1964-1975 1964 8 Tonkin Gulf Incident 1975 1964 1975 1 2 3 4 Containment Policy 1 50 SEATO 1 George Kennan 1945 2000 5 01-6 76
1964-1975 14 1964 8 2 3 40 3 40 Maddox Turner Joy 4 7 40 7 40 Maddox Tonkin Gulf Incident 2 8 7 Tonkin gulf Resolution 416 87 2 3 1965 1 McGeorge Bundy 3 2 Rolling Thunder 4 760 1965 4 7 Johns Hopkins University 5 1968 1967 6 2 Robert S. McNamara and Brian VanDeMark, The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam New York: Vintage Books, 1996, 128-129. 3 Mike Gravel ed., The Pentagon Papers: The Defense Department History of United States Decisionmaking on Vietnam, Vol. III, Boston: Beacon Press, 1971, 183-189. 4 1992 5 62 5 1981 12 141 6 1971 8 2 77
1969 7 5 Guam Doctrine Nixon Doctrine 7 Strategic Disengagement 8 9 1973 1 1975 10 1964 2 10 13 Leonid Brezhnev Alexi Kosygin 7 1976 9 47 8 Robert A. Bauer, The Case for Strategy Is Disengagement, Foreign Affairs Apr 1973 : 509-521. 9 1980 1981 8 47-48 10 Richard F. Rosser, An Introduction to Soviet Foreign Policy Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall Press, 1969, 347-348. 78
1964-1975 Mikhail Suslov Nikolai Podgorny 1965 2 6-10 11 4 12 12 1965 1973 10 20 1973 7 1973 1975 10.7 13 4~1 1955~1986 1955 200 10~15 1971 310~370 115~165 1956 100~120 15~25 1972 300~330 300~375 1957 100~125 15~25 1973 350~390 150~180 1958 110~135 15~25 1974 400~450 170~245 1959 115~150 20~30 1975 450~500 123~150 1960 100 20~30 1976 560~750 44~50 1961 100 20~35 1977 570~1000 75~125 1962 100 20~35 1978 700~1000 600~850 1963 100 30~40 1979 800~1100 890~14000 1964 100 35~50 1980 2900~3200 790~905 1965 278 210~270 1981 900 900~1000 1966 150~165 360~455 1982 1180 950 1967 200~240 505~650 1983 1300 1200b 1968 290~305 390~440 1984 1400 1300 1969 290~385 175~195 1985 1600 1700 1970 320~345 110~205 1986 1800 1500 1975 1975 Douglas Pike, Vietnam and the Soviet Union: Anatomy of an Alliance Boulder Colorado: Westview Press, Inc., 1987, Table 6.3. 11 Douglas Pike, Vietnam and the Soviet Union: Anatomy of an Alliance Boulder Colorado: Westview Press, Inc., 1987, 77-78. 12 Douglas Pike, Vietnam and the Soviet Union: Anatomy of an Alliance Boulder Colorado: Westview Press, Inc., 1987, 116-117. 13 21 2 3 1992 5 63-64 103 79
1965 1969 14 15 1972 16 1975 1960 14 1969 6 7 3 Charles B. Mclane, Soviet-Asian Relations Vol. 2 New York: Columbia Uni. Press, 1973, 9. 15 Alexander O. Ghebhardt, The Soviet System of Collective Security in Asia, Asian Survey, 13 No 12 December 1973 :1075-1076. 16 1982 12 15-16 80
1964-1975 1965 3 23 17 4 18 1960 60 19 20 1968 1969 21 17 1981 12 49 18 1994 36 19 1999 12 116 20 2000 4 378 21 2000 9 321 81
1971 7 1972 2 1971 7 1972 2 2 27 22 1975 1963 1964 10 12 1965 2 23 24 1966 5 25 22 1992 5 103 23 1963 9 18 1963 9 19 24 A. Doak Barnett, China And Major Powers in East Asia Washington D. C. The Brookings Institution, 1977, 73. 25 60 54 100 2000 9 307 82
1964-1975 1964 10 1969 3 4189 1960 1964 26 1968 1 1969 3 8 13 27 1969 a zero-sum game 28 60 29 1965 5 26 1989 9 83 27 1969 2 Henry Kissinger White House Years Boston: Little, Brown, c1979, 171. 28 1963 3 3 1 Douglas Pike, Communist vs. Communist in Southeast Asia, International Security Sum. 1979 : 106. 1965-1971 16 Robin Edmonds, Soviet Foreign Policy London: Oxford Uni. Press, 1975, 47. 29 Donald S. Zagoria, Vietnam triangle; Moscow, Peking, Hanoi New York : Pegasus, 1967, 86-95. 83
