Ps22Pdf

G O N G L U S U IDA O Y U N Y I N G S H E S H I ( )

,, ( ) : : : ( 100013 10 ) : 787 1092 1 16 : : 199 199 : : 15 00 ISBN 7 114

1996 11,,,,,,,, : ;, ;,,, 1998 7

1 7 7 13 17 22 27 31 37 38 43 49 54 58 65 74 76 80 81 81 82 87 90 97 100 103 105 110 111 117 124 128 130 131 1

131 132 133 137 139 143 144 147 153 156 157 157 160 163 166 169 170 170 171 173 177 178 179 2

1,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, : 1),,,,,,,, CO ;,,,,,,, 2),,,,, ;,,,,,, 3),,,,,,,,,,,, 4),,,,, 1

,,,,, 2, 1919,,,, CO, CO,,,,,,,, CO 60,, CO,,,,,, CO,,,,,,, 1934 ( L = 3226m ), 40, CO, CO CO COHb,, 1958 ( L = 3461m), 1975 ( L = 8489m ) 1963 ( L = 1435m ),, 1984 ( L = 8625m ),,, 60%,, ; CIE ( ) 50m, 25m,,,,,, :,, 5000cd/ 2

m 2, 500cd/ m 2, 50cd/ m 2 2s, 50%, 2s ( CIE72) : ; ; ( 76 ) 1979,,, 1,,,,,,,,,, ( L = 2257m ),,,,, 80,, ( L = 961m ) ( L = 1487m), 80 ( L = 1560m),, 90, ( L = 3160m),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ; ; 1994,,,,, 3

,,,,, 1 510, : L = 5000cd/ m 2,, 250cd/ m 2,,,,,,,,, 100%,,,,,,,, 4000m,,,,,,, 2,75%,,,,,, : 1),, 6 km,,,,, 2),,,,,,,,, 3),,,,,,,,, 4 4)

,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5) CO,,,,, 6),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1, : 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10 ) 11 ) 12 ) 13 ) 14 ),, 5

, 2,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6

,,,,,, :,,,, O2 CO2 N2, O2 CO2 N2, O2 CO2 N2,,,,,, () : P = F A : F, N ; AF, m 2 ; P, N/ m 2 ; N/ m 2 Pa, 1Pa = 1N/ m 2 Pa atm ( ), mmhg( ), mmh2 O ( ) at(), Pa 1 1 1,,, Pa at m mm Hg mmh 2 O at 1 1 1 1 0.99 10-5 0.0075 0.102 1.02 10-5 101325 1 760 10332 1.033 133.32 0.00132 1 13.6 0.00136 9.807 0.9678 10-4 0.0736 1 0.0001 98067 0.9678 735.6 10 4 1 7

( ) 1,, U U () U, 1 1 1,,U h( m) ( kg/ m 3 ), Pb ( Pa), P P = Pb + gh (1 1 1a) P - Pb = gh (1 1 1b) P, gh,,,, Pa P = Pb + Pa ( 1 1 2),, (),,, ( ), P, gh P = Pb - gh ( 1 1 3) 1 1 1 1000mmH2 O, 760mmHg, Pa? : 1 1 1 : 1000mmH2 O = 9807Pa 760mmHg = 101325 Pa (1 1 2 ): P = Pb + Pa = 101325 + 9807 = 111132 ( Pa) 2, Pst, v ( m/ s ),,,, Pd Pd = v2 2 ( 1 1 4) :, kg/ m 3,, P P = Ps t + Pd ( 1 1 5), U ( 1 1 2), 1 1 3 8

1 1 1 U 1 1 2 1 1 3 ( a) ; ( b) ; 16 U ; 7 ; 8 ; 9, 9

: v; B; T ; m m 2 v2 = BT ( 1 1 6),, ( 101325Pa), 0, 100, K, 0 0K, 273 16K,, : : t ; T t = T - 273.16 ( 1 1 7), ( 1 1 5 ),, 273K, ( m 3 / kg) M ( kg ) V ( m 3 ), : = V M, ( kg/ m 3 ),, = M V = 1 = 1 ( N/ m 3 ), : = G V, N/ m3 : G, N, G = mg = G g / V = G V 1 g = g = g ( 1 1 8) ( 273K, 101325Pa, 9 807m/ s 2 ), 1 2931 kg/ m 3 (), 10,

, ( ), : 1 1 4,,,, ( ) : F( N ) S ( m 2 ) d u d y ( s - 1 ), F = S d u d y ( 1 1 9) :, (), ( ), Pas; ( ),, m 2 / s = (1 1 10),,,,,, 1 1 2 1 1 5 101325Pa, 1 1 4 1 1 5 ( t = 20, P = 0.1MPa) 1 1 2 ( Pas ) ( m 2 / s ) 1 808 10-5 1.501 10-5 ( N 2 ) 1 76 10-5 1 4110-5 ( O 2 ) 2.04 10-5 1.4310-5 1.005 10-5 1.007 10-5 ( ) : 1,, v,,,,, sa t 11

, Psa t 1 1 3,,,, 1 1 3 t( ) sat ( kg/ m 3 ) P sat ( mmhg) t( ) sat ( kg/ m 3 ) P sat ( mmhg) - 20 0.0011 0.96 14 0.0120 11.99-15 0.0016 1.45 15 0.0128 12.79-10 0.0023 2.16 16 0.0136 13.64-5 0.0034 3.17 17 0.0144 14.50 0 0.0049 4.58 18 0.0153 15.50 1 0.0052 4.92 19 0.0162 16.50 2 0.0056 5.29 20 0.0172 17.50 3 0.0060 5.68 21 0.0182 18.70 4 0.0064 6.09 22 0.0193 19.80 5 0.0068 6.53 23 0.0204 21.10 6 0.0073 7.00 24 0.0216 22.40 7 0.0077 7.49 25 0.0229 23.80 8 0.0083 8.02 26 0.0242 25.20 9 0.0088 8.58 27 0.0256 26.70 10 0.0094 9.21 28 0.0270 28.40 11 0.0099 9.84 29 0.0285 30.10 12 0.0100 10.52 30 0.0301 31.80 13 0.0113 11.23 31 0.0318 33.70 2,, : 1 1 6 = v sa t (1 1 11),,,, = 0 ;,,, = 1 12 1 1 2 18, 0.0107kg/ m 3, 30, 0 0153kg/ m 3,, : 1 1 3 18 0 0153, = 0.0107 0.0153 = 0.7 70% 30 0 0301, = 0.0153 0.0301 = 0.51 51 %,,, ( )

1 1 6, ( B)(A), (A)( B) C, B,, B,, t,, t t,, t, = ( t, t), t t, t t 1 1 4, ( ) ( ) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ( % ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ( % ) 0 100 81 63 46 28 12 - - 18 100 90 80 72 63 55 48 41 5 100 86 71 58 43 31 17 4 19 100 91 81 72 64 57 50 41 6 100 86 72 59 46 33 21 8 20 100 91 81 73 65 58 50 42 7 100 87 74 60 48 36 24 14 21 100 91 82 74 66 58 50 44 8 100 87 74 62 50 39 27 16 22 100 91 82 74 66 58 51 45 9 100 88 75 63 52 41 30 19 23 100 91 83 75 67 59 52 46 10 100 88 77 64 53 43 32 22 24 100 91 83 75 67 59 53 47 11 100 88 79 65 55 45 35 25 25 100 92 84 76 68 60 54 48 12 100 89 79 67 57 47 37 27 26 100 92 84 76 69 62 55 50 13 100 89 79 68 58 49 39 30 27 100 92 84 77 69 62 56 51 14 100 89 79 69 59 50 41 32 28 100 92 84 77 70 64 57 52 15 100 90 80 70 61 51 43 34 29 100 92 85 78 71 65 58 53 16 100 90 80 70 61 53 45 37 30 100 92 85 79 72 66 59 53 17 100 90 80 71 62 55 47 40, /, J/ kgk,, Cp CvCp Cv, K, K = 1.4 K = C p Cv,,,,,,, 13

, 1 (Boyle) :, P1 1 = P2 2 = const 2 (Gay - Lussac) :, : 1 = 2 : T1 T 2 3 P1 T1 1, T 1, P2, 2, P1 1 = P2 2 ( 1 2 1) P2, P2 T 1 2 P2 T2 2, : (a) ( b): 2 T 1 = 2 T 2 P1 1 = P 2 2 = const T1 T2 ( 1 2 2) P= R T ( 1 2 3) (1 2 3 ) R, J/ kgk, : ( 1 2 3), P, T, P, T (1 2 3 ): M ( kg), : M P= M R T M= V PV = M R T (1 2 3a),, : P= R T (1 2 3b),,, ( Pb = 101325Pa, T = 273K ), 22 4m 3. = 22.4m 3, P = 101325Pa, T = 273K ( 1 2 3b ) : 22.4101325 R = = 8314 ( J/ molk ) 273 R, R (1 2 3b): 14 ( ) P = 8314 T ( 1 2 3c)

1, T = 273K, P = 101325Pa, 1 2931kg/ m 3, ( 1 2 1), T, P, = = 2731.2931 101325 101325 2731.2931 T P P T = 0.003484 P T ( kg/ m3 ) 1 2 1 40mmHg, 735mmHg, 25,? (R = 287.0 J/ kgk) : P mmhg Pa 2 P = Pb + Pa = 735 + 40 = 775 ( mmhg) P = 133.32775 = 103323 ( Pa) = R T P T = 273 + 25 = 298 ( K) = 287298 103323 = 0.828 ( m3 / kg) 1m 3, : = da + ( 1 2 4) : da,,,,, (1 2 3 ),, P Pda P, P = Pda + P ( 1 2 5) P= Psa t ; Pda = P - Psa t ; Psa t t (1 2 3 ) = 1 = P R T da = P da Rda T = P - P sa t 287 T (287 ) (1 2 4 ), = P - Psa t 287 T = = P RT = P sat 461 T + Psa t 461 T = P 287 T - Psa t T P 287 T 1-0.378Psa t P = 0.46457 P T 1-0.378P sa t P P Psat Pa 1 287-1 461 ( 461 ) ( 1 2 6) 1 2 2 P = 104065Pa, t = 17, = 0.6,, 15

17 Psa t = 1936Pa, : t = 17Psa t = 1936Pa ( 1 2 6) = 0.003484 104065.3780.61936 0 273 + 17 104065, = 0, = 1.245( kg/ m 3 ) = 0.003484 P T ( 1 2 7) (1 2 6 ) ( 1 2 7), P T, ( = 0), P Pa ( ) = (0.003458 0.003473 ) P Pb? 1 2 1 P T ( 1 2 8),,,, : d x d y d z, 1 2 1,,, z P y FX = 0, Fy = 0 P x = 0 ( 1 2 9) = 0 (1 2 10) Fz = pd xd y - ( p + P d z ) d xd y -gd xd yd z = 0 Z P z = - g (1 2 11) (1 2 9 ) ( 1 2 10 ), (1 2 11) d P = - g d z (1 2 12), ( 1 2 3) (1 2 12) d P P = - g d z R T (1 2 13) P1 P2 Z1 Z2, ( 1 2 13 ) 2 dp P = - 2 g R T d z 16 P 1 Z 1 P2 = P1 e - g Z 2 Z 1 R T dz (1 2 14)

( 1 2 14 )g T Z, T Z1 Z2 tm, g = 9 807m/ s 2, R = 287J/ kgk, (1 2 14) Z2 - Z1 18400 1 + tm 273.16 lg P1 P2 (1 2 15) : tm Z1 Z2, (1 2 15) Z1 Z2, ( Z1 (1 2 12) : d P d z = - g = - : = - Z2 ), P2 - P1 = - ( Z2 - Z1 ) (1 2 16) 0.465 P T - 0.175Psat 100 T g (1 2 17) 1 2 3 P1 = 98657Pa, Z2 - Z1 = 30m, tm = 10, P2 : ( 1 2 15 ) 1g P 1 P2 = Z2 18400 1 + = 0.001573 - Z1 tm 273.16 P2 = P1 10 0.001573 = 98300 ( Pa) 1 2 4, (1 2 16) P2 :, (1 2 17) (1 2 16) = 0.465 P1 g 273.16 + tm = 11.91 ( N/ m 3 ) P2 = P1 - ( Z2 - Z1 ) = 98657-11.9130 = 98300( Pa) 1 2 3 1 2 4, Z2 - Z1, (1 2 15 ) ( 1 2 16 ), ( 1 2 15 ) (), 3 410-7 cm;, 17

, ;,,,, :, ;,, ( ),,,, ( ),, d x, 1 3 1, 1-1 A, 2-2 ( A + A d x), 1-1 v, ; 2-2 ( v + x V x d x )(+ d x),, d t x, 1-1 2-2 Avdt - + x d x A + A v + V x x d x d t = + 1 t 2 x d x A + 1 A 2 x d x d x d t, (A ) + (Av) = 0 ( 1 3 1) t x (1 3 1 ), A, t + v x + V = 0 ( 1 3 2) x,,, (1 3 1 ), (A ) t = 0, (Av ) x = 0 1 A1 v1 = 2 A2 v2 = Av ( 1 3 3) v 50m/ s,, 1 = 2, (1 3 3 ) : Q, m 3 / s 18 A1 v1 = A2 v2 = Av = Q ( 1 3 4), 1 3 2 (a), A1 v1 = A2 v2 + A3 v3 = Q (1 3 5a)

