bi α 93 83 92

8 V = 128[s] 3.45+[s] mg / d

24 pe + ph = 20.8 + 1 4 lg[ po ] 2

8(2n + m) 1. 6n + m g

2.44 10 7 ρb 11. MV 4 F = 4.76x +1.19y M = 2x + 3 4 yλ = 10 6 f M + f( 1 + F M)

5 3.6 10 k[x][s( )]VRT 27 / h = * p + K p VRT SO2 H SO 2 1 239 243 1 4 7 1 n NpBk n HeBe 0 234 90 93 97 0 2 234 90 4 226 88 234 234 2ThPaUThRa 91 92