30 60 31 1969 4 32 30 Richard C. Thornton, Soviet Strategy and the Vietnam War, Asian Affairs March-April, 1974 : 216. 31 1999 12 117-118 32 1999 6 269 84
1964-1975 17 1956 1963 55 1967 33 10 90% 73% 152 34 1960 1968 8 20 1969 9 35 1965 33 1981 12 65 34 1992 5 62-63 35 1984 12 150-164 85
36 1964 8 6 38 37 1965 1965 5 9 36 1959 3-4 37 1964 8 6 38 1980 9 12-13 86
1964-1975 39 40 9 3 41 1938 5 42 43 44 1966 5 45 39 1965 5 9 40 1965 5 1965 5 1-14 41 1965 10 1965 10 1-25 42 1965 9 1965 9 1-25 43 Major General Robert N. Ginsburg, U. S. A. F. Ret. China Touches The Tigers Bottoms, Air Force Vol. 62, No. 6 June 1979 :42. 44 Willuam J. Duiker, Vietnam: Nation in Revolution Boulder: Westview Press, 1983, 146. 45 21 3 1978 9 16-24 Hoc Tap 1966 7 87
46 1968 The Offensive 47 1979 48 49 The Manchester Guardian, September 1and 2, 1966. 46 Jon Jams Alexiou, The Foreign Policy of the People s Republic of China Towards the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1975-1979, Coral Gables: University 0f Miami, 1982, 24. 47 1990 10 1990 10 46-48 48 Eugene K. Lawson, The Sion-Vietnamese Conflict New York: Praeger Publishers, 1984, 77-80. 49 Eugene K. Lawson, The Sion-Vietnamese Conflict New York: Praeger Publishers, 1984, 126. 88
1964-1975 1965 1964 1964 1964 1964 10 1965 9 89
50 1965 2 8 51 52 4000 500 12 21 53 1965 11 54 50 Nayan Chanda, Secrets of Former Friends, Far Eastern Economic Review June 15, 1979 : 38. 51 Douglas Pike, Vietnam and the Soviet Union: Anatomy of an Alliance Boulder Colorado: Westview Press, Inc., 1987, 77-78. 52 New York Times, 1 April 1965. 53 1979 11 27 54 Harold C. Hinton, The Sino-Soviet Confrontation: Implications for the Future New York: Grane, Russak, 1976, 8. 90
1964-1975 36 5000 20 1 5000 55 56 1967 57 58 59 55 30 1972 5 39-43 56 1965 1 1965 11 11 1965 12 1965 12 1-17 57 Donald S. Zagoria, Vietnam triangle; Moscow, Peking, Hanoi New York : Pegasus, 1967, 112. 58 1965 12 25 59 Edgar O Ballance The Wars in Vietnam 1980 124 91
60 1969 61 1979 1965-1973 50 17 1972 1965 1972 60 1965 11 1966 1 1966 1967 Tareq Y. Ismael, The People s Republic of China and Africa, The Journal of Modern Arican Studies, Vol. 9, No. 4. 1971, 522-523. 61 1978 6 10 92
1964-1975 62 1979 63 64 1966 65 4 66 1965 4. 62 1966 5 10 63 1979 11 27 64 1981 12 136 65 Franz Schurmann, The Logic of World Power:An Inguiry into the Origins, and Contradictions, World Politics New York, 1974 : 460. 66 Frank E. Rogers, Sino-American Relations and Vietnam War, 1964-66 China Quarterly June 1976 : 306-309. 93
67 1965 6 9 68 1966 69 70 1966 1971 1967 12 19 71 72 1968 1969 1971 7 19 21 73 9 74 27 1972 67 1994 36 68 1999 6 228 69 1966 1 1 70 1981 7 7 5 1965 1968 5 71 1999 6 228 72 1966 11 1966 11 2-9 73 1971 7 19 22 7 20 74 1971 9 24 94
1964-1975 75 1972 2 76 1965 4 7 Unconditional Consult 1954 77 1965 1 78 79 75 1986 4 866-874 76 1992 5 103 77 1981 12 142-143 78 1965 11 11 79 2000 4 419-420 95
80 1968 81 82 1965 1966 83 1968 1968 1 31 84 3 31 80 1965 4 16 81 1991 12 191 82 1979 11 27 83 1965 11 27 84 1993 3 1993 3 71-76 96
1964-1975 20 85 5 10 1968 8 1968 1971 1972 86 1965-1975 87 1978 30 203.6845 100.67 500 3 3.5 600 49.67 200 36.26 450 339 12.7 85 1981 12 162 86 Nayan Chanda, Secrets of Former Friends, Far Eastern Economic Review June 15, 1979 :39. 87 1979 11 21 97
6.35 88 14 200 89 1964 1964 1978 30 1978 1965 4 90 1965 6 1973 3 32 17 4200 1400 91 1965-1975 88 1987 280 2000 4 417-418 2001 5 378 89 1979 11 15 90 1979 11 21 91 2000 4 418 98