1 3 2( b), A1 v1 + A3 v3 = A2 v2 (1 3 5b) 1 3 1 1 3 2 1 3 1 1 3 3, 0-0 v0 = 16m/ s, 1-1 v1 = 2m/ s, D = 3.5m, A1 = A2 = 62.3m 2,, 2-2 v2 A0 v0 = 1 4 D2 v0 = 153 94m 3 / s A1 v1 = 124 6m 3 / s A0 v0 > A1 v1, A0 v0 = A1 v1 + A2 v2 v2 = 1 A2 ( A0 v0 - A1 v1 ) = 0.47( m/ s) ( ), 1 3 4, d s, d A, d m, F, Pd A ( P + P d s) d A, s v 1 3 3 1 3 4, : Pd A - P + P s da - gd msin- Fd m = d m d v dt ( 1 3 6) 19

sin= z s d v = v + v ds = v + v v dt t sdt t s d m = d sd A (1 3 6 ), d sd A, v + v v + 1 P t s s + g z s + F = 0 ( 1 3 7) (1 3 7 ), ( ),, =, v = 0, v t s = d v d s, P s = d P, (1 3 7 ) d s v d v d s + 1 d P d s + g d z d s + F = 0 1 3 5 v d v+ d P + gd z = - Fd s s 1 2 ( 1 3 5 ), s Fds = h f, v 2 1 2 + P 1 + g z 1 = v 2 2 2 + P 2 + gz 2 + h f ( 1 3 8) (1 3 8 ) v 2 2 P gz ; h f F, ( 1 3 8), v P z,,, (1 3 8 ) v d A,, Q, 1 v Q 2 1 A1 2 + P1 + gz 1 v 1 da1 ( 1 3 9) = Q 1 v 2 2 A2 2 + P 2 + gz 2 v 2 da2 + Q 1 h A fvda (1 3 10) Q = v da A 20

v = Q A = 1 A v da A 1 v Q 2 A 2 v d A = v2 2 = 1 Qv 2 v A 3 d A = 1 A, P + g z (1 3 11) (1 3 13) (1 3 10) A (1 3 11) 3 v d A (1 3 12) v 1 P + gz v Q A da = P + gz (1 3 13) v 2 1 2 + P 1 + gz1 = v2 2 2 + P 2 + g z2 + hf (1 3 14) (1 3 14), Nm/ kg = m 2 / s 2 ; hf,, 1 1-1 2-2, H, : : H, Pa v 2 1 2 + P 1 + z1 + H = v2 2 2 + P 2 + z2 + hf ( 1 3 14a) hf = Hf,, H, : ( ) v 2 1 2 + P 1 + z1 + H = v2 2 2 + P 2 + Z2 + Hf ( 1 3 14b),,,,,, ( 1 3 6) s 1 2, v 2 1 2 + P 1 + gz 1 = v 2 2 2 + P 2 + g z 2 + h f + v s t ds (1 3 15) (1 3 14), vd A Q, : v 2 1 2 + P1 + gz 1 = v2 2 2 + P2 + gz 2 v + hf + d s (1 3 16) s t v s d s,, t 1, 1,, A1 = A2 = A, v1 = v2, v t = dv dt, 21

s d v d t d s = d v d t l : l1-1 2-2, ( 1 3 16 ) ( ) P1 + gz 1 = P 2 + gz 2 + hf + l d v d t, 1 2 v2 i, zi Pi 1m 3 i,,,, i Pi ;, ( ), i Pvi,, i Pi Pvi, Pti, Pti = Pi + Pvi (1 3 17) ( 1 3 7 ),, F,,, ( 1 3 8 ) ( 1 3 14 ) ( 1 3 14a) (1 3 14b),, h f hf,, Nm/ kg = m 2 / s 2 ;, Hf, Nm/ m 3 = Pahf Hf,, Hf hf ( ), ;, () :,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, v d,, Re : 22

: v,=, m2 / s;, kg/ m 3 ;, Pa s; v, m/ s; Re = vd Re = vd ( 1 4 1) d(, d,, d = 4, U ) S U ( S Re < 2320, ; Re > 2320,, Re = 2320, (1 4 1 ), Re = 2320, v = 1.510-5 m 2 / s v = 2320 d ( 1 4 2),, ( 1 4 2),,, ( ),,,, n, : C ; v; h= Cv n ( 1 4 3) n, n = 1, n = 2 (1 4 3 ),, n = 2 (1 4 3 ): (1 4 4 ), h= Cv 2 ( 1 4 4) (1 4 4 ), C,, () 1 ( ) 23

, 2, : : Hf, Pa ; L, m; Hf v, m/ s; g, m/ s 2 ;, N/ m 3 ; = Lv2 2 gd,, ; d, m, 4 S d, (1 4 5 ) : U ( 1 4 5) Hf = LU v2 8 g S, 8 g = 8 g ( N s 2 / m 4 ) (1 4 7 )( 1 4 6) ( 1 4 6) ( 1 4 7) Hf = LU v2 S ( 1 4 8) Q( m 3 / s), v = Q S ( m/ s), (1 4 8 ): Hf = L UQ2 S 3 ( 1 4 9) (1 4 8 ) ( 1 4 9), ( 1 4 9) (1 4 9 ),, LUS Q, Hf (1 4 8 )(1 4 9 ) : = SH f = H f S 3 (1 4 10) LU v 2 LU Q 2 (1 4 10),, Hf LU Sv( Q), 3 (1 4 7 ), (1 ), t = 20, P = 101325Pa, = 60 %,, = 1.2gN/ m 3, 24

, (2 ),, Re n, ( m)d( m), : n = d lg Re3.3 (Re2320 ), Re, n ; 3 3 < lg Re < 3.5, Re, n ; Re,, n = 0, Re ; n,, n, ;n, Re, n,, Re, n, n, Re, 100000, Re, n = 1.2gN/ m 3, : = 0.0153= 65.4 (1 4 11),,,, = 0.025 4 (1 4 9 ),, LUS, L U Rf, Rf Rf, m 3 (1 4 12) Rf (1 4 12) (1 4 9 ), : Hf, Pa ; Rf, Ns 2 / m 2 ; Q, m 3 / s Rf = L U S 3 (1 4 12) [ R f ] = Ns2 / m 2 mm ( m 2 ) 3 = Ns 2 / m 3 S 3 Hf, Hf = Rf Q 2 (1 4 13) (1 4 13), ( 1 4 9),,, Rf ( 1 4 13 ), Q, Hf Rf, Rf, Hf ;, 25

, Rf ( ) 1,,,,, 2,, S1 S2, v1 v2,, - : : v1, m/ s; v2, m/ s; H, Pa Q1 = Q2 S1 v1 = S2 v2 : h= ( v 1 - v2 ) 2 2 g S1 S2, m 2 (1 4 14) v2 = S1 v1 S2 (1 4 14), h= 1 - S1 S2 2 v 2 1 2 g (1 4 15) = ( 1 - S 1 ) 2 S2 v 2 1 h= 2 g (1 4 16) : ( ),, : 26 3, 1) v, m/ s 2) h= 0.5 v2 2 g (1 4 17)

: v, m/ s h = 1 0 v2 2 g 3), S1 ( m 2 ) S2 ( m 2 ) 4 h= 0.5 1 -, : hi S2 S1 3/ 4 vi 2 = i 2 g,, hi v 2 i = i 2 g v 2 2 2 g (1 4 18) (1 4 19) (1 4 20) (1 4 21) ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,, () 1, 1 5 1 1 5 1,, Q, m 3 / h,,,,, 2 ( ) 20 96 79 00 0 04,,, (1 ),,,, 27

, ( ), (2 ),, CH4 H2 S,,, (3 ) CO,,,,,,, 9 2 1,,,,,,,, ( ) 1,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 2, ( ),,, : (1 ),,,, ( ), (2 ), (3 ) (4 ),, ( JJJ02690 ) 9 2 5 :, 8m/ s 3,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 28

1 :,, ; 2 : (1 ); (2 ), ; (3 )( ), (4 ),, ( ) 1 : ( mg/ m 3 ) ;, ( ppm ) 1 ( ppm ),1 10-6, 1 ( ) ( 25, 101325Pa) 24 45l, ppm mg/ m 3 : M 2 1ppm = M 24.45 mg/ m3 ( 1 5 1) : = EEV, L ( m) : ln= E EV = e L 1 lg (1 5 3 ), k = 0.4343, 0.4343 ( 1 5 2) = 1 ln ( 1 5 3) L k = 1 lg ( 1 5 4) L k, L = 100m, k, K k, K = 1 lg ( 1 5 5) 100 29

: 100m (1 5 5 ), 100m,, 100m, 100m ( ) CO, CO, : CO CO C( mg/ l) CO T ( h)co C T CT = 0.35, ; CT0 7, ; CT0 1, ; CT1 7, CO 1 5 2 CO 1 5 2 CO ( ppm) ( h) CO ( ppm ) ( h) 100 1, 1500 1 500 1 2000 1 700 1, 3000 30min 1000 1, 1h 5000 10min, CO 250ppm,, 10% () () 8h, 48h ( CO) : 30mg/ m 3, 24ppm; 50ppm; 50ppm (15min) 400ppm,, CO 24ppm,, CO : 1km, CO 250ppm; 3km, CO 200ppm CO 250ppm ( JT J073-85 ) 5 6 1 CO 30

( ) 100ppm 1971 ( P IARC)CO : 150ppm 250ppm(15min) CO 1 5 3 CO 1 5 3 CO ( 100 m ) 100ppm 50 % 100ppm 40 %,,,, PIARC : 150ppm;, ( JJJ 026-90) 9 2 2, ( CO) 24ppm,,, ( 15min )250ppm : 510-3 ( m - 1 ) (7.59) 10-3 ( m - 1 ) 910-3 ( m - 1 ) 1010-3 ( m - 1 ),, 10% 13%,, ( ),, :, 0 0075m - 1 ; 0 009m - 1, :,,,,,,,,, 31

,,, ( ),,,,,, : 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 31 4% 2000,,,,,,,,, 2, (1 ), 2 5m/ s (2 ),,,,, 1 5m/ s, (3 ) 2 0m/ s, (4 ),,,,,,, (5 )1000m2000m,,, 3 0m/ s, 2 7m/ s, 2 0m/ s, 32 (6 ), 2 0m/ s

(7 ) (8 ),, 2 5m/ s 3 5m/ s (9 ), 2 0m/ s,, (10), 3 0m/ s, 3 0m/ s,, : (1 ),,,,,,,, (2 ), 2000m3000m,, (3 ), (4 ),, (5 ),,, ( ) 1, H,, P1 P2, P1 P1 - P2 = H - P2 H 1 2, P, 2 P = P1 - P2 - H ( 1 6 1), 13mba/ km,, ( ),,,,,,, + 0.9 2, 2-0.3 2, 1 6 1, 2 P = 0.9 2 + 0.3 2 = 1.2 2 2 2 2 ( 1 6 2) 33

, v = 4 5m/ s, = 1 2kg/ m 3, P = 14 6N/ m 2 (1 5mmH2 O) 1 6 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1,,,,,,,,,,, 2 T d, Tt, d t, H, h h = ( t - d ) gh ( 1 6 3), Tt, T d,,,,,, 34 (),

n,,,,,, (1 kg) W1 W1 = Cpd : P1 ; Cpd ; Cpt ; d ; t - Cp t = P1 1-1 d t, 1 6 2 2 a 2 + P1 t + P1 1 6 2, 1 - d 1 t + 2 n 2 d 2 + gh + l d + n 2 = P2 : a ; H; ; ; l ; P + d 2 a + ( t - d ) gh = 2 d ; n (1 6 1 ), P2 = P1 - H - P = P1 - t gh - P l d d 2 n + + 1 2 ( 1 6 4) (1 6 4 ) ( ),,, Pn (1 6 4 ) Pn = P + d 2 a + ( t - d ) gh ( 1 6 5) 2 Pn = l d d 2 n + + 1 2 ( 1 6 6) Pn n, ( 1 6 5) : ( 1) P ; ( 2) d 2 n d 2 n,, 2 2 P ( P = 0, = 0) ; ( 3)( t - d ) gh,, t < d, 35

(1 6 6 ) S ( m 2 ), Qn n = Qn = S n ( 1 6 7) Pn 2 l d + + 1 1 2 d ( 1 6 8) Qn = Pn 2 l d + + 1 1 2 d S ( 1 6 9) ( ),,,,,,,,,, : 1 (1 ),,, ( ),,,,, (2 ) ( ),,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2 (1 ),,,,,, 36