1964-1975 92 4~2 1965-1978 1965.05.30 12 1965.07.13 1965.12.05 1966.08.29 1967.08.05 1968.03.22 1968.07.23 1969.09.26 1970 1970.05.25 1970 1970.10.06 1970.10.31 4 1971 1970.11.26 5 1971.02.15 1971 1971.02.22 1971 1971.07.04 1971 92 1964-1974 75% 80% 45 1991 2 1991 2 113-116 99
1971.09.27 1972 1971.12.05 9 27 1972 12 5 1972 1972.01.22 1972 1972.06.28 1972 1972.11.26 1973 1972.12.27 1973.06.08 1974 1973.07.19 1973 1973.10.5 1974 1973.11.20 1974 1973.11.27 5 1974.10.26 1975 1975 1974.12.28 1975 1975.09.25 1976 1978.07.03 1991-2003 1991-2003 1986 4 1999 575-580 100
1964-1975 1966 9 25 93 4~3 1964-1975 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 80500 2220767 141531 146600 219899 139900 101800 143100 189000 233500 164500 141800 1922897 1205 4439 3362 3984 7087 3906 2212 7898 9238 9912 6406 4880 64529 25240 114010 178120 147000 247920 119170 29010 57190 40000 40000 30000 20060 1047720 335 1800 1066 1363 2082 1357 397 1899 2210 2210 1390 965 17074 426 2779 1568 2464 1854 2210 950 2464 4370 4335 5148 2240 30808 2941 9502 2235 2289 3313 3453 1600 4424 5905 6447 4633 2150 48892 16 26 18 80 220 120 80 500 7 14 25 24 71 5 6 106 18 2 70 4 14 36 20 164 25 114 96 435 454 162 4011 8757 1210 506 14485 400 800 1000 1200 1200 1200 1400 1400 1400 10000 Chen Jian, China s Involvement in the Vietnam War, China Quarterly, No. 142, June, 1995 :379. Qiang zhai, China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950-1975, Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolian Press,2000, 136. 2002 3 83 1965 2 93 1999 4 136 101
94 15 95 4~4 1964-1978 1965-1966 1965 1969 330 894 4 100 1970 117 362 98 30 15 20 1023 8 1965-1969 1778 3100 157 1420 55 1965-1968 7 1206 305 6854 4441 46938 3050 1972-1973 8000 5 159 10 1972 6 1976 6 130 1972 8 4 1973 5 17 568 2.78 526 1.75 42 4 201 1956 1112 200 3 9 2153 1707 1608 42 1990 6 111 210 256 1999 4 137-139 1987 280 2000 4 417-418 2001 5 378 94 2001 5 377 95 1990 6 210 102
1964-1975 3000 8 96 50-60 97 98 1975 9 99 1975 5 32 100 101 1965 96 1999 4 137 97 Jonathan Mirsky, China s 1979 Invasion of Vietnam: A View from the Infantry, Journal of RUSI June 1981 : 51. 98 1978 6 1 1978 6 13 99 2001 5 378 100 Douglas Pike, The USSR and Vietnam: into the Swamp, Asian Survey, Vol. XIX, No. 12 Dec. 1979 : 1164. 101 Douglas Pike, Vietnam and the Sovirt Union-Anatomy of an Alliance Boulder: Westview Press, 1987, 128. 103
1967 10 2 5 5 2 70% 2 2 5 30% 102 1965-1971 16 103 4~5 1965-1971 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 210 360 505 290 120 75 100 85 150 200 240 250 345 315 295 510 705 530 370 420 415 60 95 145 100 105 90 75 50 75 80 100 90 60 100 110 170 225 200 195 150 175 King C. Chen, China s War with Vietnam, 1979 California: Standford University, Hoover Institution Press,1987, 187. and Min Chen, The Strategic Triangle and Regional Conflics: Lessons from the Indochina War Boulder & Lyndon: Lynn Rienner Publishers, 1992,117. SA-7 T-34 PT-76 130 152 122 104 1976 105 1978 5 1991 102 26 1972 4 31-36 103 Robin Edmonds, Soviet Foreign Policy London: Oxford Uni. Press, 1975, 47. 104 30 1972 5 39-43 105 Beijing Revirw March 30, 1979, 22. 104
1964-1975 1965 1966 4 106 70 1973 1973 2/3 1973 1974 1975 4 6 107 106 1981 2 1981 2 107 1997 11 199-200 105
4~6 1964-1975 1971 1975 106
1964-1975 1978 4~7 1964-1975 1975 1979 1991 107