(2 ),, ( ),,,,,,, ;,, : LN600, ; LN < 600, : L, km; N( / ), ( ),,,,,, 1,,, ; 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : Pt = A e A r : Pt, Pa;, kg/ m 3 ; 2 n+ ( v + t - vr ) 2 - A r, m 2 ; Ae (1 7 1 ), m 2 ; n + ; n - ; vr, m/ s; Ae A r 2 n - ( v - t - vr ) 2 ( 1 7 1) 37

v + t, m/ s; v - t, m/ s (1 7 1 ): Pt = A C c A r 2 ( U t - vr ) 2 ( 1 7 2 ) : Ac, m 2 ; c (1 7 2 ), Ac C = Ae, Ae ( 1 7 1 ), :, 1 7 1 : r; Ae = ( 1 - r) Ap p + r At t ( 1 7 3) Ap p, Ap = 2.13m 2, p = 0.5; At t, A t = 5.37m 2, t = 1.0 (1 7 3 ) Ae (1 7 2 ) Pt Pt : L Pt = 1 + e + r Dr 2 v2 t ( 1 7 4) : e; r; L, m; Dr, m; vt, m/ s (), P, P = Pt Pn ( 1 7 5) : Pt,, ; Pn,, L 1 + e + r Dr 2 v2 r = Pt Pn ( 1 7 6) : 38 vr, m/ s

,,,,,, ( JJJ 026-96) ( ) PIARC ( PIARC ), CO, 1 CO : Qco = K fv f1 fh qco NGL 10 6 c o ( 1 8 1) : Qc o CO, m 3 / h; N, / h ; L, km; co CO ( ppm) ; f v, 1 8 1 ; f1, 1 8 2 ; f h, 1 8 3 ; fv 1 8 1 ( km/ h) 20 30 4060 70 80 1 25 1 05 1 0 1 30 / 1 25 1 05 1 0 1 15 1 25 : 80 km/ h, f v 1 25 f 1 1 8 2 ( % ) - 3-2 - 1 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 f 1 0 85 0 90 0 95 1 1 50 2 00 2 50 f h 1 8 3 ( m ) 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 f h 1 10 1 22 1 37 1 52 1 68 1 83 2 04 2 24 2 46 2 65 : 400 m, f h 1 0 G, t; K, K = 1 11 2; qco ( m 3 / tkm), CO,, : 39

mi = 0 315 f - 0 019 ( 1 8 2) : mico, m 3 / km; f, l/ km : qco = m i G ( 1 8 3) : G, t 2: QF = Kf 1 f h qr GDL k ( 1 8 4) : Qf, m 3 / h; D, D = M V, / km; 1 8 1 q r M, / h; v, km/ h; G, t ; qr, m 3 / ht, 1 8 1 ; k, m - 1 ; Kf1 f h L (1 8 1 ) ( 1 8 4), qc o NGL qr GDL CO qco qrndg,,,,,, P IARC PIARC, PIARC,, NOx 1CO : Qco = q co f v fi f H 3600 : Qc o, m 3 / s; 40 10 6 Dpc COlim ( 1 8 5) q co 60km/ h,,, CO, m 3 / h, 1 8 4 ; f v, 1 8 2;

fi, 1 8 3; f H, 1 8 4; Dpc ; Dp c = M pc v L 1000 M pc, / h ; v, km/ h; L, m; COlim CO, ppm 1 8 3 1 8 4 1 8 4 PIARC 1987 CO, PIARC, A B C D, A, CO ; D, CO CO, CO, M, CO M, CO PIARC 1991, CO,, 1 8 2 41

2 QF = q T m fiv f H 3600 : QF, m 3 / s; q T, m 3 / h t, 1 8 5; m, t ; fiv, 1 8 5 ; f H, 1 8 4 ; Dhv 1 Klim Dhv, / km, Dhv = Mhv/ v ; Mhv, / h; v, km/ h; Klim, m - 1 ( 1 8 6) CO 1 8 4 q CO ( m 3 / hpc) 1987 1995 2000 A 0 6 0 2 0 15 B 0 6 0 4 0 3 C 0 8 0 7 0 6 D 11 5 1 1 5 11 5 ( / ) 1 8 5 q T ( m 3 / h t ) 1987 2000 A 16 10 B 16 13 C 16 16 D 1625 1625 1 8 5 12981m 2, 1 55 %, 825m; 2%, 2156m 3 236 86m, 264 81m 4 3602 / h 5100 km/ h 42

6 6t, 32 25 % 7 COlim = 150ppm, Klim = 0 0075m - 1 PIARC : 1CO (1 ) 1 8 4, CO, q co = 1 0m 3 / hpc; (2 ) 1 8 2,, f v = 1 4; (3 ) 1 8 3, : i = 1 55%, fi = 1 129; i = 2 0 %, fi = 1 167; (4 ) 1 8 4, : H = 236 86 f H = 1 237; H = 246 81 f H = 1 265; (5 ) : Dpc = 3602 100 825 1000 = 30() ; : Dpc = 3602 100 2156 1000 = 78() ; 1 8 5 Qco = 1 3600 1 4106 150 ( 1 1291 23730 + 1 1671 26578 ) = 407 5 ( m3 / s) 2 (1 ) 1 8 5,, q T = 16m 3 / ht ; (2 ) 1 8 5, : i = 1 55%, fiv = 1 8; i = 2 0 %, fiv = 2 2 (3 ) 1 8 4, : H = 236 86, f H = 1 237; H = 264 81, f H = 1 265 (4 ) : Dhv = 360232 25 % 825 100 1000 : Dhv = 360232 25 % 2156 100 1000 (1 8 6 ), = 10 ; = 25 166 QF = 36000 0075 ( 1 81 23710 + 2 21 26525 ) = 326 55( m3 / s), CO,, K = 1 2, Q = 1 2 Qc o = 1 2407 15 = 488 58 ( m 3 / s) 43

: ;,, ( ), ( ),, ; ; ;,,,,,,,, : () 1 9 1 1 9 1,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, ;,, ;,,,,, 1 9 1,,,,,, () 1 9 2,,, 1 9 1 1 9 3 44

, 1 9 4 1 9 2 45

1 9 1 mm 630 1030 m 3 / s 8 25 m/ s 30 30 % 60 60 db( A) 55 ( 78 ) 90 15 40 15 40 mm 800 1200 mm 3000 (5700) 4800 kg 650 (950 ) 1300 V 440/ 400 440/ 400 kw rpm 11 3500/ 2900 30 1750/ 1450 2 4 E E : ( ) 1 9 3 1 9 4 :,,, ( ),,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 1 9 3,, 3040m/ s, 30m/ s,, 8590,, 30m/ s ( ) : 30m/ s, 0 5m,,, 46

,,,,, (630mm ) : > 80m (1030mm ) : > 140m,,, 1 9 5,,,,,, 1 9 5,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 1 9 6,,,,,,,, ( ) 47

1 9 6 1,,, 1 9 2 1 9 2 ( km ) 0 52 24 1 53 24 0 51 0 52 13 24 2, ;,, 3,,,,,,,, 4,,,,,,,, ;, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 48

,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, 1 9 3 (a)1 9 3( b) ( ) 1 9 3 (a),, 1 < 1 : 1 1 1 2000m 3000m 2000m 2 2 2 2 3 2, 4,, 3, 5,, 6 7,, 8 49

( ) 1 9 3 (b),, 1 1 1 1 1 < 1000 m, < 3000m < 3000 m > 2000 m 2 2 2, 2, 2 3, 3 3 3, 4,, 4, 5, 6, 7 ( ) ( ), 50

( ), : P ; Pr : Pn : Pt : : : n = n + + n - ; : : P = Pr + Pn - Pt (1 10 1) L Pr = 1 + e + r Dr L Pn = 1 + e + r Pt = - Pt = - n Ae A r Ae Ar Dr 2 v2 r (1 10 2) 2 v2 n (1 10 3) 2 2 nv t vr ( 1 10 4a) 2 n ( vt - vr ) 2 ( 1 10 4b), 6040,,,,, 5050, n + () 1 Pj : vj, m/ s; Aj, m 2 ; Aj/ A r ; vr/ vj ; i 2 = n - = 2 v2 j 2( 1 - ) i (1 10 5) 3 Z = P r + Pn Pj - Pt (1 10 6) 51

( ) 1 : L = 0.8km, : ( ) ; : Ar = 55m 2 : Dr = 7.0m; : N = 1500 /, 11 ; : Q = 72m 3 / s; 1 7 1 : Ae = 2.4; : Ut = 50km/ h = 13.9m/ s; :630mm; : V j = 30m/ s; : Aj = 0.27m 2 ; : Qj = 8.1m 3 / s 2 vr = Q Ar = Aj Ar = v r vj = 72 55 = 1.309 ( m/ s) = 0.27 55 = 0.0049 = 1.390 30 = 0.0436 Z = Zi (1 10 7) n = n + + n - = 1500 0.8 = 24 50 Pr = L 1 + e + r Dr 2 v2 r = 1 + 0.6 + 0.025 800 1.224 (1.309 ) 2 7 2 Pn = L 1 + e + r Dr 2 v2 r = 1 + 0.6 + 0.025 800 7 Pt = - Ae A r 2 2 nv t vr = - 2.4 55 Pj = 2 v2 j 2( 1 - ) i = 1.224 30 2 20.0049( 1-0.0436)2 2 = 10.54( Pa) Z = P r + Pn - Pt Pj = = 4.77 ( Pa) 1.224 ( 2.5) 2 = 17.41 ( Pa) 2.224 1 22413.91.309 = - 23.82( Pa) 2 4.77 + 17.41 + 23.82 10.54 = 4.35 5, 2, 10 () : Po ; 52 Po P = Po + Ps (1 10 8) L = ( r + r Dr ) 2 v2 r + Pt + Pn (1 10 9)

: Pt ; L ; Ps() : s ; Ls; Ds ; s ; vs Ps = 1 + s + s Ls Ds 2 v2 s ( 1 10 10), ( 1 10 9 ),,,,, ( ) ( ) 1 : Q = 250m 3 / s; : N = 2000 / (11 ) ; :30% ( A m = 2.4m 2 ) ; : vt = 50km/ h 1 10 1 1 10 1 53

2 (1 ) Qr = 250 480 840 = 142.9 ( m3 / s) vr r = 142.9 56.9 n + r = n - r = 2.51 ( m/ s) = N L 2 vt = 2000 480 50000 1 10 () 2 vrr, Por (1 10 9), Por = Prr + Pt r ( Pn ) Pr r = Lr r + r Dr 2 v2 r r = 0.6 + 0.025 480 7.79 = 1.31 v 2 r r 1.224 2 v 2 r r Ptr = - = - Am Ar 2 4 n + vt vr r 2.4 56.9 1.22421013.9v rr = - 14.4 vrr Por = Prr - Pt r = 1.31 v 2 r r + 14.4 vr r 54 Vr r = 2.51m/ s : Por = 1.312.51 2 + 14.42.51 = 44.4( Pa) (2 ) Ql = 250 360 840 = 107.1 ( m3 / s) vrl = 107.1 56.9 = 1.88 ( m/ s) n + r = n - r = 2000 360 50000 1 2 = 7 () Prl = Lr r + r Dr 2 v2 rl = 0.6 + 0.025 350 7.79 A m Ptl = - A r 2 4 n + vt vrl = -.224 1 v 2 rl = 1.07 v 2 rl 2 2.4 1.2242713.9vrl = - 10.0 vrl 56.9 Pol = Prl - Ptl - Pn = 1.07 v 2 rl + 10.0 vrl - 10 vrl = 1.88m/ s : Pol = 1.071.88 2 + 10.01.88-10 = 12.6( Pa) (3 ), Po, ( 1 ) ( 2)

Po = 44.4Pa, (2 ): 1.07 v 2 rl + 10.0 vrl - 10 = Pol = Por = 44.4( Pa) : vrl = 3.85m/ s, Qs : Qs = A r( vrr + vrl ) = 56.9( 2.51 + 3.85 ) = 362 ( m 3 / s ) vs : vs = QS (4 ) AS = 362 19.63 = 18.7( m/ s), ( 1 10 10) (1 10 8) : Po = 44.4( Pa) Ps = ( 1 + 3.0 + 0.015 130 5.00.224 ) 1 18.7 2 = 939.5 ( Pa) 2 P = Po + Ps = 44.4 + 939.5 = 983.91000( Pa),,,,,,,,, ( ) ;, : 1,,, 2,,,,,, 3,,,,, 55

( ),,,,, 1-11 - 1 : 1,, 90 2,, 3,, 2 () ; 4, ( ),,, 1 11 1 R > 1 6D,, R1 6D,, > 30 L/ D,, = 30 L = 3 D = 6 10 = 6070, = 180, ( 1 11 1 ) 1 (),,,,,,, 56

,,,,,,, 1 11 1 2,,,,,,,,, ;, 3,,,, ;,, ;, 1,,, ;,, 1 11 2 1 11 2 ( m ) ( m) ( m 2 ) ( m) ( m/ s ) I 2007/ 2045 4.8 0.153 3/ 8 8.75 II 780/ 785 4.8 0.153 3.25/ 8 7.10 III 2374 9.6 0.123 3.7/ 8 9.05,, 57

,,, 2/ 3 : Pb - r ( Pa), : Pb - r vs, v s = l b qb, m/ s; Kab lb, m; ab, m 2 ; qb, m 3 / sm; K ; ; 2 ; vb, m/ s = ( 1 + ) 2 v2 s + ( 2-1 ) 2 v2 b (1 11 1), 20% 30%,,,,,,,, ( 1 11 2 ) 2,,, 2,,, 1 11 2 1, : a,, 3045 58

,,,,,,,,,,, 30,, b,, 2m 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 45,,,,,, 2,,,,,,,,, 3,,,, () () 59

1,, 10 %, : = 1 1{ ( ) + + + + } (1 12 1) 2,,, 10%, = 1 1{ + - + + } (1 12 2) (Pn ) ( ) 1 12 1 1 12 2 1 12 1 ( ) Ab ( m 2 ), qb, : X,, X = 0, X = L : : Qbi ; 60 : q b = Q bi L : vbi = Q bi Ab : 2 v2 bi ( X = x) : (1 12 3) (1 12 4)

1 12 2 : Qbx = qb ( L - x) = Qbi 1 - : vbx = Q bi Ab 1 - x L = v bi 1 - ( X = x), d x, : X :v 2 bx Ab ; X :vbx + d v 2 bx d x d x Ab ; X :vbx qbd x ; x L x L (1 12 5) (1 12 6) X : d P bx d x d x Ab ; X : d x : v 2 bx Ab - vbx + d v 2 bx d x dx : (1 12 7) : Pbx = Pbo + L - x 3 Db Kb = L 3 Db - d P bx d x = Db 2 v2 bx Ab Ab - vbx qbd x = d Pbx d x d xa b + d x Db 2 v2 bx Ab 1 - Db - 1 2 v2 bi 1 - - 1, : : Pbo Pbi, x L x L Pbx = Pbo + Kb - ( Kb + 1) x L 2 2-2 L 1 - x L 1 - x L 2 v2 bi (1 12 7) 2 2 v2 bi (1 12 8) 61

: Pbi = Pbx x = 0 = Pbo + Kb : ( ) 2 v2 b, (1 12 9) Pbi - Pbo = Kb 2 v2 b ( 1 12 10) Ae ( m 2 ), qe, : X,, X = 0, X = L : : Qe o : : : ( X = x) : : :, - d P e x d x qe = Q eo L veo = Q eo 2 v2 eo Ae Qex = qe x = Qeo v ex = Qeo = x De L Ae 2 x L = v e o x L x L + 4 x x L 2 2 e L 2 : e X ( 1 12 11) ( 1 12 12) ( 1 12 13) ( 1 12 14) 2 v2 e o ( 1 12 15) X, e = 0, ( 1 12 15) (1 12 16 ), Ke = : Pei Pe o - d P ex d x = x De L L 3 D + 2, : Pei - Peo = Ke (1 12 17 ) 2 + 4 x L 2 e 0, (1 12 17 ) () 2 v2 eo ( 1 12 16) 2 v2 e o ( 1 12 17),, Pn 62 () Pbo - Pro = 150 ( Pa) ( 1 12 18), :

Pn ( ) (1 ) (2 ) Pri - Pei = 100( Pa) ( 1 12 19) qb ( m 3 / sm): : ; : ( vr = 0 ) x, Pr x : : : ( ) : r - Prx1 = r 3 P x1 Dr x1 ; P r ; vt ; := A e A r ( ) : r - Prx2 = r 3 P v rx = qb A r x ( 1 12 20) + 2 2 v2 rx1 + x 1 L v 2 t + vt vrx1 + 1 2 3 v2 r x1 ( 1 12 21) x2 Dr N L vt + 2 2 v2 rx2 + x 2 L x2 ; (1 12 21 ): Pr x () ; r - Prx = r x 3 Dr P + 2 2 v2 rx + x L v 2 t + vt vrx2 + 1 2 3 v2 rx2 ( 1 12 22) ( ),, : () () () : Pe L = n 2 v2 n + n Dn = 2 v2 bi n P vbi (); n ; n ; vn ; An ; A b An 2 2 v2 n L + n Dn 2 v t vrx ( 1 12 23) Ab An 2 ( 1 12 24) 63

Ab () ( ) () 1 L = 2000m; Lb = 1000m( ) ; N = 3000 / (, ) ; vt = 60km/ h = 16.67m/ s; A r = 42.0m 2 ; Dr = 6.0m; Q = 420m 3 / s; Ab = 10.5m 2 ; Db = 2.6m; 10 Ae = 2.8m 2 ; 1 r = 0.0025; 12 b = 0.025 2 vbi ( Q/ 2) : ( Pbi - Pbo ) vbi = Q 2Ab = 420 210.5 = 20( m/ s) 2 v2 bi = 1.224 20 2 = 245 ( Pa) 2 Kb = L 3 Db - 1 = 0.025 1000 3 2.6-1 = 2.2 Pbi - Pbo = Kb 2 v2 bi = 2.2245 = 539 ( Pa) Pbo vrx = q b A r - Pro = 150 ( Pa) x = 0.210 42 x 64 : : = A e A r ( P r - Prx ) 2 N L vt = 2.8.0 30002 = 6.667 42 60 = r x + 2 V 2 r x + x 3 Dr L v 2 t + vt vrx + 1 3 v2 r x

( P r - Prx ) 2 = r x + 2 v 2 r x - x 3 Dr L 230Pa : v 2 t + vt vrx + 1 3 v2 r x Pc ( Pa), Pr, (1 12 1) Pr = 1.1( + + + + ) = 1.1( 230 + 150 + 539 + 245 + Pc ) = 1.1( 1164 + Pc ) ( Pa) ( ) 1 L = 3000m; () Lb = 1500m() ; N = 3000 / ; Q = 320m 3 / s() ; () A = 16m 2 ; () D = 3.2m; () = 0.025 2 vbi = Qb Ab = 320 16 = 20.0 ( m/ s) 2 v2 bi = 1.224 20.0 2 = 245( Pa) 2 Pbi - Pbo = Kb 2 v2 bi Kb = Lb 3 D - 1 = 0.025 1500 3 3.2-1 = 2.91 Pbi - Pbo = 2.91245 = 713 ( Pa) Pbo - Pro = 150 ( Pa), Pc ( Pa) = 1.1( + + + + ) = 1.1(0 + 150 + 713 + 245 + Pc ) = 1.1 (1108 + Pc ) Pa 3 65

v eo = Q e Ae = 320 16 = 20.0 ( m/ s) Pc ( Pa) 2 v2 eo = 1.224 20.2 2 = 245 ( Pa) 2 Pei v, : Pv = 2 v2 ( Pa) - Pe o = Ke 2 v2 eo Ke = Le 3 D = 0.025 1500 3 3.2 + 2 = 5.91 Pei - Pe o = 5.91245 = 1440 ( Pa) Pri - Pro = 100( Pa) = 1.1{ + - + + } = 1.1[100 + 1440-245 + Pc + Pv ] = 1.1( 1295 + Pc + Pv ) ( Pa),, : : () 1 13 1, ( ) 12 3, 4, 5 6, 4 14 9, ( ), 8, 11 7,, 10 12 15, 13, 66

1 13 1 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13;14 ;15,,,,,,, 2,,, 2 < 90;, 2 = 90 ;, 2 > 90 1 13 2, ;,,,, 1 13 3 1 13 2 1 13 3 ( ), 91 % 93%,,,,, ( ) 1 13 4, 1( 4 6) 8 19, 19 67

15 16 9, 14 19 18, 12 3, 5, 7 8,,, 12, 10 11, 1 13 4 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9; 10 ; 11 ; 12;13 ;14 ; 15 ;16 ; 17 ; 18 ; 19, 1, 2 3, 4,,, 5 1 13 5 6, 7 8,,,, 16,,,,, 1 13 5,, 10 15 20 25 30 35407 ;, 15 20 30 35 40457 5 2 5,,, ( ) ( ) 1( ),, Q, 68

m 3 / s m 3 / min m 3 / h,, 2, 1m 3 1m 3,, hh, Pa ( h), ( ) h ( ), h, h ( h) ( h ),,,,,,, h 3 1m 3,, N( W ) N= hq h h, N N, N = hq 102, kw; N = hq, kw (1 13 1) 102 4,, (N ),, N ( ), = N = h Q ;= N 102 N N = h Q N 102 N ( ) (1 13 2) 1,, ( ), R1, Q1 h1 N 1 1, R2, Q2 h2 N2 2, QhN Q, h, Q h,, - ( ) ; - ( ) - ( ),, 69

1 13 6, 1 13 7,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ( 1-13 - 6 GF ),,,, 1 13 61 13 7,,,, 1 13 7, M, 1 13 6 1 13 7 2 ( ),,, ;,,,,,, (),,,, 70

,, : h1 h2 = 1 2 Q1 Q2 n1 n2 = n 1 n2 2 D1 D2 D1 D2 3 2 (1 13 3) (1 13 4) N 1 N 2 = 1 2 : h1 Q1 N1 1 ; h2 Q2 N2 2 ; n1 n2, r/ min; D1 D2, m; n1 n2 3 D1 D2 5 (1 13 5) 2 = 1 (1 13 6) 1 2, N/ m 3 (1 13 3 ) ( 1 13 6), 30, n1 = 1500 / 1 13 8,, n2 = 1000 / : n1 1 2 3 4, QhN 1 13 1, h2 Q2 N2 ( 1 = 2 ), 1 13 2, h2 = h1 n2 n1 3 n2 n1 2, Q2 = Q1 n2 n1, N 2 = N 1,, h2 - Q2 N 2 - Q2 2 - Q2,,,,, (, ) ( ) ( ) ( ),,, 1 13 8 71

u ( m/ s), u = Dn 60 (1 13 7) : D, m; n, r/ min u1 u2 = D 1 n1 D2 n2 (1 13 8) = g (1 13 9) (1 13 8) ( 1 13 9 ) ( 1 13 3 ) (1 13 4) (1 13 5) h1 1 u 2 1 = h 2 2 u 2 2 = H = ( 1 13 10) Q1 4 D2 1 u1 n 1 = Q = ( 1 13 11) 1 13 1 n 1 Q 1 h 1 N 1 1 1 1500 15 230 45 0.75 2 1500 20 195 55 0.69 3 1500 23 140 50 0.63 4 1500 25 90 45 0.49 n 2 1 13 2 n 2 Q 2 h 2 N 2 2 n 2 Q 2 h 2 N 2 2 1000 10 102 13 3 0 75 1000 15 3 62 2 14 8 0 63 1000 13 3 86 5 16 3 0 69 1000 16 7 40 13 3 0 49 N1 4 D2 1 1 u 3 1 : H, ; Q, ; N, = N = ( 1 13 12) 72 (1 13 7) (1 13 9), H Q N (1 13 10 ) ( 1 13 12) H = h u 2 ( 1 13 13)

Q = Q 4 D2 u ( 1 13 14) N = H Q N : N 4 D2 u 3 ( 1 13 15),, hq N, (1 13 13)(1 13 15 ) H Q N Q - H Q - N,, 1 13 9, (D ), : 1 13 1 1 13 9 1 2m, 750r/ min : 1 13 9 H, H - Q Q, N - Q - Q N, 1 13 3 1 13 3 H 0.47 0.45 0.41 0.34 0.27 Q 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.32 N 0.090 0.098 0.105 0.11 0.108 ( % ) 83 93 94 88 81 u = Dn 60 = 3.141.2750 60 = 1.2 ( kg/ m 3 ) = 47.1( m/ s) (1 13 10 ) ( 1 13 12) h = Hu 2 2662 H Q = Q 4 D2 u53.3 Q N = N 4 D2 u 3 / 1000141.8 N 1 13 3 hqn 1 13 4, 1 13 4 1 13 9 73

h( Pa) 1272 1218 1109 910 730 Q ( m 3 / s ) 8.53 10.66 12.70 14.92 17.06 N ( kw ) 73.28 14.46 15.49 16.23 15.93 ( % ) 83 93 94 88 81 1 13 4 (), :, ;,,,,,,,, 1 13 10 ( ) 1 13 10,, 2 R1, R2 A B, 2, 0, 2,,, ( ), : 1 :,,,, 74

;,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,, (),, ( ) 3, ( ), ( ),,, 4,,,,, 70%, 23,, 5 : ;,,,, () 75

,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 1, ; 2, ( ), ( ), ( );,,,,, (, ), :, ;,, ( ), ( ) ( ),,, ( 1 14 1 1 14 2) 1 14 1 1 14 1 1 14 2,1 2 3 4, 2 3 76

,,, 5 6 7 8, 6 7, 1 14 1 7, 1 14 2 : 1; 2 ; 3; 4 ; 5 1 14 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 2 3 3 4 1 1 1 1 2 2,,,,,, 77

,,, ( ),, CO VI ( ) CO,,,,, CO, a 1 15 1, CO VI, b 1 15 1 CO 1 15 2,, CO VI 300 500m, CO,, CO VI, CO,,, CO,, CO, CO VI,, :, 1 ( ),, CO VI,, a 1 15 3,,,, 78

1 15 2 1 15 3 b 1 15 4,,,,,,,, 2,,,,, CO VI, a 1 15 3, 1 15 3, b 1 15 4, 1 15 4,, 79

1 15 4,,,,,,,,,,,,, ITV a 1 15 5, 1 15 1 1 15 3, b 1 15 5,,,,, 1 15 6 80

1 15 6 1?? 2( JJJ026-90 )? 3,? 4?? 5 6?? 7??? 8?? 9 10? 11? 12?? 13?? 14? 15P = 760mmHg, t = 20, = 0.5, ( t = 20, Psa t = 17.53mmHg) 161000m, S1 = 40m 2, U1 = 27m, 50m, S2 = 50m 2, U2 = 31m,, 8m/ s, = 0.020, 17, : 250m, + 1%, 1020m, N= 1800 /, c o = 150ppm, v = 80km/ h, G= 4 T, f = 0.28l/ km, N = 360 /, v= 70kg/ h, G= 10 T, k = 0.0075l/ m 18 L = 1000m, D = 7m, = 0.025, Ar = 46m 2, r = 20 %, vt = 60km/ h,= 1.245kg/ m 3, (, N = 2000 / h) 19 : 81

: L = 0.8km; : : Ar = 55m 2 : Dr = 7.0m : N = 1500 /, Q = 72m 3 / s : Ae = 2.4m 2 vt = 50km/ h = 13.9m/ s :630mm : vj = 30m/ s : Aj = 0.27m 2 : Qj = 8.1m 3 / s 82

,,,,,,,,,, : 1( ) :,, () () 2 ( ) :,,,, 3 ( ) :,,,, 4:,,,,, ;,,,, 100m,,,,,,,, 300m, 100m,, 83

,,,, 380nm780nm,,,,,,,, ( ) ( 2 2 1 ) 10-16 m10 5 m 38010-9 m78010-9 m( 380nm780nm ), 1666,, 2 2 1, 380nm 780nm,, 100nm 380nm, 780m1000m,,,, 2 2 1,,, 299793km/ s ( 300000km/ s ),,,,, : :, m/ s; 84 n;, m;, Hz = n ( 2 2 1)

1., ( ) ( )( )() ( ) 2. ( ),,,, ( 10-8 cd/ m 2 10-2 cd/ m 2 ),,, 10cd/ m 2,,,, 3.,,,,,,,, 4.,,, K (), lm/ w, K Km = 683lm/ w, V(), : : V ( ) ; K ( ) ; K m V ( ) = K () Km ( 2 2 2) 2 2 2,, 2 2 2 1 ; 2 85

507nm 555nm,,,,,,,, 200 W 100 W,, V (), e, : = Km 780 380 : K m, 683lm/ w ; V (); e V () d ( 2 2 3) e,,, W/ nm;, lm lm,,, 1lm 1cd 1sr,,, 220V 40W 350lm, 220V 40W 2100lm, 6 ( ),,, ( ) 2 2 3, S,, d, d, I, : I = d d, I : I = ( 2 2 4) ( 2 2 5) ( sr ),, r, A r 2,,, : 4 = A r 2 ( 2 2 6) (cd), 1cd = 1lm/ sr, 1979 10 10 86

2 2 3 : 54010 12 Hz ( 550nm ), 1/ 683W/ sr, 1cd, 220V 40W 350lm, 350/ 4= 28cd,, 70cd80cd,,,,, d A, d, E : E = d da A,, A E : E = A ( 2 2 7) ( 2 2 8) (lx),1lx 1m 2 1lm, 1cd,, 1m, 1lx,,, : 0.2lx, 100lx500lx, ( ) 1000lx, 100000lx ( ),, d A, d, 87

M : M = d ( 2 2 9) d A A,, A M : M = (2 2 10) A,, ( rlx), 1rlx 1lm/ m 2,,, : : M = E (2 2 11) : M = E (2 2 12) : () ; () ; E,, 2 2 4, A,, I AL : L= I A = I Acos (2 2 13) A= Acos A, (2 2 5), I= I0 cos (2 2 13 ): L= I 0 cos Acos = I 0 A = L 0 (2 2 14) 2 2 4 2 2 5 L, L0,,, M L : M = L (2 2 15) 88

( nt),1nt = 1cd/ m 2 2 2 1 89

2 2 1 ( cd/ m 2 ) ( cd/ m 2 ) 1.6 10 9 ( 0.5 1.0) 10 4 (1.812 ) 10 8 0.8 10 4 (2.020 ) 10 6 ( 1.7 3.5) 10 4 ( 0.51.5 ) 10 4,,,,,,, ;,,, : () := i () := i () := i : i ; ( 2 3 1) ( 2 3 2) ( 2 3 3) i ; i ; i, + + = 1 ( 2 3 4) 2 3 1,,,, 2 3 1 % ( ) ( ) 92 65 60 73 7584 ( ) 6270( ) 55 82 88 8 35 27 40 45 12 18 95 97.5 94 87 87 62 5 2.5 6 13 13 38 35 40 65 60 90

% ( ) ( 1 mm3 mm) 40 60 75 30 24 25 65 80 60 40 25 70 76 75 35 20 4 5 ( ) 6070 ( ) 84 4 5 ( ) 6080 ( ) 4 5 ( ) 6570 ( ) 91 35 25 16 40 15 35 25 9,, : 1.,,,,, 2 3 1,,,,, 2.,,, 2 3 2, 3. ( ),,, I I0 : I= I0 cos,,,,, 2 3 3 2 3 1 2 3 2 2 3 3 4., ( ), 2 3 4, (a), ( b ), (c), 91

2 3 4,,,,, 2 3 3 : : I ; I= Ima x cos ( 2 3 5) Im ax,,, :, L: (2 3 5) (2 3 6), : L= I Acos L= I m a x cos Acos = I m a x A (2 3 7), L : = d = Id,, : = 2 2 0, : ( 2 3 6) = L ( 2 3 7) Im a x cos sind= Im ax ( 2 3 8) = = I m a x i EA = LA EA : :, lm; 92 i, lm; L, cd/ m 2 ; E, lx L = E = L E ( 2 3 9) (2 3 10) = 0.10.16 ; = 0.21

0.40, L = E/ 15 ( ), L = E/ 21( ), L E/ 13 ( ) L = E/ 22 ( ) 1, L o ( 2 3 10 ) : Lo E = E (2 3 11) ( ) La Lo, : = L = L Lo E/ = L (2 3 12) E L/ E ( ), ( 2 3 12 ) ( ) : L= Lo = E (2 3 13) (2 3 13 ) (2 3 10 ) ( 2 3 13),,,,, 1.,, 100, 50, 75, 12, 0.1s0.2s 2., ( CIE) : 1.5m,, 1, 60mm160mm,, 2 4 1, 2 4 1 93

,, 3.,,, : 1), ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) ; 6),,,,,, ( ) 1.,,,, 1 10-5 cd/ m 2, 1 104 cd/ m 2,,, 1 105 cd/ m 2,,, ( L), ( ), (), ( d Acos ) ( I) 2 4 2 (2 4 1) L = I / dacos ( 2 4 1),, (), ( ),,,,,,,,, 100 %,,, 2.,,, 94

,,,,,,, 2 4 3, d, l,,, 2 4 2 2 4 3 = d 60360 l 2 = 3440 d ( 2 4 2) l,, min, = 1 min min, 1, 5m 1.5mm, 1.0,, dmin dmin = l min 3440 ( 2 4 3) l ( m), ( 2 4 3), 1.0 60m, 100m, 160m 0.02m, 0.03m, 0.05m 3., L0, L b, C (2 4 4) C = L b - L0 Lb ( 2 4 4) C, C, C,,, Lb > L0, C, ; Lb < L0 C,,, C (), : 2 4 4, Lb 10 2 nt10 4 nt, (0.02),,, > 30,, 0.02,, C 0.02,,,,, 95

,, 4.,,,,,,,,, 580nm595nm, 480nm580nm, 620nm760nm, 2 4 4 700nm 540nm, 580nm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5.,,, ;,,,, 5m, 5m 50%,, :,, A, A,, 2 4 5 B S T A S, B B,,,,,, 10, 96

, 30, 1015A, B,, N ( ) b, 50mm65mm, A = N = B = b S T b S T + N = B - A = S 2 T b - S T b S T - b S T + N = = 10, S T = 100m B, b = 0.065m, N = (100 ) 2 10 1806060 0.065-100 10 1806060 = 8.06( m), 100m, 8.06m, 8.06m 8.06m,, 2 4 6 S T, 2 4 1 : 2 4 5 ( 2 4 5) 2 4 1 ( km/ h ) 80 60 50 40 30 ( km/ h ) 68 54 45 36 30 S T ( m) 105.8 72.2 54 38.3 29.9 N ( m ) 9.1 4.11 2.27 1.13 0.68 S T, S, A = 0, = B - A = b S T = 10, S T = 1340m:,,,,,,,,,,,, 6. 1) (), :, ; 97

,,,,,, Lv : : i; a; s L v = i a (1 - e - as ) ( 2 4 6), C C, CC C = L b - L0 Lb C= ( L b + Lv ) - ( L0 + Lv ) L b + Lv = L b - Lv Lb + Lv ( 2 4 7) (2 4 7) : L v,,,,,,, 2 4 7, L2, ( 2 4 7 ) : 2 4 6 2 4 7 C= ( L 2 + Lv ) - ( L0 + Lv ) L2 + Lv = L 2 - Lv L2 + Lv,,,,, 2), :, 4,, 98

,, 10m100m,, ;, ;,,, 3m5m,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), () (),,,, 3), ;,,,,,,, () ( )( ),+ + = 1, 1,, EE0 100m, 100 100m, : 100 = E E0, 100, P IARC : v = 80km/ h, 100 = 0.6; v = 60km/ h, 100 = 0.48; v = 40km/ h, 100 = 0.4, 100 < 0.3,, 100 = 0.5,,,, 100 = 0.5, 80m, 45m 7.,, 0.1s0.2s, ( ),,,,, 0.5s,,,,,,, 99

1. ( Lav ),,,,,, ( ), ( ) Dunbar ( ) :, C, 2 5 1 12cd/ m 2 2.,,, 1) ( U0 ), Lmin,,, U0 = L min : Lav 1/ 4 () ; 2 5 1 Lmin 1/ 4 ( ) 2) ( UL ) Lav ( 2 5 1), U L = L min Lm a x ( 2 5 2) 2 m, U L0.7; UL 0.6, 0.7 0.5 ( ),,,, 3. :, ( T I), 100

,,, ( G) 1), ( ),,, ( Lveil ) : Lv = K E1 2 + E2 1 E 2 2 + = K i = 1 i 2 : Ei i ( ); n Ei i i ; K( 10), (),, ( Lbeff )L b L b + Lv ( ), : : Lbeff, C = L b eff - ( L0 + LV ) L beff = L b + L 0 Lb + L v L beff = Lb + L v; L v; = ( L b + Lv ) - ( L0 + Lv ) L b + Lv ( 2 5 3) (2 5 3 ), Lv 0,, C < C,,,, CIE 8, T I, %,, : T I = C - C 100% C, 0.05cd/ m 2 5cd/ m 2, T I : 2) T I = 65 L v ( L av ) 0.8 ( % ) ( 2 5 4),, ( G),, : 101

G = f ( I80, I88, F, C, Lav, h, P) : G = Iso, I ss, 80,88, (cd) ; F, 76m 2 ; C; : Lav, cd/ m 2 ; C = + 0.4, h, m, h= - 1.5m; P 1km G = 13.84-3.31lg I80 + 1.3 lg I 80 I88 1 2-0.081lg I80 I88 + 1.29lg E + C + 0.87lg La v + 4.41lg h+ 1.46lg P ( 2 5 5) : 50I80 7000 (cd), 1 I 80 50( cd),0.007f0.4 ( m2 ), 0.3Lav 7 ( cd/ m 2 ), 5h 20 ( m), 20P100, 1 2 I88 G : G = 1: ; G = 2: ; G = 5: ; G = 7: ; G = 9: 4.,,,, :,, 1),,,,,,, I80 I88,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 102

2),,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 1. (, ),,,,,,,, ( ), ( 10m),,,,,,,,, L1,,,,,,,,,, : 1) PIARC L1 = L ap ( 2 6 1) : L1 ; La p 2) CIE 103

: L11 D1, 2 6 1; L1 = L 13 + 2 L12 + 3 L11 6 ( 2 6 2), D1 = V, m, V / 3) ( ) 2 6 1 2 6 1 L 1 ( cd/ m 2 ), 50 %,, 25 % 59 %, 5000 8000 4000 5000 3000 4000 2000 3000 2., L2,, L2,,, 2020cm ( C = 20 % ) L2 L 1,, L1 2 6 1 L2,,, L 2,, L 2/ L 1,,, 1/ 10,,1979 PIARC 1/ 151/ 30, 40km/ h, 1/ 1181/ 139, L2 ( ),,,, L2, 2s L2,, 2s,,, ( 30s ),,,, 2 6 2 104

2, 5m, 10m,,,,,,,, : ( 1), ( 2 ),,, 5,,,, 3., L 2 L3 ( ), L3 L2, 2 6 2 2 6 2 ( s) ( ) 2 0 5 5 0 7 10 0 75 15 0 8 30 0 85 60 0 9 2 6 2,, 4., (), L3 2 6 3 2 6 3 L 3 L 3 ( cd/ m 2 ) ( V 60km/ h ) 2 3 11.5 20 30 40 5 10 (, 2 ), 2 6 4 L3 :,, L3 ; L3, L3,, 30lx 105

,,, 2 6 4 2 2 ( / ) > 15, 000 7, 00015, 000 < 7, 000 6, 000 < 6, 000 1.0 0.75 0.5 1.0 0.5,,, 0.5,,,,, 5.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, 2 6 4( ) ;,, 2 (10m),,, 10m,,,, ( ), ( ),, 106

,,,,, :,, ;,,, 90,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 30m,,, Schiphol 160m,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 2 7 1 107

2 7 2 2 7 1,,,, 2 7 22 7 1,,,,,,, : (1 ), (2 ),, ; ;, ;;,,,,,,,,,, 2 8 1: 2 8 1 ( w) 101000 6125 50 1000 100400 18 180 ( lm/ w ) 6.9 19 2567 3050 90100 100175 ( h ) 1000 20003000 25005000 3000 20003000 108

R 9599 7080 3040 2025-13s 1 2 min 4 8 min 7 15 5 10 min 10 20 min > 15 cos 1 0.33 0.7 0.449.67 0.44 0.06,,, ( ),, ( ),,, 1.,,,,,, 2 8 1 (), 2 8 2 C, C0, C0 45 90 270 C45 C90 C270 2 8 1 2 8 2 109

, 1000lm, :, 1000lm I= 1000 : I1000lm, cd; I, cd; s, lm I ( 2 8 1) s 2. ( ),,,,,,,, (), ( ) (), = 4585,, L= I A (2 8 2 ) : I, cd; A, m 2 2 8 3, A 2 8 3 A= Ah cos+ Av sin ( 2 8 3) 2 8 4 ( ),, 2 8 4 ()(),,, 1, 110

: 1, lm; 2, lm = 2 100% ( 2 8 4) 1 2 8 5, S I B, ; II, ; III R,, B, : II, ; B, 45, ;I III, ; II, III I I,,,, 1.CIE, (1 ) ( 90% 100% ),,,, 2 8 5 (2 ) ( 60 % 90 % ),, (3 ) ( 40% 60 % ) (4 ) 60 % 90%,, (5 ), ( 90% 100% ),,,,, 2.,,,,, s/ h, 2 8 2 111

2 8 2 s/ h 1/ 2 s/ h 1/ 2 ( ) ( ) s/ h0.5 0.5 < s/ h0.7 0.7 < s/ h1.0 14 14< 19 19< 27 1 0 < s/ h 1.5 1.5 < s/ h 27< 37 37< 0 1/ 2 :,, 1/ 2, 1/ 2 s/ hs h, ( 2 8 6 ),,, 1/ 2, s/ h s/ h s/ h, 3. :, ; ; BG700186 : 2 8 6 s/ h IP,,, 2 8 3 2 8 4,, 90% 2 8 3 0 1 2 3 4 50mm 12mm 2.5 mm 1 mm, ( ) 50mm, 80 mm, 12 mm 2.5mm 2.5 mm 1 mm 1 mm 5, 6 2 8 4 0 112

1 ( ) 2 15 15, 3 60 4 5 6, 7 8 : 7,, 8,,, X, IPX5( )IP6X() IP2X, IP20, : 1., 2., 3., 4. 5.,,,,,,,,, 2 8 7 2 8 7 113

( ),,, ( ),, 2 9 1 2 9 1,,,,,,,,,, K( 2 9 2 ),,,, 2 9 2 ( / ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0.75 ( 0.8 ) 0.8( 0.85 ) 2 0.7( 0.75 ) 0.75 ( 0.8 ) 2 0.6( 0.65 ) 0.65 ( 0.7 ) 3 0.7 0.75 2 : 114

l, 2 10 1 ( ) S P ( ) ( ) d An : d= Id d d An S : P En (): Eh : En = d = I d An l 2 P d= d A n l 2 Eh = I l 2 cos (2 10 1 ) Eh = I h 2 cos 3 : Eh, lx; I (), cd; l(), m; h(), m( 2 10 1 ) ; cos 2 10 1 1000lm, K (2 9 1) Eh = Eh = I K 1000 l 2 cos I K 1000 h 2 cos 3 (2 10 2) : I, cd;, lm (2 10 1 ) 115

l d, h : l/ h0.6, d/ h0.4, ( 5% ),, ( ), () P, P, (2 10 1 ) : En P ( P ),, En xy z ( ): Ex = En cos Ey = En cos (2 10 3) Ez = Encos : En xyz, 2 10 2, ( Ex Ey E z ), En, : En = Ex cos+ Ey cos+ Ezcos (2 10 4) 2 10 3, Ei Eh, =,= 90 -, ( 2 10 4 ) : 2 10 2 2 10 3 E1 = Exsin+ Eh cos = Eh (cos+ P h sin) (2 10 5) :, A,,,, 90, ctg - 1 P, ( 2 10 5) h Ei : Ei = Eh cos P h sin ) (2 10 6) 116

: Eh A, lx; () ( 2 10 3) ; P ; h ctg - 1 P, ( 2 10 5 ) h = 90, Ev : Ev = Eh ( cos90 P h sin90 ) = P h Eh : = cos P h sin,,,, 1, h d, 1000lm, e,,, : : Eh, lx;, lm; K; Eh = ek 1000 e, lx (2 10 7) 2 10 4 CDG101NG400, 2 d/ h (,,, d, 2 10 5),, 1m,, : 117

2 10 4 CDG101NG400 : Eh, lx;, lm; 1 ; 2 2 10 5 Eh = K 1000 h 2, lx( ) ; h, m; K 2 10 6 CDHP209 ( KNG250 + NG250), 2 10 1 6 6m, 4 4m, 3 0m, JXDS2 6, A ( 2 10 72 10 8 ) : : ( 2 10 1) (1 )16 A 118 l = 2 2 2 + 1 1 2 = 2 46( m) cos= h l = 2 2 2 46 = 0 89 = 26 57

2 10 6 CDHP209 ( KNG250 + NG250 ) : I26 57 = 79 1( cd) E1,6 = I l 2 cos = 79 1 2 46 2 0 89 = 11 64 (lx) (2 )25 A : l = 2 2 2 + 2 46 2 = 3 3( m ) cos= 2.2 3.3 = 0 67 = 48 19 I48 19 = 65 2( cd) E2,5 = 65.2 3.2 2 0 67 = 4 01 (lx ) (3 )34 A 2 10 7 : (4 ) A l = 2 2 2 + 4 54 2 = 5 04 ( m) cos= 2 2 5 04 = 0 44 = 64 15 I64 15 = 53 (cd) E3,4 = 53 5 04 2 0 44 = 0 92(lx ) 119

EA = K 1000 ( 2 E 1 6 + 2 E2 5 + 2 E3 4 ) = 125020 8 ( 11 64 + 4 01 + 0 92) = 33 11(lx) 1000 : d = 1 1m, h = 2 2m : e1 6 = 12( lx ) d = 2 2 2 + 1 1 2 = 2 46( m) : h = 2 2 ( m) e2 5 = 4 2(lx) d = 4 4 2 + 1 1 2 = 4 54( m) : h = 2 2 ( m) e3 4 = 0 9(lx) EA = ek 1000 12502( 12 + 4 2 + 0 9 )0 8 = 1000 = 34 16 (lx) 1 05lx, 3 2%,,, b L,,, ( C90 ), ( C0 ), 2 11 1 : I= I0 f () (2 11 1) : I; I0,, I = I0 f() (2 11 2) 120

2 10 8 JXDS - 2 : I, ; I0 = 0 ( ), ( C90 ) : A : I= I0 cos B : I= I0 ( cos+ cos2 ) 2 C : I= I0 cos 2 D : I= I0 cos 3 E : I0 = Icos 4 2 11 2 I / I0 = f 2 11 1 121

( ), C, (), 2 11 2, 2 11 3 P P APB( ) L d x, AB I 0 = I0/ L, I= I0 cos n, d x : d x P : d I= I 0 L d xcos n = I 0 d xcos n d En = d I 0 l 2 P En En 1 = 0 I0 d xcos n cos L l 2 (2 11 4 ) cos= I 0 d x cos n cos L l 2 (2 11 3) 2 11 3 : x = rtg d x = rsec 2 d r/ l = cos l = r/ cos cos= cos= h/ r, r = h 2 + d 2 (2 11 4 ), : 2 11 3 P 122

I0 Lr 1 0 cos n cosd En 1 = 0 Fx I0 cos 2 Lr 2 r sec 2 cos n cosd En = L 0 Lr F x = I 0 r F x P Eh : Eh = Encos= I 0 Lr = (2 11 5) = 1 cos n cosd (2 11 6) 0 h r Fx = I 0 h Lr 2 Fx = I 0 h cos2 Fx (2 11 7) : I0 L AB, cd; I 0 (I0/ L ), cd; L, m; h, m; d P, m; Fx n = 1, 2, 3, 4 (2 11 6 ), ABCD Fx A ( n = 1 ) C ( n = 2) D ( n = 3 ) E ( n = 4) : Fx Fx Fx Fx l = l = 0 l = cos cosd= 1 0 2 + cos 2 l = cos 2 cosd= 0 0 cos3 cosd= cos3 1 sin 1 + 3 4 4 cos 4 cosd= cos4 1 sin 1 + 4 5 5 1 = arctg L 1 sin 1 1 3 (cos2 1 sin 1 + 2sin 1 ) h 2 + d 2 = arctg L r cos lsin l + l 3 cos 2 1 sin 1 + 2sin 1 3 B, 2 11 3 P En : En Lr l 0 = I 0 = I 0 Lr cos+ cos 2 cosd 2 cos 1 sin 1 + 1 + cos2 1 sin 1 + 2sin 1 4 6 123

P Eh : : Fx = I 0 Fx Lr Eh = En cos= I 0 Lr = I 0 r F x (2 11 8) h r F x = I 0 h cos2 Fx (2 11 9) = cos 1 sin 1 + 1 + cos2 1 sin 1 + 2sin 1 4 6 1 = arctg L/ r Fx = f (), 2 11 4, 1000lm, : : K, ; : Eh = l0 K Lr, lm 1000 cosf x = KI0 1000 Lh cos2 Fx ( 2 11 10) 2 11 3, P, P Ex, Ex l = 0 = I 0 Lr I0d xcos n Ll 2 sin= I 0 Lr l cos n sind 0 1 - cos n + 1 1 = I 0 f x ( 2 11 11) n + 1 Lr l : f x = cos n sind= 1 - cos n + 1 1 0 n + 1 ( 2 11 12) 124

f x, n = 1, 2, 3, 4 ( 2 11 12), A C D E B, : f x = 1 2 f x = f ( )2 11 5 1 - cos 2 1 + 1 - cos3 1 2 3, I / I0 = f (),,, Fx f x 2 11 4 F x = f ( ) 2 11 5 f x = f ( ) 1, P, P, 2 11 3,,, 2 11 6, P1 P2, Ep1 = EA D - EAB Ep2 = EBC + ECD : EA DEABEBC E CD AD AB BC CD () 2,,, ( 0 25h/ cos), ( 2 11 10 ) ( 2 11 11 ), 10 %, : C = 0 25h/ cos, : Eh = I0 K 1000 Lh cos2 [ F1 + ( F3 - F2 ) + ( F5 - F4 ) ] 125

: F1 F2 F3 F4 F5, 1 2 3 4 5 ( 2 11 7 ), 2 11 4, 2 11 6 2 11 7 A 2 11 8, L1/ hl2/ hd/ h 1 2, A : A = 2-1 EA = A K 1000 h ( 2 11 13) B 2 11 9, L 1/ hl 2/ hd/ h 1 2, B : B = 1 + 2 EA = B K 1000 h ( 2 11 14) 2 11 8 ( ) 2 11 9 ( ) 2 11 1 YG7013 ( 340W ), 2 11 10, P 126 : : ( 2 11 10 ) (1 )( C90 ) I / I0,

YG701 3 : 0 5 10 20 30 40 I 228 224 217 192 150 127 I / I0 1 0 98 0 95 0 84 0 70 0 56 50 60 70 80 85 90 I 88 51 29 12 5 6 0 4 I / I0 0 39 0 22 0 13 0 05 0 03 0 002 I / I0 2 11 2, C (2 ) 1 = arctg 2 = arctg = 19 57 4 3 2 + 2 2 = arctg1 109 = 47 97 1 28 3 2 + 2 2 = arctg0 356 (3 ) 2 11 4 Fx1 Fx2 C (4 ) 1 = 47 97 Fx1 = 0 606 2 = 19 57 Fx1 = 0 323 2 11 10 = arctg 2 3 = 33 69 (5 )I0, ( C0 ) = 33 69, I= 163 45cd/ 1000lm (6 ) Eh 40W 2200lm, 1 32m (1 ) L 1 h d h Eh = K I 0 1000 lh cos2 ( Fx1 + Fx2 ) 0 8 163 45 3 2200 = (cos33 69 ) 2 (0 606 + 0 323 ) 1000 1 32 3 = 140 13(lx) : L1 h = 4 3 = 1 33, d h = 2 3 = 0 67 L2 h = 1 28 3 = 0 43, (2 ) d h 1 = 52, 2 = 27 = 0 67 (3 ) Eh Eh = ( 1 + 2 ) K 1000 h 127

= 3 2200 0 8 (52 + 27) 1000 3 = 139 04( lx ),,,,, 1 ( )P : Ep n Ic = : IcP, c ; n, P c I c, ( 2 12 1 ) P Ep,,, 2 12 1 JTY61 ( 250W ), ( s/ h ), ( w/ h ), 1 h 2 cos 3 (2 12 1) 2 12 1 JT Y 61 ( NG250 ) : :ep P ; 128, ; Ep s, 1m; h, m = s h e 2 p (2 12 2) (2 12 1 ) ( 2 12 2),

2, Ev = E p n (2 12 3) Ep, n,,, : : s, 1m; n ; K; w ; s ; Ev = n s UNK ws N, N = 1; N = 2 ; U() (2 12 4) :, U = : (2 12 5) 1) (h ),, 2 12 2 2 12 2 2) 1 2, ( 2 12 2 ), u u u 129

,,, q, q = L E ( 2 12 6 ) ( 2 12 3 ), q = q( ), 60m160m, 1 5 0 5, 1 ( CIE ), : L = q( ) E( c ) = q( ) I c h 2 cos 3 ( 2 12 7 ) : IcP ; 2 12 3 q( ) P P LP = I c h 2 q ( )cos 3 (2 12 8),,,, : Lr = QEa v (2 12 9) Q,,, Q Q (1/ Q = Ea v/ Lr ), CIE 2 12 1, CIE 2 12 1 1cd/ m 2, lx ( < 0 15 ) ( > 0 15 ) 24 18 15 12 9 5 : 2 12 4, d = 8m;w = 10 5m, h = 5m, a = 2 5m JTY61 ( 250W ), 130

, j = 23750lm, 2 12 1, 1A 2 B 2 12 4 :1 A,, (1 ) A A w h = 2 5 = 0 5 5 s 8 h 5 = 1 6 A w h s h = 0 10 5-2 5 = 5 = 1 6 (2 ) A J TY61 : A A A e1 = e3 = 0 3 lx e2 = 0 6 lx EA = a Kh e = 22 94 01 2 = 109 92 (lx ) : a = 33 7/ 1 37 = 22 9 ( ) K h,, (3 ) A L = E / 13 E A = 0 7109 92 = 76 94 (lx) LA = 76 94/ 13 = 5 9 ( nt) 2 B 131

(1 ) B B w h = 2 75 5 s h = 4 5 = 0 8 = 0 55 B w h = 2 75 5 = 0 55 s h = 12 5 = 2 4 (2 ) B, B B B B (3 ) B e2 = e3 = 0 6 lx e1 = e4 = 0 2 lx E B = 22 941 6 = 146 56 (lx) E B = 0 7146 56 = 102 59 (lx) L = E / 13 = 102 59 = 79 ( nt) 13, ( ), : : () 1: (1 ),, ; (2 ); (3 ), ; (4 ) ( ), 132

2 : (1 ) ; (2 ) ; (3 ); (4 ) 3: (1 ), ; (2 ) 4 :, 5 : ( ) ( ) 1: (1 ); (2 ) ; (3 ) 2 : (1 ) ; ;, ; : ; ; ; ; (2 ), (3 ) (4 ),, : GB4728 85 BG698886 GB698886, BG4728, 133

1,? 2?? 3,? 4? 5 : (1 ) ( 2) (3 ) ( 4) (5 ) 6, 7 8? 9? 10?? 11?? 12?? 13? 14? 15? 16??? 17? 18? 19? 20,? 21? 22 2380cd/ m 2,, 24 12m, 8m, 6m, CDHP209 ( KNG250 + NG250), K = 0 8, 134

,,,,, ;,,, 3 1 1 19491984 3 1 1 1 1949,, ( L = 2.6km ) ( ) 66 10 13 2 1968, ( L = 0 243 km ) ( ) 1, 3 1975, ( L = 3 345 km ) 1 4 1978, ( L = 0 768 km ) 5 5 2 4 5 1979, ( L = 2 045 km ) 7 2 189 ( 102 ) 6 1982,, ( L = 1 028 km ) (33000 ) 7 2 2 1 4 7 1984, ( L = 12 32 km ) ( ) 1 8 1984, ( L = 5 13km ) 1,,,,,, 1017 /, 13 5 / 12 /, :, 135

3 1 1,,, : ;,,,, ( ),, ITV,,,,, : 1,, 2, 3,,,,,,,,,, 1,,, 2,,,, 136

3,,,,, : 1, 2, 3,, 4,,,,,,, ( ), : 1,, (), 2, 3 4 : ; () 5 ITV ITV :,, 6 7,, UPS,,, 137

, A B C D,, 3 3 1 3 3 1 ( A) ( B) (C ) ( D ), A,, D,,,, A 3 3 2 3 3 2 (: 1) 50 m 1 5m ( : 2 ) 200m 1 5 m 2 1,, 50 m 50 m, 4m5 m 3 7m [3 ] 750 m [ 3] 750 m ITV 1 5m 50 m ( ) 150 m200m 2 5m : [ 1], 1 5 m [ 2],,,, [ 3], : 138

1,,, 1 2m1 5m, 0 8m1 5m ( ), 50m,,,,, 2,,,,,,,,,, 1 0m ;, 1 1m, ( 50m )8 3 100m, 200m,, 4(), : : 80km/ h, 300m ; 60km/ h, 150m,,,,, ( 50m ), 80 km/ h, 220m ; 60km/ h 110m, 300m,,,, A, 5 25m 50m,,, 6,,, 7 139

20m30m,, 50m, 6L/ min, 4m5m ;,, 3 7m 8,,,,,, (), ( ), 9,, ;, 700m800m, (),,,,,,,,, A,,,, 300m350m, 3 3 3 3 3 3,,,,, 10,,, 1 5m, 50m,,, 11 ITV 140

I TV,, ITV ( ),,,, ITV, 150m200m, 50mm 75mmITV,, 2 5m, 12,,,,,,,,, :, 1,, ( ) (),,,,,,, 0 8N( ),,,,, 2, () :, ;,,,,,,,,,, 24V, 220V, 12,,, 141

3,,,,,, ( ),,,, 4 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 119,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 80dB ), ( ), 10W15 W,,,,,,, (),, (), 25mm, 1 5m( ), : (1 ),, (2 ),,,,, 142

(),,,,,,,, : 1 2 3 4,, () 1, A 241 m A 241 m,,,,, 2, ( ),,,,,,,, 143

,,,, 3 ( ), ;,,,,,,,,, CTR (),,,,, 4,,,, ;, ( ),, ( ) 1 30s 11m 2,, ;,,,,,, 2, ( ),, A ( ) B ( ) :,,, ( ) 3,,, 5095% 5m/ s 12m,,,, ( ), 144

,,,, 8m 0, :,, 95% ( ) 4 :, ;, ;, 5:,,,, : (),,, ( ), :,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, ;,,, ( );,,, 3 5 1 3 5 2 145

3 5 1 JB - QB - 20-2700/ 022 20, JB - QB - 30-2700/ 022 30, JB - AQ - 40-2700/ 022 40, JB - QB - 50-2700/ 022 50, JB - Q G - 100-2700/ 022 100 JB - Q G - 150-2700/ 022 150 JB - QB - 20-2700/ 011 20, JB - QB - 30-2700/ 011 30, JB - AQ - 40-2700/ 011 40, JB - QB - 50-2700/ 011 50, JB - Q G - 100-2700/ 011 100 JB - Q G - 150-2700/ 011 150 JB - JG - 60-2700/ 065 JB - JB - 60-2700/ 065 011 022 011 022 3 5 2 : : FJ - 2714/ 04 ( ) FJ - 2714/ 08 ( ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : 150W 40 40 40 GT - 079 ( ) 1 : 35 40 ( ) SM - 081 ( ) 1 146

: ( ) 1 : JBK - K - 2700/ 031 ( ) 1,,, 1 A A, A A, 2 B B, B ; B B 3 C C,, < 10%, > 10% 4 D D, 5( E ) E,, ( ) ( ),, 147

A B, 3 6 1 3 6 1 1211 A,,,,,,, A,,,, A B,, C,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, 1211 1211,, 1211 1211 1kg 2kg 4kg, 3 7 1 1211,, 1/ 10, ( ), 148

(), 1211 3 7 1 1211 ( kg ) ( MPa) 20 ( MPa) ( ) ( m) ( s) ( kg) ( ) ( mm ) MY1 1 2 1 5-4050 24 1012 2 90281 MY2 2 2 1 5-4050 24 1012 3 2 97425 MY4 4 2 1 5-4050 24 1012 6 5 133490 1211, 25kg 40kg, 3 7 2 1211 3 7 2 1211 ( kg) ( M Pa) 20 ( MPa) ( ) ( m ) ( s ) ( kg) (10/ s ) ( ) ( mm ) MY T25 25 3.0 1 2-2550 78 25 67 1 465 5201000 MY T40 40 3.0 1 2-2550 78 40 85 1 465 5201600 MYT25 6 5m; MYT40 7 25m :,, 2 5m 2 ;,,, 90%,, 90%,, MP MPZ MP T M P MPZ MP,, 3 7 3 MP MPZ 3 7 3 ( m) ( kg ) ( 1 ) ( s) ( MPa) ( ) ( mm ) MP8 M P11 8 3 60 8 10 2 5 12 6 4 1 174 163545 8 30 MP10 M P11 A 9 55 60 8 10 2 5 14 55 4 1 173 199588 8 50 % MPZ8 M PZ21 8 3 60 8 10 2 5 12 6 4 25 174 163575 8 30 MPZ10 M PZ21A 9 55 60 8 10 2 5 15 39 4 85 173 199630 8 50 %,,,,,, 1 ( ) 2 (),,,,,,, : ; - 8 45;, ; 149

,, M PT, 65L 100L, 3 7 4 MPT 3 7 4 ( 1) ( s ) ( m) ( M Pa) ( kg) ( ) ( mm ) MPT 65 65 170 15 17 2 5 133 73 2916601238 MPT 100 100 175 16 18 2 5 170 5 85 3717081370 : 0 45;, ; ;, MF M FT MFB M F 3 7 5 MF 3 7 5 ( kg ) ( ) ( s) ( m) ( m 2 ( ) ) ( g) ( 10kV ) ( ) ( ) ( mm ) M F1 1 8 2 0.8-10 45 25 1 92 302 M F2 2 11 34 1.2-10 45 50 1 112 345 M F4 4 14 45 1.8-10 45 100 1 230140 450 M F8 8 20 5 2.5-10 45 200 1 284171 563,, ;,, ( ),, 1/ 10, MFT, 3 7 6 MFT 3 7 6 ( kg) ( s) ( m ) ( M Pa) ( ) ( mm ) M FT35 35 1720 10 13 0 8 1 2 528520 1040 M FT50 50 3035 8 10 1 5 2 0 600520 1100 M FT70 70 > 30 10 13 1 4 621 5 5751292 150

M FB ( ), 3 7 7 MFB 3 7 7 ( kg) ( s) ( m ) ( M Pa) ( m 2 ) ( kg) ( ) ( mm) M FB9 3 3 33 10 12 0 8 1 0 57 23 388180 395, - 10 45, 600V MT MTZ ( ) 3 7 8 MT 3 7 8 ( kg ) ( kg/ l) ( s ) ( m ) ( % ) ( ) ( mm ) MT 2 1 852 1 0 72 20 1 21 4 96 102 180565 MT 3 2 853 1 0 72 20 1 82 0 96 114 180650,,, 1/ 10, ; ; 42, MTZ, 3 7 9 MTZ 3 7 9 ( kg ) ( kg/ l) ( s ) ( m ) ( % ) ( ) ( mm ) MTZ5 4 55 1 0 72 45 22 2 96 152 275625 MTZ10 6 87 0 0 72 45 2 22 5 96 152 275795,, 1 151

, : 3A, 5A,8A, 1B, 8B, 20B, A B 2 ( kg L), MP6, MLY2, M F5, 5A( MP6 ), 4B( MLY2 ), 12B( MF5) 3,,,, A B, A B ; C D,,, : 3A,5A, 8A, 13A, 21A, 27A, 34A, 43A, 55A; 1B, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8B, 120B,,, : 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, ; 1B, 2B, 3B, 4B, 3 8 1 3 8 1 ( L ) ( kg) A B ( ) 6 9 40 65 5A 8A 13A 21A 2B 4B 18B 25B MP6 MP9 MPT 40 MPT 65 90 27A 35B MPT 90 1 2B MF N1 2 5B MF N2 3 7B MF N3 ( ) 4 5 10B 12B MF N4 MF N5 6 14B MF N6 8 18B MF N8 10 20B MF N10 25 21A 35B MF N T25 ( ) 35 50 70 27A 34A 43A 45B 65B 90B MF N T35 MF N T50 MF N T70 100 55A 120B MF N T100 152

( L ) ( kg) A B 1 3A 2B MF A1 2 5A 5B MF A2 3 5A 7B MF A3 ( ) 4 5 8A 8A 10B 12B MF A4 MF A5 6 13A 14B MF A6 8 13A 18B MF A8 10 21A 20B MF A10 25 21A 35B MF AT 25 ( ) 35 50 70 27A 34A 43A 45B 65B 90B MF AT 35 MF AT 50 MF AT 70 100 55A 120B MF AT 100 0 5 1B ML Y0 5 1 2B ML Y1 ( 1211 ) 2 3 3A 3A 4B 6B ML Y2 N LY3 4 5A 8B N LY4 6 8A 12B N LY6 ( 1211 ) 20 25 40 24B 30B 35B ML Y T2 ML Y T25 ML Y T40 ( 1301 ) 2 4 3A 4B 8B MLS2 MLS4 2 1B M T2 ( CO 2 ) 3 5 7 2B 3B 4B M T3 M T5 M T7 20 25 8B 10B M TT 20 M TT 25, ( 1A 1B),, 1 A A 3 8 2 A 3 8 2 A ( m 2 / A ) 10 15 20 3 8 3 153

A 3 8 3 ( m 2 ) ( m 2 ) 3 A 60 27 A 270 405 540 5 A 50 75 100 34 A 340 510 680 8 A 80 120 160 43 A 430 645 13A 130 195 260 55 A 550 21A 210 315 420 2 B B 3 8 4 B 3 8 4 B ( m 2 / B) 5 7 5 10 3 8 5 B 3 8 5 ( m2 ) 1B 10 4B 30 40 8B 40 60 80 12B 60 90 120 ( m2 ) 30 B 150 225 300 45B 225 337 5 450 90B 450 675 120B 600 20 B 100 150 200 1,,,,, ( ),, ( ) 2 (1 )A, 3 8 6 (2 )B, 3 8 7 154

A ( m) 3 8 6 B (m) 3 8 7 15 30 20 40 25 50 9 18 12 24 15 30 ( 3)C, B D, E, E A B ; ;,, 1 (1 ) (3 8 1 ) : Q = K S U ( 3 8 1) : Q, A B; S, m 2 ; UA B, m 2 / A m 2 / B; K, K = 1 0;, K = 0 7;, K = 0 5;, K = 0 3 (2 ) (3 8 2 ) Q = 1 3 K S U ( 3 8 2) (3 ), S, S 155

2,, ( 3 8 3 ), Qe = Q N ( 3 8 3) : Qe, A B; N 3, (1 ), ( 3 8 1) ( ) ( 3 8 2 ) ( ) n Qt = Q i Q i = 1 : Qi, A B; n ; Qt, A B ( 3 8 4) (2 ), (3 8 3 ), : n Qs = Q i Q i = 1 : Q i, A B; n ; Qs, A B ( 3 8 5), : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 156

1,,,,,,, ;,,, :,, 2 ( ),,,, 3 9 1 3 9 1 GG18/ 30A ( ) 7550kg 3600 L : BS30 100 mm 65 mm 30L/ s 110m CA10B GGG36/ 42 10000kg 3600 L : BG35 100 mm 80 mm ( ) 41 7L/ s ( ) 4 5L/ s, E Q140 GGG40/ 42 ( 8 ), ( GGG36/ 42) 10479kg 4000 L GGG36/ 42 CA10CDS GG70/ 60 17000kg 7000 L : BD60 150 mm 80 mm ( ) 60L/ s,, R10-215 157

CP10A ( ) 7870kg : 1380 L 900 L 150L/ s : BS30 100 mm 65 mm 30L/ s 110m, CPP30 14448kg : 1500 L 3000 L 300L/ s : BD50 150 mm 80 mm ( ) 50L/ s 145m,, C EP2/ 2 : : : 28700kg 2000kg 2000 L 6500 L 60m 70m BD70 150 mm 80 mm 70L/ s 145m, SH361 CF10 7900kg 1000kg ( ) 50 N/ s ( ) 20kg/ s ( ) 12 15m ( ) 40 50m : 30L/ s 110m,, CF : 2130kg 100kg 16 7L/ s 90m,, BJ212A,, SN 158

3 9 2 SN 3 9 2 ( ) ( mm ) ( MPa) ( MPa) ( M Pa) ( kg) ( ) ( mm ) S N50 S N65 2 2 1 / 2 50 65 1 5 1 0 1 0 4 25 5 3 165 125190 180 140210 ; 50 65 80 90mm ;, 1 0 80 9 0 60 70 6M Pa,,, ;, ;,,, ;,,,,, ;,, : 50m 100m; 0 3MPa; 130L/ min; ; 30m; ; 3 40,,,,,,,,,, 50m 20m30m, ( CQ662 14 55m),,,, : (1 )50m, 50m, 50m 159

(2 )25m, 25m,, 50m, 3 9 1, 75m, 50m, 25m, 3 9 1 25m,, 0 07MPa0 703MPa, 1 13L/ s3 65L/ s, 0 035MPa0 7MPa, 0 78L/ s3 37L/ s,,,,,,, 0,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, 1211, 1? 2? 3?? 4 5?? 6 7?? 8 9 160

, Q, V K, :,, : CO,,,, 1, (4 1 1 ),,,,,,,, 1 83m 2 44m,,, 161

,,, : ; ; 24 ;, 2, ( ),,, 13,,,,,, :,, ; ( ), 2 14m, 0 61m, 0 61m ;,,,,,,,, ( ), 3,,,,,, 4 1 2 4 1 1 4 1 2,, 162

,,, 1 83m1 83m, 1 83m1 83m,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, ( ),,,,,, : CO CO :, CO,,,, 50m 100m, 100m, 300m500m,,,, CO,,,,, (),, ( ),, 163

,,,,,,, 1 1, 10,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, ( ),,,,,, : 1:,, 2:, ( ) 3:,, 4 :,,, : 1:,, 2:,, / 3, 164

, ( )(, ) (, )( ) ( ) 4, 5,, 6,,,, 1 1 1 :,,,, 4 2 1 4 2 1 1 1 2 :,,, 4 2 2 4 2 2 3 :,,, 4 2 3, 165

4 2 3 480h 720h,,,,,,, :, ;,, 1,,, 500m,,,, 2,, ( ),,,, 4 2 4 -, ( ),, ( ), 4 2 4 4 2 5, 166

,,,,,,,,,,,, 4 2 5,, 1,,,, = 0 5, 100m150m 2 (1 ),,,, (2 ), (3 ) (4 )UPS,, 1 (1 ),, ; (2 ) ; (3 ), ; 167

(4 ),, 2 (1 ),, ; (2 ) ; (3 )( ), ; (4 ) 3 (1 ),,,, (2 ), ( ) ; (3 ),,,,,, :,, () 4 (1 ) 2, 2 (3 ) ; (2 )( ), ; (3 ),,,,,,,, 60m150m 1, 2 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 4 3 1 ) 2, 2 :, 168

, (, ),, : ( ),,,,,,, 4 3 2 4 3 1 (), ( ), :,,,,,,,,,,,,, (), ( ),,,,,,,,, 4 3 2 3,,, (),,,,,,,, ( 4 3 2 ) :, ;,, ;,,,,,,, ( ),, ( ), 169

,,,,,,,,,, ( 4 3 2),,,,,,,,,,,, L,,,,,, ( ), ( ), (, ),,,,,,,, ( ) (30s),,,,,,,, ( ),,, 1, 4 4 1 2 :,, 3 170

: 4 4 1,, 1 1 1 2 2 2, 3 3 4 3 4 5 (1 ),, (2 ),,, (3 ) (4 ), 10, 4,,, 4 4 1 4 4 2 4 4 1,,, 2s3s,,, 50m,,, 171

( ),,,, 80m123m 1, 1 150m 1,,, 150m, 4 4 2 60km/ h 80km/ h 100km/ h A: ( m) 50 50 50 B : ( m) 72 106 154 C : ( m ) 3040 A + B - C : ( m) 8292 116126 164174 D : ( m ) 50 67 83 C + D: ( m ) 8090 97107 113123,, 80 ( phon, ), 25 ( db, ),, 80, L0 P : P = P0 = 20m P0, L( m ) - 20lg L 20 - ( ) ( 4 4 1) ( ),, L = 2 L 0, P = P0-20lg2 = P0-6( db), 6dB 80m 123m, 1215 8dB, 85dB, P( ) = 80 + 25 + (1215 80 ) = 117120 8( db) 80m123m, L0 = 20m,,,, 1min3min 172,,

( ),, 1? 2??? 3, 4, 5? 173

( ), 1, 15 2, :, 1000, ;, 300,,, 3,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2000m 3,,,, 174

,,, 0 5m,, 5 1 1 5 1 1 1; 2 ; 3; 4 ; 5 ; 6, 2DA85,,,, 15 9m 3, 20m 3,, 15,,,,,, W,,, 5 2 1 5 2 1 175

,,,,, W V( 5 2 1 ),,,,, V,,,,,, : 1,, 2, 3,,, 35m 3, 40m 3,,,,, 3DA - 87, 3BA 9, (,, ),,,,, :1 ),, ;2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 176

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1, (, ), (, ) (, ), 5 3 1 2, 6250 6135,, 200kW 165kW, 75kW 61kW 5 3 2 177

5 3 1 ( kw ) K = 0 85 ( k W) 41 5 12 2 16 8 7 2 152 41 5 52 3 35 9 15 2 262 41 5 52 3 35 9 18 1 0 8 1 0 6 0 7 33 2 12 2 10 1 4 9 2 129 2 33 2 62 4 21 4 347 8, 6250 ( 200kW ) 6135 (75kW ) 200kW 75kW, 200kW 200kW 75kW, 200kW 75kW,, ;, 52 3 21 5 15 2 22 7 33 2 52 3 21 5 18 1 5 3 2 6250 6135 ( kw ) ( kw ) ( % ) 1 61 62 4 0 1 2 287 251 4 14 1 2 1 391 347 8 12 4 3 5 3 1, I II III 5 3 1 400V, 75kW II, I II, III, I, III 178,,

,, 5, 4, 4 5,,, 200kW, II 4 75kW, I, I II,,6250 6135 ( 6250 TD1, 6135 TLG1 ) 75kW 200kW,, 6kV,,,, ( ), () 1 5 3 3 2 5 3 2,,, 5 3 2 11kV ;, 11kV 11kV 179

,,, 4500kVA, 11kV 380V, 1500kVA 11kV380/ 220V ; 220V,, 3 3kV, 30kV (3 3kV - 390/ 225V), 7 2, 250kW, 5 3 3 ( kw ) 2 2 160/ 25 2 2 175/ 25 4 4 160 2 2 160 4 4 175 2 2 175 4 4 1 6 6 6 2 2 25 1 1 50 1 1 10 2 2 5 3 a, : : :, : 0, 45; 35, 10 : 70% 75% ; 50% 55%, 53% 56% b (1 ),,,, 30s 30, : 1) ; 2) 380V ; 3) (2 )45, 0 8, 250 kw;, 45 12, 1, 0 8, 10 % (275 kw), + 45,, 180

(3 ) 1500 /, (4 ) 3 50Hz 380V V, 250kW (5 ),, 25,, 0 81 0, 5 %,,,, 50m 2 80m 2,,, 3m 4m,,,,,,,,,,,, : 1,,,,,,, 2,,,,,,,,,,,, 181

,, U PS,, 30 3,, 150m200m, 100m,,,, 4,,,,,,,, :, 1?? 2?? 3? 4??? 182

1. ( JTJ028 ) - 90,,, 1990 12 2., ( ),,, 1987 6 3., ( ),,, 1993 12 4.,,,, 1991 6 5.,,,, 1994 6.,,,,1980 7.,,,, 1981 9 8.,,,,1990 12 9.,,,, 1995 7 10.,,,,1990 10 11.,,,,1984 9 12.,,,,1995 3 13.,,,,1984 12 14.,,, 1998.2 15.,,1996 8 16.P IARC, REPORT OF TECH NICAL COMMI TTEE ON ROAD TUN NELS, 1987,1991 17.,,,1996.6 183